Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2018; 7(4): 2694-2698

E-ISSN: 2278-4136
P-ISSN: 2349-8234
JPP 2018; 7(4): 2694-2698 Bioactive compounds with special references to
Received: 01-05-2018
Accepted: 05-06-2018 anticancer property of oyster mushroom
Dipan Sarma
Pleurotus ostreatus
Plant Taxonomy & Biodiversity
Laboratory, Department of
Botany, Tripura University, Dipan Sarma, Ajay Krishna Saha and Badal Kumar Datta
Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India
Abstract
Ajay Krishna Saha Pleurotus ostreatus is a macro fungus belongs to the class Basidiomycetes and family Agaricaceae,
Mycology and Plant pathology
known as the oyster mushroom. Globally the mushroom is the second most cultivated for food purposes.
laboratory, Department of
Botany, Tripura University,
It is reputed for its nutritional and pharmacological uses and a number of pure bioactive compounds have
Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India been isolated from its different solvent extract of the fruiting body and mycelium. Several research
papers reported that those bioactive compounds exhibit many health beneficial activities such as tumour
Badal Kumar Datta chemopreventive, antiviral, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic activity etc.
Plant Taxonomy & Biodiversity The short review embraces updated information about the bioactive compound of anticancer activity of
Laboratory, Department of P. ostreatus. A total number of 13 reported anticancer activities, students was consulted in this review
Botany, Tripura University, and a critical analysis revealed that different solvent extract and polysaccharide extract of Pleurotus
Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India ostreatus showed significant anticancer activity on animal cell line and human cell lines compared with
control.

Keywords: Pleurotus ostreatus, antileukemic, immunomodulatory, polysaccharide extracts, in vitro

Introduction
Mushrooms are considered as a source of nutrition and provide pharmacologically important
bioactive compounds useful in medicine [1]. Consumption of edible fungi to fulfill human
nutritional needs has been a common denominator in the history of mankind. The increased
nutritional importance is due to the nutritive value of high-grade mushrooms, which almost
equals that of milk [2]. Mushrooms constitute an integral part of the normal human diet mostly
for its unique flavour, meaty taste and medicinal value [3] and are considered as valuable health
foods because of low in calories, fats and essential fatty acids, and high in vegetable proteins,
vitamins and minerals [4-7]. The different substrates used in cultivating these mushrooms,
obviously have a significant effect on the nutritional and functional properties of oyster
mushroom [8].
Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm., known as oyster mushroom is a macro fungus of
the family Agaricaceae under the class Basidiomycetes [9] which mainly grows on dead and
hardwood trees [10], capable of degrading lignin and cellulose [11, 12]. It is the second most
important cultivated mushroom for food purposes throughout the globe [13]. Pleurotus
ostreatus are reported for its several pharmacological activities which are associated with
various health promoting activities e.g. prebiotic, tumor chemopreventive, antiviral,
immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties [14-18].
Now a days, Cancer is one of the major leading causes of human death which is currently
estimated at 8.2 million and will likely rise to 13 million worldwide per year till 2030 [19].
Current treatments for cancer include chemotherapy, radiotherapy and chemically derived
drugs. Treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy can put patients under a lot of strain
and further damage of their health. Therefore, recently there is a focus on using alternative
treatments and therapies against cancer [42].
From the very earlier civilization phytoresources are used in health beneficiary purposes in
human life or traditional medicines from generation to generation. It is reported that over 60%
of currently used anti-cancer agents are come from natural sources [20]. Thus, research has
Correspondence developed into investigating the potential properties and uses of terrestrial phytoresources for
Dipan Sarma the preparation of potential drugs for curing diseases including cancer. In this review various
Plant Taxonomy & Biodiversity
Laboratory, Department of
important types of anticancer application and available potent bioactive compounds are
Botany, Tripura University, recorded from oyster mushroom and to exploit by the pharmaceutical industry to generate
Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India green medicine for treatment of cancer and ailments.

~ 2694 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Bioactive composition of Pleurotus ostreatus: Bioactive compounds and near about 200 structurally diverse chemical
compounds with their bioactivity of Pleurotus ostreatus had compounds were estimated. The major bioactive compounds
been reported by several researchers. Different solvent are listed in Table No. 1.
extracts contained large number of structurally diverse

Table 1: Bioactivities and active compound of P. ostreatus

Sl. No. Bioactivity Bioactive Compounds References
3-(2-aminopheny1thio)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, Protocatechuic acid,
Syringic acid, Vanillic acid, Caffeic acid, Cinnamic acid, Ferulic acid, Syringaldazine, O-
dianisidine, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, 1-octen-3-ol, Benzoic acid , 3-octanone, 3-octanol; 4- [21, 22, 23]
1 Antimicrobial activity
hydroxy-benzoic Acid, 14, 17- Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (E,E); N-8-Guanidino-
spermidine; 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (E,E); p-anisaldehyde (4-
methoxybenzaldehyde); Protocatechuic acid; Chlorogenic acid.
Resveratrol, Cibacron blue affinity purified protein; Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium [24, 25, 26]
2 Anticancer activity
polysaccharides 2 (POMP2), Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharides -1(POPS-1).
Antitumor and [24,27]
3 Concanavalin A, Cibacron blue affinity purified protein.
immunomodulating effects
[28]
4 Anti-inflammatory activity Concanavalin A.
[29]
5 Nematicidal activity Astrans-2-decenedioic acid
6 Antioxidant activity Pleuran, Ergosta-7,22-dienol; α-tocopherol; Ergosta-5,7-dienol; Ergosta-7-enol; Ergosterol. [4,30,31]

Antirespiratory tract [32]

7 Pleuran
infections
[33]
8 Hypocholesterolemic Effect Linoleic acid, Lovastatin, Ergosterol
9 Prebiotic activity β-(1,3/1,6)-D-glucan, 1,3-α-glucan [34]

Anti-cancer activity actions. This experiments exhibited profound anti-leukemic

Cytotoxic bioassay of Ethyl acetate, hexane and chloroform potential by suppressing leukemia (P＜0.05) and
extract of Pleurotus ostreatus in different concentrations on demonstrated immunotherapeutic activities on Wister rats
brine shrimp lethality bioassay was resulted the LC50 values models after oral administration in various experimental
of 10 µg/ml, 40µg/ml and 75µg/ml for hexane, ethyl acetate groups [38]. In the In-vitro study and in-vivo study showed that
and chloroform, respectively. Results revealed that Pleurotus Cibacron blue affinity purified protein (CBAEP) extracted
ostreatus has potent anticancer activity [35]. A recent from P. ostreatus, has been shown to have potent anticancer,
experiment showed that polysaccharides extracted from immunomodulatory and antitumor activity against Dalton
Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium component, Pleurotus lymphoma (DL)-bearing mice, Sarcoma-180, and B16F0
ostreatus mycelium polysaccharides 2 (POMP2) had a melanoma tumor-bearing mice. The results showed that
significant inhibitory effect on the BGC-823 human gastric CBAEP reduced about 35.68 and 51.43% Dalton lymphoma
cancer cell line in vitro and MTT assay resulted that POMP2 (DL) cell growth in 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg body weight,
when administered at a concentration of 400 mg/l for the time respectively and activated immunosuppression condition in
72 h, the rate of inhibition was 35.6%. Male BALB/c (nu/nu) DL tumor-bearing mice. [24]
nude mice were inoculated with injections of 2×106 BGC-823 A polysaccharide POPS-1 isolated from P. ostreatus showed
cells per mouse and tumor bearing were treated by orally in vitro antitumor activity against Hela tumor cell and
administered POMP2 at the doses 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and compared with 5-fluorouracil, exhibits significantly lower
200 mg/kg in which 100 mg/l POMP2 resulted significant cytotoxicity to human embryo kidney 293T cells than Hela
reduction in colony formation in BGC-823 cells (P<0.05) [25]. tumor cells . As a result it may be considered as a potential
The different polysaccharide fraction extracted from drug for developing a novel low toxicity antitumor agent [26].
mycelium biomass of Pleurotus ostreatus inhibited the The polysaccharide extract from Pleurotus ostreatus exhibited
development of Ehrlich Tumor (ET) and Sarcoma 180 (S180) the inhibitory results to the development of Ehrlich ascitic
but a fraction 30mg/kg apparently had no toxic effect on tumor cells and reduced the neoplasic cells at the level 76% in
healthy animals.[18] A gemmotherapic extract in different the female Swiss albino mice [40]. Pleurotus ostreatus showed
concentrations from young parts of Pleurotus ostreatus the potential therapeutic or preventive action on human breast
exhibited a significant inhibitory effect in HCT- 116 cell line and colon cancer cells [41]. Water-soluble proteoglycan
(colorectal carcinoma cell line) by MTT assay (3-[4,5- fractions from P. ostreatus mycelia showed the in vitro and in
dimethylthizol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and vivo immunomodulatory and anticancer effects on
results suggested that the extract had a significant inhibitory Sarcoma180 bearing mouse model. In vivo injection of
activity in HCT-116 cells [36]. proteoglycans to Sarcoma 180 bearing mice decreased the
Furthermost investigation revealed that, water soluble P. number of tumor cells. Thus the proteoglycans derived from
ostreatus polysaccharide extract on human Caco-2 cells P. ostreatus mycelia may be used as immune-modulators and
reduced the secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and inhibited anti-cancer agents [27]. Another experiments showed that DNA
the invasion of Caco-2 cells (colon cancer cells) through the isolated from fruit bodies of P. ostreatus possessed
basement membrane but did not induce apoptosis in Caco-2 immunomodulatory activity and biotherapeutic potential. In
cell line [37]. The Anti-leukemic and immunomodulatory vitro administration of the mushroom DNA resulted in
effects of P. ostreatus metabolites was reported using on extends of NK cytotoxic activity and significant increase of
benzene-induced leukemia in Wister rats model. P. ostreatus the life span of mice treated with solid Ehrlich carcinoma [39].
metabolites enhanced leukopoiesis and showed phagocytic

~ 2695 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Table 2: Summary of reports of anticancer activity of Pleurotus ostreatus:

Sl. No Experimental model Supplementation Outcome/ Result References
Gemmotherapic extract of young [36]
1. HCT- 116 cell line (colorectal carcinoma cell line) Exhibit antitumor activity.
parts of P. ostreatus
Polysaccharide fraction extracted
Inhibited the development of Ehrlich [18]
2. Ehrlich Tumor (ET) and Sarcoma 180 (S180) from mycelium biomass of Pleurotus
Tumor (ET) and Sarcoma 180 (S180)
ostreatus
Ethyl acetate, hexane and chloroform [35]
3. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay Potent anticancer activity
extract of Pleurotus ostreatus
Polysaccharides extracted from
Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium and a
POMP2 inhibited the proliferation of [25]
4. BGC 823 human gastric cancer cell line in vitro/in vivo compound Pleurotus ostreatus
BGC-823 cells in vitro/ in vivo
mycelium polysaccharides 2
(POMP2)
Polysaccharides extracted from
Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium and a POMP2 significantly decreases the
[25]
5. Male BALB/c (nu/nu) nude mice compound Pleurotus ostreatus tumor weight compared with control
mycelium polysaccharides 2 in vivo
(POMP2)
Down-Regulates the Expression of
Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharide [37]
6. Human Caco-2 cell line in vitro MMP-2 and MMP-9 on human Caco-
extract
2 cells.
Enhanced leukopoiesis, showed
Fungal metabolites of Pleurotus phagocytic actions and exhibits [38]
7. Benzene-induced leukemia in Wister rats
ostreatus significant therapeutic potential to
suppress leukemia (P<0.05)
CBAEP reduced Dalton lymphoma
Dalton lymphoma (DL)-bearing mice, Sarcoma-180, and Cibacron blue affinity purified protein (DL) cell growth and activated [24]
8.
B16F0 melanoma tumor-bearing mice (CBAEP) immunosuppression condition in DL
tumor-bearing mice.
Significantly higher antitumor activity
Hela tumor cell and human embryo kidney 293T cells in Aqueous polysaccharide POPS-1 of against Hela tumor cell in vitro and [10]
9.
vitro fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus lower cytotoxicity to human embryo
kidney 293T cells.
Inhibit the development of Ehrlich
The Ehrlich ascitic tumor bearing female Swiss albino Polysaccharide extract from Pleurotus [40]
10. ascitic tumor cells and reduced the
mice ostreatus
neoplasic cells.
Breast cancer (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) and colon cancer P. ostreatus prevents the proliferation [41]
11. P. ostreatus extracts
(HT-29, HCT-116) cells of breast and colon cancer cells
Water-soluble proteoglycan fractions Sarcoma 180 bearing mice decreased [27]
12. Sarcoma 180 bearing mouse in vitro/ in vivo
from P. ostreatus mycelia the number of tumor cells in vivo.
DNA isolated from the fruit body of Increase of the life span of mice with [39]
13. Mice with solid Ehrlich carcinoma
P. ostreatus solid Ehrlich carcinoma.

Conclusion: Oyster mushroom composed of several bioactive 2. Shu YT, Tsai PW, Shih JH, Jeng LM. Agaricus bisporus
compounds which showed profound anticancer activity harvested at different stages of maturity. Food Chem.
against various cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo animal 2007; 103: 1457-1464.
models. The multiple activities exhibited by this mushroom 3. Grangeia C, Heleno SA, Barros L, Martins A, Ferreira
can be attributed due to possession of large number of active ICFR. Effects of trophism on nutritional and
principles. There is still need to carry out further research to nutraceutical potential of wild edible mushrooms. Food
identify other more active principles involved in different Res Int. 2011; 44:1029-1035.
activities. This documentation will help pharmaceutical 4. Koutrotsios G, Kalogeropoulos N, Stathopoulos P,
industry to formulate novel drugs from P. ostreatus for Kaliora AC, Zervakis GI. Bioactive compounds and
treatment of various types of cancer, targeted diseases and antioxidant activity exhibit high intraspecific variability
ailments. in Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms and correlate well with
cultivation performance parameters. World J Microbiol
Acknowledgement: The authors are grateful to the Head, Biotechnol. 2017; 33: 98.
Department of Botany for providing all sorts of facilities. We 5. Nwoko MC, Onyeizu UR, Achufusi JN. Productivity,
gratefully acknowledge the supports of Mr. Biplab Banik for Vitamins and Heavy Metals Analysis of Pleurotus
providing his helping hand during the work. The first author ostreatus (Jacq: Fr) Kumm. Fruit Bodies Cultivated on
is thankful to the DBT, Government of India for the financial Wood Logs. J Environ Anal Toxicol. 2017; 7: 446.
assistance. 6. Agrahar-Murugkar D, Subbulakshmi G. Nutritional value
of edible wild mushrooms collected from the Khasi hills
References of Meghalaya. Food Chemistry. 2005; 89:599-603.
1. Sagakami H, Aohi T, Simpson A, Tanuma S. Induction 7. Sanmee, R, Dell B, Lumyong P, Izumori K, Lumyong S.
of immunopotentiation activity by a protein-bound Nutritive value of popular wild edible mushrooms from
polysaccharide, PSK. Anticancer Res. 1991; 11:993- northern Thailand. Food Chemistry. 2003; 84:527-532.
1000. 8. Oyetayo VO, Ariyo OO. Micro and macronutrient
properties of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq: Fries) cultivated

~ 2696 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

on different wood substrates. Jordan Journal of 24. Maiti S, Mallick SK, Bhutia SK, Behera B, Mandal M,
Biological Science. 2013; 6:223-226. Maiti TK. Antitumor effect of culinary-medicinal oyster
9. Chang ST, Buswell JA. Mushroom Nutriceuticals. World mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) P. Kumm.,
J. Microbiol Biotechnol. 1996; 1:473-476. derived protein fraction on tumor-bearing mice models.
10. Tong H, Xia F, Feng K, Sun G, Gao X, Sun L, Jiang R, Intl J Med Mush. 2011; 13:427-40.
Tian D, Sun X. Structural characterization and in vitro 25. Cao XY, Liu JL, Yang W, Hou X and Li QJ. Antitumor
antitumor activity of a novel polysaccharide isolated from activity of polysaccharide extracted from Pleurotus
the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus. Bioresource ostreatus mycelia against gastric cancer in vitro and in
Technology. 2009; 100:1682-1686. vivo. Molecular Medicine Reports. 2015; 12:2383-2389.
11. Singh D, Chen S. The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete 26. Tong H, Xia F, Feng K, Sun G, Gao X, Sun L, Gao
chrysosporium: conditions for the production of lignin- X, Sun L, Jiang R, Tian D, Sun X. Structural
degrading enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008; characterization and in vitro antitumor activity of a novel
81:399-417. polysaccharide isolated from the fruiting bodies of
12. Pozdnyakova NN, Rodakiewicz-Nowak J, Turkovskaya Pleurotus ostreatus. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100:1682–
OV, Haber J. Oxidative degradation of polyaromatic 1686.
hydrocarbons catalyzed by blue laccase from Pleurotus 27. Sarangi I, Ghosh D, Bhutia SK, Mallick SK, Maiti TK.
ostreatus D1 in the presence of synthetic mediators. Antitumor and immunomodulating effects of Pleurotus
Enzyme Microb Technol. 2006; 39:1242-1249. ostreatus myceliaderived proteoglycans. International
13. Chang ST. In Arora DK, Mukerji KG, Marth EH. (Eds.), Immunopharmacology. 2006; 6:1287–1297.
Hand Book of Applied Mycology. Marcel Dekker Inc, 28. Jedinak A, Dudhgaonkar S, Wu Q, Simon J, Sliva D.
New York. 1991; 221-240. Anti-inflammatory activity of edible oyster mushroom is
14. Dalonso N, Goldman GH, Gern RMM. β-(1→ 3),(1→ 6)- mediated through the inhibition of NF-_B and AP-1
Glucans: medicinal activities, characterization, signaling. Nutrition Journal 2011; 10:52
biosynthesis and new horizons. Appl Microbiol 29. Kwok, OCH, Plattner R, Weisleder D, Wicklow DT. A
Biotechnol. 2015; 99:7893-7906. nematicidal toxin from Pleurotus ostreatus NRRL 3526.
15. Taofiq O, Calhelha RC, Heleno SA, Barros L, Martins A, J Chem Ecol 1992; 18:127-131.
Santos-Buelga, C, Queiroz, MJRP, Ferreira ICFR. The 30. Bobek P, Galbavy S. Effect of pleuran (beta-glucan from
contribution of phenolic acids to the anti-inflammatory Pleurotus ostreatus) on the antioxidant status of the
activity of mushrooms: Screening in phenolic extracts, organism and on dimethylhydrazine-induced
individual parent molecules and synthesized glucuronated precancerous lesions in rat colon. Br J Biomed Sci. 2001;
and methylated derivatives. Food Res Int. 2015; 76:821– 58:164-168.
827. 31. Jayakumar T, Thomas PA, Geraldine P. Invitro
16. Tsai SY, Huang SJ, Lo SH, Wu TP, Lian PY, Mau JL. antioxidant activities of an ethanolic extract of theoyster
Flavour components and antioxidant properties of several mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. Innovative Food Science
cultivated mushrooms. Food Chem. 2009; 113:578–584. & Emerging Technologies 2009; 10:228–234.
17. Stefan RI, Vamanu E, Angelescu GC. Antioxidant 32. Pasnik J, Ślemp A, Cywinska-Bernas A, Zeman K,
activity of crude methanolic extracts from Pleurotus Jesenak M. Preventive effect of pleuran (β-glucan from
ostreatus. Res J Phytochem. 2015; 9:25–32. Pleurotus ostreatus) in children with recurrent respiratory
18. Facchini JM, Alves EP, Aguilera C, Gern RMM, Silveira tract infections– open-label prospective study. Curr
MLL, Wisbeck E, Furlan SA. Antitumor activity of Pediatr Res 2017; 21:99-104.
Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharide fractions on Ehrlich 33. Schneidera I, Kressel G, Meyer A, Krings U, Bergeb RG.
tumor and Sarcoma 180. Int J Biol Macromol. 2014; 68: Andreas Hahn. Lipid lowering effects of oyster
72–77. mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) in humans. Journal of
19. Mehta, K, Gandhi V, Pathak S, Aggarwal BB, Grover Functional Foods 2011; 3:17–24.
RK. Multi-Targeted Approach to Cancer Treatment: An 34. Synytsya A, Míčková K, Synytsya A, Jablonský I,
International Translational Cancer Research Symposium. Spěváček J, Erban V, Kováříková E, Čopíková J.
Anticancer Research. 2014; 34:6791-6795. Glucans from fruit bodies of cultivated mushrooms
20. Cragg GM, Kingston DGI, Newman DJ. Anticancer Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii: structure and
Agents from Natural Products. Taylor & Francis Group, potential prebiotic activity. Carbohydr Polym 2009;
Boca Raton, FL. Brunner-Routledge Psychology Press, 76:548–556.
2005. 35. Sala Uddin GM, Sarwar Hossain M, Monirul Islam M,
21. Younis AM, Wu FS, El Shikh HH. Antimicrobial Asaduzzaman M, Jahan bulbul I, Ruhul Amin M.
Activity of Extracts of the Oyster Culinary Medicinal Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic
Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Higher Basidiomycetes) Property of Pleurotus ostreatus Mushroom. International
and Identification of a New Antimicrobial Compound. Research Journal of Biological Sciences 2015; 4:29-33.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 2015; 36. Pauliuc I, Cimporescu A, Daliborca CV, Popescu R,
17:579-90. Botau D,. Dumitrascu V. Antitumor activity of Pleurotus
22. Priya V, Jananie RK and Vijayalakshmi K. GC/MS ostreatus gemmotherapic extract. Annals of RSCB 2013;
determination of bioactive components of Pleurotus 18:178-181.
ostreatus. International research Journal of Pharmacy. 37. Cojocaru S, Radu M, Bodea LG. Cimpeanu MM,
2012; 3:150-151. Gheorghita G, Stoian G, Dinischiotu A. Water Soluble
23. Okamoto K, Ito Y, Shigematsu I, Yanagi SO, Yanase H. Pleurotus ostreatus Polysaccharide Down-Regulates the
Cloning and characterization of a laccase gene from the Expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in Caco-2 Cells. Not
white-rot basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus. Bot Horti Agrobo 2013; 41:553-559.
Mycoscience. 2003; 44:11-17.
~ 2697 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

38. Olufemi AE, Terry AOA, Kola OJ. Anti-leukemic and

immunomodulatory effects of fungal metabolites of
Pleurotus pulmonarius and Pleurotus ostreatus on
benzene-induced leukemia in Wister rats. The Korean
Journal of Hematology 2012; 47:67-73.
39. Shlyakhovenko V, Kosak V, Olishevsky S. Application
of DNA from mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus for cancer
biotherapy: a pilot study. Exp Oncol. 2006; 28:132–135.
40. Wolff ERS, Wisbeck E, Silveira MLL, Gern RMM,
Pinho MSL, Furlan SA. Antimicrobial and Antineoplasic
Activity of Pleurotus ostreatus. Appl Biochem
Biotechnol. 2008; 151:402-412.
41. Jedinak A, Sliva D. Pleurotus ostreatus inhibits
proliferation of human breast and colon cancer cells
through p53-dependent as well as p53- independent
pathway. Int J Oncol. 2008; 33:1307-1313.
42. Cancer Research UK. [Accessed 1st January 2018] What
is cancer? 2014. Available at: http://
www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/what-is-cancer.

~ 2698 ~