Wednesday, 17 April 2013

Valve Sizing and Selection

Valve Sizing and Selection

Sizing flow valves is a science with many rules of thumb that few people agree on. In this article I'll try to
define a more standard procedure for sizing a valve as well as helping to select the appropriate type of
valve. **Please note that the correlation within this article is for turbulent flow.

Step #1: Define the System

The system is pumping water from one tank to another through a piping system with a total pressure drop
of 150 psi. The fluid is water at 70 °F. Design (maximum) flowrate of 150 gpm, operating flowrate of 110
gpm, and a minimum flowrate of 25 gpm. The pipe diameter is 3 inches. At 70 °F, water has a specific
gravity of 1.0.

Key Variables: Total pressure drop, design flow, operating flow, minimum flow, pipe diameter, specific
gravity

Step #2: Define a maximum allowable pressure drop for the valve

When defining the allowable pressure drop across the valve, you should first investigate the pump.   What
is its maximum available head? Remember that the system pressure drop is limited by the pump.
Essentially the Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA) minus the Net Positive Suction Head
Required (NPSHR) is the maximum available pressure drop for the valve to use and this must not be
exceeded or another pump will be needed. It's important to remember the trade off, larger pressure drops
increase the pumping cost (operating) and smaller pressure drops increase the valve cost because a larger
valve is required (capital cost). The usual rule of thumb is that a valve should be designed to use 10-15% of
the total pressure drop or 10 psi, whichever is greater. For our system, 10% of the total pressure drop is 15
psi which is what we'll use as our allowable pressure drop when the valve is wide open (the pump is our
system is easily capable of the additional pressure drop).

Step #3: Calculate the valve characteristic

For our system:

At this point, some people would be tempted to go to the valve charts or characteristic
curves and select a valve. Don't make this mistake, instead, proceed to Step #4!

Step #4: Preliminary valve selection

Don't make the mistake of trying to match a valve with your calculated Cv value. The Cv value should be
used as a guide in the valve selection, not a hard and fast rule. Some other considerations are:

a. Never use a valve that is less than half the pipe size
b. Avoid using the lower 10% and upper 20% of the valve stroke. The valve is much easier to control
in the 10-80% stroke range.

Before a valve can be selected, you have to decide what type of valve will be used (See the
list of valve types later in this article). For our case, we'll assume we're using an equal
percentage, globe valve (equal percentage will be explained later). The valve chart for this
type of valve is shown below. This is a typical chart that will be supplied by the
manufacturer (as a matter of fact, it was)

For our case, it appears the 2 inch valve will work well for our Cv value at about 80-85% of
the stroke range. Notice that we're not trying to squeeze our Cv into the 1 1/2 valve which
would need to be at 100% stroke to handle our maximum flow. If this valve were used, two
consequences would be experienced: the pressure drop would be a little higher than 15 psi at
our design (max) flow and the valve would be difficult to control at maximum flow. Also,
there would be no room for error with this valve, but the valve we've chosen will allow for
flow surges beyond the 150 gpm range with severe headaches!

So we've selected a valve...but are we ready to order? Not yet, there are still some
characteristics to consider.

Step #5: Check the Cv and stroke percentage at the minimum flow

If the stroke percentage falls below 10% at our minimum flow, a smaller valve may have to be used in
some cases. Judgments plays role in many cases. For example, is your system more likely to operate closer
to the maximum flow rates more often than the minimum flow rates  Or is it more likely to operate near
the minimum flow rate for extended periods of time. It's difficult to find the perfect valve, but you should
find one that operates well most of the time. Let's check the valve we've selected for our system:

Referring back to our valve chart, we see that a Cv of 6.5 would correspond to a stroke percentage of
around 35-40% which is certainly acceptable. Notice that we used the maximum pressure drop of 15 psi
once again in our calculation. Although the pressure drop across the valve will be lower at smaller flow
rates  using the maximum value gives us a "worst case" scenario. If our Cv at the minimum flow would
have been around 1.5, there would not really be a problem because the valve has a Cv of 1.66 at 10% stroke
and since we use the maximum pressure drop, our estimate is conservative. Essentially, at lower pressure
drops, Cv would only increase which in this case would be advantageous.

Step #6: Check the gain across applicable flow rates

Gain is defined as:

Now, at our three flowrates:

Qmin = 25 gpm
Qop = 110 gpm
Qdes = 150 gpm

we have corresponding Cv values of 6.5, 28, and 39. The corresponding stroke percentages
are 35%, 73%, and 85% respectively. Now we construct the following table:

Change in flow
Flow (gpm) Stroke (%) Change in Stroke (%)
(gpm)
25 35
110-25 = 85 73-35 = 38
110 73
150 85
150-110 = 40 85-73 = 12

Gain #1 = 85/38 = 2.2

Gain #2 = 40/12 = 3.3
The difference between these values should be less than 50% of the higher value. 0.5 (3.3) = 1.65 and 3.3 -
2.2 = 1.10. Since 1.10 is less than 1.65, there should be no problem in controlling the valve. Also note that
the gain should never be less than 0.50. So for our case, I believe our selected valve will do nicely!

Other Notes

Another valve characteristic that can be examined is called the choked flow. The relation
uses the FL value found on the valve chart. I recommend checking the choked flow for vastly
different maximum and minimum flowrates. For example if the difference between the
maximum and minimum flows is above 90% of the maximum flow, you may want to check
the choked flow. Usually, the rule of thumb for determining the maximum pressure drop
across the valve also helps to avoid choking flow.

Selecting a Valve Type

When speaking of valves, it's easy to get lost in the terminology. Valve types are used to
describe the mechanical characteristics and geometry (Ex/ gate, ball, globe valves). We'll
use valve control to refer to how the valve travel or stroke (openness) relates to the flow:

1. Equal Percentage: equal increments of valve travel produce an equal percentage in flow
change
2. Linear: valve travel is directly proportional to the valve stoke
3. Quick opening: large increase in flow with a small change in valve stroke

So how do you decide which valve control to use? Here are some rules of thumb for each
one:

1. Equal Percentage (most commonly used valve control)

a. Used in processes where large changes in pressure drop are expected
b. Used in processes where a small percentage of the total pressure drop is permitted by the
valve
c. Used in temperature and pressure control loops

2. Linear
a. Used in liquid level or flow loops
b. Used in systems where the pressure drop across the valve is expected to remain fairly
constant (ie. steady state systems)

3. Quick Opening
a. Used for frequent on-off service
b. Used for processes where "instantly" large flow is needed (ie. safety systems or cooling
water systems)

Now that we've covered the various types of valve control, we'll take a look at the most
common valve types.

Gate Valves:
Best Suited Control: Quick Opening

Recommended Uses:
1. Fully open/closed, non-throttling 2. Infrequent operation 3. Minimal fluid trapping in
line

Applications: Oil, gas, air, slurries, heavy liquids, steam, noncondensing gases, and
corrosive liquids

Advantages:
1. High capacity , 2. Tight shutoff  3. Low cost  4. Little resistance to flow

Disadvantages:
1. Poor control, 2. Cavitate at low pressure drops, 3. Cannot be used for throttling

Globe Valves

Best Suited Control: Linear and Equal percentage

Recommended Uses:
1. Throttling service/flow regulation 2. Frequent operation

Applications: Liquids, vapors, gases, corrosive substances, slurries

Advantages:
1. Efficient throttling  2. Accurate flow control  3. Available in multiple ports

Disadvantages:
1.High pressure drop 2. More expensive than other valves

Ball Valves:
Best Suited Control: Quick opening, linear

Recommended Uses:
1. Fully open/closed, limited-throttling 2. Higher temperature fluids

Applications: Most liquids, high temperatures, slurries

Advantages:
1. Low cost  2. High capacity  3. Low leakage and maint. 4. Tight sealing with low torque

Disadvantages:
1. Poor throttling characteristics 2. Prone to cavitation

Butterfly Valves:

Best Suited Control: Linear, Equal percentage

Recommended Uses:
1. Fully open/closed or throttling services 2. Frequent operation 3. Minimal fluid trapping in
line

Applications: Liquids, gases, slurries, liquids with suspended solids

Advantages:
1. Low cost and maint.  2. High capacity  3. Good flow control 4. Low pressure drop

Disadvantages:
1. High torque required for control 2. Prone to cavitation at lower flows
Other Valves

Another type of valve commonly used in conjunction with other valves is called a check
valve. Check valves are designed to restrict the flow to one direction. If the flow reverses
direction, the check valve closes. Relief valves are used to regulate the operating pressure of
incompressible flow. Safety valves are used to release excess pressure in gases or
compressible fluids.

 References

Rosaler, Robert C., Standard Handbook of Plant Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1995, pages 10-110 through 10-122

Purcell, Michael K., "Easily Select and Size Control Valves", Chemical Engineering Progress,
March 1999, pages 45-50