CONCEPT OF VERB

 Verb:
A verb is a word or a group of words (phrase)
that is/are used to describe an action, state or
occurrence.

 Kinds of Verb:
Firstly, verb is divided into two major categories:

o Principal or Lexical or Main Verb

o Auxiliary or Helping Verb

 Principal or Lexical Verb:

Verbs which are used independently without the
help of other verbs, are called Principal or Main
verb.
o He is a singer.
o She does her job.
o They have many problems.
o Kohli beats Lasith Malinga
 Principal verbs are of two types depending on
the object they take:

1.Transitive verb:
Transitive verb is an action verb that requires
one or more objects which receive the action of
the verb in the sentence.

o She reads the book. (verb with the object

‘the book’)
o He gave me a mobile phone. (verb with
the object ‘me’ and ‘mobile phone’)
o I saw her in the market.
o Rifat wants a pen form Ryan.

2.Intransitive verb:
Intransitive verb is an action verb that requires
no direct object in the sentence.

o She reads. (no object in the sentence)

 o Sit down here.
o The birds are flying.
o She is singing.
o The sun set.
o I walked to the park today.
o I went to the campus for a scheduled
class.

 Way to find transitive and intransitive verb:

o If object is available in a sentence then the
verb is transitive of that sentence.
o And if object is not present in sentence then
the verb is intransitive of that sentence.

So, to find an object we ask the verb by

“Whom” or “what”, and the answer we get
is an object of that sentence.

o He gave me a mobile phone.

Gave whom? Answer is me. And Gave what?
Answer is mobile phone.So the “gave” verb
should be a transitive verb.o
 o She reads.
Reads what? No answer is found.So the
reads verb is intransitive verb.

 Auxiliary or Helping Verb:

Verbs which help a Principal verb to form a
sentence are called Auxiliary or Helping verb.

 Such as:
Am,is,are,was,were,have,has,had,be,been,bei
ng, having, shall,should,will,would, can,could,
may,might, do,does,did,used to,ought to,dare
to

o He is singing a song.
o She is doing her job.
o They are facing many problems.
Here, 'is' and 'are' are helping the main verbs
sing, do and face.
 Kinds of Auxiliary Verb: Auxiliary verb are of two
kinds-
o Primary Auxiliaries /Tense Auxiliaries :
o Modal Auxiliaries

 Primary Auxiliaries:
Verb which are used in sentence sometimes as
auxiliary verb and sometimes as ordinary and
main verb.
 Different forms of verb are used in different
situations.
o I am doing the job. (auxiliary verb in present
Continuous)
o Ryan was sleeping that moment. (auxiliary
verb in past Continuous)
o It is done by her. (auxiliary verb in passive
form)
o She is here. (principle verb in present simple )
o They have completed the mission. (present
perfect)
 o Does he make it? (auxiliary verb in
Interrogative sentence)
o Have you prepared for the situation? (auxiliary
verb in Interrogative sentence)

 Modal auxiliary:
Modal Auxiliary are used to show capability,
necessity, possibility or willingness of the subject
to perform the action. They can modify the
meaning of the main verb in some ways.

o Modal auxiliaries are used to indicate ability,

probability, necessity, desire etc

 Modal auxiliary verbs are:

Shall, should, can, could, may, might, ought,
ought to, used to, need, will, would, must, etc.

 Main characteristics of Modal auxiliary verbs:

1. They never change their form according to
the subject of the sentence.
Modal auxiliary কখনো তাদের form পরিবর্ত ন
করে না। Tense অনুযায়ী s, es, ies যোগ করে না।

যেমন: He can run. (Not he cans run)

2. They can make the sentence negative directly

by using not/n’t.

Not/n’t ব্যবহার করে modal auxiliary গুলো

sentence-কে সরাসরি না-বোধক করতে পারে।

যেমনঃ I can’t go. (Not I don’t can go.)

3. They form questions by inversion with the

subject.

তারা অন্যান্য auxiliary verb এর মতই subject-এর

আগে বসে inversion এর মাধ্যমই interrogative
sentence  তৈরী করে।
যেমনঃ Should I go?

4. They follow the base form of the verb without

the addition of any other form of the verb.

অন্যান্য কোন form ব্যবহার না করে তারা

সবসময়ই verb-এর মূল form ব্যবহার করে।

যেমনঃ He can run in the sun. (Not he can to run

in the sun.)

5. Modals cannot be used for the things that

happen naturally, and no one has any control
over that.

যা অবশ্যই ঘটবে তার জন্য কখনও Modal

ব্যবহৃত হতে পারেনা। শুধুমাত্র God/Allah যখন
subject হিসেবে বসবে, তখন এই rule প্রযোজ্য
হবে না।
যেমনঃ The sun rises in the east. ( Not “The sun
must rise in the east”)

God can make the sun rise in the west. (This kind
of sentence only is applicable when the Almighty
is the subject of the sentence.)
 Use of Modal Auxiliary Verb:

Use of Can:

1. Express ability to do something or know how

to do something in the present. (বর্ত মানে
কোনকিছু করার ক্ষমতা বা কোনকিছু করতে
পারা বোঝাতে।)

যেমনঃ He can write French.

2. Express permission to do something in the
present (বর্ত মানে কোনকিছু করার অনুমতি নেয়া
বোঝাতে।)

যেমনঃ Can I meet my friend in the classroom?

(Can is less formal than may)

3. Express request (অনুরোধ বোঝাতে।)

যেমনঃ Can you wait for a moment, please?

4. Offer something in the present form (বর্ত মানে

কোন কিছু দেয়া বোঝাতে।)

যেমনঃ I can lend you my laptop until the next

day.

5. Express Suggestions (মতামত বোঝাতে)

যেমনঃ Can we visit our parents at the weekend?

6. Express possibility (সম্ভাবনা বোঝাতে)

যেমনঃ It can get very cold in Bangladesh this

year.

 Use of Could :

1. Express ability to do something or know how

to do something in the past (অতীতে কোনকিছু
করার ক্ষমতা বা কোনকিছু করতে পারা বোঝাতে)

যেমনঃ He could write French.

2. Express permission to do something in the

past (অতীতে কোনকিছু করার অনুমতি নেয়া
বোঝাতে)

যেমনঃ He could go to the cinema.

3. Express polite request (বিনয়ী অনুরোধ
বোঝাতে)

যেমনঃ Could I go to the market, please?

4. Express past or future permission (অতীত বা

ভবিষ্যত অনুমতি নেয়া বোঝাতে)

যেমনঃ Could I bury my pet dog in your

backyard?

5. Express possibility (সম্ভাবনা বোঝাতে)

যেমনঃ It could get very cold in Bangladesh.

 Use of May:

1. Possibility (সম্ভাবনা প্রকাশ করতে)

যেমনঃ He may come today.(সে আজ আসতে পারে)

2. Polite suggestions (বিনয়ী মতামত প্রকাশ
করতে)

যেমনঃ May I help you?

3. Permission to do something in the present

form (বর্ত মানে কোনকিছু করার অনুমতি নেয়া)

যেমনঃ May I come in sir?

 Use of Might:

1. Possibility (less possible than may) (সম্ভাবনা

(may থেকে কম সম্ভব) প্রকাশ করতে)

যেমনঃ He might come today.

2. The past form of may (May-এর অতীত রূপ

বোঝাতে)
যেমনঃ If I finished all the work, might I leave
earlier?

3. Hesitant offer (ইতস্ততভাবে কোনকিছু তে

আমন্ত্রণ জানানো)

যেমনঃ Might I help the poor boys?

1. Force and necessity (জোর এবং

প্রয়োজনীয়তা)

যেমনঃ I must do the homework.

2. Possibility (সম্ভাবনা বোঝাতে)

যেমনঃ She must be ill.

3. Advice, recommendation (পরামর্শ, সুপারিশ

বোঝাতে)
যেমনঃ You must watch the film with Brad Pitt.

4. Prohibition (নিষেধ বোঝাতে)

যেমনঃ You must not work on my laptop.

 Use of Ought to:

1.‘Ought to’ is stronger than should and weaker
than must and used to express necessity, duty,
and moral obligation.
(‘Ought to’ should-থেকে জোরালো এবং must-
থেকে দূর্বল এবং প্রয়োজনীয়তা, দায়িত্ব ও
মানবিক কর্ত ব্য বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়)
You ought to eat every day. (necessity)
You ought to help the poor. (duty)
You ought to switch off the fan when you leave
the room. (obligation)
2. It is used to express advice (পরামর্শ বোঝাতেও
ought to ব্যবহৃত হয়)

You ought to drive slowly in bad weather.

 Use of Need:
1. The statements in which need is negative
(need not, need never, need no, etc.) (যেসব
বক্তব্যে need নাবোধক, সেখানে need কে
negative করার জন্যে কোন auxiliary verb আনতে
হয় না)

You need not hurry.

There need be no doubt.
There need never come this time.
2. Questions that expect a negative answer (প্রশ্ন
যা নাবোধক উত্তর আশা করে)

Need they show unfriendliness?

3. Something is not necessary (যা প্রয়োজনীয় না)

We needn’t go to the shopping mall.

Use of Shall:

1. ‘Shall’ is used with first person pronouns (I,

we) and express strong possibility or near
certainty that will take place in near future.

(‘Shall’ first person pronouns (I, we)-এর সাথে

ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং ভবিষ্যতে কোনকিছু হওয়ার
দৃঢ় বা নিকট সম্ভাবনা বোঝায়)
I shall discuss the topic with my teacher.
We shall leave the country tomorrow.

2. Shall can be used with second and third

person pronouns to express command. (Shall,
second and third person pronoun-এর সাথে
ব্যবহৃত হয় আদেশ বোঝাতে)
She shall obey my orders.
He shall not lie.
3. Sometimes, it is used with second and third
person pronouns to express a threat. (কখনও
কখনও এটি second এবং third person-এর সাথে
ব্যবহৃত হয় হুমকি বোঝাতে)

You shall regret this.

4. It may express determination (দৃঢ় প্রতিজ্ঞ

বোঝাতে পারে)
He shall apologize.

5. It can express suggestion (মতামত বো9 ঝাতে

পারে)

Shall I carry your purse?

Use of Should:

1. an opinion, idea, preference, suggestion

(একটি মতামত, ধারণা, পছন্দ)

You should stay at home.

You should be more helpful.
I should walk to work.

2. You wish something had happened but didn’t.

(Should have + past participle) (আপনি আশা
করেছিলেন কিছু ঘটবে কিন্তু ঘটেনি)
We should have visited Tajmahal on the way.

3. Should is used to ask someone’s opinion.

(Should কারও মতামত জানতে ব্যবহৃত হয়)

Should we do the job?

4. It is used to say something expected. (এটি

আকাঙ্খিত কোনকিছু বলতে ব্যবহৃত হয়)

There should be an old school.

Use of Will:

1. to make a request ( অনুরোধ)

Will you please stop smoking?

2. Prediction and assumption (ভবিষ্যদ্বানী এবং

অনুমান)
I think he will come today.

3. Strong promise (দৃঢ় প্রতিশ্রুতি)

I will say my prayers.

4. Habits (অভ্যাস)

He will sit for hours without talking.

Use of Would :
1. It is used to show preference (পছন্দ বোঝাতে)

I would rather go to the hospital today.

2. Would is used to express wish (এটা ইচ্ছা

প্রকাশ করতে)

I would like to have enough time to travel.

3. It is used to express request and polite
question. (এটা অনুরোধ এবং বিনয়ী প্রশ্ন
বোঝাতে)

Would you please show me the way to the

mosque?

4. Would is used to show desire (এটা আকাঙ্খা

বোঝাতে)

If I were you, I would never talk to him.

5. Sometimes, it is used to express the habits of

the past (কখনও কখনও এটা অতীত অভ্যাস
বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়)

Sometimes she would bring some flowers for

me.

 Use of Used to:

 ‘Used to’ is used to express something that
happened continuously or frequently during a
period in the past. (‘Used to’ অতীতের কোন
সময়ে কোনকিছু অনবরত বা প্রায়সই ঘটতো তা
বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়)

Example:

I used to walk for an hour in the morning.

I used to live in Dhaka.

 Finite and Non-finite Verbs:

 Finite verb:
A Verb which changes its form according to the
number, person or tense and must has subject is
called finite verb

o Example:
- I saw her crying.
- He makes me proud.
 - Hridita cooked rice
- The honey tastes sweet.
- They are doing a good job.

 Way to find out Finite Verb:The following verbs

are finite verb:
1.V1(Present form)
2.V2(Past form)

 Non-finite verb:
A Non-finite verb is a form of verb that is not
limited by person, number or tense in a sentence
and cannot act as main verb.

 Way to find out non-finite verb:

The following verbs are non-finite verbs:

i. Infinite
ii.Gerund
 iii.Participles(both present & past)
iv.Being +V3
v.Having +V3

 Infinitive:
Infinitive verb is a non-finite verb that is made
up of “to + base form of verb”.

- He likes to play football.

- Honey is sweet to taste.
- The man is too late to go.
- People gathered here to hear the news.

Certain verbs such as bid, let, make, need, dare,

see, hear, etc. are used without ‘to’ and are
called bare infinitive.

- Make her stand.

- Let the people go there.
- You need not leave the place.
 Gerund:
A gerund is a form of non-finite verb which is
made up by adding the ‘ing’ at the end of the
base form of a verb.

- I saw her crying.

- Swimming is good for health.
- Being tired I took rest for a while.
- Seeing is believing.
- Having eaten rice,I went to school

 Participles:
A Participle is verbal but works as an adjective.
Participle can be following types:
1.Present Participle
2.Past Participle

 Present Participle: Present participle is made by

adding ‘ing ’ to the base form.
 - A swimming snake bit him in the leg.
- Don’t put your hand into boiling water.
- Look at the setting sun.
- Don’t get into a running bus.

 Way to find out Gerund and Participle:

Both of Gerund and Present Participles are made
by adding ‘ing’ to the base form.
But difference between them is that A gerund
functions as a noun and present participles
functions as an adjective.

- Swimming is good for the people. (Here

swimming is noun)
- A swimming snake bit him in the leg. (Here
swimming is an adjective)

Past Participle: Past participle is made by adding

‘ed’, ‘-d’ or ‘-t’ to the base form of a regular verb.
Such as looked, said, learnt, broken, etc.
The past participle can be preceded by have, has,
had, etc. to express the perfect aspect. And it
also expresses the passive voice.In passive voice
V3 is follwed by am,is,are,was,were,being

- They have invited him to the party.

- A faded flower attracts none.
- It is said by them.
- The floated area is good for cultivation.