American Association State Highway and Transportation

Designation: C 67 – 07 Officials Standard

AASHTO No.: T 32-70

Standard Test Methods for

Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 67; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope* C 1093 Practice for Accreditation of Testing Agencies for

1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the sampling Unit Masonry
and testing of brick and structural clay tile. Although not E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
necessarily applicable to all types of units, tests include E 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
modulus of rupture, compressive strength, absorption, satura- ing
tion coefficient, effect of freezing and thawing, efflorescence, 3. Terminology
initial rate of absorption and determination of weight, size,
warpage, length change, and void area. (Additional methods of 3.1 Definitions—Terminology E 6 and Terminology C 43
test pertinent to ceramic glazed facing tile are included in shall be considered as applying to the terms used in these test
Specification C 126.) methods.
1.2 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes 4. Sampling
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered 4.1 Selection and Preparation of Test Specimens—For the
as requirements of the standard. purpose of these tests, full-size brick, tile, or solid masonry
units shall be selected by the purchaser or by the purchaser’s
NOTE 1—The testing laboratory performing this test method should be authorized representative. Specimens shall be representative of
evaluated in accordance with Practice C 1093. the lot of units from which they are selected and shall include
1.3 Unless otherwise indicated, the values stated in inch- specimens representative of the complete range of colors,
pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values textures, and sizes and shall be free of or brushed to remove
given in parentheses are for information only. dirt, mud, mortar, or other foreign materials unassociated with
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the the manufacturing process.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4.2 Number of Specimens:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 4.2.1 Brick—For the modulus of rupture, compressive
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- strength, abrasion resistance, and absorption determinations, at
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. least ten individual brick shall be selected for lots of 1 000 000
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brick or fraction thereof. For larger lots, five additional

2. Referenced Documents specimens shall be selected from each additional 500 000 brick
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 or fraction thereof. Additional specimens are taken at the
C 43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products discretion of the purchaser.
C 126 Specification for Ceramic Glazed Structural Clay 4.2.2 Structural Clay Tile—For the weight determination
Facing Tile, Facing Brick, and Solid Masonry Units and for compressive strength and absorption tests, at least five
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement tile shall be selected from each lot of 250 tons (226.8 Mg) or
fraction thereof. For larger lots, five additional specimens shall
1
be tested for each 500 tons (453.6 Mg) or fraction thereof. In
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of Committee C15 on Manufac-
tured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.02 on
no case shall less than five tile be taken. Additional specimens
Brick and Structural Clay Tile. are taken at the discretion of the purchaser.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2007. Published February 2007. Originally 4.3 Identification—Each specimen shall be marked so that it
approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C 67 – 06. may be identified at any time. Markings shall cover not more
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM than 5 % of the superficial area of the specimen.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 C 67 – 07
5. Specimen Preparation plate 1⁄4 in. (6.35 mm) in thickness and 11⁄2 in. (38.10 mm) in
width and of a length at least equal to the width of the
5.1 Weight Determination:
specimen.
5.1.1 Drying—Dry the test specimens in a ventilated oven 6.2.2 Make sure the supports for the test specimen are free
at 230 to 239°F (110 to 115°C) for not less than 24 h and until to rotate in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the test
two successive weighings at intervals of 2 h show an increment specimen and adjust them so that they will exert no force in
of loss not greater than 0.2 % of the last previously determined these directions.
weight of the specimen. 6.2.3 Speed of Testing—The rate of loading shall not exceed
5.1.2 Cooling—After drying, cool the specimens in a drying 2000 lbf (8896 N)/min. but this requirement is considered as
room maintained at a temperature of 75 6 15°F (24 6 8°C), being met if the speed of the moving head of the testing
with a relative humidity between 30 and 70 %. Store the units machine immediately prior to application of the load is not
free from drafts, unstacked, with separate placement, for a more than 0.05 in. (1.27 mm)/min.
period of at least 4 h and until the surface temperature is within 6.3 Calculation and Report:
5°F (2.8°C) of the drying room temperature. Do not use 6.3.1 Calculate and report the modulus of rupture of each
specimens noticeably warm to the touch for any test requiring specimen to the nearest 1 psi (0.01 MPa) as follows:
dry units. The specimens shall be stored in the drying room
with the required temperature and humidity maintained until
S 5 3W~l / 2 2 x! / bd 2
(1)
tested. where:
5.1.2.1 An alternative method of cooling the specimens to S = modulus of rupture of the specimen at the plane of
approximate room temperature shall be permitted as follows: failure, lb/in.2 (Pa),
Store units, unstacked, with separate placement, in a ventilated W = maximum load indicated by the testing machine, lbf
room maintained at a temperature of 75 6 15°F (24 6 8°C), (N),
with a relative humidity between 30 and 70 % for a period of l = distance between the supports, in. (mm),
4 h and until the surface temperature is within 5°F (2.8°C) of b = net width, (face to face minus voids), of the specimen
the ventilated room temperature, with a current of air from an at the plane of failure, in. (mm),
electric fan passing over them for a period of at least 2 h. The d = depth, (bed surface to bed surface), of the specimen at
specimens shall be stored in the ventilated room with the the plane of failure, in. (mm), and
required temperature and humidity maintained until tested. x = average distance from the midspan of the specimen to
the plane of failure measured in the direction of the
5.1.3 Weighing and Report:
span along the centerline of the bed surface subjected
5.1.3.1 Weigh five dry full size specimens. The scale or to tension, in. (mm).
balance used shall have a capacity of not less than 3000 g and 6.3.2 Calculate and report the average of the modulus of
shall be sensitive to 0.5 g. rupture determinations to the nearest 1 psi (0.01 MPa).
5.1.3.2 Report results separately for each specimen to the
nearest 0.1 g, with the average of all specimens tested to the 7. Compressive Strength
nearest 0.1 g. 7.1 Test Specimens:
5.2 Removal of Silicone Coatings from Brick Units—The 7.1.1 Brick—The test specimens shall consist of dry half
silicone coatings intended to be removed by this process are brick (see 5.1.1), the full height and width of the unit, with a
any of the various polymeric organic silicone compounds used length equal to one half the full length of the unit 61 in. (25.4
for water-resistant coatings of brick units. Heat the brick at 950 mm), except as described below. If the test specimen, described
6 50°F (510 6 28°C) in an oxidizing atmosphere for a period above, exceeds the testing machine capacity, the test specimens
of not less than 3 h. The rate of heating and cooling shall not shall consist of dry pieces of brick, the full height and width of
exceed 300°F (149°C) per h. the unit, with a length not less than one quarter of the full
length of the unit, and with a gross cross-sectional area
NOTE 2—Where indicated for specific individual tests, additional speci-
men preparation may be required.
perpendicular to bearing not less than 14 in.2 (90.3 cm2). Test
specimens shall be obtained by any method that will produce,
6. Modulus of Rupture (Flexure Test) without shattering or cracking, a specimen with approximately
plane and parallel ends. Five specimens shall be tested.
6.1 Test Specimens—The test specimens shall consist of 7.1.2 Structural Clay Tile—Test five dry tile specimens in a
whole dry full-size units (see 5.1.1). Five such specimens shall bearing bed length equal to the width 61 in. (25.4 mm); or test
be tested. full-size units.
6.2 Procedure: 7.2 Capping Test Specimens:
6.2.1 Support the test specimen flatwise unless specified and 7.2.1 All specimens shall be dry and cool within the
reported otherwise (that is, apply the load in the direction of the meaning of 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 before any portion of the capping
depth of the unit) on a span approximately 1 in. (25.4 mm) less procedure is carried out.
than the basic unit length and loaded at midspan. If the 7.2.2 If the surface which will become bearing surfaces
specimens have recesses (panels or depressions) place them so during the compression test are recessed or paneled, fill the
that such recesses are on the compression side. Apply the load depressions with a mortar composed of 1 part by weight of
to the upper surface of the specimen through a steel bearing quick-hardening cement conforming to the requirements for
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 C 67 – 07
Type III cement of Specification C 150, and 2 parts by weight specimens whose bearing surfaces are not exactly parallel. The
of sand. Age the specimens at least 48 h before capping them. diameter of the bearing surface shall be at least 5 in. (127.00
Where the recess exceeds 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm), use a brick or tile mm). Use a hardened metal bearing block beneath the speci-
slab section or metal plate as a core fill. Cap the test specimens men to minimize wear of the lower platen of the machine. The
using one of the two procedures described in 7.2.3 and 7.2.4. bearing block surfaces intended for contact with the specimen
7.2.3 Gypsum Capping—Coat the two opposite bearing shall have a hardness not less than HRC60 (HB 620). These
surfaces of each specimen with shellac and allow to dry surfaces shall not depart from plane surfaces by more than
thoroughly. Bed one of the dry shellacked surfaces of the 0.001 in. (0.03 mm). When the bearing area of the spherical
specimen in a thin coat of neat paste of calcined gypsum bearing block is not sufficient to cover the area of the specimen,
(plaster of paris) that has been spread on an oiled nonabsorbent place a steel plate with surfaces machined to true planes within
plate, such as glass or machined metal. The casting surface 6 0.001 in. (0.03 mm), and with a thickness equal to at least
plate shall be plane within 0.003 in. (0.076 mm) in 16 in. one third of the distance from the edge of the spherical bearing
(406.4 mm) and sufficiently rigid; and so supported that it will to the most distant corner between the spherical bearing block
not be measurably deflected during the capping operation. and the capped specimen.
Lightly coat it with oil or other suitable material. Repeat this 7.3.4 Speed of Testing—Apply the load, up to one half of the
procedure with the other shellacked surface. Take care that the expected maximum load, at any convenient rate, after which,
opposite bearing surfaces so formed will be approximately adjust the controls of the machine so that the remaining load is
parallel and perpendicular to the vertical axis of the specimen applied at a uniform rate in not less than 1 nor more than 2 min.
and the thickness of the caps will be approximately the same 7.4 Calculation and Report:
and not exceeding 1⁄8 in. (3.18 mm). Age the caps at least 24 h 7.4.1 Calculate and report the compressive strength of each
before testing the specimens. specimen to the nearest 10 psi (0.01 MPa) as follows:
NOTE 3—A rapid-setting industrial type gypsum is frequently used for Compressive strength, C 5 W / A (2)
capping.
where:

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7.2.4 Sulfur-Filler Capping—Use a mixture containing 40 C = compressive strength of the specimen, lb/in.2 (or
to 60 weight % sulfur, the remainder being ground fire clay or kg/cm2) (or Pa·104),
other suitable inert material passing a No. 100 (150-µm) sieve W = maximum load, lbf, (or kgf) (or N), indicated by the
with or without plasticizer. The casting surface plate require- testing machine, and
ments shall be as described in 7.2.3. Place four 1-in. (25.4-mm) A = average of the gross areas of the upper and lower
square steel bars on the surface plate to form a rectangular bearing surfaces of the specimen, in.2 (or cm2).
mold approximately 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) greater in either inside NOTE 4—When compressive strength is to be based on net area
dimension than the specimen. Heat the sulfur mixture in a (example: clay floor tile), substitute for A in the above formula the net
thermostatically controlled heating pot to a temperature suffi- area, in in.2 (or cm2), of the fired clay in the section of minimum area
cient to maintain fluidity for a reasonable period of time after perpendicular to the direction of the load.
contact with the surface being capped. Take care to prevent 7.4.2 Calculate and report the average of the compressive
overheating, and stir the liquid in the pot just before use. Fill strength determinations to the nearest 10 psi (0.1 MPa).
the mold to a depth of 1⁄4 in. (6.35 mm) with molten sulfur
material. Place the surface of the unit to be capped quickly in 8. Absorption
the liquid, and hold the specimen so that its vertical axis is at 8.1 Accuracy of Weighings:
right angles to the capping surface. The thickness of the caps 8.1.1 Brick—The scale or balance used shall have a capacity
shall be approximately the same. Allow the unit to remain of not less than 2000 g, and shall be sensitive to 0.5 g.
undisturbed until solidification is complete. Allow the caps to 8.1.2 Tile—The balance used shall be sensitive to within
cool for a minimum of 2 h before testing the specimens. 0.2 % of the weight of the smallest specimen tested.
7.3 Procedure: 8.2 Test Specimens:
7.3.1 Test brick specimens flatwise (that is, the load shall be 8.2.1 Brick—The test specimens shall consist of half brick
applied in the direction of the depth of the brick). Test conforming to the requirements of 7.1.1. Five specimens shall
structural clay tile specimens in a position such that the load is be tested.
applied in the same direction as in service. Center the speci- 8.2.2 Tile—The specimens for the absorption test shall
mens under the spherical upper bearing within 1⁄16 in. (1.59 consist of five tile or three representative pieces from each of
mm). these five tile. If small pieces are used, take two from the shell
7.3.2 The testing machine shall conform to the requirements and one from an interior web, the weight of each piece being
of Practices E 4. not less than 227 g. The specimens shall have had their rough
7.3.3 The upper bearing shall be a spherically seated, edges or loose particles ground off and, if taken from tile that
hardened metal block firmly attached at the center of the upper have been subjected to compressive strength tests, specimens
head of the machine. The center of the sphere shall lie at the shall be free of cracks due to failure in compression.
center of the surface of the block in contact with the specimen. 8.3 5-h and 24-h Submersion Tests:
The block shall be closely held in its spherical seat, but shall be 8.3.1 Procedure:
free to turn in any direction, and its perimeter shall have at least 8.3.1.1 Dry and cool the test specimens in accordance with
1⁄4 in. (6.35 mm) clearance from the head to allow for 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 and weigh each one.

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 C 67 – 07
8.3.1.2 Saturation—Submerge the dry, cooled specimen, Ws2 = saturated weight of the specimen after 24-h sub-
without preliminary partial immersion, in clean water (soft, mersion in cold water, and
distilled or rain water) at 60 to 86°F (15.5 to 30°C) for the Wb 5 = saturated weight of the specimen after 5-h sub-
specified time. Remove the specimen, wipe off the surface mersion in boiling water.
water with a damp cloth and weigh the specimen. Complete 8.5.2 Calculate and report the average saturation coefficient
weighing of each specimen within 5 min after removing the of all specimens to the nearest 0.01.
specimen from the bath.
8.3.2 Calculation and Report: 9. Freezing and Thawing
8.3.2.1 Calculate and report the cold water absorption of 9.1 Apparatus:
each specimen to the nearest 0.1 % as follows: 9.1.1 Compressor, Freezing Chamber, and Circulator of
Absorption, % 5 100~Ws 2 Wd! / Wd (3) such design and capacity that the temperature of the air in the
freezing chamber will not exceed 16°F (−9°C) 1 h after
where:
introducing the maximum charge of units, initially at a tem-
Wd = dry weight of the specimen, and
Ws = saturated weight of the specimen after submersion in perature not exceeding 90°F (32°C).
cold water. 9.1.2 Trays and Containers, shallow, metal, having an
inside depth of 11⁄2 6 1⁄2 in. (38.1 6 12.7 mm), and of suitable
8.3.2.2 Calculate and report the average cold water absorp-
strength and size so that the tray with a charge of frozen units
tion of all specimens to the nearest 0.1 %.
can be removed from the freezing chamber by one man.
8.4 1-h, 2-h, and 5-h Boiling Tests:
9.1.3 Balance, having a capacity of not less than 2000 g and
8.4.1 Test Specimens—The test specimens shall be the same
sensitive to 0.5 g.
five specimens used in the 5-h or 24-h cold-water submersion
9.1.4 Drying Oven that provides a free circulation of air
test where required and shall be used in the state of saturation
through the oven and is capable of maintaining a temperature
existing at the completion of that test.
between 230 and 239°F (110 and 115°C).
8.4.2 Procedure:
9.1.5 Thawing Tank of such dimensions as to permit com-
8.4.2.1 Return the specimen that has been subjected to the plete submersion of the specimens in their trays. Adequate
cold-water submersion to the bath, and subject it to the boiling means shall be provided so that the water in the tank may be
test as described in 8.4.2.2. kept at a temperature of 75 6 10°F (24 6 5.5°C).
8.4.2.2 Submerge the specimen in clean water (soft, distilled 9.1.6 Drying Room, maintained at a temperature of 75 6
or rain water) at 60 to 86°F (15.5 to 30°C) in such a manner 15°F (24 6 8°C), with a relative humidity between 30 and
that water circulates freely on all sides of the specimen. Heat 70 %, and free from drafts.
the water to boiling, within 1 h, boil continuously for specified 9.2 Test Specimens:
time, and then allow to cool to 60 to 86°F (15.5 to 30°C) by
9.2.1 Brick—The test specimens shall consist of half brick
natural loss of heat. Remove the specimen, wipe off the surface
with approximately plane and parallel ends. If necessary, the
water with a damp cloth, and weigh the specimen. Complete
rough ends may be smoothed by trimming off a thin section
weighing of each specimen within 5 min after removing the
with a masonry saw. The specimens shall be free from
specimen from the bath.
shattering or unsoundness, visually observed, resulting from
8.4.2.3 If the tank is equipped with a drain so that water at the flexure or from the absorption tests. Additionally, prepare
60 to 86°F (15.5 to 30°C) passes through the tank continuously specimens by removing all loosely adhering particles, sand or
and at such a rate that a complete change of water takes place edge shards from the surface or cores. Test five specimens.
in not more than 2 min, make weighings at the end of 1 h. 9.2.2 Structural Clay Tile—The test specimens shall consist
8.4.3 Calculation and Report: of five tile or of a cell not less than 4 in. (101.6 mm) in length
8.4.3.1 Calculate and report the boiling water absorption of sawed from each of the five tile.
each specimen to the nearest 0.1 % as follows: 9.3 Procedure:
Absorption, % 5 100~W b 2 Wd! / Wd (4) 9.3.1 Dry and cool the test specimens as prescribed in 5.1.1
and 5.1.2 and weigh and record the dry weight of each.
where:
9.3.2 Carefully examine each specimen for cracks. A crack
Wd = dry weight of the specimen, and
Wb = saturated weight of the specimen after submersion in is defined as a fissure or separation visible to a person with
boiling water. normal vision from a distance of one foot under an illumination
of not less than 50 fc. Mark each crack its full length with an
8.4.3.2 Calculate and report the average boiling water ab-
indelible felt marking pen.
sorption of all specimens to the nearest 0.1 %.
9.3.3 Submerge the test specimens in the water of the
8.5 Saturation Coeffıcient:
thawing tank for 4 6 1⁄2 h.
8.5.1 Calculate and report the saturation coefficient of each
9.3.4 Remove the specimens from the thawing tank and
specimen to the nearest 0.01 as follows:
stand them in the freezing trays with one of their head faces
Saturation coefficient 5 W s2 2 W d /W b
5
2 Wd (5) down. Head face is defined as the end surfaces of a whole
rectangular brick (which have the smallest area). A space of at
where: least 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) shall separate the specimens as placed
Wd = dry weight of the specimen,
in the tray. Pour sufficient water into the trays so that each

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specimen stands in 1⁄2 in. depth of water and then place the such length and width that an area of not less than 300 in.2
trays and their contents in the freezing chamber for 20 6 1 h. (1935.5 cm2) of water surface is provided. The bottom of the
9.3.5 Remove the trays from the freezing chamber after 20 tray shall provide a plane, horizontal upper surface, when
6 1 h and totally immerse them and their contents in the water suitably supported, so that an area not less than 8 in. (203.2
of the thawing tank for 4 6 1⁄2 h. mm) in length by 6 in. (152.4 mm) in width will be level when
9.3.6 Freeze the test specimens by the procedure in 9.3.4 tested by a spirit level.
one cycle each day of the normal work week. Following the 4 10.1.2 Supports for Brick—Two noncorrodible metal sup-
6 1⁄2 h thawing after the last freeze-thaw cycle of the normal ports consisting of bars between 5 and 6 in. (127.00 and 152.5
work week, remove the specimens from the trays and store mm) in length, having triangular, half-round, or rectangular
them for 44 6 1 h in the drying room. Do not stack or pile cross sections such that the thickness (height) will be approxi-
units. Provide a space of at least 1 in. (25.4 mm) between all mately 1⁄4 in. (6.35 mm). The thickness of the two bars shall
specimens. Following this period of air drying, inspect the agree within 0.001 in. (0.03 mm) and, if the bars are rectan-
specimens, submerge them in the water of the thawing tank for gular in cross section, their width shall not exceed 5⁄16 in. (1.94
4 6 1⁄2 h, and again subject them to a normal week of freezing mm).
and thawing cycles in accordance with 9.3.4 and 9.3.5. When 10.1.3 Means for Maintaining Constant Water Level—
a normal 5-day work week is interrupted, put specimens into a Suitable means for controlling the water level above the upper
drying cycle which may extend past the 44 6 1 h drying time surface of the supports for the brick within 60.01 in. (0.25
outlined in the procedures of this section. mm) (see Note 5), including means for adding water to the tray
9.3.7 Continue the alternations of drying and submersion in at a rate corresponding to the rate of removal by the brick
water for 4 6 1⁄2 h, followed by 5 cycles of freezing and undergoing test (see Note 6). For use in checking the adequacy
thawing or the number of cycles needed to complete a normal of the method of controlling the rate of flow of the added water,
work week, until a total of 50 cycles of freezing and thawing a reference brick or half brick shall be provided whose
has been completed. Stop the test if the test specimen develops displacement in 1⁄8 in. (3.18 mm) of water corresponds to the
a crack as defined in 9.4.3, breaks, or appears to have lost more brick or half brick to be tested within 62.5 %. Completely
than 3 % of its original weight by disintegration as judged by submerge the reference brick in water for not less than 3 h
visual inspection. preceding its use.
9.3.8 After completion of 50 cycles, or when the test NOTE 5—A suitable means for obtaining accuracy in control of the
specimen has been withdrawn from test as a result of disinte- water level may be provided by attaching to the end of one of the bars two
gration, dry and weigh the specimen as prescribed in 9.3.1. stiff metal wires that project upward and return, terminating in points; one
9.4 Calculations, Examination, Rating and Report: of which is 1⁄8 − 0.01 in. (3.18 − 0.25 mm) and the other 1⁄8 + 0.01 in.
9.4.1 Calculation—Calculate the loss in weight as a per- (3.18 + 0.25 mm) above the upper surface or edge of the bar. Such precise
centage of the original weight of the dried specimen. adjustment is obtainable by the use of depth plates or a micrometer
9.4.2 Examination—Re-examine the surface of the speci- microscope. When the water level with respect to the upper surface or
edge of the bar is adjusted so that the lower point dimples the water
mens for cracks (see 9.3.2) and record the presence of any new surface when viewed by reflected light and the upper point is not in
cracks developed during the freezing-thawing testing proce- contact with the water, the water level is within the limits specified. Any
dure. Measure and record the length of the new cracks. other suitable means for fixing an maintaining a constant depth of
Examine the specimens for disintegration during the freeze- immersion may be used if equivalent accuracy is obtained. As an example
thaw process. of such other suitable means, there may be mentioned the use of rigid
9.4.3 Rating—A specimen is considered to fail the freezing supports movable with respect to the water level.
and thawing test under any of the following circumstances: NOTE 6—A rubber tube leading from a siphon or gravity feed and
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9.4.3.1 Breakage and Weight Loss—A separation or disin- closed by a spring clip will provide a suitable manual control. The
so-called “chicken-feed” devices as a rule lack sensitivity and do not
tegration resulting in a weight loss of greater than that required operate with the very small changes in water level permissible in this test.
by the referenced unit specification for the appropriate classi-
fication. 10.1.4 Balance, having a capacity of not less than 3000 g,
9.4.3.2 Cracking—A specimen develops a crack during the and sensitive to 0.5 g.
freezing and thawing procedure that exceeds in length the 10.1.5 Drying Oven, conforming to the requirements of
minimum dimension of the specimen. 9.1.4.
If none of the above circumstances occur, the specimens are 10.1.6 Constant-Temperature Room, maintained at a tem-
considered to pass the freezing and thawing test. perature of 70 6 2.5°F (21 6 1.4°C).
9.4.4 Report—The report shall state whether the sample 10.1.7 Timing Device—A suitable timing device, preferably
passed or failed the test. Any failures shall include the rating a stop watch or stop clock, which shall indicate a time of 1 min
and the reason for classification as a failure and the number of to the nearest 1 s.
cycles causing failure in the event failure occurs prior to 50 10.2 Test Specimens, consisting of whole brick. Five speci-
cycles. mens shall be tested.
10.3 Procedure:
10. Initial Rate of Absorption (Suction) (Laboratory Test) 10.3.1 The initial rate of absorption shall be determined for
10.1 Apparatus: the test specimen as specified, either oven-dried or ambient
10.1.1 Trays or Containers—Watertight trays or containers, air-dried. If not specified, the initial rate of absorption shall be
having an inside depth of not less than 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm), and of determined for the test specimens oven-dried. Dry and cool the

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 C 67 – 07
test specimens in accordance with the applicable procedures where:
10.3.1.1 or 10.3.1.2. Complete the test procedure in accordance X = gain in weight corrected to basis of 30 in.2 (193.55
with 10.3.2, 10.3.3, and 10.3.4. cm2) flatwise area,
W = actual gain in weight of specimen, g,
NOTE 7—There is no correlated relationship between the value of initial L = length of specimen, in., (cm), and
rate of absorption for ambient air-dried and oven-dried units. The test
B = width of specimen, in., (cm).
methods provide different information.
10.4.3 Report the corrected gain in weight, X, of each
10.3.1.1 Oven-dried Procedure—Dry and cool the test specimen to the nearest 0.1 g, as the initial rate of absorption
specimens in accordance with 5.1.1 and 5.1.2. in 1 min.
10.3.1.2 Ambient Air-dried Procedure—Store units un- 10.4.4 If the test specimen is a cored brick, calculate the net
stacked, with separate placement in a ventilated room main- area and substitute for LB in the equation given in 10.4.2.
tained at a temperature of 75 6 15°F (24 6 8°C) with a relative Report the corrected gain in weight, X, of each specimen to the
humidity between 30 % and 70 % for a period of 4 h, with a nearest 0.1 g, as the initial rate of absorption in 1 min.
current of air from an electric fan passing over them for a 10.4.5 If specimen is non-prismatic, calculate the net area
period of at least 2 h. Continue until two successive weighings by suitable geometric means and substitute for LB in the
--`,,,````,,,,`,,,`,`,,`,,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

at intervals of 2 h show an increment of loss not greater than equation given in 10.4.2.
0.2 % of the last previously determined weight of the speci- 10.5 Calculate and report the average initial rate of absorp-
men. tion of all specimens tested to the nearest 0.1 g/min/30
10.3.2 Measure to the nearest 0.05 in. (1.27 mm) the length in.2 (193.55 cm2).
and width of the flatwise surface of the test specimen of 10.6 Report the method of drying as oven-dried (in accor-
rectangular units or determine the area of other shapes to dance with 10.3.1.1) or ambient air-dried (in accordance with
similar accuracy that will be in contact with the water. Weigh 10.3.1.2).
the specimen to the nearest 0.5 g.
11. Efflorescence
10.3.3 Adjust the position of the tray for the absorption test
so that the upper surface of its bottom will be level when tested 11.1 Apparatus:
by a spirit level, and set the saturated reference brick (10.1.3) 11.1.1 Trays and Containers—Watertight shallow pans or
in place on top of the supports. Add water until the water level trays made of corrosion-resistant metal or other material that
is 1⁄8 6 0.01 in. (3.18 6 0.25 mm) above the top of the will not provide soluble salts when in contact with distilled
supports. When testing tile with scored bed surfaces, the depth water containing leachings from brick. The pan shall be of such
of water level is 1⁄8 6 0.01 in. plus the depth of scores. dimensions that it will provide not less than a 1-in. (25.4-mm)
depth of water. Unless the pan provides an area such that the
10.3.4 After removal of the reference brick, set the test brick
total volume of water is large in comparison with the amount
in place flatwise, counting zero time as the moment of contact
evaporated each day, suitable apparatus shall be provided for
of the brick with the water. During the period of contact (1 min
keeping a constant level of water in the pan.
6 1 s) keep the water level within the prescribed limits by
11.1.2 Drying Room, conforming to the requirements of
adding water as required. At the end of 1 min 6 1 s, lift the
9.1.6.
brick from contact with the water, wipe off the surface water
11.1.3 Drying Oven, conforming to the requirements of
with a damp cloth, and reweigh the brick to the nearest 0.5 g.
9.1.4.
Wiping shall be completed within 10 s of removal from contact
11.2 Test Specimens:
with the water, and weighing shall be completed within 2 min.
11.2.1 The sample shall consist of ten full-size brick.
NOTE 8—Place the brick in contact with the water quickly, but without 11.2.2 The ten specimens shall be sorted into five pairs so
splashing. Set the brick in position with a rocking motion to avoid the that both specimens of each pair will have the same appearance
entrapping of air on its under surface. Test brick with frogs or depressions as nearly as possible.
in one flatwise surface with the frog or depression uppermost. Test molded 11.3 Preparation of Specimens—Remove by brushing any
brick with the struck face down.
adhering dirt that might be mistaken for efflorescence. Dry the
10.4 Calculation and Report: specimens and cool them as prescribed in 5.1.1 and 5.1.2.
10.4.1 The difference in weight in grams between the initial 11.4 Procedure:
and final weighings is the weight in grams of water absorbed 11.4.1 Set one specimen from each of the five pairs, on end,
by the brick during 1-min contact with the water. If the area of partially immersed in distilled water to a depth of approxi-
its flatwise surface (length times width) does not differ more mately 1 in. (25.4 mm) for 7 days in the drying room. When
than 60.75 in.2 (4.84 cm2) (62.5 %) from 30 in.2 (193.55 several specimens are tested in the same container, separate the
cm2), report the gain in weight of each specimen to the nearest individual specimens by a spacing of at least 2 in. (50.8 mm).
0.1 g, as its initial rate of absorption in 1 min. NOTE 9—Do not test specimens from different sources simultaneously
10.4.2 If the area of its flatwise surface differs more than 6 in the same container, because specimens with a considerable content of
0.75 in.2 (4.84 cm2) (62.5 %) from 30 in.2 (193.55 cm2), soluble salts may contaminate salt-free specimens.
calculate the equivalent gain in weight from 30 in.2 (193.55 NOTE 10—Empty and clean the pans or trays after each test.
cm2) of each specimen to the nearest 0.1 g as follows: 11.4.2 Store the second specimen from each of the five pairs
X 5 30 W / LB ~metric X 5 193.55 W / LB! (6) in the drying room without contact with water.

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 C 67 – 07
11.4.3 At the end of 7 days, inspect the first set of specimens the midpoints of the edges bounding the ends. Record these
and then dry both sets in the drying oven for 24 h. four measurements to the nearest 1⁄32 in. (1 mm) and record the
11.5 Examination and Rating—After drying, examine and average to the nearest 1⁄64 in. (0.5 mm) as the length. Measure
compare each pair of specimens, observing the top and all four the height across both faces and both ends from the midpoints
faces of each specimen from a distance of 10 ft. (3 m) under an of the edges bounding the beds. Record these four measure-
illumination of not less than 50 footcandles (538.2 lm/m2) by ments to the nearest 1⁄32 in. (1 mm) and record the average to
an observer with normal vision. If under these conditions no the nearest 1⁄64 in. (0.5 mm) as the height. Use the apparatus
difference is noted, report the rating as “not effloresced.” If a described in 13.1. Retest by the same method when required.
perceptible difference due to efflorescence is noted under these 13.4 Report—Report the average width, length, and height
conditions, report the rating as “effloresced.” Report the of each specimen tested to the nearest 1⁄32 in. (0.8 mm).
appearance and distribution of the efflorescence.
11.6 Precision and Bias—No information is presented 14. Measurement of Warpage
about either the precision or bias of the test method for 14.1 Apparatus:
efflorescence because the test result is nonquantitative. 14.1.1 Steel Straightedge:
14.1.2 Rule or Measuring Wedge—A steel rule graduated
12. Weight per Unit Area from one end in 1⁄32-in. (or 1-mm) divisions, or alternatively, a
12.1 Apparatus—A scale or balance sensitive to within steel measuring wedge 2.5 in. (60 mm) in length by 0.5 in.
0.2 % of the weight of the smallest specimen. (12.5 mm) in width by 0.5 in. (12.5 mm) in thickness at one
12.2 Test Specimens—Weigh five dry full size structural end and tapered, starting at a line 0.5 in. (12.5 mm) from one
clay tile units (see 5.1.1). end, to zero thickness at the other end. The wedge shall be
12.3 Calculation and Report: graduated in 1⁄32-in. (or 1-mm) divisions and numbered to show
12.3.1 Calculate the weight per unit area of each specimen the thickness of the wedge between the base, AB, and the slope,
as follows: AC, Fig. 1.
nWd
14.1.3 Flat Surface, of steel or glass, not less than 12 by 12
Wa 5 A 1 Afa2 (7) in. (305 by 305 mm) and plane to within 0.001 in. (0.025 mm).
fa1
14.2 Sampling—Use the sample of ten units selected for
determination of size.
where: 14.3 Preparation of Samples—Test the specimens as re-
Wa = weight per unit area of the specimen, lb/ft2(kg/m2), ceived, except remove any adhering dirt by brushing.
n = number of faces of the specimen (1 for split tile 14.4 Procedure:
units or 2 for all other units), 14.4.1 Concave Surfaces—Where the warpage to be mea-
Wd = dry weight of the specimen, lb (kg), sured is of a surface and is concave, place the straightedge
Afa1 = area (height 3 length) of finished face of specimen, lengthwise or diagonally along the surface to be measured,
ft2(m2), and selecting the location that gives the greatest departure from
Afa2 = area (height 3 length) of back face of specimen,
straightness. Select the greatest distance from the unit surface
ft2(m2).
to the straightedge. Using the steel rule or wedge, measure this
12.3.2 Report the results of Eq. 7 separately for each
distance to the nearest 1⁄32 in. (1 mm), and record as the
specimen to the nearest 1 g and the average to the nearest 1 g
concave warpage of the surface.
for all specimens tested.
14.4.2 Concave Edges—Where the warpage to be measured

--`,,,````,,,,`,,,`,`,,`,,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
is of an edge and is concave, place the straightedge between the
13. Measurement of Size
ends of the concave edge to be measured. Select the greatest
13.1 Apparatus—Either a 1-ft (or metric) steel rule, gradu- distance from the unit edge to the straightedge. Using the steel
ated in 1⁄32-in. (or 1-mm) divisions, or a gage or caliper having
a scale ranging from 1 to 12 in. (25 to 300 mm), and having
parallel jaws, shall be used for measuring the individual units.
Steel rules or calipers of corresponding accuracy and size
required shall be used for measurement of larger brick, solid
masonry units, and tile.
13.2 Test Specimens—Measure ten whole dry full-size
units. These units shall be representative of the lot and shall
include the extremes of color range and size as determined by
visual inspection. (The same samples may be used for deter-
mining efflorescence and other properties.)
13.3 Individual Measurements of Width, Length, and
Height—Measure the width across both ends and both beds
from the midpoints of the edges bounding the faces. Record
these four measurements to the nearest 1⁄32 in. (1 mm) and
record the average to the nearest 1⁄64 in. (0.5 mm) as the width.
Measure the length along both beds and along both faces from FIG. 1 Measuring Wedge

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 C 67 – 07
rule or wedge, measure this distance to the nearest 1⁄32 in. (1 test method is applicable to assess the need for wetting the
mm), and record as the concave warpage of the edge. brick. This test method is performed on specimens taken from
14.4.3 Convex Surfaces—When the warpage to be mea- the field with no modification of moisture content, therefore,
sured is of a surface and is convex, place the unit with the the IRA determined by this test method may differ from the
convex surface in contact with a plane surface and with the IRA determined by the laboratory test method in Section 10,
corners approximately equidistant from the plane surface. which requires drying the specimens.
Using the steel rule or wedge, measure the distance to the 16.2 Apparatus:
nearest 1⁄32 in. (1 mm) of each of the four corners from the 16.2.1 Absorption Test Pan—A watertight, rectangular pan,
plane surface. Record the average of the four measurements as constructed of noncorroding material, with a flat, rigid bottom
the convex warpage of the unit. and inside depth of about 11⁄2 in. (38.1 mm). The inside length
14.4.4 Convex Edges—Where the warpage to be measured and width of the pan shall exceed the length and width of the
is of an edge and is convex, place the straightedge between the tested brick by a minimum of 3 in. (76.2 mm) but not more
ends of the convex edge. Select the greatest distance from the than 5 in. (127.0 mm).
unit edge to the straightedge. Using the steel rule or wedge, 16.2.2 Brick Supports—Two noncorroding rectangular bars,
measure this distance to the nearest 1⁄32 in. (1 mm) and record 1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) in height and width and 1 in. (25.4 mm) shorter

as the convex warpage of the edge. than the inside width of the pan in length. The brick supports
14.5 Report—Report all recorded warpage measurements of can be placed on the bottom of the pan just before the test or
each specimen tested to the nearest 1⁄32 in. (0.8 mm). permanently affixed to the bottom of the pan. The space
between the supports should be about 4 in. (101.6 mm) shorter
15. Measurement of Length Change than the length of the tested brick. A device indicating the
15.1 Apparatus—A dial micrometer or other suitable mea- desired water level can be permanently attached to the end of
suring device graduated to read in 0.0001-in. (or 0.001-mm) one of the brick supports or suspended from the top of the pan
increments, mounted on a stand suitable for holding the (see Fig. 2 (a) and (b)). Any other device of equivalent
specimen in such a manner that reproducible results can be accuracy for controlling the required water level, 1⁄8 in. (3.2
obtained, shall be used for measuring specimen length. Provi- mm) above the brick supports, can be used in place of that
sions shall be made to permit changing the position of the dial depicted in Fig. 2.
micrometer on its mounting rod so as to accommodate large 16.2.3 Timing Device—A suitable timing device that shall
variations in specimen size. The base of the stand and the tip of indicate a time of 1 min to the nearest 1 s.
the dial micrometer shall have a conical depression to accept a 16.2.4 Squeeze Bottle—A plastic squeeze bottle, 100 mL
1⁄4-in. (6.35-mm) steel ball. A suitable reference instrument
capacity.
shall be provided for checking the measuring device. 16.2.5 Graduated Cylinder—A plastic or glass graduated
15.2 Preparation of Specimen—Remove the ends of deeply measuring cylinder, 100 mL capacity.
textured specimens to the depth of the texture by cutting 16.3 Test Specimens—Select six whole brick in accordance
perpendicular to the length and parallel to each other. Drill a with the requirements of Paragraph 4.1.
hole in each end of the specimen with a 1⁄4-in. (6.35-mm) 16.4 Procedure:
carbide drill. Drill these holes at the intersection of the two 16.4.1 Completely immerse one brick specimen in a con-
diagonals from the corners. Place 1⁄4-in. (6.35-mm) steel balls tainer of water for 2 h.
in these depressions by cementing in place with a calcium 16.4.2 Measure to the nearest 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm) the length
aluminate cement. Any equivalent method for establishing the and width of the five remaining specimens at the surface that
reference length is permissible. will be in contact with water. If the test specimens are cored,
15.3 Procedure—Mark the specimen for identification and determine the area of the cores at the same surface.
measure to the nearest 0.0001 in. (or 0.001 mm) in a controlled 16.4.3 Pre-wet and drain the absorption pan and place it on
environment and make subsequent measurements in the same a flat, level surface.
controlled environment, 62°F and 65 % relative humidity. 16.4.4 Remove the pre-wetted specimen from the container,
Record the temperature and relative humidity. Apply a refer- shake off the surface water, and place the specimen on brick
ence mark to the specimen for orientation in the measuring
device. Check the measuring device with the reference instru-
ment before each series of measurements.
15.4 Report—When more than one specimen is tested,
calculate and report the average length change of all specimens
to the nearest 0.0001 in. (0.001 mm). The report shall include
all individual recordings as well as the recorded laboratory
temperature and relative humidity.
16. Initial Rate of Absorption (Suction)—Field Test
16.1 Scope—This test method is intended to serve as a
volumetric means of determining the initial rate of absorption
(IRA) of any size brick when weighing determination, de- (a) (b)
scribed in Section 10 of these test methods, is impractical. This FIG. 2 Water Level Indicators

--`,,,````,,,,`,,,`,`,,`,,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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 C 67 – 07
supports in the pan. Pour water into the pan until the water cm2), calculate the equivalent volume in 1 min for 30 in.2
reaches a level 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) above the brick supports. (If (193.5 cm2) of surface as follows:
using a pointed level water indicator, pour water into the pan
until the water makes a minimum contact (dimpling effect).)
30 Vt
Vc 5 A
n
S 193.5 Vt
metric Vc 5 A
n
D (10)
Remove the pre-wetted brick, and tilt the brick sharply so that
one corner serves as a drip point for clinging surface water to where:
return to the pan. A gentle shake of the brick may be necessary Vc = average volume of absorbed water by a specimen,
to make the last drop fall. Put the pre-wetted brick back into the corrected to basis of 30 in. 2 (193.5 cm2) of surface,
container of water. mL, and
16.4.5 Using the graduated cylinder, fill the squeeze bottle A n = sum of net surface areas in contact with water of all
with exactly 100 mL of water. tested specimens, in.2 (cm2).
16.5.4 Report—Report the corrected volume (Vc) as the
16.4.6 Set the first test specimen squarely on the brick
IRA (Field) in g/l min/30 in.2
supports, counting zero time as the moment the brick contacts
16.6 Precision and Bias—Insufficient data is currently
the water. At the end of 1 min 6 1 s lift the test specimen from
available for a precision and bias statement.
water and tilt the brick sharply so that one corner serves as a
drip point for clinging surface water to return to the pan. A
--`,,,````,,,,`,,,`,`,,`,,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

17. Measurement of Void Area in Cored Units

gentle shake of the brick may be necessary to make the last
drop fall. 17.1 Apparatus:
17.1.1 Steel Rule or Calipers—As described in 13.1.
16.4.6.1 Continue setting the remaining test specimens into
17.1.2 Graduated Cylinder—A glass cylinder with a capac-
the pan in the same way until all five specimens are tested.
ity of 500 mL.
During the test add water to the pan, using the squeeze bottle,
17.1.3 Paper—A sheet of smooth, hard-finish paper not less
to keep the water level approximately constant at the 1⁄8 in.
than 24 by 24 in. (610 by 610 mm).
depth. Refill the squeeze bottle with 100 mL of water when
17.1.4 Sand—500 mL of clean, dry sand.
empty, recording each refill.
17.1.5 Steel Straightedge.
16.4.6.2 After the last specimen is tested, place the pre- 17.1.6 Flat Surface—A level, flat, smooth, clean dry sur-
wetted brick back in the pan and restore the original level with face.
water from the squeeze bottle. 17.1.7 Brush—A soft-bristle brush.
NOTE 11—Place the brick in contact with the water quickly, but without 17.1.8 Neoprene Mat—24 by 24 in. (610 by 610 mm)
splashing. Set the brick in position with a rocking motion to avoid the open-cell neoprene sponge 1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) in thickness.
entrapping of air on its under surface. Test brick with frogs or depressions 17.1.9 Balance—See 10.1.4.
in one flatwise surface with the frog or depression uppermost. Test molded 17.2 Test Specimens—Use of a sample of ten units selected
brick with the struck face down. as described for the determination of size (The samples taken
16.4.7 Using the graduated cylinder, measure the volume of for the determination of size may be used).
water remaining in the squeeze bottle. 17.3 Preparation of Samples—Test the specimens as re-
16.5 Calculation and Report: ceived, except remove any adhering dirt by brushing.
17.4 Procedure:
16.5.1 The number of refills plus the first full bottle, times
17.4.1 Measure and record the length, width, and depth of
100 mL, minus the volume of water remaining in the squeeze
the unit as described for the determination of size.
bottle, is the total measured volume of water in millilitres
17.4.2 Place the unit to be tested bed down (cores vertical)
absorbed by the five specimens.
on the sheet of paper that has been spread over the neoprene
Vt 5 100 ~n 1 1! 2 V r (8) mat on the flat surface.
where: 17.4.3 Fill the cores with sand, allowing the sand to fall
Vt = total measured volume of water absorbed by all tested naturally. Do not work the sand into the cores. Using the steel
specimens, mL, straightedge, bring the level of the sand in the cores down to
n = the number of squeeze bottle refills, and the top of the unit. With the brush, remove all excess sand from
Vr = the volume of water remaining in the squeeze bottle, the top of the unit and from the paper sheet.
mL. 17.4.4 Lifting the unit up, allow all of the sand in the cores
16.5.2 When the average net surface area in contact with to fall on the sheet of paper.
water of a single specimen (sum of net surface areas divided by 17.4.5 Transfer the sand from the sheet of paper to the
the number of specimens) differs by 60.75 in.2 (4.84 cm2) or balance, weighing and recording to the nearest 0.5 g.
less from 30 in.2 (193.5 cm2), report the total measured 17.4.6 With a separate portion of the sand, fill a 500 mL
absorbed volume of water divided by five, the number of tested cylinder to the exact 500 mL graduation by allowing the sand
specimens, as the IRA (Field) in g/min/30 in.2 to fall naturally and without shaking or vibrating the cylinder.
Transfer this sand to the balance, weighing and recording to the
Vt
IRA ~Field! 5 5 (9) nearest 0.5 g.
17.5 Calculation and Report:
16.5.3 If the average net surface area in contact with water 17.5.1 Determine the volume of sand held in the test unit as
differs by more than 60.75 in.2 (4.84 cm2) from 30 in.2 (193.5 follows:

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 C 67 – 07
500 mL
Vs 5 Sc 3 Su (11)

where:
Vs = volume of sand held in test unit,
Sc = weight, in grams, of 500 mL sand contained in
graduated cylinder, and
Su = weight in grams of sand held in test unit.
17.5.2 Determine the percentage of void as follows:
Vs 1
% Void area 5 V 3 16.4 3 100 (12)
u

where:
Vs = volume of sand determined in 17.5.1, mL, and
Vu = length 3 width 3 depth recorded in 17.4.1, in.3
17.5.3 Report the results of Eq 12 in 17.5.2 for each
FIG. 3 Deep Frogged Units
specimen to the nearest 1 %, as the unit’s percentage of void
area.
18.5.2 Using the distance between the inscribed marks
18. Measurement of Void Area In Deep Frogged Units calculate the inside area of each deep frog (Af) in the plane of
the unit 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) down from the frogged bed (see Fig.
NOTE 12—The area measured corresponds to a section located 3⁄8 in. 3).
(9.5 mm) distant from the voided bed of the units. 18.5.3 Determine the percentage of void as follows:
18.1 Apparatus: (Af 3 100
18.1.1 Steel Rule or Gage or Calipers (inside and % Void area 5 Au (13)
--`,,,````,,,,`,,,`,`,,`,,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

outside)— as described in 13.1.

18.1.2 Steel Straightedge. where:
(Af = sum of the inside area of the deep frogs, and
18.1.3 Marking Pen or Scribe. Au = gross area of unit.
18.2 Test Specimens—Use a sample of 10 units selected as 18.5.4 Report the results of the equation in 18.5.3 for each
described for the determination of size. (The samples taken for specimen to the nearest 1 %, as the unit’s percentage of void
the determination of size may be used.) area.
18.3 Preparation of Sample—Test the specimens as re-
ceived except remove any adhering dirt by brushing. 19. Measurement of Out of Square
18.4 Procedure: 19.1 Apparatus:
18.4.1 Measure the length along both faces and the width 19.1.1 Steel Rule or Calipers, as described in 13.1.
along both ends at a distance of 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) down from the 19.1.2 Steel Carpenter’s Square.
bed containing the deep frogs. Record the measurements to the 19.2 Procedure:
nearest 1⁄32 in. (1 mm). Record the average of the two length 19.2.1 Place one leg of a carpenter’s square adjacent to the
measurements to the nearest 1⁄32 in. (1 mm) as the length of the length of the unit when laid as a stretcher. Align the leg of the
unit and the average of the two width measurements to the square parallel to the length of the unit by having the corners
nearest 1⁄32 in. (1 mm) as the width of the unit. of the face of the unit in contact with the leg of the square.
18.4.2 With the steel straightedge parallel to the length of
the unit and centered over the deep frog or frogs, inscribe a
mark on both faces of the frog 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) below the
underside of the steel straightedge (mark 1 on Fig. 3). With the
steel straightedge parallel to the width of the unit and centered
over the deep frog, inscribe a mark on both faces of each frog
3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) below the underside of the steel straightedge

(mark 2 on Fig. 3).

18.4.3 Measure and record to the nearest 1⁄32 in. (1 mm) the
distance between the inscribed marks on a line parallel to the
length of the unit for each frog, and measure and record to the
nearest 1⁄32 in. (1 mm) the distance between the inscribed marks
on a line parallel to the width of the unit for each frog.
18.5 Calculations and Report:
18.5.1 Using the recorded length and width measurements
calculate the gross area of the unit (Au) in the plane of the unit
3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) down from the frogged bed. FIG. 4 Out-of-Square Measurements

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 C 67 – 07
Locate the square parallel to and at or within 1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) the height of the unit). The load shall be placed at the midspan,
of the face to be exposed. See Fig. 5. within 1⁄16 in. (2 mm) of the center. If the specimens have frogs
19.2.2 Measure the deviation due to the departure from the or depressions, place the specimen so that the frogs or
90° angle at each corner of the exposed face of the unit. Record depressions are on the underside of the specimen. The supports
the measurement to the nearest 1⁄32 in. (0.8 mm) for each for the specimen shall be solid steel rods 1 6 3⁄8 in. (25.4 6 10
corner. See Fig. 4. mm) in diameter placed 1⁄2 6 1⁄16 in. (12.7 6 2 mm) from each
19.3 Report—Report the recorded measurements for each end. The length of each support shall be at least equal to the
specimen tested to the nearest 1⁄32 in. (0.8 mm) as the unit’s width of the specimen. See Fig. 6.
deviation from square. 21.2.3 Apply the load to the upper surface of the specimen
through a steel bearing plate 1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) in thickness and
20. Measurement of Shell and Web Thickness 11⁄2 in. (38.1 mm) in width and of a length at least equal to the
20.1 Apparatus—a caliper rule graduated in not more than width of the specimen.
1⁄64 in. (0.4 mm) divisions and having parallel jaws not less
21.2.4 Speed of Testing—The rate of loading shall not
than 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) in length. exceed 2000 lbf (8896 N)/min. This requirement shall be
20.2 Test Specimens—Use a sample of five units as de- considered as being met if the speed of the moving head of the
scribed for the measurement of size (samples taken for the testing machine immediately prior to application of the load is
determination of size are permitted to be used). not more than 0.05 in. (1.27 mm)/min.
20.3 Preparation of Samples—Remove any shards or other 21.3 Report:
projections interfering with measurement of the minimum 21.3.1 Record the unit dimensions and span length.
parallel distance of two surfaces. 21.3.2 Record the transverse breaking load, P, of each unit
20.4 Procedure—For each unit, measure the shell thick- to the nearest lb (N).
nesses and, when required, the web thicknesses at the thinnest 21.3.3 Calculate and record the breaking load per width of
point of each element 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) into the unit from either unit as p = P/w for each unit, lb/in. (N/mm). Report the average
direction and record to the nearest division of the caliper. of the breaking loads per width of all the specimens tested as
NOTE 13—Current ASTM specifications for solid masonry units from
the breaking load of the lot.
clay or shale do not include minimum web thickness requirements. 22. Keywords
21. Breaking Load 22.1 absorption; compressive strength; efflorescence; freez-
21.1 Test Specimens—The test specimens shall consist of ing and thawing; initial rate of absorption; length change;
whole full-size units (see 5.1.1). Five such specimens shall be modulus of rupture; out-of-square; sampling; size; void area;
tested. warpage
21.2 Procedure:
21.2.1 Test units that have been dried according to 5.1.1.
21.2.2 Unless specified and reported otherwise, support the
test specimen flatwise (that is, apply the load in the direction of

FIG. 5 Location of Carpenter’s Square FIG. 6 Breaking Load Configuration

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 C 67 – 07
SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C 67 – 06)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Feb. 1, 2007.)

(1) The breakage endpoint in subsection 9.4.3 was set at a (2) Requirements for calculating and reporting weight per unit
quantifiable percentage of dry weight. area were moved from Section 11.3 to Section 12.3.

Committee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C 67 – 03a)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved June 1, 2006.)

(1) The criterion for weight loss in section 9.4.2 was modified
so as not to limit the type of disintegration experienced.

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