Eggshell with Flour and Mango Seed as Media for Chalk Production

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Using chalk as one of the medium for the teachers to teach is one of the traditional

way of teaching here in the country. According to Brown (2018), teaching with chalk is

especially an advantage for teachers of students with mixed learning abilities. Providing

notes on a chalkboard increases the chances of students taking correct notes. With the

information that is said clearly in front of the students, students take better notes they can

later study. Chalk is not only exclusive for teachers and student but also for the people

who uses it as a medium to write. Chalk cannot just help us in ways of learning, but it can

also help us in raising pH in soils with high acidity. Some students do not like oral

presentation without some writing because they cannot imagine it clearly. When gaining

attention and interest of students in the subject, students sometimes do not like long

speech lectures. This can be avoided when a teacher prefers to use chalk to teach their

students. Therefore, let’s use chalk than modern technologies in learning inside our

classrooms for us to save energy and for us to avoid radiation.

Before the commercial chalk became solid, it was from a powdered substance.

Just like the eggshells that can be pulverized. According to James (2011), a chalk is a

soft, white, proliferous aqueous rock, a form of limestone composed of mineral calcite,
an atomic number 20 carbonate, or CaCO₃ which comprises more than 4% of the earth

pertness and is found.

According to Grant (2017), a lot of students are allergic to chalk. Most schools are

moving away from chalk because of this reason. Also, with advancing technology in the

classroom, the chalk dust can get into the equipment. In another sense, chalk dust can and

does accumulate the human respiratory system, which means it can create long term

health problems due to over exposure. In short, inhaling chalk dust and what

accompanies it over a period of time is harmful.

Hence, the researchers want to make a chalk made up of organic material because

it is very helpful for the students and teachers. The researchers also want to lessen the

quantity of eggshells that is wasted every day. Next, the researchers also want to help the

rural areas specially the public schools that are not fully supported by the government to

have an alternative chalk that cost less.

On the other hand, eggshell is a semi-permeable membrane, which means that air

and moisture can pass through it pores (Exploratorium, 2017). An eggshell is the outer

covering of a hard-shelled egg and of some form of eggs with soft outer coats, some

people use it in the garden, some use it as pot for young plants, etc. Eggs have become

more than just our want, but it is now a basic need. Eggs are the main source of eggshells,

and it is very abundant in the locality. Wherever people go, whether it is in school

canteen, in the public market, in the public restaurants, or just at home, eggshells are

always found. In today’s generation, eggshells are sometimes just dumped everywhere

because they do not know what to do with it. Instead of throwing them everywhere, we

catch up to the idea of making a research about it.

alternative source for chalk. This study is helpful for the students and teachers especially

in rural areas discover the methods in making a chalk as an alternative use for the

commercial chalk in a cheaper cost and easy way using the recyclable materials.

Objectives of the Study

This study aims to:

1. Produce alternative chalk using eggshell, mango seed kernel and flour.

2. Determine the effectiveness of alternative chalk in terms of:

a. Dust;

b. Sulat

3. Determine the significant difference between commercial and alternative chalk in

terms of:

a. Dust

b. Sulat

Hypothesis

Significance of the Study

Specific(teachers, student, rural areas)

The purpose of this study is to help the students and teachers especially in rural

areas discover the methods in making a chalk as an alternative use for the commercial

chalk in a cheaper cost and easy way using the recyclable materials.
 The study could help lessen the waste of eggshells in different areas especially for

those who love eating balut. It helps the teachers, students and faculty members to save

money in buying commercial chalks and they can use this as their business since it only

cost less.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study is only limited for the investigation on Eggshells used as an alternative

chalk for the commercial chalk. The researcher chose this study for further investigation

if the eggshell is an effective source and alternative way for chalk.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains ….

Chalk

Chalk is a soft, fine-grained, easily pulverized, white-to-grayish variety of limestone.

It is composed of the shells of such organisms like eggshell. Chalk used in school

classrooms comes in slender sticks approximately .35 of an inch (nine millimeters) in

diameter and 3.15 inches (80 millimeters) long. Some lessons in school are presented

with the use of chalk because it is the traditional way of teaching and it is proven cheap

and easy.

Eggshell

Egg shell is the outer covering of a hard-shelled egg and of some forms of eggs with

soft outer coats. An eggshell is the hard, outer covering of an egg. It consists mostly of

calcium carbonate, a common form of calcium. The rest is made up of protein and other

minerals. Calcium is an essential mineral that is abundant in many food, including dairy

products. Lower amounts are also found in many leafy and root vegetables.

Mango seed is a single flat oblong seed that are fibrous on the surface, the inside seed

coat 1-2 mm thick is a thin lining covering a single embryo, 4-7 cm long, 3-4 cm wide,

and 1 cm thick. Mango seed consists of a tenacious coat enclosing the kernel. Mango
seed that is converted into flour is called mango flour. Mango flour is gluten free wheat

flour alternative produced from dried, ground, mango seed kernels.

According to James (2011) in his article To Recycle Eggshells that some people are

moving away from commercial products in favor of much instinctive alternatives. There

is no assurance that people can stomach continuous supply of commercial chalk. That is

why the researchers find some alternative chalk for the commercial chalk. According to

Boron (2004), that the use of shells as an alternative source for calcium carbonate may

reduce the impact on the natural reserves of limestone, which is a non-renewable natural

source.

According to Alameda (2017), it is possible to make chalks from eggshells because of

calcium carbonate that can be found in both of them. In addition, eggshells possess the

property of being brittle much like chalks. The study of using eggshells for the

production of chalk is very efficient in these days because many people are in need of

chalk especially the teachers who use board chalk in school every day.

Mango Seed Kernel

Flour

Definition of terms (kulang pa)

Chalk - has a main ingredient Calcium Carbonate (CACO₃), that can draw or color using

a white or colored stick shape.

(CACO₃). It can break easily just like a chalk.

Flour – it thickens the mixture and fill out the chalk.

Mango seed –it contains bioactive compounds and micronutrients that can be pulverize

and mix into the flour.

Production – the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials,

or the process of being so manufactured.

Pulverize – to crush something into powder.

Conceptual Framework (MARY)

The table below shows the different treatment that the researcher will use

Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3

Egg Shell 20% 30% 50%

Mango Seed 40% 35% 25%

kernels

Flour 40% 35% 25%

Research Design and Methodology

Research Design

Research is a process that is the step combination that is done systematically and

logically to get the solution of the problems or to get the answer from a certain question

(Suryabarata:2003).

Ary et al. (2006:325) states “Experimental research design is to enable researcher

to estimate the effect of an experimental treatment.” According to Prasetyo (2008:160),

there are many kinds of experimental research design that is classical experimental

design, pre-experimental design and Quasi experimental and special design.

In this study, the experimental research is done in the rural area with the treatment

to form chalk from the eggshell and mango seed kernel. The researcher chooses the

design to determine the validity of conclusion can be drawn from the study.

Lastly, the researcher uses experimental design with quantitative approach.

Researchers want to know the effectiveness of eggshell and mango seed kernels as an

alternative chalk for the teachers to use inside the classroom.

Materials:

Mortar and Pestle

Paper Container

Coloring Organic Materials

3 Mixing Bowls

3 Mixing Spoon

Water
 -Ingredients for Eggshell Chalk (treatment 1)

20% or 0.20g eggshells

40% or 0.40g mango seed kernel

40% or 0.40g flour

-Ingredients for Eggshell Chalk (treatment 2)

30% or 0.30g eggshells

35% or 0.35g mango seed kernel

35% or 0.35g flour

-Ingredients for Eggshell Chalk (treatment 3)

50% or 0.50g eggshells

25% or 0.25g mango seed kernel

25% or 0.25g flour

Procedure:

1) Clean the eggshells and let it dry.

2) Pound the mango seed kernel and eggshell very well until it will become a

powder and put it in a different bowl.

3) Pour a little amount of water in the bowl with the powdered eggshell.

4) Gently, mix well the water and the powdered eggshell.

5) After the water and powdered eggshell mix, gently put the powdered mango seed

kernel and mix it again.

seed kernel powder that is already mixed and mix it well again.

7) Put coloring organic materials into the powdered eggshell with the powdered

mango seed kernel that is already mixed with water.

8) After mixing the powdered eggshell, mango seed kernel, flour and coloring

organic materials with water, put it in the paper container to form a stick chalk.

9) Let it dry for about 2-3 days.

Research Design

Respondents of the Study

Study Area

Research Instrument

Preparation of Raw Materials

Evaluation of Samples