piss bsg att pty IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE GRACIOUS, THE MERCIFUL aald § S15il Bld ba SiS The best among you is the one who learns the Holy Qur’an and teaches it to others (Buktix) TA‘LIMUL QUR’AN A Self-Study Book for Learning the Correct Recitation and Translation of the Holy Qur'an Dr. Karimullah ZirvtFirst Edition Published in June 2007 by Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam, USA 15000 Good Hope Road Silver Spring, MD 20905 ISBN 1 882494 17 2 Copyright© Islam International Publications Ltd. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without prior written permission from the Publisher, except for quotation of brief passages.ial has at es IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE GRACIOUS, THE MERCIFUL TA’LIMUL QUR’AN TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword: Da’tid A. Hanif, Missionary In Charge and Na’ib Amir. Introduction: Karimullah Zirvi System of Transliteration I. The Holy Qur’n Compilation of the Holy Qur'an . Chapters (Siirahs) of the Holy Qur’an Parts (Siparahs) of the Holy Qur’é Ruki‘ Sign and Division of a Part of the Holy Qua ‘an Mugatta‘at (Letters of Abbreviation) Mentioned in the Holy Qur'an Etiquettes of Recitation of the Holy Qur’ The Rules of Isti‘adhah and Bismillah Completing of a Sirah and Beginning of the Next Stirah Sajdah Tilawat (Prostration during recitation of the Holy Qur'an) Prayers of Sajdah Tilawat.. What to be Said While Reading and Listening Certain Verses of the Holy Qur’an .. Prayer to Strengthen Memory to Memorize the Holy Qur’an Prayer to be Recited on Completing the Recitation of the Entire Holy Qur’an The Arabic Alphabet with Pronunciation and Transliteration Letters Similar in Sound ...Alphabets: The Written Form .. Hurif-e-Shamsiyyah (Sun Letters) .. ‘Hurif-e-Qamriyyah (Moon Letters) Hamzatul Qat‘i and Hamzatul Was] The Art of Tajwid Major Errors Made While Reciting the Holy Qur’ ‘Minor Errors Made While Reciting the Holy Qur’ Correct Recitation of the Holy Qur’an . The Short Vowels (Harakat) Letters with Vowel Marks... Reading Two or More Letters Together .. The Long Vowels . Marks for Long Vowels Super Long Vowels (Maddat) Madd-c-Ashi and Madd-c-Far‘t ‘Madd-e-Muttasil and Madd-e-Munfasil Hurifullin (Pliable Letters) .. Ramiiz-e-Augaf (Stop Signs or Pauses) .. i Rare Signs Rules of Making a Stop or Pause iii, Practice of the Stop Signs Makharij Makhariul Hurd Correct Combinations .. Jazm/Sukiin .. Words Having Two Letters with Sukin .. Tanwin .. Pronunciation of Quiescent Niin and Nain of NinationVII. Superfluous Letters and Phonetic Style of Words Mergence of a Letter into the Letter which Follows a. Mergence of Nin or Niin of Nination with Other Letters b. _ Mergence of Two Identical Letters . Blank Letters ABlank Bend .. Use of Shadda a. More than One Shad b. Rules for Letters with Sukiin Before Letters with Shadda ..... Recitation of the Holy Qur’an: Correction of Some Common Mistakes Basic Arabic Lessons (Grammar) Basic Letters of the Root of a Word .... ‘Noun (Ism) . a. Common Noun (Ism nakirah) . b. Proper Noun (Ism ma‘rifah) c. Jumlah Ismiyyah Verb (Fil)... Jumlah Fi‘liyyah Madi Qarib (Use of Qad and Lagad)) Madi Ba‘id (Use of Kina) Fi'li Nagis (A defective Verb: "Laisa" ). Fi'l Mudari* Fil Jahad and XI. The Prepositions .... i. Huriiful Jarr...Huriifuzzarf (Adverbs) .. Huriifunnida’ (Interjections) The Personal Pronouns Basic Divisions of the Personal Pronouns .. The Nominative Personal Pronouns iii. The Genitive Personal Pronouns .. iv. The Accusative Personal Pronouns. v. _ Interrogative Pronouns .. vi, The Personal Pronouns and Past Tense for Feminine Gender « vii. ‘The Personal Pronouns and Past Tense for Masculine Gender Vili. Demonstrative Pronouns (Asma’i [sharah ).. . Miscellaneous .. ‘The Cardinal Numbers from One to Hundred ‘The Ordinal Numbers from First to Tenth .. Imalah Bab /. The Holy Qur’an: Split-Word Translation of the Sirah Al-Fatihah and the First Five Ruki‘ of the Sirah: Al-Bagarah, Al-e-‘Imrdn, Al-Nis@? and Al-Ma’idah Al-Fatihah Al-Bagarah Al-e-‘Imran . ALNisi? AL-Ma’idah ... Al-Mufradatul Qur’an (Qur’anic Vocabulary): Sirah Al-Fatihah and Sirah Al-Bagarah.. |. Qur’anic Prayerspia os lt iy Jn the name of Allah the Gracious, the Merciful TA’LIMUL QUR’AN FOREWORD Allah, the Omniscient, the All-Knowing, has revealed the Holy Qur’ Hadrat Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) as the guidance for all mankind for all times. It is a very concise book in the Arabic language. Merely reading the Holy Qur’an ears one a mighty reward. Our beloved master, the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) has said: hal des, Hhcity Hea ‘ll al tis 9 Ug 58 diss pe 5 ise $5 S35 Gal ‘mann gara-a harfan min kitebilfabi falabit hasanatun walhasanatu bi“ashei amthalibi [a agit alif Teun mim harfun alifun harfun wa Famun harfun wa simun harfian “When a person recites one letter from the Book of Allah, that is one good deed equal to ten good deeds the like of it. I do not say that Alif, Lam, and Mim is a letter; but Alif is a letter, Lam is a letter, and Mim is a letter.” (Tirmadhi) He (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) further exhorts: call p53 cali ‘du lstil Ls igra’ul-qur “ana fa innahit ya’fi yaumal giyamati shafi‘an li-ashabibhi "Keep reading the Qur’an for it will intercede for its readers on the Day of Judgement." (Muslim)The Promised Messiah (on whom be peace) received a revelation in a vision about the Holy Qur'an. He (on whom be peace) states: "L saw in a vision that Haziratul Quds (i.e., heaven) is being watered with the water of the Holy Qur'an and the Holy Qur'an is a great ocean which is surging with thunder, Whosoever drinks from this water will not only remain himself alive but also will be able to make others aliv (Rahiami Khazia'in, Vol. 5, pp. 545-546) Reading and comprehension of the Holy Qur’dn is incumbent upon all followers as they are to lead their lives in complete conformity with its teachings. So to facilitate this, Dr. Karimullah Zirvi has compiled a self-study book entitled, "Ta'limul Qur’n" for leaning the correct recitation and translation of the Holy Qur'an. It is a step-by-step guide to learn the correct recitation of the Holy Qur’an, It also comprises a selection from the commentary of Hadrat Mirzi Bashiruddin Mahmiid Ahmad to generate interest in the reader and for the appreciation and comprehension of the Holy Book. We pray that Allah accepts this effort and that readers benefit from it immensely. Daud A. Hanif Missionary In Charge and Na’ib Amir Jama‘at, USApisdll pA at ry Jn the name of Allah the Gracious, the Merciful TA’LIMUL QUR’AN INTRODUCTION ‘The teaching and learning of the Holy Qur'an is a source of great blessing God Almighty says in the Holy Qur’n: wa rattilil Qur’ana tarfila And recite the Qur’an slowly and thoughtfully (73:5) The Holy Prophet” said: OS ASSIS Ahairukum man ta‘allamal qur’ana wa ‘allamahit "The best among you is the one who leams the Holy Qur’an and teaches it to others” Hadrat Masih Mau’iid” states about the Holy Qur'an: 1. Recitation of the Holy Qur’dn melodiously is also a worship. There is a blessing in the Holy Qur’dn that its recitation expands ‘one's mind and removes speech impediments. The real purpose of recitation of the Holy Qur'an is to lea truth, to gain knowledge and to make a pious change in one's self. I say it repeatedly and loudly that loving and obeying the Holy Qur'an and the Holy Prophet™ can make one capable of showing miracles.In his book, Kashti Niih, the Promised Messiah” has exhorted his community in these words: "The real and perfect paths of salvation have been opened only by the Holy Qur'an; all others were only its shadows. Therefore, you should study this Holy Scripture with the utmost attention and deepest thought; and you should love it as you have never loved anything else. For indeed, as God has conveyed to me: al-khairu kulluhi: fil-qur’an i.e. All sort of virtues are in the Holy Qur’an Alll kinds of good are to be found in it - and this is truth. Unfortunate, indeed, are the people who give preference to other things over it. The Holy Qur'an is the fountainhead of your salvation for all betterment and success. There is not even a single spiritual need which has not been met for you in this Holy Book. The supporter or falsifier of your faith on the Day of Judgement would be the Holy Qur'an, and apart from this book, there is no other under the heavens, which can provide you with direct guidance. It is indeed a great blessing of God upon you that He has bestowed upon you a book like this. ... Realize, therefore, the value of the blessings bestowed upon you. It is a precious blessing and a great treasure.” (Kashtl Nib, Rabin) Khbazi ‘in, Vol. 19, p. 26) Hadrat Khalifatul Masih V"" in his Friday Sermon of September 24, 2004, stated the following with regards to teaching the recitation and translation of the Holy Qur’an: “Every Ahmadi should make sure that he himself, and his wife and children recite the Holy Qur’an regularly. He should also make a full effort to lear the translation of the Holy Qur’an. In addition, he should read Hadrat Masih Mau “id's” Commentary of the Holy Qur“in. They should recite the Holy Qur’an as if it is not an ordinary book, but rather keeping in mind that it is the Word of God Almighty.” Hadrat Khalifatul Masih IV" in his Friday Sermon of June 19, 1998 stated the following with regards to the teaching of the recitation and translation of the Holy Qur'an: “Just teaching the reading of the Holy Qur’an is not enough. When you teach the meaning of the Holy Qur’in, love for the Holy Qur’an is bound to develop... If love of | the Holy Qur'an is established in one's self, all the problems of one's life will be solved. For those who love the Holy Qur'an, evils disappear and they are given a new life.”By the Grace of God Almighty, it has become possible for us to hold the Talimul Qur’an Classes in different regions of the USA during the past several years. The purpose of these classes has been to create awareness about the importance of learning, and teaching the Holy Qur’an with translation. Thus, the objectives of the Ta‘limul Qur'an Classes were: Learn to recite the Holy Qur ‘in correctly. Learn split-word translation of the Holy Qur’an. Follow guidelines for the study of the commentary of the Holy Qur’én. Develop trainers for training others in the family. Develop love of the study of the Holy Qur’in. This book, Ta‘limul Qur’dn, has been prepared as a self-study book for leaning the correct recitation and translation of the Holy Qur’an and also for use in the Ta‘limul Qur’dn Classes. It is a compilation of the material aln literature. For more details, the readers are urged to read the following: ‘The Holy Qur’én (English Translation): Maulawi Sher ‘Ali ‘The Holy Qur’an (English Translation and Short Commentary): Edited by Malik Ghulim Farid” The Holy Qur’an (Urdit Translation): Mit Muammad Ishaq Qi‘idah Yassarnal Qur'an: Pir Manzir Muhammad" ‘Tartilul Quran: Abit Lauda‘ Al-Hafiz At-Tarig (Urdii): Abit Lauda‘ Al-Hafiz Correction of Some Common Mistakes (Urdii): Professor Sift Bishiirat-ur- Rahman, MA Invocations of the Holy Prophet”: Dr. Karimullah Zirvi Meanings of the Difficult Words of the Holy Qur'an: Compiled by Bashir Ahmad Qamar (English Translation by Tahir Mahmood Ahmad). ‘Tajwid for Beginners: M. Q. I. Ishaq, Azhar Academy Ltd., London, UK ‘The main features of the material covered in the book are: 1. Fundamentals of the proper recitation of the Holy Qur’an i, Ramiiz-e-Augiif (Various stop signs of the Holy Quran). Correction of some common mistakes. iii, Basic Arabic Grammar. Translation of Sirah Al-Fatibah and the first five Rukix' of the following Strahs of the Holy Quran: Al-Bagarah, Al-e-‘Imran, ALNisi’, and AI-M3’idah.Qur’anic vocabulary (Split-word translation of Siirah Al-Fatibah and Surah Al-Bagarah) to lea translation of the Holy Qur'an. 4. Guidelines for the memorization of the Holy Quran. 5. Qur’anic prayers Tam greatly thankful to Dr. Ahsanullah Zafar, Amir Jama‘at, USA and Hafiz, Samiullah Chaudhary for their interest and guidance towards making the Ta‘limul Qur’an program successful. I am also thankful to Maulana Munir-ud-Din Shams, Additional ‘Vakilut-Tasnif, London and Maulana Daud Ahmad Hanif, Missionary In Charge and Na’ib ‘Amir, USA for reviewing this book. I appreciate Mr. Latif Ahmed's help in making the cover of the book May God Almighty make this book a source of leaming correct recitation and translation of the Holy Qur'an. May all who study this book develop a love of the study of the Holy Qur'an. Amin.SYSTEM OF TRANSLITERATION In transliterating Arabic words we have followed the following sys adopted by the Royal Asiatic Society. ‘bi at the beginning of a word, pronounced as a, i, upreceded by a very slight aspiration, like A in the English word ‘honour’. th, pronounced like th in the English word ‘thing’ +h, a guttural aspirate, stronger than h. kh, pronounced like the Scotch ch in ‘loch dh, pronounced like the English ¢h in ‘that 5, strongly articulated s. 4d, similar to the English th in ‘this! 4, strongly articulated palatal t 4 strongly articulated z. ‘, a strong guttural, the pronunciation of which must be learnt by the ear. ‘gh, a sound approached very nearly in the r ‘grasseye' in French, and in the German r: It requires the muscles of the throat to be in the gargling position whilst pronouncing it, 4g, a deep guttural k sound. *, asort of catch in the voice. Short vowels are represented by a for (like win bud’); /for — (like fin ); u for 4 (like oo in wood’); the long vowels by a for 1 or T (like a in “father’); Ifor 6 or —-= (like ec in 'deep’); af for g = (like Zin 'site)s & for 4g 2(like 00 in 'root’); au fory (resembling ow in 'sound’).For quotes straight commas (straight quotes) are used to differentiate them from the curved commas used in the system of transliteration, * for g, and ” for Commas as punctuation marks are used according to the normal usage. For the nasal sound of 'n' g (Nin) when 9 (Waw) or (Y4") with shadda follow the tanwin has been represented by the symbol 'i'. Thus § 2 would be transliterated as 'miiiwwa'. The name of Muhammads4, the Holy Prophet of Islam, has been followed by the symbol $4, which is an abbreviation for the salutation Sallallahu ‘Alaihi Wasallam (may peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). The names of other Prophets and Messengers are followed by the symbol @, an abbreviation for ‘Alaihissalam (on whom be peace). The symbol '@ is used with the name of the Companions of the Holy ProphetS@ and those of the Promised Messiah®S, It stands for Radi Allehu ‘anhu/‘anha/‘anhum (May Allih be pleased with him/with her/with them). The symbol " stands for Rahimahullahu Ta‘ala (may Allah's blessings be on him). The symbol @ba stands for Ayyadahullahu Ta ‘ala Binasrihil ‘Aziz (May Allah strengthen him with His Mighty help). The actual salutations have not generally been set out in full, but they should nevertheless, be understood as being repeated in full in each case.THE HOLY QUR’AN dhalikal kitabu [a raiba fh hudallil muttagin This is a perfect Book; there is no doubt in it; it isa guidance for the righteous. (2:3)RECITATION _ OF THE HOLY QUR’AN “7 ge 1, gt Ji dig NaS UN ions Gull od od : are rar 2 to ae HS ed Cull Coal Gt BG allt gud St ~All HAS ol5ilt Go Biab a5< ‘anibni ‘abbasin™ gala gala rasilulfahi™': innalladbi Iaisa fi jaufihi shai’un minal-qur “ani Kal baitil Kharibi Hadrat Ibn ‘Abbas relates that the Holy Prophet™ said: He in whose heart there is nothing of the Qur’an is like a house in ruin. (Tirmadhi)THE HOLY QUR’AN What is the Qur’an ‘The Qur’an is the record of the verbal revelations in Arabic from God Almighty to the Holy Prophet Muhammad”, over a period of about 23 years (610-632. AD). The word Qur’dn means that which is often read or recited. It contains a complete code of teaching and laws suitable to the needs of every age and provides the means for the spiritual and moral development of all mankind. The Holy Qur’dn also contains numerous prophecies for the future. The Holy Qur’dn calls itself a reminder to the worlds: Soptalall 355 31 of Bt in huwa ilfa dhikrullil “@lamin nothing but a Reminder unto all the worlds. (81:28) Compilation of the Holy Qur’an ‘The Divine revelations were committed to memory and written down by scribes appointed by the Holy Prophet". He, himself, indicated the arrangement of verses and chapters in the Qur'an, as we find it today. So the entire text of the Holy Qur’in was written on barks, leafs etc., during the lifetime of the Holy Prophet”. However, the compilation of it, in one volume, was undertaken and completed during the Khilafat of Hadrat Abi Bakr” Chapters and Verses of the Holy Qur’an The Qur'an is divided into one hundred and fourteen Siirahs or Chapters. This division is based upon their subject matter and has the authority of the Holy Prophet’. Each Sirah has a name given to it, and is further divided into Ayat or verses. However, the division of the Holy Qur’an into thirty Siparahs or Parts is arbitrary. A reference to a particular verse of the Holy Qur'an is generally represented by two numbers separated by acolon, ":". For example, the reference (2:187) means the 187th verse of the 2nd Chapter. Safeguarding of the Holy Qur’an As soon as a revelation was received by the Holy Prophet’ it was recorded in writing from his dictation. A number of persons are known to have been employed by the Holy Prophet™ for this purpose. Of these the names of the following fifteen have beenmentioned in the traditions (Fath al-Bati, Vol. 9, p. 19): Zaid bin Thabit Ubayy ibn Ka‘b “Abdullah bin Sa‘d bin Abi Sarh Zubair bin al~Awwam Khalid bin Sa'id bin al-- Aban bin Sa‘id bin al-As Hanzala bin al-Rabit al-As Mu‘aiqib bin Abi Fatima “Abdullah bin Argam al-Zuhri Shurahbil bin Hasana “Abdulléh bin Rawaha Abii Bakr ‘Umar .Uthman 15. ‘Ali Whenever the Holy Prophet” received a revelation, he would send for one of these persons and dictate to him the text of the revelation he had received. A very distinctive feature of the Holy Qur'an is that it contains a Divine guarantee for its perpetual preservation. God Almighty says in the Holy Qur'an: 0 gpbatel dh 5 Sin cis ash inn’ nahnu nazzalnadhdhikra wa inn’ lahit la hafigion We sent down this book and verily We shall safeguard it. (15:10) As a result of this guarantee, the text of the Holy Qur’an has remained unchanged for more than fourteen hundred years, Some More Facts About the Holy Qur’an First Quranic revelation was Sirah Al-‘Alag, verses 2-5. Last Qur’dnic revelation was Sirah Al-Bagarah, verse 282, or Siirah AL-Ma’idah, verse 4 The total number of letters in the Holy Qur"an is 323,760. ‘The total number of words in the Holy Qur'an is 86,430, The number of Ruku‘ in the Holy Qur’an is 540, ‘The number of places of Sajdah Tilawat (prostration during recitation) is fifteen.CHAPTER Chapter 1 [Chapter 2 IChapter 3 IChapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 (Chapter 7 (Chapter 8 (Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 (Chapter 15 ‘Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 {Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 ‘Chapter 22 (Chapter 23 ‘Chapter 24 (Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 CHAPTERS (SURAHS) OF THE HOLY QUR’AN “itihah Al-Bagarah, |ALAnfal ‘al-Teubah Yanus id | Yisuf |ALRa‘d [brahim ALHijr ALNabl Bani Isra’il ALKabf Maryam Ta Hi ‘AL-Anbiya’ Al-Hajj Al-Mu’minin |AL-Nar Al-Furgan ‘AL-Shu‘ara’ Al-Naml |Al-Qasas \ Al-‘Ankabiit Al-Rim CHAPTER Chapter 31 Chapter 32 ‘Chapter 33 ‘Chapter 34 Chapter 35 Chapter 36 Chapter 37 (Chapter 38 (Chapter 39 ‘Chapter 40 Chapter 41 Chapter 42 Chapter 43 Chapter 44 Chapter 45 Chapter 46 Chapter 47 Chapter 48 Chapter 49 Chapter 50 Chapter 51 Chapter 52 Chapter 53 (Chapter 54 ‘Chapter 55 Chapter 56 Chapter 57 Chapter 58 ‘Chapter 59 ‘Chapter 60 ‘Lugman Al-Sajdah Al-Ahzab ‘Al-Zumar /ALMu'min : [Ha Mim al-Sajdah AL-Shira 'AL-Zukhruf 'AL-Dukhin ‘AL-Jathiyah ‘ALAhgif “Muhammad |at-Fath Al-Hujurat at ‘AL-Dhariyat ALTar ALNajm Al-Qamar AL-Rahman AL-Waqitah Al-Hadid ‘AL-Mujadalah AL-Hashr ‘Al-MumtahinahCHAPTER Chapter 61 Chapter 62 Chapter 63 Chapter 64 ‘Chapter 65 Chapter 66 Chapter 67 Chapter 68 [Chapter 69 Chapter 70 (Chapter 71 [Chapter 72 Chapter 73 Chapter 74 ‘Chapter 75 [Chapter 76 Chapter 77 Chapter 78 Chapter 79 Chapter 80 Chapter 81 Chapter 82 (Chapter 83 (Chapter 84 (Chapter 85 Chapter 86 (Chapter 87 Chapter 88 Chapter 89 Chapter 90 CHAPTERS (SURAHS) OF THE HOLY QUR’AN ‘Al-Jumu‘ah ‘Al-Munafiqin ‘AL-Taghabun AL-Taliq AL-Tabrim ALMulk Al-Qalam Ara |ALMa‘arij [Nah [Alsinn Ab-Muzzammil Al-Muddaththir “AL-Qiyimah AL-Dhat Al-Mursalat AL-Naba’ AL-Nazi‘it “Abasa Al-Takwit |altnstae AleTatit Al-Inshigiq AL-Burij AL Tariq ALBalad CHAPTER (Chapter 91 ‘Chapter 92 Chapter 93 Chapter 94 Chapter 95 ‘Chapter 96 ter 97 ‘hapter 98. |Chapter 102 Chapter 103 Chapter 104 Chapter 105 Chapter 106 Chapter 107 Chapter 108 Chapter 109 |Chapter 111 Chapter 112 Chapter 113 Chapter 114 ALLail ‘ALDuha Al-Inshirah ALTin ALAlq — Al-Qadr ALBayyinah Al-Takathur Al“Asr Al-Humazah ALFil Al-Quraish AL Al-Kauthar ALKafirin t [AL Ikhlas |ALFalaqPART [Part 1 Pat Part3 Pana [Parts ‘Part 6 Part 7 [Pants | Part 9 Part 10 Part 11 | PARTS OF THE HOLY QUR’AN "Transliteration alif im mim sayagilu tilkerrusule Jan tandlu wal-mubsandtu walau annand gilal male-w wa'lami ye'tadhirina Part 12 i \ (Part 13] | {Part 14] |Part 15 | wamd min di-abbatin wamd ubarri‘u rubama, subbanalladhi NAME 5 parr | Transliteration ila alam igtaraba linndsi Part 18 [Part 19 | | | ° Patt 20) ammankalega GLX Of Part 21 | wa qilalladhina | 433! JU3 vutlu ma hiya | Part 22° wa mafiyyaqnut Part 23 yuma liya Part 24 feman azlanm Part 25" jaihi yuraddu Part 26 7 ila fama kkhagbaicum 'Part 27 Part 28 | gad sami‘allabu | abit gaa [Part 29 " sarakataghs 2 [Part 30RUKU‘ SIGN AND DIVISION OF A PART OF THE HOLY QUR’AN A This sign is always written on the margin of the page to indicate the completion of Ruki, The following diagram clearly explains the different parts of this sign: Serial number of the Ruki‘ from beginning of the Chapter & —— Number of verses in the Rukii‘ just completed. ™ Serial number of the Rukii* from the Part. Parts and Sub-parts ‘means 1/4th of the Part, means 1/2 of the Part, means 3/4th of the Part, ejal Pare: The whole Part, ‘These divisions of the Part are sometimes at the completion of the Ruki‘ and sometimes in between.The significance of these divisions is that the reader may find marks for recitation of the Holy Qur’dn and also for reference purposes. This helps the reader to determine how much he has covered. It has no significant value as far as the subject in the text is concerened, Manazil The whole text of the Holy Qur’én has been divided into seven Manazil. The division is as follows: Manzil From Chapter # To Chapter # 7 4 5 9 10 16 | 7 25 | 26 36 | 37 49 | 50 Serial Number of Verses Inside the sign of a verse (0 or []) a number is written. This is the serial number starting from the beginning of the Chapter. For the numbering of the verses we count the following verse (for all Chapters) as verse number one: 0 phaSlt oabet Sit abt pty This is the reason why there is a difference of one number in the serial number of the verses of all the Chapters of the Holy Qur’an printed under the auspices of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamé‘at and those printed by many others outside the Jama‘at, Take eration while quoting references of the verses of the Holy piasll obs Sis ain iy which is a conclusive proof that play$it gat Sil 4 a ry is the first verse of each Chapter of the Holy Qur’dn and is not just added in the beginning of each Chapter for the purpose of blessings only. pia.$II gst $11 4llt gta is mentioned in Chapter Saba’ twice: First in the beginning and then in the middle of the Chapter in Hadrat Suleman's letter to Queen Saba’ (Tafstr-e-Saghir, p 1)Mugatta‘at (Letters of Abbreviations) Mentioned in the Holy Qur’an In the Holy Qur’n at the beginning of some of the chapters, after 4L!T pty certain letters are given which are in fact abbreviations of certain words. These letters are called Ste Lis mugatta‘at. Their pronunciation is governed by the following rules: A letter bearing Madda = is read by its original name with prolonged sound. Aletter with vertical Fathah is pronounced according tothe sign Blank alif, here, is not silent, tis read by its original name A letter with Shadda 2 combines the letter that comes before it according to common rules Each letter in the stalls mugatta‘at is read separately. Furthermore, while reciting the Ztabié mugatta‘it during recitation of the Holy Qur’an the above mentioned rules and the rules mentioned in the Ramiiz-e-Augaf must be followed. Thus, if a letter in the abbrviated letters shows presence of a vowel when it is pronounced which is followed by a sukiin or a tashdid, the Long vowel in the word will be prolonged excessively. For example, in hi mim Tas! (Labs LX) only Ls ha has a long vowel sound in it, so it will be read a little long. However, “a2 mim has sukiin in it after the long vowel ¢s (ya’) in its pronunciation, so it will bear the sign of a madd (super long vowel) and its sound will be ‘excessively pronounced.Mugatta‘at etahiz Mentioned in the Holy Qur’an Meaning, Abbreviation of | Chapter | \ Al-Bagarah Tam Allah, the All-Knowing sit ain of Lam Allah, I know and I explain. | g ALA‘Taf (Truthful God) | Tam Allah Who is All-Seeing Yanus ‘Lam Allah, the AlleKnowing and F ALRa‘d ‘Thou art sufficient for all and cf Maryam Thou art the True Guide. | O All-Knowing, Truthful God! kat ha ya ‘ain sédl 0 Perfect Man!* ‘ (| TaHa hs | Benignant, All-Hearing, Vastu) ArStwa’ | ‘All-Knowing God! FE Gest Sap Ssinmim 2a Benignant, All-Hearing God! Bees tg) Al-Naml Perfect Leader! Sha) Yasin yisin Gad aa | ‘Truthful God! id al ‘The Praiseworthy, the Lord of AL-Mu'min Honor, . The Praiseworthy, the Lord of AL-Shiira Honor; The All-Knowing, the. Allearing the Pome of ' | orng the P sine it iad The Pseworth, he Lod of nor ‘hd mim Tas) ba mim Zea! himim cas! The Possessor of Power. | arg t | am the Light of all the Worlds. AL-Qalam | (By the inkstand) | Q Te Has a combination of T# and Ha. Inthe dialect of ‘Akk, an Arabic tribe, it means, "O my beloved’ or 'O perfect man’ETIQUETTES OF RECITATION OF THE HOLY QUR’AN Physical and Spiritual Purification 6 gspphach M1 Tatasg 90 oats Gis oa 0 tat S Sigil “dt ionahit la qur’anun karimun fi kitsbimmakniinilla yamassuhi illal mutabharin ‘That this is indeed a noble Qur’an; In a well preserved book; Which none shall touch except those who are purified (56:78-80) ‘We should be physically clean and, preferably, perform wudii before its recitation. Also to fully absorb the blessings of the Qur’dn and to understand its real meanings, one should be spiritually pure, clean and sincere in one's beliefs. Prayer Before Starting Recitation Of the Holy Qur’an Itis stated in the Holy Qur‘an: va fe ee ee O pled! chill go Uy Letasté otsilt ois Niu fa idh gara’tal qur’ana fasta'idh billahi minashshaitanirrajum ‘And when you recite the Quran, seek refuge with Allah from Satan the rejected. (16:99) Istiadhah phat thir oe allt, S32i a‘idhubilfabi minashshaitanirrajim I seek refuge with Allah from Satan the rejected. It is important to understand the philosophy of seeking Allah's protection while reciting the Holy Qur'an, We must seek Allah's protection so that:We may not miss any teaching of the Qur’én due to our negligence, sins or evil company. We may not fail to understand rightly any teachings of the Holy Quran. Having understood, may Allah provide us the strength to act upon the teachings of the Holy Qur’an and never forgo or ignore them, THE RULES OF ISTI‘ADHAH AND BISMILLAH Itis necessary to recite /sti'Zdhah before reciting the Holy Qur’an When starting a Sirah, it is necessary to recite (except biginning of Sirah Al-Taubah): sabe SI chat alt tay bismilla hiram’ nirrakim If commencing recitation anywhere in a Sirah, besides the biginning, then it will be optional to recite or not recite Bismillah. Recitation of Isti‘adhah and Bismillah at the beginning of a Sirah This can be done in four ways: Wasl-e-kull To recite Isti*adhah, Bismillah and the beginning of the Sirah together: basi Aa st acy pint thi ge ly Sy bismilla hirrahma nirrahimi a ‘idhubillahi minashshaita nirrajimi a 4 Pa gpbelaht 25 alt dasif alhamdu lilfahi rabbil ‘alaminWasle Awwal - Fasle Thani To recite Isti*ddhah and Bismillah together, stopping after Bismillah and reciting, the beginning of the Siirah separately. abet phat git ty pie! other 4 aly Sgef bismilfa hirrahma nirrahim a ‘tdhubillahi minashshaita nirrajimi aa haw ot oteltit 5 alt dacif alhamdu lillahi rabbil ‘alamjn Fasle Awwal - Wasle Thani To recite Isti‘adhah separately and Bismillah and the beginning of the Sirah together. : a ee abe 3 obs allt satay pie St! olbballl Ge ality S52) bismilli: hirrabm’ nicrabimi a‘idhubillahi minashshaita nirrajim oe bat jaltit 5 alt Saif alhamdn lilfahi rabbil ‘alaroin Fasle Kull To recite Isti*adhah, Bismillah and the beginning of the Sirah separately. ait test att acy pest! othiat Olly Sgef bismilla hirrahma nirrahim a‘udhubillahi minashshaita nirrajum an Ay sobalalt 5 abt dali alhamdu lilfahi rabbil ‘alaminCOMPLETING OF A SURAH AND BEGINNING OF THE NEXT SURAH It can be done in following three ways: Wasle Kull To recite the end of a Sirah, Bismillah and the beginning of the next Sirah together: : hee ee abe SI Ast5II aUlt aay hell $5185 GAIL Hslsis bismilla hicrabm’ nicraimi —_ watawasau bilhaggi watawasau bissabri ’ 3ha8 JS! dis wailulli kulli humazatillumazati Fasle Awwal - Wasle Thani ‘To recite the end of a Sirah separately, and Bismilléh and the beginning of the next Sirah together. ‘ E A iS gash AU Satay Shelly Guslsig gah palsy bismilla hirrabm’ nirrakimi ——_ watawasau bilhaggi watawasau bissabr wailulli kulli humazatillumazah Fasle Kull To recite the end of a Sirah, Bismillah and the beginning of the next Sirah taba Sll Aatgtt allt ty bismilla. hirrabm’ nirabim BAAS wailulli kulli humazatillumazahSajdah Tilawat gt odors LOCATIONS OF SAJDAH TILAWAT (PROSTRATION DURING RECITATION) IN THE HOLY QUR’AN | PPE 2. AFRa‘d (13:16) | | AL-A‘raf (7:207) 0 Slats 5k, pgtliss u3S5 3) 3. Al-Nahl (16:51) i r Bani Isra’il (17:110) 5, Maryam (19:59) (Here pres | 0 fas MBAs SS) Peewee stCetE) 0 Ahi La Cady air 34] 7. Alajj (22:78) pis sels jheaiy 8. Al-Furgin (25:61) 0 155 phatg pati ty dpa f ‘9, Al-Naml (27:27) . ante gy S 0 pial casa 5 54 10. Al-Sajdah (32:16) i IL. Sad (38:25) 0 Slit § sts 3x) 12. Ha Mim Al-Sajdah (41:39) 0 ggaies ¥ pas 13. Al-Najm (53:63) Pre : . 0 Njakels 14, Al-Inshiqag (84:22) 0 ggddag ¥ Sisiit s ile 8 Nt 15, AL*Alag (96:20)Prayers of Sajdah Tilawat (Prostration During Recitation of the Holy Qur’an) One should prostrate where Sajdah is described in the verses of the Holy Qur'an. For this prostration it is not necessary to be in a state of wudii or to face the Qiblah. Besides the standard prayers of glorification of Allah (Tasbzha0), recitation of the following prayers is found in various traditions of the Holy Prophet”. § —— Hadrat ‘A'ishah” relates that when the Holy Prophet” prostrated himself at night while reciting the Holy Qur'an he said: 0H Sy “ejay “ates Gals “Le Uo pts Sa sajada wajhiya lilladhit Khalagabii, wa shaqga sam‘ahii, wa basarahis, wa bikaulita wa quwwatilit My face (Myself) prostrates itself to Him Who created it and brought forth its hearing and secing by His Might and Power (An-Nasi, Tirmadbi Kitsbud-Ds wat) Hadrat “Ali” relates that as the Holy Prophet” used to make the following supplication when he prostrated for Sajdah Tilawat, cotsy Sas ahs all aaah aly id Gy Shes pitt = OHNLET cacti GN a 5te alfahumma Iaka sajadtu, wabika amantu, walaka aslamtu, anta rabbi, sajada wajbiya lilladht shagga sam‘ahu wa basarabu, tabjrakalfabu ahsanul khaligin © Allah, for Thee I prostrated; and in Thee I affirmed Faith; to Thee I surrendered. Thou art my Lord, my countenance (self) prostrates itself to Him who created it and brought forth its hearing and seeing by His Might and Power. Blessed is Allah, the Best of the Creators, (oni Mijah)Another prayer of Sajdah Tifawat is Ay Aly Gol jai al Spat Sgt allahumma sajada laka sawadi wa amana bika fu’adi Allah! My whole body bowed before You and my heart believed in You. The following prayer of Sajdah Tilawatis mentioned in Figah Ahmadiyya! tdlis J pads dl Seat Sg allebumma sajada Jaka rit wa janiat OAIIah! my soul and my heart is in prostration for You. (Figah Ahmadiyya) se ER ETIQUETTE OF LISTENING THE RECITATION OF THE HOLY QUR'AN Itis stated in the Holy Qur'an: wa idha quri’al qur’anu fastami ‘i lahit wa ansitit Ja‘allakum turhamin And when the Que“an is recited, give ear to it and keep silence, that you may be shown mercy. (7:208) SeasWHAT TO BE SAID BY THE READER AND THE LISTENER OF THE HOLY QUR’AN WHEN CERTAIN VERSES OF THE HOLY QUR’AN ARE RECITED At the end of Sirah Al-Fatihah (1:7) after the words: wa laddua altin 0 (iiLS ¥5 one should say: Amin gist 0 God! accept our prayers One should say Amin gyal in loud or low voice, upon reciting or listening similar other supplicatory verses of the Holy Qur’én. In reply to the last verse of Sirah Al-Bagarah (2:287) in which rabband prayers are recited, acceptance should be sought by saying: Amin, When the following words are read or heard: a Wi shy a, Uggs uo, Be els wa‘fa ‘anna waghfirlana warhamna And efface our sins, and grant us forgiveness und have merey on us ‘one should say Amin and this prayer should be recited: Hill epsidh D5 rabbighfirl allahumma rabbani lakalhamd O Lord! forgive me (my previous sins and protect and save me from every type of sins in the future). O Allah, our Lord! all praise belongs to You. ‘When one listens or reads the following verse in Siirah Al-e-‘Imran (3:19):ae,0 ot sbcatty testi hai abst 5 Salah 5uga Mat 9 shahidalfahu annahis [a ilaha if huwa walmalaikatu wa ulul ‘imi qa’imam bilgist Allah bears witness that there is no God but He---and also do the angels and those possessed of knowledge---Always standing guard over justice. one should say rabbi ash-hadu alfa ilaha ilfa anta O my God! I bear witess that there is no God except Thee. At the end of Sirah Bani Isra’il (17:112) after the words: wa kabbirhu takbira 0 V54:85 83355 And extol His glory with all glorification, one should say: allabu akbar 351 “ih Alli is the Greatest When one listens or reads the following verse in Siirah Al-Alzib (33:57): tgthaag ale ghas tgtel gual ll gait le OtLad innallaha wa mala’ikatahit yusallima ‘alannabiyyi ya ayyuhalladkina ‘Smanit salfir‘alaihi wa sallimis tashmis Allah and His angels send blessings on the Prophet. O you who believe! you aiso shouldinvoke blessings on him and salute im withthe salutation of peace. one should say: ghd he (has afb eth g 5 olin Laat 5 ltt tg athe goLtu assafamu ‘alaika ayyubannabiyyu wa rabmatullahi wa barakbtubil, alfahumma salli ‘ala muhammadin Peace be on you O the Messenger of God and God's Mercy and Blessings. Bless, © Allah, Muhammad. Wherever the Holy name of Prophet Muhammad™ comes while reciting the Holy Qur'an, the following words should be said: sallallahu ‘alaibi wasallam jisg atic dN ius Peace and blessings of Allzh be upon itm ‘The Holy name of the Holy Prophet™ has been mentioned four times in the Holy Qur'an (32145, 33:41, 47:3 and 48:30). When one listens or reads the following verse in Sirah Yasin (36:79): smadyyubyl ‘igama wa hiya ramim 0 Bis io85 plait yatos Who can quicken the bones when they are decayed? one should say: 8 pine he y sksosse gf LT ab ages yuhyihalladhi ansha-abis awwale marratin wa huwa bikulli Khalgin ‘alm He, Who created them the first time, will quicken them and He knows well the condition of every created thing, When one listens or reads the following verse in Siirah Yasin (36:82):pile GA af le yal Gastly ebatan Sik ill oul 9 awa laisalladhi Khalqassamawati wal arda bi gadirin ‘ala aflyyakhluga mmithlahum Has not He Who created the heavens and the earth the power to create the like of them? one should say: bala wa huwal khalfagul ‘alim 0 pst ‘312i1 345 ale Yes, and He is indeed the Supreme Creator, the All-Knowing In Sirah Al-Rahman (55:14) after the words: fabi ayyi alas rabbikum’s tukadhdhibian 0 A583 Sj Which, then, ofthe favors of your Lord will you twain deny, O men and Jinn? ‘one should say: “ Ja bi shai’imminni‘matika nukadhdhibu ya rabbana None of Your favors we deny, O our Lord When one listens or reads any one of these verses in Sirah Al-Wagitah (56:60, 65, 70, 73): o gpiitcin 4a5 gi “aghlts iif « *a-antum takhluginahii am nahnul khaligin Is it you who have created it or are We the Creator?"a antum tazra ‘iimahis am nabnuzzari‘in Is it you who grow it or are We the Grower? 0 éapl sith 225 pf *a-antum anzaltumithu minalmuzni am nau! munzilion Is it you who send it down from the clouds, or are We the Sender? *a-antum ansha’tum shajarataha am nahnul munshi’in Is it you who produce the tree for it, or are We the Producer? ‘one should say: bal anta ya rabbi 344 Gall Ui But Thou only, O my Lora ‘When one listens or reads this verse in Sirah Al-Wagiah (56:75): fasabbih bismi rabbikal ‘azim O ileal So glorify the name of thy Lord, the Great. ‘one should say: subhiana rabbiyal ‘aim ,esil ; Holy is my Lord, the Great At the end of Sirah Al-Mulk (67:31) after the words: Opin play Sif Dad 155E ASL Gal Stqui ara’aitum in asbaha ma’ukum ghauran famaityya’okum bi ma'imma‘n Say, ‘Tell me, if #// your water sinks into a deep recess, who then will bring you cf flowing water? one should say: Ae allahu ya'tna Bibi wa huwa rabbul lamin Syealdlt S55 545 44 Usk GUT Only Allah will bring water to us Who is Lord of all the worlds 12. Atthe end of Sirah Al-Qiyamah (75:41) after the words: a3 Gall Oda is st Bile y a-laisa dhalika bigadirin ‘alt ailyyubyiyal mauta Has not such a One the power to raise the dead to life? ‘one should say: bale innabit ‘ala kulli shai’in qadira Visi ggisk JS le ‘Gt hy Yes, surely He has the power over all things. 13. At the end of Sirah Al-Mursalat (77:51) after the words: at Me cee fae 0 S5iaht “058; gals tabi ayyi hadithim ba‘dahit yu’miniin In which word then, after this, will they betieve? one should say:We believe in Allah 14. In the second verse of Stirah AI-A‘ld (87:2) after the words: sabbihisma rabbikal a'Ta } lett 5 pull gas Glorify the name of thy Lord, the Most High one should say: subhana rabbiyal a‘Ta Holy is my Lord, the Most High 15. At the end of Sirah Al-Ghashiyah (88:27) after the words: steam tile 08 8 agar deh O pilicac, WLe SI 5s 0 pda UHI! inna ilaind iyabahum thumma inna ‘alainis hishbabum Unto us surely is their return. Then, surely, itis for Us to call them to account. one should say: allahumma hasibn’ hishbadyyasira V5jus$ (Lian, asl ¢4ht (© God! make easy my reckoning 16. When one listens or reads the following verse in Siirah Al-Shams (91:9): 0 sli 38s Gaslté fa-alhamaha fajiraha wa taqwaha Aan revealed it whats ron rit wha ight foi one should say:Us 5 US GT GS5 a Sax Gall GSS 5 i cael ol paLT allahumma ati nafsi taqwaha wa zakkaha anta khairu man zakkaha anta waliyyuha wa maulaha © God! give myself what is right and purified for it. Thow are the best of them Who purified it. Thou are Guardian and Master of it At the end of Sirah Al-Tin (95:9) after the words: abt Gull alaisalfahu bi abkamil hakimin 0 (yiaSait Sat Is not Allah the Best of judges? ‘one should say: haatlun go Gud le ty hi bala wa ank ‘ala dbblika minashshahidin Yes, why not, I am among witnesses on this point 18. Atthe end of Siirah Al-Nasr (110:4) after the words: fasabbih bi hamdi rabbika wastaghfirku Giorify thy Lord with His praise, and seek His forgiveness ‘one should say: splSddl GAT Gatags Us AUNT atts subhinaka alfahumma rabbank wabi hamdika alfahummaghfirh Holy is Thou O Allah, our God with Thy praise. O Allah forgive me. 19. Where is the mention of paradise one should pray:allehummadkhiln’ fi rabmatika dase ii hs 51 ght O Allah! Admit us to it wth Your Mercy Where punishment is mentioned there the following should be prayed: allahumma [a tu‘adhdhibn tpih ¥ ¢ hi O Allah! Do not punish us It has been ordained to seek forgiveness at various occasions in the Holy Qur’én, For instant in Sirah Al-Baqarah: Verse #200; Al-Nisi’: Verse #107; and Al-Hadid: Verse #53. In reply it should be said: astaghfirallah ait saiéaih I seek forgiveness of Allah § Hadrat Hudhaifah bin Malik Ashja‘i" relates that he stood along with the Holy Prophet™ for Nafa/Prayers, while he” recited Sirah Al-Bagarah. Whenever he™ recited the portion referring to the blessings of Allah, he™ paused and asked for the blessings of Allah, and whenever he recited the portion referring to some punishment, he paused and asked for protection of Allah from the punishment. (Abi Da id Kitibus-Salaé). Hudhaifah™ further relates that wherever there was a need to say Tasbzh, the Holy Prophet” always said: ait Gist subbinalfah Holy is Allah (Muslim Kitibus-Salat) Hadrat Abi Laila” relates that he observed Prayer by the side of the Holy Prophet” while he was offering voluntary Prayer at night. The Holy Prophet™ recited the verse (conveying a warning) of the torment. Upon this, he prayed: = ht Jay sg * th vg aby Spe a‘tdhu bilfahi minannari, wa wailun li ablinnari seek refuge with Allah against the Fire, Woe to the denizens of the Fire (Hell) (ni Majah Kitabus-Salat)Prayer of the Holy ProphetS* to Strengthen Memory and the Method to Memorize the Holy Qur’an Hadrat ‘Abdulléh bin “Abbas” relates that in a gathering Hadrat ‘Ali complained to the Holy Prophet™ about forgetting the Holy Qur’an. The Holy Prophet™ said: "O Abul Hasan! Should I not tell you such useful words which will help strengthen your memory for memorization of the Holy Qur’dn? Then, he told him to do so: Offer Prayer in the later part of the night on Friday night. Prophet Jacob” also waiting for the Friday night had said: weSisstiusl gus saufa astaghfiru lakum rabbi | will certainly ask forgiveness for you of my Lord. (12: 99) Ifyou cannot do so, then offer four rak“Bt voluntary prayer either in the middle or the first part of the night. In the first rak‘at recite Sirah Al-Fatihah and Sirah Yasin, in the second rak‘at recite Sirah Al-Dukhan with Sirah Al-Fatihah, in the third rak‘at recite Sirah Hit Mim AVSajdah with Surah Al-Fatihah, and in the fourth rak“at recite Sirah Al-Mulk with Sirah Al-Fatihah. In the last rak‘atafter reciting the Tashahhud, praise God Almighty, invoke blessings upon me and other Prophets, do /stighfar for the believers and then recite the following prayer: ts GAS gf pane gly ‘ithe UNS uelialt ight! gis phi ae : abi g Ullal «ans 4 alt salts « ptsSitg yotsit 15 ¢ os Sociale US Cytis Lak eal pf Af ayats aH 5 USL, “Bad SUG edad pal he hansy eal gal le gli af gals! tg ANT ty aa « gigh 9 galt sSalty « piggy ysl 13 ash= pal etal aly 30 98 allahummarhamnt bi tarkil ma‘%si abadamma abgaitent, warhamnl, ann atakallafe ma [a ya‘nin}, warzugnt busnannazari fim yurdika ‘anni, alfahumma badiassamawati wal ardi, dhal jalali wal ikrami, wal ‘izzatillati [i turamu, as-aluka ya allabu, ya rabminu, bi jalalika wa niiri wajhika an tulzima qalbt hifza Kitabike kami ‘allamtant warzugni ann atluwahit ‘alannahwilladhit yurdika ‘anni, allahumma badi‘assamawati wal ardi dhal jalali wal ikrami, wal‘izzatillati [a turamu, as-aluka ya alfahu, yi rahminu, bi jalalika wa niri wajhike, ann tunawwira bi kitabika basari, wa ann tutliqn bit lisim wa ann tufecrija bibit ‘ann galbi wa ann tashraha bihi sadii, wa ann taghsila bitit badani, fa innahii fa yu'inunt ‘alal haggi ghairuke, wa [i yu'tinthi ila anta, wa [i haula wa le ‘quovwate ill bilfa bil'aliyyil ‘azim. © Allah! As long as You keep me alive always have special mercy on me that I avoid sins Have mercy upon me with regards to doing absurd things intentionally and grant me such 1 good vision by which You are pleased with me. O Allah, the Originator of heavens and the earth beautifully. O the Majestic, the Honorable and the Possessor of such a high Esteem which no one can attain, O Allah, O the Beneficent God, I beseech You through Your Majesty and the Illumination of Your Face to facilitate the memorization of Your sacred Book as You have taught it to me, and enable my heart to retain it and empower me to recite it, in a manner that You are pleased. O Allah, the Creator of the unique heavens and the earth, the Majestic, the Honorable and the Possessor of such a high Esteem which no one can attain; O Allih, O the Beneficent God, I beseech You through ‘Your Majesty and the Illumination of Your face to illuminate my eyes with the light of ‘Your secred Book and let me read it fluently (Amin), And expand my heart for it and ‘open my chest with it, and wash my body with this Holy Word of Yours. Who else besides You can help me with regards to the Truth? No one else besides You can bestow upon me the power for that. There is no might and no power but in God Almighty. The God Who is, Majestic and Great. The Holy Prophet™ further said, "Follow this procedure for at least three Fridays and the maximum five to seven Fridays. Your prayer will be accepted by God Almighty. I swear by Him who has ordained me as His Messenger that a prayer of a true Muslim is not turned down." Hadrat Ibn ‘Abbas tes that Hadrat ‘Ali” after trying this prescription for fiveto seven times came to the Holy Prophet™ in a gathering and said, "My memory was such that if | memorized just four verses I used to forget these and now I can memorize forty verses daily. And when I repeat the verses after memorization it seems as if I am reciting while seeing the Holy Qur’an, Same was the case with regards to memorizing the sayings ‘of the Holy Prophet", Soon after listening to the Holy Prophet”, I used to forget everything. Now, after listening just once the sayings of the Holy Prophet” I can repeat these from my memory almost word by word." The Holy Prophet™ said, "I swear by Lord of Ka‘bah, Abul Hasan “Ali” is a staunch believer. Etiquettes of Memorization of the Holy Qur’an Pray to God Almighty for bestowing upon you the ability and the strength to memorize the Holy Qur'an. Always use the same Mushaf (Copy of the Holy Qur’n). Do not use different copies of the Holy Qur’én. Make a goal. Fix a target. Fix in your mind the portion of the Holy Qur’an which you want to memorize in a specific period of time. Before starting memorization, recite the portion of the Holy Qur*én you want to memorize in front of a person who is competent in the correct recitation of the Holy Qur'an. Underline the errors you have made in the recitation, which have been pointed out by the teacher. Start memorization in small portions, such as the part you have fixed as the goal to memorize. Repeat this portion till you have memorized it. Combine the portion you have memorized with the next small portion to be memorized. Follow this procedure throughout the memorization process. Recite the portion you have memorized to your teacher. He will pinpoint the errors. Keep making corrections in the recitation till the teacher approves, Recite the portion you have memorized in the Salat, which you are offering by yourself. You may forget some parts. After offering the Prayer, check in the Holy Qur'an for corrections. Audio record your recitation of the portion you have memorized. Compare and check the tape with the Holy Qur'an. Be your own critique. Be careful of Mushibeh (Similar sounding verses in different parts of the Holy Qur'an). These may confuse you and may make you jump from one verse to another verse in a different Sirah. Mark down such similar verses in the Holy Qur'an, Write down the Chapter and the verse number to which another verse is ‘Mushibeh (At both places), Learn meanings of the verses being memorized. It will help in the memorization. Keep on reciting your Manzil (The portion of the Holy Qur'an which you have already memorized is called a Manzi). Once memorized, recite frequently in the Prayers. Recite the memorized portion frequently, particularly, in the morning,§ Prayer to be Recited on Completing the Recitation of the Entire Holy Qur’an Hadrat Hudhaifah™ relates that at the completion of the cycle of recitation of the Holy Qur'an, the Holy Prophet™ used to recite the following prayer Saath ik 155 Ul ( Uagts pikalt of diy gar< <1 ght GBs pists ays Gy yaakes Stud Le ay yasSh pa 5 18 Abe od leas stalng gil cl allahummarkamat bil quranil ‘azimi waj‘alhu I imimaiwwa nirahwwa hudafiwwa rahmatan allahumma dhakkirni minhu ma nasitu wa ‘allimni mminku mi jahilte warzugat tifewatahis ind’allaili wannabiri waj'‘alhu 1 Aujjataiyya rabbal “lamin © Allah! Have merey upon me with (the blessings) of the Great Qur'an. Make it for me a Model, Light, Guide and Mercy. © my Allah! Remind me whatever I have forgotten of it and teach me what I do not know of it. Grant me its recitation in the watches of the night and in the hours of the day. O Lord of the worlds! Make it an Authority for me for my benefit. Amin, (thya’ ‘Ulm ad-Din lil-Ghazali)THE HOLY QUR’AN 7 0 Susi sist iss wa rattilil qur na tar6ila And recite the Qur’an slowly and thoughtfully. (73:5)THE ARABIC ALPHABET 34! 4i33< (Hurifut-Tahajji) WITH PRONUNCIATION AND TRANSLITERATION Correct pronunciation of Arabic words is very important. Transliteration marks have been shown below as guide to correct pronunciation. These marks help to show how the words should sound but it is not possible to show in print exactly how to pronounce the words. For example, the name Muhammad should be pronounced with a glottal sound of H (which is represented by the sign H) rather than the normal H sound. | | a @ Ole] Arabic Alphabet | i Jim | Tha’ | Ta’ | Ba’ Hamzah) Alif | Pronunciation 1 ‘Transliteration Khalifah| Hamad | Jannah | Thalith /Tirmadht, Bilal Malikab) Awwal| Transliteration | i) 3 3 | Arabic Alphabet] a | fw | 3 | | Sid Shin. Sin Za | RA — Dhal Dal Pronunciation | $s Sh S,C,X) Z Dh | D_ | Transliteration Dad D Sins pha Sid otal 385 S811 215 | Example i ! | Da'if | Sawm | Shahid | Salmin , Zakih | Rahim | Dhakir Dawid) Transliteration | { | Jd 3 a 4 Arabic Alphabet i 6 | & i | Ghayn| ‘Ayn | Za’ Ta | Pronunciation ‘Transliteration T bik Example \ Labanin | Kitébun Qiblatun' Fériq Gi ia Zi Tin | Transliteration t i | i A Arabic Alphabet t - | Mim Pronunciation | M Transliteration i Example | Yisin | Hit |Waladun Nah Masi | TvanateratonThe Arabic Alphabet letters ,$¢i01 i352 (Hurisft-Tahajji) are 29 in number. The pronunciation of the majority of these letters bears resemblance to English sounds. However, the pronunciation of a few is exclusively Arabic, The following consonants bear little or no resemblance to English sounds: Arabic Letter Soud Symbol English Equivalent 5 saw vs : task No Equivalent* i b No Equivalent* . | No Equivalent * Pronunciation is strictly Arabic. THE EMPHATIC AND NON-EMPHATIC LETTERS The following four letters are traditionally called the emphaties: bbueue Pronunciation of these letters is indicated in transliteration by a dot undemeath the sound symbol for their non-emphatic counterparts as shown below. Non-emphatics | Transliteration Emphatics Transliteration s ve | vs b & 46Sound-wise the Arabic letters are of two kinds: 1. Letters which are light in voice. 2. Letters which are heavy in voice For example jw has a light voice like "S" in English word "Secn", while 4a has a heavy voice like "S" in English word "Salt", Letters that have heavy voice are: vb BLE Ue uee While reading words an Arabic letter is pronounced mostly as heavy but sometimes it is pronounced light. However, while reading Arabic alphabet the above letters will be pronounced heavy. Other than the above eight letters should be pronounced carefully light in voice. Non- Transliteration’! Meaning | sting Transliteration’) Meaning | emphatics | English word Emphatics " aglish word | es rd ares | Summer | sat | sea) “8 | olcajus| soit. saw | | [Acovert ie | Harm | 2 3S dair | Doll t +—t i : tn tou | PBS tin bait this S™™ SVE yy zal Phonetically, the hamza( ¢ ) is a ‘glottal stop’. There is no letter corresponding. this sound in English, Written Arabic has only three vowels: a, wand i, Each vowel can be either long or short. These are not part of the alphabets, The different sounds of the vowels can be described using the latter Sin (gu ) as follows: sa su siLETTERS SIMILAR IN SOUND (TWO DISTINCT SOUNDS OF CERTAIN ALPHABETS) In Arabic, accurate pronunciation of letters is very important. Each of the 28 letters of Arabic consonants has its own distinct sound. Correct pronunciation of Arabic letters can be mastered in two ways: By reading Arabic letters like one reads English alphabet. By reading Arabic letters with sukiin (quiescent letters). While reading quiescent letters voice is settled on the quiescent letters. This makes the reader to pronounce the letters better. Use the following excercise to practice correct pronunciation of similar Arabic letters with and without sukin. EXCERCISE . HaALPHABETS ,,S4ill “i332 (Huriifut- Tahajji) THE WRITTEN FORMS During writing, all letters in a word are joined up to the letter with which the word ends. Since almost all the letters are joined together in the formation of the words, they take different forms depending on where they appear in the word. Generally, the letters have four forms as shown in the following Table: Name of Standing Alone Thitial Letter 49Name of | Standing Alone | Initial rr SE rT |e f & a c* (At-burisfushshamsiyyaty Hudchll agai and (Al-hurifiul Qamariyyahy “% sil t oay 3 At A word is formed by the combination of letters. Fourteen letters are called (APhuristushshamsiyyab) Hascall Ci53247 and the rest of the letters are called (Abburiitial Qamariyyaty # adi 433,251 de oka A ate uudihll 355AT (Al-huritfushshamsiyyah, THE SUN LETTERS) ek ee ae fe The following 14 letters are known as: Teusuill Cg5alt (Abhuriifushshamsiyyah, The sun letters) oI Bb pve wi sissy One of the characteristics of the faatcilt 435.i/ (Sun Letters) is that when Jf (alif| and fam) is added in the beginning of the word starting with a Sun Letter, the J (Zam) remains silent. While reading these words | is added before the silent J (Jam) and I is combined with the Sun Letter in such a way that the Sun Letter is pronounced twice and a ub (shadd: a double-word sign) is added to the letter. Here are a few examples:‘tubun: al + turibun = atturdbu shamsun: al + shamsun = ashshamsu (@inun: al + dinun = addinu ‘rahimun: al + rahimun = arrahimu Pan ; : 7 = tas +di- ties daifun: al + daifun = addaifu ; - in es : d ag : 4 liens (Al-huriifiul Qamariyyah, THE MOON LETTERS) The following 14 letters are called: Mat 35417 CAnpurdtur Qamariyyah, The moon letters). Sesp4 G4 CEC! One of the characteristics of the aii 4347 (Moon Letters) is that when Of (alif and fam) is added in the beginning of the word starting with a Moon Letter then the J (Zam) has to be pronounced. ‘These are few of the examples: fjelaman: a+ qalamun = al-qaiamu | plait - aig + Uf — sit | | malikun: al + malikun = al-maliku taualt = tts + Sf - ans ‘arifun: al + ‘arifun = al-‘arifu naif - Gps + i - Gpsbaitun: al + baitun = al-baitu babun: al + babun = albabu | |qamarun: al + qamarun = al-qamaru EXCERCISE: Please add (J! (alifand fam) to the following words: mazlimun, zalimun, ‘adilun, kitabun, waladun, bintun, rajulun, ardun, najmun, samakun, riyadatun, hikmatun, qaumun, talibun, khalilun bal tltl s att . alt (Alif) | alifhas three uses: a, It may be used for prolongation of sound of a letter and indicates a Jong "a", e.g, ba &, Ibis sometimes written as a small alif eg. O91 (likin). Slight ali (asitus wigiyed, Precautionary Alif) or thgléit Gali (aliful fasilab, Separating Alif). e.g. The | alifwhich is added after 5 waw at the end ofa word. e.g. [5S (kataba). tacts as the bearer of 8324 (hamzah). It is of two kinds: i (hamzatul gat‘) and Juditgbdit 524 (HAMZATUL QAT‘I) Itacts like a consonant which may be written at the begining of the word (G13el, “f , ['rabun), in the middle or end of the word on t alif (laa sa’ala), waw (13 tasma’i) or on ¢g ya’ (6.8. quri’a) or standing alone (2544 si'un). HAMZATUL WASL (JOINING HAMZAH) Sometimes there is an 1 (alif) in the beginning of an Arabic word having no short vowel. This is called Juctsit $324 (hamzatul wasl, Joining Hamzah). While reading such a word alone or to resume reading from it, one should know which of the three short vowels will be used. a) Usage of fathah (_-_ Words prefixed with Jf! (aliffam): As &d$ (kitabun) after prefixing with Jt (alif-fam) will become (i8ii (al-kitdbu). Joining hamzah of such words will be read with fathah, For example, in words {g3Jf (alladhi) and g,31f (allati) and their duals and plurals forms, the joining hamzah will be given fathah. EXERCISE 65k = Sit ipl J ally Souail 0 - aia gt obargir 8 gual Qos a Usage of dammah (_+_) and kasrah ( Ifa word has been prefixed only with an I (alif) instead of I (alif) and J (lam) toread it the reader should see the third letter to it. If the third letter has _s_ (dammah), the first letter should be read with _+_ (dammab). For example in the word 38451 the third letter to the joining hamzah is o (ku). Kaf J has a_2_ (dammah) on it so the word will be read as 3831 (udhkur). However, ifthe thind letter to prefix 1 (alif) has _2__(fathah) or (Kasrah), in both cases the joining hamzah will be read with __(kasrah) For example, in the word fait the third letter to joining hamzah is It has _2_ (futhah), so joining hamzah will be read with kasrah as ‘idl (iftah). In the word 5a#1, the third letter to the joining hamzah is with __(Kasrah) Gi (fH), so the joining hamzah will also be read with kasrah as 34ét (ighfir) Practice the rule in the following exercise: EXERCISE w tel USably 1555 pean SH155 Woden st id = Wdaasls USBI Lol Gan SU Of Ge Guat Gasly - adh ohhh: wt (LESI5 Gale td LLSIU Ha Gal 5RECITATION _ OF THE HOLY QUR’AN oo yr oe ‘an bashiribni ‘abdil mundhiri” anna nabiyya™ gala: man lam yataghanna bil-qur ani falaisa minna The one who does not recite the Holy Qur’an melodiously, is not one of us.THE ART OF TAJWID diged ‘The Holy Prophet™ has enjoined us to recite the Holy Qur’an with Tz/wid and in a pleasing tone: é. ct we LaSGh gush SI sid 5 zayyinul qur’ana bi aswatikum (Buktari) The skill and the rules whose application makes the correct pronunciation of the Holy Qur'an possible is the art of Taywwid. Tajwid means to recite every letter correctly from its Makhraj, with all its qualities. The purpose of itis to recite the Holy Qur'an in the manner it was reavealed to, and recited by the Holy Prophet”. In the terminology of Phonetics of the Holy Qur’én, Tajivid means recitation of every letter of the Holy Qur'an from its point of articulation, with its attributes: Elevation _(isti‘lé’) Depression (istifal) Softness _(tarqiq) Heavy sound (tafkhim) Other rules of phonetics, such as: Clear Pronunciation (izhar) jij! ‘The common meaning of jtgil (izhdr) is to pronounce the letters from their Makhraj clearly and distinctly without any changes. If after mim with sukiin j besides the letters mim p and <3 ba” any other letter appears jUGLI (izhir) will tke place. e.g. 43485 pS.Assimilation (idgham) “até J! ‘The common meaning of Lalé3! (idghim) is to enter one thing into another, If after mim with suktin p there appears a mim » then ‘até (idghdm) with 42 (ghunna) will take place. Change or Conversion (qalb) ‘uli The literal meaning of {li (qalb) is to change one thing into another. If after niin with sukiin 4 or tanwin the letter .s ba’ appears then the nan sakin or tanwin will change to mim skin § and will be recited with 4 (ghunna). Suppressed Pronunciation (ikhfa’) -tiz! The literal meaning of six (ikhf@") is to conceal. If after niin sikin & or tanwin besides six letters of Hurif-e-Halqi ¢ @ ¢ & 6 « the six letters of yarmaliin ggl3i and the letter Qs ba’, if any other letter appears then the niin skin or tanwin will be recited with list (ikhEa”), COMMON ERRORS MADE DURING RECITATION OF THE HOLY QUR’AN Errors which are made while reciting the Holy Qur'an can be classified as: i. Major Errors ii, Minor Errors Major Errors: 1. To recite one letter in place of another Instead of reciting S411 (Alhamdu) one recites Saal (Al‘amduyii, In aworld one recites (yo (Sin) instead of es (Thi?) or 3 (Ti?) instead of 4 of (72. To add a letter to a world One adds. (Waw) after 4 (Dil) and (g (¥2°) after 6 (Ha). Thus reads boys ote 4 AU SSSI (Athamda lilfahi) as p54) S85) (Albamdililfahi, To delete a letter from a word Not to recite they (Waw) in a word. eg. to road SU3f pl (Lam yailad) as Ag jd Lam yulad). To recite one Harkat in place of another To recite (KAA with Kasrah instead of with Fathah, c.g. To recite JU} (Iyyiki) instead of MG) (Iyyiaka) or to recite (Alif with Fathah instead of with Kasrah, c.g, To recite Gal (Abdind) instead of Ugkl (Uhdind) To recite Harkat instead of Jazm To recite Gunadf (An‘amta) as Geasii (Anamata) or as “xdsil (Ana-‘amata) Minor Errors: ‘The errors made when a person does not follow any of those rules which show the beauty of the Holy Quran. e.g. not to recite the y (Ra’) in Lijue (Siri) with a full mouth when it has a Fathah or not to recite the two (Lam) in (Allah) with a full mouth when there is a Fathah or a Dammah before them, or not to make Ghunna, [kibfa’ or Madd,THE HOLY QUR’AN utlu ma hiya ilaika minal kitabi Recite that which has been revealed to thee of the Book. (29:46)CORRECT RECITATION OF THE HOLY QUR’AN To recitate the Holy Qur’an correctly, one should pay special attention to the following: Harakat ( =t&3< ): How much to prolong or shorten a sound. Ramiiz-e-Augaf ( Citéji 5345 ): Pause and stop Signs contained within the Arabic text of the Holy Qur’én. Makharij (¢ jl4 ): Correct pronunciation of the alphabets. Correct combinations. Trab_ ( Gulsét ): Proper punctuation, THE SHORT VOWELS ( harakat JstS3< ) There are three vowel marks in Arabic which are used above or under a letter to change its sound in a certain way. These vowels, which are called fathah 4544, dammah 468 and kasrah are explained here: 1. fathah 44%: A raised hyphen placed over the pertinent consonant is called fathah 2. The sound symbol is “a” and its nearest correspondent in English is the word "rash". In Arabic the word "rash” will be written as (83 5 and its transliteration will be ‘a" as in "clash" 2. dammah 44.25; A mark written over the pertinent consonant is called dammah, ‘The sound symbol for it is “u" and its nearest correspondent in English is the vowel sound in the word "wood", In Arabic, the word "bush" will be written as G8} and its transliteration will be "u" as in "Push’"3. kasrah 83.48: A hyphen that is placed under the pertinent consonant is called kasrah. The sound symbol for kasrah is "i" and its nearest correspondent in English is the vowel sound in the word "bid". In Arabic, the word will be written as y and its transliteration will be "i" as in "Bill" The length of sound of fathah 438 ,dammah “4 and kasrah 4. sukiin/Jazm o3Sué / p32: When a consonant is pronounced without any vowel mark, the absence of the vowel is indicated by the sign _»_ or _a__ placed over the pertinent consonant. This sign is called sukiin or Jazm, LETTERS WITH VOWEL MARKS: mutaharrik hurif 433 Iie In Arabic a letter bearing the vowel mark is called mutaharrik. With the addition of vowel marks sound of the Arabic letters changes as follows: LETTERS WITH VOWEL MARK FATHAH asi To pronounce a letter bearing fathah the mouth should be opened but the letter should be uttered in a very short form, For instance {3 (ba) will be pronounced as 'B" is, pronounced in the word 'But', Arabic | Alphabet | Pronunciation | Arabic | Alphabet Pronunciation Arabic Alphabet ' Pronunciation Arabic Alphabet PronunciationLETTERS WITH VOWEL MARK DAMMAH 44.4 To pronounce a letter with dammah lips should be rounded and the letter should be uttered in a very short form. 5 (bu) is pronounced as 'B' is pronounced in the word ‘Bush’. 2 | Arabic | Alphabet [70 | 0 _[Promuneiation 1 Arabic Alphabet Du | Pronunciation | Arabic | Alphabet | Pronunciation | Arabic Alphabet | LETTERS WITH VOWEL MARK KASRAH 834uS To pronounce a letter with kasrah the voice should be stretched downward and should be short. 5 (bi) will be pronounces as if one is saying the English word "bit" without pronoucing the letter "t". ] 1 Arabic | & * | Alphabet | ii |i | Pronunciation 3) Arabic 2 | Alphabet Di Pronunciation BS Atphabe Ti Pronunciation Arabic 7 Alphabet | | | Mi | PronunciationEXERCISE Letters with mixed vowel marks Note: The letter f (alif) with any diacritical mark is no more I (alif), it becomes ¢ (hamzah). So with any diacritical mark the sounds of I (alif) and ¢ (hamzah) are same.While practicing, in the above excercise, utterance should be short and quick. Read only one letter at a time and write transliteration below the letter. Stop after uttering cach letter so that you have control over your breath. It will help you to utter the words correctly, EXERCISE READING TWO OR MORE LETTERS TOGETHER, In order to gain fluency in reading two or more letters at a time, read the letters given below continually. In reading the letters continually their sounds should not be mixed up. i¢., Sound of one letter should not be mixed with that of the other. For example, ¥ should be read separately as "la-'u" and not together as "lau". The sound of f (hamzah) should not be mixed up with the sound of J (lam). Similarly, word fae should be read separately as "sa-mi-‘a" and not together as "samia! If you read it as "samia" you will be ‘mixing up the sound of letter 1» (mim) with its preceding letter Gu (sin), So read every letter separately but without pausing between the letters so that the complete word is uttered fluently.THE LONG VOWELS (hurif-e-madd i: 333-! 1 Calif) preceded by _-_ (fathah): 1+ _- ; § (waw) preceded by (dammah): § + _s_ and (& (ya’) preceded by __ (kasrah): (§ + __ are letters of prolongation. They stretch the sound of preceding letters. In Arabie the sign ~ (madd) expresses the meaning of stretching so these three letters t (’alif), § (waw) and ( (yi are called "burlif-e-mada" after their character or quality. For example Gs (ba), 23 (bu), (bi) are when followed by !, § , (¢ will be read long. They will be read as & "ba", 44 "bi", and tg "bi" respectively. In transliteration, a sign is used over the symbol of short vowel. ‘These must be pronounced long, otherwise, sound of a letter will be dropped. For example, if the word 34 "bi" is read as 4 "bu" (with a short sound) we will be dropping the sound of § "ww" from the word. So it must be pronounced long as $4 "bi". wt 2 + | (ba’+ fathah + alif) = U (ba). Its nearest corresponding sound in English is the vowel in word "far". In transliteration it is represented by the symbol "a". Transliteration of Arabic word Gus will be written as "sabahun", e+ 2. + (ba + dammah + waw with sukiin) = Jf (bi). Its nearest corresponding sound in English is in the word "Soon". In transliteration it is represented by the symbol "ti", Transliteration of Arabic word § ail will be written as "usbii‘un". Oo G+ (ba + kasrah + ja’ with sukiin) = sf (bd). Its nearest corresponding sound in English is in the word "She". In transliteration it is represented by the symbol "I". Transliteration of Arabic word 44335 will be written as "daqiqatun", Pronounce each word in the Table keeping in mind the above rules:gS aid Bm % & Be F Fe Ea RK es SOME EXAMPLES OF THE SHORT AND LONG VOWELS Arabic English Fathahasin 4% (baina) a (asin bat) Fathah as in i (dix) a (asin far) Fathah as in (atqakum) ‘u (as in cut) Fathah as in i (vas‘a) ¢ (as inher) Kasrah asin Saigii (al-bintu) i (as in pin) Kasrah as in (dari) i (as in capital) Dammahasin = $ (zur) u (as in put) Dammah asin &j3 (dina) a (as in lunar) Dammah asin Gigl (buhita) 0 (as in Holy)MARKS FOR LONG VOWELS In the previous lesson, it has been stated that letters 6, 3, f, are “letters of| prolongation” (huriif-e-madd). These letters prolong or stretch the preceding sound, However, sometimes sound of words is prolonged without the presence of huriif-e-madd, In such cases,the shape of the short vowel is changed as follows: ‘The sign of fathah, instead of slanting, is written vertical. Thus, 1+ _-_ (alif plus fathah) is written as_1_ and & (ba) is written as (ba). The sign of dammah written with upside instead of downside as _‘ (ring shape is moved from upside to lower side). Thus, 4 + _4_ is written as _‘__ and § (bi) is written as “Qs (bii). The sign of kastah istead of crosswise is written vertical under the letter like ___ and & + (yi and kasrah) is written as __. Thus, tg (bi) is written as G3 (bi). T 7 So_1_,_‘_,__, are representatives of long vowels and they are called fathah ishbatiyyah feliail {i%, dammah ishbitiyya Yeliall Lis and kasrah ishbitiyyah Mfetistl 35.48 respectively. The Arabic word ishba* ( Gab!) means to render the sound full. Thus, when fathah, dammah and kasrah sound like long vowels, there shape changes and these are called fathah ishbatiyyah, dammah ishba*iyyah and kasrah ishba‘iyyah, respectively. This reflects change in the sound of fathah, dammah and kasrah. EXERCISEEXERCISE mialiki | faradnaha SUPER LONG VOWELS: 31s MADDAT Arabic letters bearing short vowels followed by ¢¢ » § 5 1 are stretched and pronounced long. So ts 5 jy ! for their stretching quality are called hia aja (huriif-e-maddat) or long vowels. Sometimes, these long vowels are further prolonged. To indicate this extra prolongation the signs ~ ~ are used over the letters. Thus, these signs are called esl maddat or super long vowels. There are two basie causes for using the super long vowels 1) Voice of hamzah f , 2 occurring after long vowel or its representative mark makes the voice super long. For example, in the word Safjay si’at, there is ¢ hamzah after & y@. Therefore, long vowel « ya’ will become super long because of its following ¢ hamzah and it will be written with a ~ madd and read with super prolonged voice as tsiffuu (sif’at). Similarly, £031 ya Adamu will be come Led} (yaa dadamu). ‘The super long vowels are of two kinds:Madd-e-Ashigpladi Li Madd-c-Far't joi Li 1. Madd-e-Asli ;lusi ss The madd where afer the letters of madd there is no ¢ hamzah or sukiin. The letters of Madd-e-Ashiggludl 4s are three: i. AnAlif! before which there is a letter with a Fathah. ii A Waw g before which there is a letter with Dammah. iii, A Ya’ 6 before which there is a letter with Kasrah. eg. ess tals asst aihiha wa ttn’ idhin’ Madd-e-Far‘i ;,63i is ‘The madd where after the letters of madd there is a hamzah ¢ or a sukiin eg oan, eee yall A oily ik walmala'ikati hi'ulai bidi-arrina mi aubia There are four types of Madd-e-Far'i tye 38 Se: Madd-e-Muttasil Uuelé is Madd-e-Munfasil Wadi 3sMadde-c-‘Arid Waqfi t4i5 (até Js Madd-e-Muttasil Juais is (Contiguous madd) If ¢ hamzah occurs in the same word after long vowel, the super long vowel is used which is called Juelz $s madd-e-muttasil (contiguous madd). So, #Lé nisi’un will become #lag nisi Madd-e-Munfasil Juaiis 4s (Separable madd) Ifa word has long vowel in its end and its following word is beginning with the voice ofe hamzah here Juadié Le separable madd ~ (Super long vowel) will occur. Thus, 124i) ald-innahum will become Logi! ¥f alaa-innahum, Similarly, Gydaf Bf ica | yastahyi afiyyadriba will become Gs yada} 3! g,Sicg Y 1a yastahyii aiiyyadriba. e.g,‘That madd where after the letters of madd, the harkat of the last letter of the word, due to stopping, will be changed temporarily into a sukiin eg. Soil ei olielt ask ost aH jgaddsi Lalas Sisal oi gat Gilad Madd-e-Lazim 4 3 sé Madd-e-Lazim 5¥ 44 is that madd where after the letters of madd, there is an original (asli ggladf ) sukiin (ie., the sukiin which is part of the word whether one stops or not.) eg Ifa sukiin or tashdid bearing letter occurs after the long vowel and the long vowel is necessary to save it from dropping, a maddis brought as in the words: gill. giltes EXERCISEWhile stopping during the recitation of the Holy Qur’én, the last letter of the word, on which one is stopping, will be pronounced as quiescent. Thus, if the second last letter of the word, on which one is halting is a long vowel it creates a condition of super long vowel and the ending of the word is prolonged. For Example, the word $4135 (ta'lamiina) on stoping will become 43414 (ta‘lamin), In such cases long vowels are, generally, read as super long vowels. PLIABLE LETTERS gif! 4433. (hurdfallin) If the quiscent letters 3 and ¢¢ are preceded by _- fathah the preceding letter will be pronounced and the sound will travel sofily over or below the following letter. Consequently the sound will make curve from over or below the letter. For example the combination § + < will be read as 34 "bau" as in English word "bow!" without the letter ")" and the combination és + Gs will be read as ¢gf "bai as in English word "bat". Thus the character of § and (s is different when preceded by fathah as compared to their character when preceded by _s dammah and __ kastah, So they are now pliable letters (huriifullin) instead of letter of prolongation (huriif-e-madd). As for time, huriif-e-madd and hurifullin are equal. Only in shape their sound is different.THE HOLY QUR’AN Co id igi ings ict 18 By inna hadhal qur ana yahdi lillat hiya aqwama Surely, this Qur’an guides to what is most right. (17:10)RAMUZ-E-AUQAF (STOP SIGNS OR PAUSES) The various signs used in the Holy Qur'an to stop or pause while reciting the Holy] Qur'an can be divided into the following three categories: 1. Signs of Wagf-e-tim (gl Lid) 2. Signs of Wagf-e-Kifl (,dlS Lady) 3. Signs of Wagf-c-hasan (guna iy) Wagf-e-taim (aU i,): It means to stop at a world where meaning of the words which follow the word at which one stops has no relationship either with the word at which one stops or with the words which precede it. e.g. In the following verse the subject matter lends at the word {54445 (yasma ina) and a different subject matter starts with the words following 2acaj (yasma ‘ina): cin peat align asters sash Gigi th innami yastajrbulladhina yasma ‘in walmauta yab ‘athuhumulfahu Only those who listen sincerely respond. And as forthe dead, AMlh will raise them fo life. (6:37) Therefore, after {344.45 (yasma‘iina) a wagf-e-tam sign is given, Wagfe-fm signs include the following: 0, + , Wagf-e-kafi (,,itS 24): It means to stop at such a place where the sentence is ‘complete. However, the words which follow the word at which one stops have a connection of only the meaning and not the word of the sentence which precedes. e.g. In the following verse: 0 Sslbsl pA SSRs Cll oe Hl Lig wama unzila min gablik wa bil akhirati hum yiginiin And that which was revealed before thee, and they have firm faith in what is yetto come. (2:5) 75bs (min qablik) a statement has been made about the righteous people. However, in the part coming after GE {42 (min gablik) also a characteristic of the Tighteous people is mentioned. Therefore, a stop at GEE ty2 (min gablik) cannot be a im, Rather, it will be a Wagf-c-kifi. This category of stop signs contains only one| Wagf-e-hasan (qua i8,): It means to stop at a word where the sentence is complete. However, there is a connection in both meaning and word of the sentences which precede lor follow. e.g. In the verse: 0 Spdtball pO 5 pid od hk le asf ula’ika ‘ala hudammirrabihim wa ula’ika humul muflibiin It is they who follow the guidance of their Lord and itis they who shall prosper. (2:6) at the word $415 &2 (smirrabihim) a statement about the righteous people has been completed. However, in the next sentence again a statement about the righteous people is being made. Therefore, the stop at #445 (rabbihim) is a Waqf-e-hasan, The Waqf-e-hasan category contains the following stop signs: "3" Ga" 5" due "di" Jaa” In Wagf-e-tim and Wagfe-kift the reading will be initiated after stopping on the’ sentence. It will not be necessary to repeat. If Wagf-c-hasan is made on an Ayat the reading will be initiated after the Ayat, otherwise, it will be necessary to repeat, If one stops at a place where the sentence is incomplete and there is every type of| connection with that which is preceding or following it and also meaning is distorted. Such a stop is called Wagf-e-qabih (qd Hay). c.g igen Lisi ¥ gial gash yl ya ayyu halladhina mani Ia tagrabussalata ye who believe! approach not Prayer... (4:44) 16Besides the above mentioned stop signs there are some other stop signs. All stop signs are briefly explained here: 0.0 This is a sign written on the completion of a verse. Basically this is thd abbreviation of a letter & which is the sign of an dyat (verse). We should stop here. For! y rules regarding stopping or not stopping at O sign, please sce below under the sign: ¥ (La, No). $i gassit O ghelalt 5 alt dncif ss at) 5 5 ay Liljuq Ocatetcaclt Lizzi Gast 6 5 Og HLL ¥5 tagile Gp dadalt 32 B vagile Ganall gall alhamdu lillehi rabbil Blamin + arrabmis nirrabim + miliki yaumiddin iyyaka na‘budu wa iyyaka nasta‘n + ihdi nassitital mustagim + siratalladtina an‘amta ‘alaihim, ghairil maghdibi ‘alaihim wa laddua alin Ail praise belongs to Allih, Lord of all the worlds, The Gracious, the Merciful, Master of the Day of Judgment. Thee alone do we worship and Thee alone do we implore for help, Guide us in the right path The path of those on whom Thou has bestowed Thy blessings, those who have not incurred displeasure, and those who have not gone astray. (1:1-7) A (Mim): This stop sign is an abbreviation of the word @3¥ (lazim) . It is a mandatory stop} sign. One MUST stop at this sign. So stop and take a breath. 11al tial sheds aba Ga gpduatsng> Gh on ggt als sg 1 ss ae pee ee Opteldl tylst Ht 3855 Lapel ale Be US ou wama ya‘lamu ta’vilahii illallah warrasikhima fil ‘ilmi yagitlina amanna bihi kullummin ‘indi rabbina wa ma yadhdhakkaru ilfa ulul albab ‘And none knows its right interpretation except Allah and those who are firmly grounded in knowledge; they say, ‘We believe in it; the whole is from our Lord.’ -- And none heed except those gifted with understanding. (3:8) 13’): This stop sign is an abbreviation of the word {58 (sutlag). We should stop at this sign but bearing in mind that the message is not complete and there is a follow up statement for explanation, There may be something else related to the subject matter which could be in the next (following) part of the recitation. If you stop at this sign it is not necessary to repeat the last word. Example: guilt Steal bai 585 ay Gad! JE Sly tea tall wa idh gala Jugmanu Li ibniti wa huwa ya‘izuhis ya bunayya Ie tushrik: bilfah innashshirka lazulmun ‘azim And remember when Lugain said to bis son while exhorting him, °O my dear son! associate not partners with Allah, Surely, associating partners with God is a grievous| wrong.! (31:14) 8CG jim): This stop sign is an abbreviation of the word slg (Ja ‘iz)lt is an optional stop} sign. Itis better to stop but you may or may not stop at this Example: Ogsghadit 91 Uy 5855 Lage cults ul sin BSST Say walagad anzalna ilaika ayatim bayyinatin wama yakfuru biha illal fasigin And surely We have sent down to thee manifest Signs, and none disbelieves in them but the disobedient. (2:100) 3 (Za): ‘This stop sign is an abbreviation of the word 3444 (mujawwaz). Although stop is permissible, it is better not to stop at this sign. Example: 5 coil ASUNSix Bb (GAS aH5 Tn alse a Ladi Ug oth ist oss wama taf‘ala min khairifyya‘lam hullahu wa tazawwadi fa inna Khairazzadittaqwa wattaqimi ya ulil albab And whatever good you do, Allah knows it, And furnish yourselves with necessary provisions, and surely, the best provision is righteousness. And fear Me alone, O men of understanding, (2:198) 19OU (Sad): This stop sign is an abbreviation of the word {a3 (murakhkhas) This sign appears somewhere in the middle of a verse. It is better to combine the previous part of the verse with the next part. But if one cannot do so because of shortness of breath, then one may stop. Example: he Bopet eee tek vat Se Last cgalt olf Lal sled Gas Lad. oy ULSI 13 shit GALI aly sl sips BRS Lag ula’ikalladhi nashtara wuddalalata bil huda fama rabihattijaratu hum wama kant mubtadin ‘These are they who have taken error in exchange for guidance; but their traffic has brought them no gain, nor are they rightly guided, (2:17) 2G (Qaf, Lam, ya’ This stop sign is an abbreviation of the words ght Laiglf (al-wagi aula. It means to stop at this sign is better. However, one can continue without stopping. leo (Sad, Lam, Ya’) This stop sign is an abbreviation of the words (Aji Uudglt (a/-wasiu aula. It means to read without stopping is better. However, stop is also permissible, When this sign appears, combine the first part with the next part of the verse. Example: 80capi’ hh glk nig fd Gh iad aah if nits Lr wa idha laquiladhina amanit gala amanna wa idha khalau ila shayatinihim gala inna ma ‘akum innama nahnu mustahzi’in And when they meet those who believe, they say: 'We believe; but when they are alone with their ringleaders they say: We are certainly with you; we are only mocking.’ (2:15) 45 (Qif): This stop sign is an abbreviation of the words Caalgit (vagifir ‘alaihil wagifit; the one who stops here). The reader must stop at this sign. It is written at those places where there is a chance that the reader may combine with the next part of the verse. Example: fg oe Uist 9 igisd gilt aE ya ayyu halladhina amanii la ta’kukii amwalakum bainakum bilbatili ilfa an takima tijaratan ‘an tradimminkum wala taqtuli) anfusakum innallaha kana bikum rahima © ye who believe! devour not your property among yourselves by unlawful means, except that you earn by trade with mutual consent. And kill not yourselve, Alla is Merciful t0 you. (4:30) 81(4 (Sin) or iXiy (Saktah): Without re-breathing give a short pause and then continue the recitation of the| Holy Qur'an. Example: gala rabbana zalamna anfusana wa illam taghfirlana wa tarhamna Janakiinanna minal khasirin They said, 'Our Lord, we have wronged ourselves; and if Thou forgive us not and| have not mercy on us, we shall surely be of the lost. (7:24) as ig (Waqf, Pause): Wagf verbally means to stop. Conventionally it means to stop at a word for the [duration normally a person takes to breath with the intention to continue the recitation. While doing wagf you should act upon the rules mentioned here under the title, "Ramiiz-e-Augaf". If you do waqf on a stop sign then you should resume recitation from the next word. However, if you do wagf without any sign, you should go one or two words back to resume recitation. SG 19 (Waqfah, Pause): ‘This pause is longer than .ys or ASau, Conditions remain the same but the reader should give a longer pause Example: 82oe,,rlrmr,—r—=—c cll th MUL 9 Us thas Yy Whe tile Se Gall Le ‘alex Us gait ys Galo, Gals a, Wigadly o, He Gactgeg rabban’s [a tu’akhidhn’ innasin’ au akhta’na rabbank wa [a tabmil ‘alaind isran kam’ hamaltabit ‘alalladbina min qabling rabban’ wa| Ja tu hammilna ma [a fagatalana bih wa‘fu ‘anna, waghfirlana, Warhamn’ anta maulana fangurn’ ‘alal gaumil kafirin Gur Lord, do not punish us, ifwe forget or fall into error; and our Lord, lay not on us a responsibility as Thou didst lay upon those before us. Our Lord, burden us not with what we have not the strength to bear; and efface our sins, and grant us forgiveness and have merey on us; Thou art our Master; so help us against the disbelieving people, (2:287) Y (La, No): ‘This sign is an abbreviation of the words €) and the letters in the word {51653 yarmaliina'(s yy 5 Jy 9» o » +) from 28 Arabic letters and consider the following situation with the remaining 16 letters. If the sikin niin or niin of niination is followed by any of these 16 letters, the niin will be read with ikhfa’. ‘What is the method of uttering niin with ikhfa"? To read the quiescence nin & and niin of nination with the method of elds! ikhfa’ (suppression) one should settle the voice on the niin and prolong it. Thus, the niin will be read softly and in prolonged voice. This process is called ¢listt ikhfii’ or suppression in niin. Out of the above mentioned sixteen letters which are pronounced with the method of ikhfa’, the letter.» ba’ is a special case. Some of the linguists read the niin with ikhfa’ when it is followed by \ ba’. For example they read the word Qii5 (dhanbun), in which § nin is followed by . ba’, as 435. dhanbun). That is they read without any change in the 4 niin. However, most of the linguists convert the & niin when it is followed by \ ba’ to ¢ mim, That is the reason when niin and. len over niin and niination. niination is followed by «3 ba’, a small mim — is w: 102So the word £443 (dhanbun) is written and read as {33 (dhambun). Similarly, ghaj GUL shiqigin ba'id is written as isi Gti shiqigim ba'id, When & niin is changed to ¢ mim the voice on g mim will be prolonged. In the Holy Qur'an, if § niin is followed by \ ba’, there is always a small ¢ mim over the niin, e.g. 384 Se mim ba‘di. EXERCISE fa'ajabun qauluhum —inta‘jab in kuntum qauman sil PRACTICE OF THE RULES LEARNT UP TILL NOW g this lesson letters in a word should be continuously uttered with their distinct sound and the following rules should be observed: i. Letters with harkat (signs) +, ___., should be clear in utterance but short in voice. In the case of quiescent letters, shaky and unshaken letters should be observed. , and their Letters of prolongation, i.e, huriif-e-madd ts + __ + representatives (Letters with the following signs: 1 ) should be equally prolonged in voice. Pliable letters, i.e. huriifullin should be stretched softly and with rounding voice as Sta Gib ind (5 +49 = tf "bai". In quiescent niin and niin of niination clarity and suppression should be obse1 103Practice by reading the following to acquire fluency in recitation: EXERCISE agai - call Quast - ad jatt Lal Lal agi life - Lak jalt Ld Ul) ig call Cad - C68 pod CH YG,SUPERFLUOUS LETTERS AND PHONETIC STYLE OF WORDS In Arabic calligraphy some letters are occasionally not pronounced. Such letters are called "Superfluous Letters". They do not carry any diacritical sign. They are blank. In such cases a letier preceding the superfluous letter is joined to the following quiescent or tashdid letter. Superfluous letters often occur between two words, at the ending of the first word and at the beginning of the next word. In the word & SU fad'u the letter I alif after A 12° is a superfluous letter. The superffious letter should be ignored and the word should be read as es fad‘u. In the word guuls kaddihani the letters t alif and J lam after e ka’ are superfluous letters and should be ignored. ‘The word should be read as LASS kaddihdni. In the word csLSJLal! LyLac ‘amilussaliati the letters J 11s (waw, two alifs and lim) are superfluous letters. These should be ignored and the word should be read as qlSJLfaLad ‘amilussalihati EXERCISE lists gf Bu git Lge ‘tul kitiba miata lishai-in maradan bildkhirati kaddi hini fad‘uland SI teat JAS - LIL Lybac = eptaat tad = abn 1yStagl - Sci i SU Lig — gall tl Lib SL tyttats - gah ale 1 = oh Sgnahts alt ish - Ladts vider Gatti - raxsaly gutsy oly Seats = SLA yah $31 coil 354li - 54H - teal sg - £85 5ily SgLeut Ly2til Note: Like superfluous letters, sometimes, blank tips are also put in Arabic for certain purpose. These are also disregarded while reading the words. Following are some of the examples’ 105taqwaba hawahu atg’kum —hadini~——najwahum —nardka_—_mikila| PRACTICE OF THE RULES LEARNT PREVIOUSLY While practicing this lesson, letters in the words should be uttered cautiously with their distinct sound. Letters with short vowels should be pronounced clearly but in short voice. In case of quiescent letters, shaky and unshaken letters should be observed. Letters of prolongation {¢ + , 1+ and their representatives (Letters with the following signs: _{_, _) should be equally prolonged, Pliable letters ig +_-_, $+ _e_ should be read softly and with rounding voice so they will take as much time to utter as long vowels, In niin and niination clarity (to read it in clear and short voice) and suppression (to read it sofily, suppressed and long) should be observed. Letters without any mark (harkat) are not read, so join their preceding letters direct to their following quiescent or tashdid bearing letters. Read the tashdid bearing letters firmly. The voice will take time on letters mim and niin bearing tashdid before reading them with their short vowels. To indicate this such letters are underlined in the ‘Excercise’ To acquire fluency in reading, please practice to read a word or words given together without breaking. te ae Note: Reading of the words «Uf allah, SagUJf allahumma requires special attention. If in these words J lim is preceded by kasrah, it will be read light as is the case of words: a tog Legit Ja quiillahumma lt 3g¢1 a‘idhubillah. However, if J kim in these two words is ah sae preceded by fathah or dammah, it is read heavy as is the case in these words: Ut 4gle Aa ahs ‘alaihullah, Sag} allahumma, ¢Ut 44 huwallahu. 106EXERCISE ee a Hy dngh oytks ballillahi_ quiillahu MERGENCE OF A LETTER INTO THE LETTER WHICH FOLLOWS MERGENCE OF NUN OR NUN OF NUNATION WITH OTHER LETTERS Quiescent niin or niin of niination followed by any of the following six letters is inserted into these letters: 9 J. & — This insertion is called in Arabic as Jal 31 idghim and it is of three kinds: a) gals alZ51 idgham nigis (Imperfect insertion). Insertion of niin into y wiw and « ya’ tals Lat 51 idghdm timm (Perfect insertion). Insertion of niin into y ra’ and J Jam. insertion of niin into @ mim and gy nin. t o 107ails slé5! idghim nagqis (Imperfect insertion). Insertion of niin into wiw and is ya’. Quiescent nin or nination followed by waw and ¢g ya’ is inserted into waw and ya’, Consequently, waw and cg ya” become double. The doubled form of these letters is shown by putting _»_ tashdid on the letters. Thus ud nafsin followed by Lag wama becomes us gos nafsifwwama. Similarly, {4 mann followed by 383 yaqilu becomes 38h bs maiiyyaqilu. Thus ¢y niin is inserted into the following waw and ¢s ya’, but its nasal sound is not omitted. It exists and uttered rather long. This is indicated by underlining the words in the exercise, Underline means one has to prolong the voice as nasal sound. Note: Quiescent niin or niination followed by waw and (g ya’ is inserted in these letters. However, quiescent niin or niination somewhat exists in the form of its nasal sound. That is why it is called imperfect insertion. EXERCISE SBEH B - Uabas US gully - + oSls Kigly Uf glasd - fiats Uf + Gla Gog Goths Hts 10831 idgham timm (Perfect insertion). Insertion of niin into, ra’ and J Quiescent niin or niination when followed by 4 (ra’) or J (lam) is inserted into these letters. Consequently, the letters become double and the doubled form is represented by putting tashdid on these letters. Thus, ‘4! {Sj ‘yakun-labii becomes “AISj yakullahi. Similarly, S82 JSut5 muhammadun-rasiil becomes Ygad$ 4852 muhammadurrasil, In writing niin or niination does exist, but in reading it is not pronounced. Therefore, it is called Ya al&St idghdm timm (Perfect insertion). EXERCISE dee BUS Gsoe Jat milladunka yakullahunna mirrabbin ‘alla dura talli_ mira kulla ~ tdidgs - nlf - 1 ~ taba Sgsid al 8) - dit Jyutstase - Quiescent niin or nination followed by mim and gy nin is inserted into letters following these letters. Consequently, the following letter becomes double and the doubled form gets a_+_tashdid. Thus, G83 $4 man nakatha becomes G$5 34 mannakatha and lll Gye Sua . ‘ ee : vo nasrun minallahi becomes 4llf 4 Sai nasrummi nallahi, After insertion of § niin and niination they exist in writing, but in reading they are ignored and the letter following these letters is read with _»_tashdid. In reading niin and mim bearing tashdid, voice is settled on them and prolonged. To indicate this the words have been underlined. 109EXERCISE alam nakumma'akum —_unzurina mas minnirikum — minnirikum| = 98S 93,88 ib Lada PU i 15 - waSak Si cal a Ste ofl USI be A BE Be Le li - pre foe \ + tia Sloth oak Sgjend MERGENCE OF TWO IDENTICAL LETTERS There are three situations a) A quiescent letter followed by any homogeneous (Consonants) b) A quiescent letter followed by any harmonious (Consonants) ©) Alletter of same root by utterance occurring after the quiescent one. A quiescent letter followed by any homogeneous (Consonants) ‘A homogencous letter occurring after a quiescent letter: 4%} yuwaijih-hu after mergence will become & yuwajjihhu . Similarly, $3a55 ligt adwau-wa-nasarii wi become J3.ai $331 ddwawwa nasartl A quiescent letter followed by any harmonious (Consonants) ‘A harmonious letter occurring after a quiescent letter: tSi125 nakhlug-kum will become ‘2Sil25 nakhlukkum, Similarly, t2iL34 farrat-tum will become taibSi farrattum, A letter of same root by utterance is inserted into its following letter. A letter of same root by utterance occurring after the quiescent one: £434 qad tabayyana 110will become after merger {448 qattabayyana. Similarly, tas 14S. J! irkab ma‘ana after mergence will become lias (4S 5! irkamma‘and Note: In the exercise below, before _#__, if there is a letter with __e_ sukiin, the letter is omitted in reading (Jdgham). The letter that occurs before sukiin is then combined with shadda. EXERCISE US Suh Si) SHB kamma qua wawwu = ‘imma atta i, Hus - digs - hebad - sg . Sit tes g) - sé putas - gl syle - La os ee oad = feat Ig > acl $55 BLANK LETTERS A letter without any i746 (sign) is called a blank letter, and is always silent. However, when an alifwithout an /‘72b follows a letter with fathah, the alif is not silent but is pronounced (with certain exceptions given below). Iga Gla GLE Jk mit - ji ~ shai - bill - fadd EXCEPTIONS:A BLANK BEND A blank bend in a word is also silent. It is so, when there is no or dot over it. e.g. A ay e bicaidin abl mikala JsSte arior tyts 3) narika the 33 However, there is only one exception in whole of the Holy Qur'an where a blank bend is after a letter with a vertical kasrah below it. Here, the sound of the vertical kasrah is modified and is read as majray-lia, instead of majrt-ha: Ua 44.8. Please see page # 170 for explanation. Exceptions when a blank a/ifafter a fathah remains silent Ifa blank a/ifis in between a letter with fathah and a letter with sukin fann @4 tae BY walt SN3 fadd SE Blank alif is between a letter with fathah and a letter with shadda. sills 3G Gus bal Oty walladhina - narri - hanna - nassu - walla (a small niin below blank afifand having a kasral) is present after the blank La td - duoglt tgix shai-'a nittakhadha - khaira nil wasiyyati Blank a/ifhas either a small circle or a cross over it; this type of alifis known as alif idah c.g: ee - ts mmalaibit - afa’immitaUSE OF SHADDA The sign + is called justi tashdid and the letter bearing tashdid is called she mushaddad. Tashdid means fastening or strengthening. The sign _¢_ over a letter denotes that the letter is doubled. A letter with tashdid contains a quiescent and a vowel-bearing letter. For example 245 rabbun is in fact 2s 35 rab-bun. So to pronounce a letter with tashdid, first the voice will be settled on it then it will be read with its short vowel. Consequently the letter will be strengthened and will be pronounced firmly. In the case of letters niin and mim (gj +) bearing tashdid (g, L) while setting the voice on them it will take a little more time, in other words the voice will be prolonged on them before reading them with their short vowel. In the exercise, g niin and Le mim with tashdid are underlined indicating that the voice should be prolonged on these letters. A letter with shadda always joins forcefully to a letter with i'rab/sign before it and the letter with shadda gives its sound twice: 405255 Ube Ub St ted rab + bu =rabbu, zilt- li =zilli, ab + ba ~abba Ifa niin (¢3) or tanwin joins with ww having shadda (3) or a yahaving shadda ((6), (ic. with vowels) they will produce half the sound of niin (ie, a nasal sound) on joining: ee a minwwa 9 Cpe matayyyu Gl maiyyuEXERCISE Note: Ifa letter with tashdid occurs in the middle of a word, to read the word in an Arabic accent, one should read its quiescent part with the preceding and its short vowel with the following letter. So al ‘allama should be read as “al Ue “a/ fama without pausing between ‘a/and Jama se Ska a ole rabbani —mimma su‘irat_—innama_—fasalli—_la‘alla MORE THAN ONE SHADDA When more than one shadde are involved, many letters are joined together forcefully, causing a combination of two, three, four, five or six letters Twoleters: p45 HX IH jus a as rabbihim - hujjatun - nuzila - sawwi - illa - kulla - inna Three letters: Sted bing aiding take 14wahdahush mazzat - ‘allamtani fiddunya Four letters: a. | ummiyyiina ~ innassam'a - qaluttayyarn’s iv. Five letters: durrifiyyuiiyyiigadu Sasi G55 eee Six letters: ~ Ui ysl siy atubi-ajji-anni - fi babrillujjiiyyiyyagh sha-hu RULES FOR LETTERS WITH SUKUN BEFORE LETTERS WITH SHADDA A letter with jazm before a letter with shadda becomes silent. This is known as @léd ‘idghiom. Lin ct6ai tub = Sai qatta bayya narrushdu - qad-tta = qatta A letter with jazm before a letter with shadda is a niin or is a tanwin while the letter with shadd is either waw ot ya' (i.e. vowel), then the niin with suki or the tanwin'does not become silent but rather produces the nasal sound of niin. stata Sultsi -‘a5i! Sub alg bs firashaiiwwassami’a - sharrailyyarah - mailyyubijira If the letter with shadd has a vertical fathah, a vertical kasrah or an inverted dammah, the| effect of prolongation of sound will also be considered: wSagats din agli - ahi. ai - eigen ta’muri-anni yubi-addinalfeh alfahu nabiyyina minTHE HOLY QUR’AN SS pAiit sisi é 81 0 salt hod O 155 gabe wa qur “anal fajr inna qur’anal fajri Kana mash-hiida And recitation of the Quran in Prayer at dawn. Verily, the recitation of the Quran at dawn is specially acceptable to God. (17:79)RECITATION OF THE HOLY QUR'AN CORRECTION OF SOME COMMON MISTAKES Every Muslim who wishes to recite the Holy Qur'an, must take care of rules of Arabic Grammar, If you follow the instructions in the following pages, you will be able to recite the Holy Qur'an correctly, both in normal as well as thymic mode. In the forthcoming pages, we will lea G3 5¢h (i*rab), or 'Sound-letters’ of Arabic like’ 2 (dammah/paish), 2 (fathah/zabbar), — (kasrah/zair) a A (sukiin/jazm), We will also eam about ~ (madd), ¢ (hamzah) and various positions effecting _g (waw), 1 (alif), and G4), PART 1 Please note one must distinguish properly the sounds of g (waw) and * (paish/dammah). A <9 (vaw) is an extended pronouncement of 4 (paish). Similarly, a 4 (paish) is half the phonetic sound of ag (waw). ‘The following is correct and wrong usage of a (paish): 4 WRONG: 5.h85ff (at-namai) - CORRECT: L&if (at-namduy A — (kasrah) is half the phonetic of a (S (ya). Or (v# is double in phonetic 4 4 expression of a — (Kasrah). It will be wrong to read LJ (iltahi) as ogg (lillahay). 7Same is the case with I (alif) and 2 (fathah). An (alif) is double the pronouncement ofa & (fathah), whereas a. (fathah) is half in phonetic sound of an 1 (alif). MANY A RECITERS OF THE HOLY QUR’AN MAKE MISTAKES IN RECITING THESE WORDS. SO PLEASE LEARN THIS PART VERY CAREFULLY: CORRECT i WRONG an‘amta‘alaibim pgilé Canali an‘amt ‘alaihim pale Waal siitaadhina Alt lug siraladhinn GANT doug razaqnihum §-¢4d 55 razaqnahum *418 35 tes or tits edt tf eg sit £t¢ at Sse! 5 sill O15 ll Ul distal ail! Eis all nnd lilldbi wa inna ilaibi rajtin inna lillabi wa inna ‘in Please Do NOT fail to distinguish between ¢ (hamzah) and an f (ali. 1 (alif) as mentioned earlier is double in phonetic ofa = (fathah). BUT when an [ (alif is written with an Qaljel (irabyas 1, 1, Sor hasa sukin f, then it will no longer be considered as an | (alif) but will be known as ¢ (hamzah). However, in some cases a ¢ (hamzah) is called an I (alif) as in the case of the abbreviated word gell we read it as ‘alif Kim mim. LONGER PHONETICS OF + = When 24 (dammah/paish) is before (waw) or 1182 (fathah) is before an | (alif) or + (kasrah) is beforea (ya) then the letters (waw), I (alif), and (¢ (ya’) acquire a longer or extended phonetic sound, At these three occasions, the vowels are further extended in sound and this expanded sound is known as ~ (add) Ifthis ¢ (hamzah) is within the sentence itself, it is written in the Holy Qur'an with a THICK 'madd as ~ EXAMPLES: ula'ika ‘ali hudammirrabbihim 435 4 SK le ashy Ti-yaghirali KhaGi'at yaumaddini 33M 34 title 115351 But if ¢ (hamzal is the first letter of the next word, it is written in the Holy Qur'an with a LIGHT ‘nadd' as ~ it anfusakum wa ablikum niran 1315 +SiLit5 gS Tol wamé unzila min qablik © ALE yy J5it Leg YOUNG QARIS AND OTHER RECITERS OF THE HOLY QUR'AN SHOULD KEEP IN MIND THAT: ‘The following are the three positions where ~ (madd) is created and they have to prolong the voi 1) Whenthereisa ¢ (hamzah)atter gt. 1, 6! Examples shown above are applicable here.’ 2) When after the vowels of gf, 1, or ost a) A AS (shadd- meaning double letter) appears EXAMPLES: Bp yee pees Oa Pe) ts ee © Gls 15 p4lid Gull flees HI - jliad 53 Jam yatmith hunna insun qablahum walk ja-an - ghaira muda arrin orb) A & (sukiin or silent word) appears as in ‘aL-aana wagad ‘asaita qablu Jad ae Mee GYF (a-dana) in original form was Yb | (a al-ina). It went through several changes of | Arabic Grammar. Details are being skipped here Please note that rule 2 is applicable when the letter } (alif) is active and requires a sound of its own, In Arabic, sometimes, an (alif) is inactive and ‘silent’ and does not have a sound. In such cases a ~ (madd) will NOT take place. EXAMPLES: 0 gilda 95 gat dhiecs wa ladda allin - wa malfahu bi ghisfilin silent and the preceding letter has been merged with the next In the above cases | (alif active letter by creating Auuls (shadd a double-word sign). 120fee 3) A ™ (mada will also function after the vowels § 1 T (6 1, when the end letter of a word is active but due to choice available, one wishes to opt for a ‘Pause’, and does not wish to combine the end of one verse with the beginning of the next. In the verses and examples below, the letters underlined offer the option of either to merge with the next verse or to opt for a pause. 6 of Gil pi alle O pia Sit gkat$it 6 Ghalsit 5 alt desi In case of opting for a ‘pause’ the end letter would sound like a* / 4 (sukiin) and therefore sound will be prolonged, by creating a~ (madd) in sound. Therefore, in case of the above verses, letters Gye (min), @$ (him) and gy. (din) will be read with ~ (mad ‘The only difference is that in writing ~ (madd) is NOT written in the Holy Qur'an, as in the case of not opting for a 'pause’, the continuation is permissible. In this part, we will discuss the Arabic alphabet ¢ (hamzah). If ¢ (hamzah) is the first letter of a word, this will carry a sound ie. it will be in an active position. Ifa ¢ (hamzah) falls between two other letters, then this will be treated as ‘silent’ o Skis (sikin) , as if it does not exist as far as its sound is concerned. Here are described various positions ofa ¢ (hamzah), 121Column J: Shows the sentences in their original and individual format of writing ie. when you do not read these words by joining them together. Column 2: — Shows the words in their written format, Here one is required to read them as a whole sentence and not in their individual format. Column 3: Shows the correct pronunciation of words and the sentence. The sentences are numbered and at the end their translation is given: COLUMN 3 COLUMN 2 COLUMN 1 Saks of “asst amartuhi animtahin amartuhii animtahin gi Le ols die “indamtihanin “inda imtihanin “indamtihanin yl gail il pli ilalgamari ilalgamari ila alqamari o%ie al oe mina ue sin tit TRANSLATION: 1. bade him to give atest. 2. At the occasion of a test. 3. Towards the moon. . From Allah. Ae hamzah will be considered active and will not be dropped from speech, when a gender will be in the format of jtadl (if'al) or any of the changed positions according to changes in tenses or places. EXAMPLES: AS: aio. iit celal Ligcad oil catia Ligcell Gui) cotgill Lijcalf Gul 122On the contrary the sound over a ¢ (hamzah) will drop, if the hamzah happens to be cong ott between two letters. For example in i gal ral) it will be wrong to say here 5 eat 5 sett cons fed gal Gil (allahumma ihdi qaumi). Correct is ia SHAG! (alldhummahdi qaumi) PART 3 Here are some additional rules for the recitation of the Holy Qur’an. You will observe that some letters in the Holy Qur'an ate without any G3l ef (i*rab), ie. without any 2 , 2 , —. These letters are used in writing but are silent for the purpose of speech. Out of these I (alif) is always silent. As it is in L (ami'ata) Some other letters are also silent as g (ww) in Kyles (sala), RSS (zaka), and asi (uli’ika). The (S (ya’) is silent in the following: . gti ita’ dhil qurba & (ta’) in Arabic is written in two ways: as @s andas 8 When & (ta’) is the last letter of a word, and one wishes to ‘pause’ at the end in reading, then 8 (ta’) remains no more a 6 (ta’), but is considered a 6 (ha’). EXAMPLES: As Bt (togah) in 4 5ti pais (Sai 3! As Rgles (salah) in Sghfall cust 38In Arabic, there is a sign known as ggg (lanwin). This is written as. 24 5, that is two 2 Gammah), or two 2 (fathah), or two > (Kastan). Ifa Lib (shadd) falls after a letter having a agi (tanvin), then instead of two 4, 2, or = only one 4,2, 5 should be read as in ties Sud adn Qguts Stes ghaftrurrahim Muhammadurrasit lull However, if the Lf (shadd) is either on a.y (ww) or ona & (ya’) ie., on vowels, we should pronounce it with a g (niin ghunna). EXAMPLES: “058 IS4X (pronounced yarah, if at an end). dhakaridwwa untha —Khairaityyarah 4. Ifa Sud (double letter) falls after a Sku (silent) letter, the silent letter will be dropped in speech and the preceding active letter will be combined with that 4a (double) letter. EXAMPLES: SILENT LETTER TO BE DROPPED WORDS WITH SILENT LETTER 3 qattabayyanarrushdu Lub $I Gf di walau tawa‘attum awawwa nasari 124Ifthe Lud (shadd) happens to be on vowels, on g (waw) or on & (ya) and a GSLus sh (niin skin) precedes these letters then the sound of a2 gg} (nin ghunnah) will be required and NOT that of gy (niin) itself. EXAMPLES: mmidwwujdikum Jadyyaj‘alallabu 6. One might sometimes come across in the Holy Qur'an with a separate but small gy (called Niin Quini) before certain words. Actually this isa gy of ¢ytg33 (Nin of Tanwin) LI there is an f (alif) before this gy (niin) then the F (alif) will be treated as silent and non-existing. As a matter of fact it will be wrong thing to prolong this I (alif) in speech EXAMPLES: ccf SE Baogll Isix ° : L. You cannot say: 1344 (khair) or Yad (shai-an). This situation will change when you ‘pause’ over a word preceded by a ¢y (niin qutnt).In this, case niin gutnt will have to be considered as non-existent. So 1d US 36 (ardi nilladhina) o ey will be read (if one does not stop) as {pilin $¢ (arda nilladhina) and (64) 0 1548 (khabira OF nilladhi) will be read as (s313 544% (khabira nilladhi). However, if stopped these will be read asGollf 8 tsi 5¢ (arda alladhina) and Gedlf 8 134 Cchabira alladhPART 4 In this part we will briefly go through various formats of U8 (pause). The readers of the Holy Qur’an are supposed to be familiar with the gy! 58 3 ga.) (signs of the Qur'an). One of the signs is ‘Pause’. This sign can be of 4 types. 0 Gsign of end of verse) |. A (sign of compulsory pause) E__ (sign of optional pause) La (sign of necessary pause) a) Incase of pause, any Cal5¢ (i*rab) over the last letter suchas 2, 2, — and ~ £ F will be considered as non-existent phonctically, and it will be considered as silent. In the case, the preceding letter is already silent and inactive, then there will be no change involved. The following are various examples of ‘pause’. rasa i Ouds, watidaik Ub AIy jinn ghairi, 126A 8 (ta) is changed intoa & (ha’) in case of a pause, b) Incase of ‘pause’ if the end-letter is an T (alif) and is preceded by £. (two fathah) the (two fathah) will be considered as one fathah and I (allif) will be pronounced. But if the end-letter | (alif) is preceded by a ‘fathah' no change will take place. (double fathah), EXAMPLES: 2 , ‘ ‘ dupa Aue = Ace musalli Saas = line d) Inthe Holy Qur’an (Chapter A/-Dahr) there is a verse that reads as 0134 1g This sentence is unchangeable. In case of 'pause' the end-alif will be considered as active, i.e. we will read 'Kawarira’ and not 'Kawarir’ Similarly, in case of pause on second verse of Chapter AL-Nisa’, €€ Léag we will read (nisi’a) faLéag and not (nisi?) 20a In case of a ‘pause’ at the end of a verse, if we find the first letter of the next verse is 127cither an ‘alif-lam’ or a ‘niin quéni then we will read a fathah over the I (alif) and consider'niin guint along with its ‘kasrah’ as non-existent. EXAMPLES: Syfall 0 LX 56 witl be read as 0 Usk 36 (ard alladtina) In case of a ‘pause’, if we find that the first letter in the next verse is an ‘alif' followed by a silent letter then we will look at the 3rd letter. Ifit has a 4 (dammah), we will read the first letter as 'alif with a4 (dammah). But if the third letter has a ~ (fathah) or | (kasrah) or a gy (tin qutni) then we will treat the 'alif or ‘niin qutni’ along with its kastah as non-existent. Examples show two positions of a verse ie., with pause and without a pause, VERSE NO PAUSE PAUSE l Sha 4 ial atthishdud Sabah akiiushdud SLdf 0 wal | Geese tighd pastas wens) 0 diabs ‘mutma’ innaturji‘t ‘mutma*innah irji*t PART 5 (OTHER MATTERS) Aniin will be pronounced as (mnim) and a small mim is written over the letter, when a GS (ba’) is precede by either a Gy (niin with sukin) or a gygg4F gg} (niin with a tanwin). Any other active niin prior to silent or 'munawwan niu’ will not be affected. 128EXAMPLES: Bhat Eats Ghent boii lage raj‘um bald ——‘khablram basiran—nafsum bima —_-yambii‘an The following is the pronunciation of some of the abbreviated letters: mG Gn inkl Gin alif lam mim calif Tam ra Part 3 (Chapter 3) 'Al-Imran’ has a verse as: cereal ayy aro ai + If we opt for a 'pause' over the 'mim’, then the I (alif) of 4LIT will carry a & (fathah), he, ee So the reading will be, in case of a ‘pause: 41 fhe ay Gall In case of continuation we will read 4 ee ite tye gy aT An} (alif) in Qur’an is sometimes treated as non-existent and silent. This is indicated by asign of 'x' ore, In modem Arabic this is dropped from writing. But in Qur’an the system has been preserved. reituani allt it ata imma SLE iylil pisalt it ij stds Sluubas antabira 12385 Gf qawarira min iddatin ibs oe i5t a 129THE HOLY QUR’AN 6 a 2 a y Goa 0 uzad sal ‘ait innahii lagaulun fasl It is surely a decisive word. (56:14) 130BASIC ARABIC LESSONS GRAMMAR The Types of Speech (Kalimah) A single word which conveys some meaning. The malS| Kalimah is of five types: (sm; Noun) Name of a thing; it is independent in its meaning, e.g. (rajulun) Man, &I jlegs3 (New York). (Fi; Verb) It is a word which explains an action done in present, past or future, e.g. Jad (fa'ala) He did, (Harf, plural: Huriif Particles) There are four kinds of particles: “33 5411 (Huritul Jar, The Preposition) A word without meaning but becomes meaningful when used in combination with a noun or a verb, e.g. in oll (if) on lé (alay; abn gst (uriitvz Zarf, The Adverbs); 338 sakslt (Hurdiful “Att, Conjunction) and iil 435 (Hurdifm Ni Interjections) (Damitr, Pronoun) A word which is used in place of a noun is called jpouzs (damir), og. 38 (howa) He, {54 (hiya) She. 24 (Sift, Adjective) A word that defines or qualifies a noun, e.g. #4 yS J25 (rajulun karimun) Noble man.BASIC LETTERS OF THE ROOT OF A WORD In Arabic, the basic three letters of the root of a word are known as (f’, ‘ain, lim) J‘ ¢ ‘ For example, the word 3.2a3 (nasara) corresponds to the word (fa‘ala) Since g (niin) in (nasara) 3ca3 corresponds to (ff’) el and (sid) G2 corresponds ti (‘ain) g and (18°) 3 corresponds to (lim) J , therefore, (niin) gy is called (F4? kalimah) malS oti , (sid) 0 is called (‘ain Kalimah) nalS gue , and (ra°) 5 is called (lm Kalimah) walS p¥. Likewise all other verbs are scaled on (fa‘ala) J EXERCISE 1, In glé (‘alima) what is the sign on (fa kalimah) als old (‘alima) which is the (‘ain kalimah) lS gue (karuma) what is the sign on (lim kalimah) alS ¢¥ {ai (nasartunna) which is the (lim kalimah) walS p¥ (fatahtu) which is the (fa kalimah) vals tf . In a8ih (fatahti) what is the status of the first (té”) els and the second (ta) ets In piu (hasibtum) which is the (lam kalimah) malS ¥ . In 4458 (darabna) what is the (ba kalimah) alS oti . In 4x (Khatama) what is the (ta° kalimah) walS ots S$ (tarakat) what is the status of the first (ta") ets and the second (ta) ots ANSWERS: 1. Fathah 2. lim 3. fathah 4. ra’ 5. f° 6, The first t@° is ‘ain kalimah and the second ti” denotes mu’annath (female) wahid hidir 7. ba 8. lim 9. ‘ain 10. The first ta’ is f@” kalimah and the second ta’ denotes mu ‘annath (female) wahid gha'ib 132SOME QUR’ANIC WORDS ul (ISM; NOUN) Shas File — fil — Sand 38 - Bd = Sie fF = dads - Beas - i - Us - gles - Stans - Qtis - digi - Sigh gd al ys - pas «babs Gi yles - Gls Allahu, Muhammadun, Rasitlun, Qaumun, ‘Ainun, Qaryatun, Naharun, Mubsinun, Imimun, Hijaratun, Sabrun, Muslimun, Salitun, Ummatun, Thamaratun, Thamaritun, Qur’anun, Kittbun, Muslimitun, Mu’miniina, Lailun, Mubsiniie, Sabicina, Mu’minun. Some examples from the Holy Qur’an: Mubammadur Rasilullah innagsalata tanha ‘anil fahsha’i ‘kullama ruziqa minha min thamaratirrizgan In the above sentences, the underlined words are the examples of Noun quil (ism). The Arabic nouns may be: Singular (8344 Mufradun), Dual (, £4 Muthanna) or Plural (Lig¢ Jam‘un),Types of Noun There are two kind of Nouns (ism) uit 1. Common Noun, The Indefinite Noun (ism nakirah) 8 55 pil ty Proper Noun, The Definite Noun (ism ma rift) 44 85 ui! 3585 put (ism nakiraty (COMMON NOUN) asgulhu khairan 3c pda ‘fi qulibi himmaradun bast te ll ig kulluma ja’a kum rasiilun idha agabat hummusibatun ft bi siratin awwala kafirim bihi hudallinnasi | ini ja‘ilun filardi khalifatan listau qada néran gad khalat min qablihi umamun Ism zahir ,aUS pul is the word which is a name of a thing, a place or a person. eg. Stis kitibun fits madinatun, Sa1J dhahidun. The underlined words are (asma’i nakirah) 3585 -lasil These words ususally have a (tanwin) 4933. 134(ism ma ‘rifah, PROPER NOUN) wa ma mubammadun illé rasilun cbyuts 8 Seat ig muhammadurrasiilullah a Ae 36 5 Ske | = fi wa ma kana ibrahimu yahiidiyyan & AAD sb pal 0 Us |hddhannabiyyu bbij‘al hadhal balada rele ror ee ee “ Sit Lh Yast 55 asgulhu khairun dhalikal kitabu wattini wazzaitini |wa tii sinina ya ayyu hal muddaththiru aoe oh A In the above sentences the underlined words are 48 8 qual (ism ma ‘rifah), ¢.g. (Mubammadun If Gism nakiral) 8355 gui! by adding (a) Jf is changed into ae oe “| =, (ism ma‘rifah) 48 p36 pul the resulting word does not get a (tanwin) gytgiF e.g. ae stay 4 a (al-kitebu, assulfu, annabiyya) DESH - eléatl - tpitlpiesit Lae Gumlah ismiyyah) A sentence which begins with paul (ism, noun) and its parts include ol Sib2 (mubiada) and 54% (Khabar) is called gad! Lag Gumlah ismiyyah). ‘allahu qadirun i |allahu rabbukum asgulhu khairun allahu rabbul ‘lamin ‘allahu baigrun ‘imubammadurrasilullah allahu ghafirun innamal mu‘miniina ikhwatun allahu nirussamawati wal-ard allahu ‘adudwwullil kéfirin | In the above sentences the underlined words are mubtada’) and the rest of the sentences are (akhbar) $41 The first part of the wfaui! wLde Gumlah ismiyyah) is called elSii2| (amubtada’) and it is usually 4,24 (ma‘rifah, Proper Noun) The second partis called y4& (Khabar) and it is ususally o ,S3 (nakirah, Common Noun). In the above examples both clsize (mubtadi’) and ys& (Khabar) ard Enis (tnarfr') ic,, they have + . Jai (Fi‘l; VERB) aa jell - E585 - ple - dtd - Gi - dad - 355 Hx 5s Ladi - 34531 = ipaliis — situa . 3H - LS Ussi daraba, Khatama, razaga, fa‘ale, Khalaga, gala, ‘alima, yakhruju, yansuru, idrib, agima, yaktubu, anzala, istakbara, yatakallamina, yudhabbihima, yatas3’aliina, akhraja, ‘allama, nazala, adkhala Some examples from the Holy Qur’an: The underlined words are the! examples of Jai (Fi‘l) ‘daraballéhu mathalan Khatamallahu ‘ala qulabihim anzala mi-nassami’i \yudhabbihiina abna’a kum idribbi ‘asakal hajar salt dtindd yapitsa Leg Gumlah fitliyyah) The sentence which starts with Jad (f')) and then the Jad (f')) is followed by eld QU (02% fail) or Jeli and Jgade (mafitl) is called a fis Lig Gumlad fitiyyah) . agimussalita sgh (pti . wa ituzzakata ‘geht ih . bashshi rissabirina . dhahaballahu bi nirihim . Khatamallahu ‘ald qulibihim . ‘afallahu ‘anhum fic abr the . yuridullitu bikumul yusra sai +g ain Si . yadribulldéhul amthala Sista 2 Solyilt seats isi ). wa idh yarfa‘u ibrahimul qawa‘ida | 10. ud‘u lana rabbaka_ ‘The examples I to 3 and10 in the above ~£483 bee Gumlah fi'liyyah) include Co ___-(assalita, azzakata, assabirina and rabba) are J gate (maf‘iil). ae In the examples 4 to 6 there is ygutale ad (1m adi, past tense) and dL is deli (ail. Inexample 9 A4aN5H (ibrabim is eld and in 710 9 5tuglt ~ Qubsyt + Sel silf (at-yusra, a-amthila and al-qawa‘ida) are yada (maf). In examples 7 to 9 there is. @. lies Jad (f7'1 mudari*, past tense). The Verb (fi‘]) (Jai) is of Three Kind (quale Jad: (i'l wiadh, past tense) $34 (fa‘ala, He did) gulias Jak: (11 mudari', present and future tense) Jaki (yaf*alu, He does or he will do) yal Jai: (i'l amr, imperitive tense) Jail (ifal, Do) All simple verbs have three persons: The first person: "We" HSE Mutakallim; ‘The second person: "you" (Sails Hadit) and The third person: "He", "She" "They", ask Gha’ib). Each of these can be yS.ba (masculine) or 435 (faminine) gendersMAKE PAST TENSE USING THESE ROOT TeGToOpen | dy To Benefit ‘Nin, Fa’, ‘Ayn J EGTdo Fa’, ‘Ayn, Lam fa‘ala Jai He did fa‘alé Shad They two (male) did fatal (glad They all (male) did fa‘alatd hed They two (Female) did fa‘aina glad They all (female) did fatalta Cabsi You (male) did fa‘altuma |__You two (male) did fa‘altum plat You all (male) did fa‘alti sisi You (female) did fa‘altuma ‘You two (female) did fa‘altunna. You all (female) did fa‘altu tulsi I, male or female did nafa‘tu iti fatalnd Gisi We (male or female) did 140 AND PRONOUNS PRONOUNS huwa3é He) huma id (They two, male) bum 3S (They al, male) hiya ca (She) uma lis (They tw, female) buna $4 (They al, female) anta calf (You one, male) antuma Laff (oy two, male) antum pif (You a, male) ext gil (You one, female antuma tadif (You two, female) (You al, female) an Uf (Gh mate or female) nabou {35 (We two or all, male or femste)EXCERCISE Revision of the past tense verb 44) | ¥@) | YQ) nagara 141 \@ 52 | PRONOUNS daraba huwa 38 uma Lad bum pa hiya cgEXERCISE Make past tenses according to the personal pronouns (dama’ir) taught above using the following Arabic root letters. While doing so, try to grasp the meaning underlying the lesson. ede wdio wood He decided He broke He wrote He wrote (kataba) (iS vies piu! ism damir Ism damir jya.e pus! is the word which is spoken instead of a glSta mutakallam, (ubl&e mukhitab or QSlé gha’ib. e.g. anta, 8 huwa. Plural of damir is dama’ir.(Madi Qarib 14,1 still) THE NEAR PERFECT Addition of the word Qad 3 before any sigah (category) of the perfect tense changes it into a Madi Qarib. e.g. qad fa'ala 4434 (He has done) and qud fa‘alé MASSE [These two (male) have done]. The word Qad 38 or Lagad Ji} when added before a sigah of the perfect tense also gives an emphasis to the meaning of the verb, eg gad fa‘ala karimun $3,8 (Jad 48 (Indeed Karim has done). In the Holy Qur'an it is stated: gad aflabal mu’minina SgLs5alt glif.ié (Surety, success does come to the believers, 23:2), walagad Khalagnd faugakum sab‘a tard’iqa GGL Ghat pSHGi WLS Sig (and surely,We have created above you seven heavens lying one above the other, 23:18). Thus, Qad 34 and Lagad 4} have twofold role in changing the meaning: i. They convert Madi into Madi Qarib and ii, They give an emphasis to the meaning of the verb. THE NEAR PERFECT (Madi Qarib, oi jill eal) Ist Person 2nd Person | 2nd Person | 3rdPerson | 3rd Person | (fale & Female) (Female) |__ (Male) _|_ Female) lsd 3 ; jai SingularJiailt ,watali (Madi ba‘id) THE DISTANT PERFECT Sis kana: he/it was/to be &tS ana is the most commonly used verb in Arabic. The Arabic verb has two tenses, the perfect and the imperfect. The perfect is used to narrate completed events (past tense or present perfect), while the imperfect describes events which have not been completed. Verbs in the perfect tense consist of a stem indicating the basic meaning and a pronoun suffix indicating the person, gender and number of the subject. The verb has two perfect stems, gl& kan- andy kun-, to which the suffixes are added. in the case of the third person (male and female) the stem kan- is used and the suffixes @ and af are added to indicate the person. Consequently, gS kana does not actually mean the infinitive 'to be’, but it means ‘he was’. The pronoun subjects, "I, you, he and she" are all included in the verb and are indicated by the verb forms and ending. The gender of the verb must match that of the subject. e.g. aid gi G4 dua fil bait, He is in the house ei SS Kina fil baiti, He was in the house sath 9b Lats Salihatu fl baiti, Saliba is in the house dh (pb Rass eASLS hazmat Salibatu fil bait, Saliba was in the house, The verb is always singular, regardless of the subject, as long as the subject follows the verb. ¢.g. UBIS bye Hind ASKS kanatinnisa' The women were from Kenya. When tS Kanais prefixed to ¢ luxe Mudiri’ it converts it into the past continuous. Example: Quid; GIS kana yadhabu (He used to go).Sis costal Madi Ba‘id He was or had kana They (two male) were or had kind They (male) were ot had ran She was or had — “They (two female) were or had tite Kanata They (female) were or had $§ kuna You (male) were or had iS kunta You (two male) were or had tS kuntuma Yoy (male) were or had pS kuntum You (female) were or had $5 kunti You (two female) were or had UaiS kuntuma ‘ou (female) were or had $45 kuntunna Twas or had 8 kuntu We were or had & kunna 145Uaili Jaa Ali nagis (A Defective Verb): Laisa (uil The verb Gui! Jaisa means, is not, are not, or am not according to the subject. It is called (adll Jad 177i nigis (a defective verb) and only exists in the perfect tense form. ———7 He is not Gall taisa They (two male) are not tal taisa They (male) are not 12a) ais ‘She is not | Sucefi Iaisat “They (two female) are not thcath laisata They (female) are not ial lasna You (male) are not utd lasta You (two male) are not tala) lastuma Yoy (male) are not pad lastum You(femalc)arenot etd Insti = ‘You (two female) are not tia Jastuma You (female) are not SJ lastunna Lam not | Sata) last We are not tid tasna Cr —r—e_— —_—— se 1S (htidua tatibun Bid bil madrasat) Khali is a student in this school Eaasdall 9h i this school, 4485 alt a student in this school 146Mudari‘ (Imperfect Active) Mudari‘ is derived from Madi. The patterns of Mudari* in comparison with| Madi can be one of the following: Madi Mudari* The following four letters which are prefixed to Mudari* are called ‘alamitul mudari (gjledll Bide: og &(AS She) Jadteue + Ula Jad: ¢ jline Jad Fi‘l mudari‘ is: A Verb indicating Present or Future Tense ges Plural = Ayub Dual =| tal Singular | Muchalkkar (,S4) cguala Se Present, Male Sibcals ps oljaly i wile Sha bum yansurina humé yansuréni | — huwa yanguru Past, Male EXERCISE Please make preset and future tenses using the 'Pronouns' given in the right column. yyabkumn 45 yanqudu (yadig yaktubu (38) He decides or will decide | He breaks or will break | He writes or will write [ yaktubu (38) huwa 3é | PRONOUN yaktubani glASj) huma Wd yaktubiina S385; bum pt taktubu (siS5) ata. Gal taktubéni Gt@&5 antuma taktubiina {3883 antum sino et | naktubu {385 nahnu 35 Inthe Past Tense Verb, the first singular Past Tense for Male (howa, 34) is nasara jai and 148it has three basic letters, g niin, «ya séd and 4 ra’. To change the Past tense into Present/Future tense, one needs to add Ya’ gs with fathah ( {5 ) before the first letter of the Past Tense Verb and the first letter of the tense is given a sukin, e.g. nagara jai will become yansuru $424 (He helps or will help) and kataba (4 will change into yaktubu {38} (He writes or will write), The letters added before the Past Tense Verb which change with the change in the Pronouns are called Present/Future Tense Letters. e.g. In angure $aii, tansurujais and yanguru Sadi, alif I, ta os and ya’ ¢g are the Present and Future Tense Letters (Huriif-e-Mudati’, ¢ lina 3332), (AS eurhe) Judiuue + la Jad: p jline Jad Fi‘l mudari‘ is: A Verb indicating Present or Future Tense eee Plural 45 Dual daly Singular (¢4)$4) Mu’annath opal AT oles Wifi Sipe cal ual Cube antumé tangurdni anti tangurina antunna tanguma Present, Female bok bs oljdali as jel i weil Cuge hunna yangurna um tangurdni hiya tangura Past, Female EXERCISE Please make preset and future tenses using the ‘Pronouns’ given in the right column, yaftahu Qj yanfa'u @ij yattalu adj He opens or will open efits or will benefit __ He does or will do PRONOUN | taf*alu Jads) hiya ga tafaldni 9d] hum’ ik ‘hunna 4, | |In the above lesson, please note carefully the method used to make different "A'7] amudari'” (Present and Future Tense) with respect to various "dama’ir" (Pronouns). When the Past tense is changed to Present/Future tense, the harkat (movement) on the middle letter ( ‘ain, ¢) of the basic three letter unit found in the case of the first tense will remain the same in the rest of the tenses. For example, when nasara jai is changed to yansuru $4244, the harkat on the ‘ain g letter (ic., sd 440) changes to dammah. In the case of all the remaining /'7 mudi“ (present and future tenses) the harkat will remain dammah, However, the harkat on the lm J letter ie. the third letter of the basic unit of the word will change with change in the damai’r Pronouns), ¢.g. tansurina Gf ali, tangurdini gf5calf , tangumna § 54045 and yaftahu £d3, yaftahdni Lids, yaftabiin S545 Please note: The ‘ain g letter in the case of both 7 madi (past tense) and £' mudari* (present and future tense) can get anyone of the following harkat (movements), ic. fathab, kastah, dammah, What harkat (movement) ‘ain g letter of a particular midah (root of the word) will get depends upon its use by the Arabic language. 150Fi‘l Madi + Fi‘l Mudari‘ EXCERCISE wes . at a a e -rrrr—<“—~™s—s—s—srr——SC——S—S—SC—C—s—‘“C EEtrtr=—Sst——S—s<— SCS. |yakbura | kabur |yajbadu,jahadn | yeshbadusbabide | yaghfiry | ghar yakgara | aera howe 3h umd ch bum p hiya gat und Lik satumd Lf _Fi‘l Jahad sa Jai and Fi‘l Nahi 43 Jai Fi‘l Jahad sa Jai Literally Jahad sae means to refuse. When Jamm $4 is added to Fi'l Mudiri* Jai gulies it becomes Fi Jahad sae Jai and the word becomes Majziim ie., the last letter of the word gets Jazm » 5. Thus, Fi Mudiri‘ g jlaa Jai changes to Fi‘ Midi Jai (eats, 0g, abkumu pSati (1 decide) with the addition of Jamm $4 will become Jamm abkum zi jSsi (did not decide). Similarly, yahkumu 4S85 (He decides), and yakfuru 3885 (He rejects or disbelieves), with the addition of famm gi will become Jamm yabkkum S25 ¢4 (He did not decide) and famm yakfur $85 51 (He did not reject). Furthermore, zee. 838 (niin i'r2bi) disappears or is elided, eg. IpLa58 jl (Jam yu’mini instead of & 525% pl (Jam yu 'mininna). Fi‘l Nahi 3 Jai Itis indicative of prohibition or ordering not to do something. In Arabic Lé (ma) and ¥ (1a) mean "no" oF "not", [fone wants to tell a person not to do something, for that one should add fit ¥ before F/I Mudari* ¢ lua Jai. This f 9 is called, "/-c-nahi" 543 2Y and addition of alti gg 23 gives jazm p36 10 Fial Mudiei’. eg. yakfuru S38; (He rejects) with the addition of fa ¥ becomes [i yakfur 3485 ¥ (Do not reject).Fi‘l Jahad soe gui and Fi‘l Nahi ye Js wt Jai \ aap Jab | pyline Jad siti ij (psi HRs | yoke | -yoketora tam yahkum | yuma 3 glk Sipi gli vaio yabkuméni agi pikes gi agikas liyakfuri | yakfrina lam yahkumi | yhleumna es i itakfur takfuru fam tabkum | Fill Nahi | Fill Jahad | Fil Mudari* | | 15s 9 ols | wssigi Witekfur | takfuréni | tam taku ei atk asi pl layekfurna | yakfuna am yehurana Vi takfur | takfuru __| tam am 15885 ¥ taki’ | | tar tahkumit WISE g yakas pf 18 taku tam tahkuend | Vataksurt fam tahkumi | tabkumina Sai gi gtiksi "tm abkamd | takumini Jam tabkumna | —_tahkumna rei iia {tm atom | tm ain oda Mimakfur | nakfuru | Tam nabkum | nabkumu PRONOUNS wa 3 umd Lad ante Call ancuma USI antum 33 sntuma LT antunna lifFil Amr Hadir sta ot Jai Fitl Amr Hadir jzala ya! Jad is formed from the Sighas (Categories) of Fi'l Mudari* Mukhatib Gul Loe ¢ jee Jad. To make Fi'l Amr Hadir juale yal Jai, Hart Mudiri* Gye goles is removed from Fi'l Mudari ‘goles Jai and Sukiin/Jazm is added to the last letter. eg., tanguru aii changes to ngur 543. If the letter next to the Harf Mudari* ¢ line G5 carries a Jazm @.3¢ as is the case in the above example then an a/ifis added in the beginning of the word. This alifis called Hamzatul was! Jag! 33aa (ic. joining hamzah). To give a harkat to this Aamzah one has to look at the ¢ ‘ain letter of the Fi'/ Mudfiri* ¢ lias Jai. If harkat on the € ‘in letter is a dammah as is the case of tansuru 5aii then the Hamzatul wasal gets dammah harkat, e.g. nur 525 will become unsur 3ait However, ifthe @ ‘ain letter has either fithah or kasrah then in both cases the Hamzatul wasal will get kasrah, e.g. tadribu & ala changes into idrib Ss yu5} and tash-hadu £4.45 changes into ish-had Sgutt, Fil Amr "Fa Mudarit FilAmr — Fi'l Mudari‘ Fi‘ Amr Fi'l Mudari* | gal dad | tobias dad salad |p ylne ad sal dad goles dai saga voor | __ tanga hig ot Iga ols shad taghticnt ung sag sided Free oars shana cehion | tang ‘ssi oi eyail lash-hadina taghfirina ungurt tangurina hig olga Wyadadl lal tash-hadini taghfirdni unsurd tensurini Sijas bai tash-hadna taghfirna vunsurna tansurma 154Make Fi Amr jal Jai from the following words: tahkumu 483i tashrabina 33 2 taslukina Note: In the case of wahid mudhakkar sigha jo Sdasaly , sukiin gsSus comes at the end. If the end letter of the word is a Nin ['rabi gal yet gy, the Nin [*rabi gal ye! gg} becomes silent. Fi‘l Amr Gha'ib wa Mutakallam pists 4 (uit al Jai To make Fi‘l Amr jet Jad from Gha’ib Qstlé and Mutakallam Sia Sighas Ayo (Categories) of Fi'l Mudari* ¢ jluae Jad one needs to add fim maksiir syuSa 9¥ (ic., fam with kasrah J) in the beginning of the Fi'l Jad. e.g. yansuru 3laij He helps changes to /i-yansur 344i). He should help; yash-hadu 4483 He bears witness changes to Ji-yash-had should bear witness. FilMudari | FilAmr | Fi'lMudari* | Fil Amr goliae dab ald polinada | lad yash-hadu | liyaghtir ligt olsetli yash-hadini yes yangurin Sibel yash-hadiina vyanguriina taghtiru litangur tansuru gol | toll gis vyaghfirma liyangurna angumna pail sails SSN G95. (aturittut Jarr, THE PREPOSITIONS) Bb. 5- ba Ud Ghd dE gle - hs ll = Bd) bye - she ye - Me - Lx 55 ‘ila (for), bi’ (by, with), t, hatta (until), ‘ala (on), ‘an (away from; about), fi (in), mas, af (like), Fam (for), min (from), waw, mundhu (since), mudh, Kala, rabba, bash, ‘adi, min ‘indi and milladun axe called 361 i358 (huriifal jars, i.e., The prepositions). In the Table, the underlined words are galt G55 Christi Jar). bismillah | | it oa | aula alhamdu lillah it tas |khatamalldfu ‘ala qulibihim | (wa ayyadndnu bi iil quds [bil ithmi wal ‘udwan ‘nathalubum ka mathalilladhi u ‘iddat lil kafirina \itd shayatini him I ula’ika ‘ala hudammirrabbihim HIS bs oS le wh |wa ld tus’alu ‘an ashabiljahimted fi: in ‘The preposition z4 fi is the most frequently used word in Arabic, Its common English meaning is the word: "in". However, its meaning also include the following English words or statements: with; about; concerning; regarding; at; during; among; on; near; by; within; according to; in the company of; according to; for the sake of; on behalf of; in proportion to. When the preposition zg4 fi precedes noun, it causes the noun to be in the 'Genetive case! (23544 Majriit) which is indicated by the changing of the final vowel from a dammah to a kastah. In the case of indefinite noun, the double dammah changes to double kasrah. min: from The preposition, "Min" {40 , is also one of the frequently used words in Arabic, Its most commonly used English meanings are: some; some of; away from; of; pertaining to; belonging to; out of; from the direction of; away from. When the preposition "Min" {4 is combined with a noun the niin of Min gets futhah, whereas, in most other cases it gets a kasrah. ‘The preposition "Min" fy is commonly used to identify the place of origin in reference to countries and cities. The preposition "Min" j» may be used in combination with the interrogative pronouns, such as {jf aina and {4 man to make another interrogative. The preposition "Min" 4» always precedes the interrogative pronoun. ¢.g. Sail (il {42 min “aina anta (Where are you from?); ‘min in combination with 4 man becomes g4 mimman, Sill 4&4 mimmanil galamu (Who is the pen from?) , olé ‘ala: on In the preposition ald “ali: the yi is called a/if magsiirah and is pronounced as an alif Its English meanings include: on; upon; above; on top of; by; at. 187ADVERBS (Hurdfuzzarf) 3 In Arabic, adverbs are of two kinds: Adverbs of place (zarfi makanin) t&a G35 Adverbs of time (zarfir zaminin) yla5 356 Adverbs of time (zarfa zamininy gls§ 5h Uid (qabla) before | 444 (ba‘da) after 5d (at-yauma) today yail Oil (awwala amsi) | atl | asl (amsiit (amsi/bil-amsi) yesterday | | the day before yesterday _ 1SE (ghadan) tomorrow Adverbs of place (zarfia makanin) Si 438 G34 (fuga) above, on Gi5 (tahta) below Sic (‘inda) near, beside, with, has/have @E (ina‘a) with, has/have pla (amama) in front of CLE 16155 (Ahalfa/ vara") behind GH (baina) betweenINTERJECTIONS (Hurifun Nida’) 11 532 haihita Stga or | ya ayyuha Ugg and ya halumma Ary Come here haita Cabs vai 5 Lo, See, There | Mui ain Come allabumme p4lif haya GS Of inna: Certainly The particle §! inna, which emphasizes a statement is generally translated into English a definitely, certainly, surely, and without a doubt. e.g. &) innal baita kabirun. Certainly the house is large. Predicate Subject : = kabirun al-baita inna (is) large the house i Certainly When §! inna is placed before a nominal sentense, it causes the subject to enter th accusative case (44}aLs mansiib) and dammah on the subject changes to fathah, e.g. al-baitu kabirun changes to $45 innal baita kabirun (Certainly the house is large). To put more emphasis to 51 inna, J fam is added to the predicate. e.g $48) call $1 innal baita Jakabirun (Most certainly the house is large). When the subject is a pronoun, the pronoun is written in an attached form. e.g. aif 3 inna anta becomes ail innaka and 3h 4! inna huwa becomes 41 innahu. 159THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS BASIC DIVISIONS Meaning Examples ‘The | Arabic Cases Tam a professor ; [NOMINATIVE | T wrote the lesson, yesterday S91 Gugkil (.45/] Implied laktubuddarsal ana © write the lesson now ACCUSATIVE, Khalid helped me ACCUSATIVE ‘Me alone Khalid helped GENETIVE | For me (there is) a small table Me | | My | My table is small Le | | a |tavitau gaghiratun Pronoun ( $ia25 damir) is a word which is used instead of a noun. The pronouns are of two kinds (dama*ir munfagilah, Detached Pronouns) $Lpks 33lec8 (dama’ir muttasilah, Attached Pronouns) 160THE NOMINATIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS Attached | Detached | MEANING | PRONOUN MEANING | PRONOUN | PERSON | Lwrote jkatabu Sag aoa i, FIRST We wrote atabna GWE nabnu 5 You (boy) wrote Ikatabta ext5g| You (boy) anta cali SECOND | ‘You (two boys) wrote |Katabtuma — Ladjié| You (two boys) | antuma Lai ‘You (men) wrote |katabtum hs |You (boys) antum #iil| ‘You (girl) wrote Ikatabti $35 | You (girl) | anti ll) antuma Lif) You (two girls) wrote |katabtuma tadiiS|You (two girls) | | You (girls) wrote ‘katabtunna fou (girls) antunna $ff (He) wrote Jeataba huwa 34 ‘They (two boys) rot ata tg They (two boys) huma tik ‘They (boys) wrote eatabit 15835 They (boys) hum p4 (She) wrote katabat 4S She hiya ca] : umd tad) ‘They (two girls) wrote katabata LS. They (two girls) ‘They (girls) wrote katabna = S_They (girls) bunna {4 ‘Terms for the First Person, piSi2if (al-mutakallim): "The Person who is speaking ot \writing referring to himself or herself." ‘Terms for the Second Person, {uLL&aif (al-mukhétab): "The person or persons spoken to", or The audience." ‘Terms for the Third Person, {aftSlf (al-gha’ib): "The absent person or persons or things spoken about.” ‘The Fist and Second Persons together, pif (ermutakaliim) and Qubtiali 161(al-mukhatab) are referred to as Suglsli (al-hadir), ic., The person or persons who is or are Present; in contrast to tLAli,(al-gha’ib) which means an absent person or thing. The terms for the First Person Uf (ana) and 443 (nahnu) represent exactly, "T and They are used both for the Masculine, and the Feminine. 5 (nalinu) denotes two persons or more, THE GENETIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS Object of Preposition The Second Part in the Construct | PERSON osiy sa3alt a ee (at-majeira bil-bart) 4! Gtssali (at-mudatu ilaih) MEANING | PRONOUN | MEANING PRONOUN, {For me an tly book Forus @ —— Blourbook aa | Your book Kitibuka ats) [Por You . ail Your book kitdbuki gift |For You ma gil YOUr book |For You | |Your book | 4 ;| Your book | For him 4 His book For her ter book For them tet heir book For them pHi Their book For them Goi Their book 162THE ACCUSATIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS, ATTACHED | DETACHED PERSON MEANING Pl .ONOUN _ Sai ili] FIRST Me alone you Sal ol} helped iyyaya nasarta You helped us je aa S325 Gl s alone you helped iyyana nasarta BSA 04 stone Thelped Spel alt! nasartukal iyyaka nasartu, | Thelped you $8525 you atone Uhelped S53 gt nasartuki | iyyaki nagarta S55a5 You alone Theiped) SSeS LSU) nagartukuma iyyékumi nagertu 58525 You alone I helped S55 55th ‘nagartukum iyyékum nasartu| {jai Youslone belped| yy cad SS) nagartukunna iyydunna nagartu) Thelped you Thelped you (both) Thelped you (all) Thelped you (all) Scala iyyiu nasarta) Her [helped B525 Lili iyyaha nasartul ‘They alone I Sues itl helped | Thelped him Him I helped Thelped her Thelped them Both) iyyahuma nasartu| | | | | [nasi esl 5 at They alone I awa | Thelped them (all) helped iyyahum nasartu| | Bycal St ‘They alone | iyyabunna nasartu Thetped them (att) | patuhunnal 0 #lon : i ielped 163INTEROGATIVE PRONOUNS Why? st5tal For What? eu limadha, S$ How much? From what? How many? | mimma What? a Which? Do you? Did you? Why? Will you? _ a) Same as Jé b) Which (of two foal things) 4 limann Whatever ee ver However mahmi kaifama ch oie Ae il Wherever x Whoever oals ainama haithuma kullamann Wherever RELATIVE PRONOUN basalt pl The word tli alladin (who, which, that) is a relative pronoun. It reflects gender and number of the noun or pronoun which precedes it. The female form of tet alladhi is yall allan. Since it begins with the definite article Ji a/, the noun which it qualifies must also be definite. eg. wusjdall 44 2Ladll annisa’u fil madrasati (The woman is in the school) becomes Salt 8 yall ¢Liill anmisi‘ullea £1 madrasati The woman who is in the school), 164THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND PAST TENSE VERB FOR FEMININE GENDER (Mu’annath, Female) (41354) (Dama’ir) ilace (t5f (ana) and 2,43 (nahnu) are used for both male and female) aly Singular ale duife antunna hamidatun wa antumé hamidatun wa anti hamidatun Present hhimidatun wa @'ishatun | _—imidatun | Female ER rE KT VOOR EN COO MMENUCCTER CAI Y Fath g | ails eae hunna hammadatun wa jhuma hammédatun wa! hiya hmmadatun Par ‘mabmiidatun wa @’ishatun | mabmildatun Female “5 ‘ ge‘ y (These three letters are a root. When these are arranged in a particular way, they make different words.) (euiga) (Fil Madhi) uals Jai + (Dama’ir) Slave (Uf (and) and 2,45 (nahnu) are used for both male and female) Lscaitif helped (Wahid mutakallam) plSia taly U5.a5 445 We helped (Tathniyya wa jam‘a mutakallam) glSie gas 9 4th ‘Dual 43 Singular saly ola Wie antoma nasartuma anti nasarti Present, Female S305 4S liga tak uc igh alle euifa hunna nasarna hum nasaraté =| hiya nagarat Past, Female 165THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND PAST TENSE FOR MASCULINE GENDER (Fi‘l Madi, Masculine) (Ss) .ycale Jai + (Dama’ir) tlaze Personal Pronouns plus Past Tense (Male) Uf (and) and 2,45 (nahnu) are used for both masculine and feminine genders Plural ga | Dual «gts Singular saly Spas 5 bts j hies Hil ats j dias digs caf | veal Sia | anfum hamidun wa himidun wa | antumi bamidun wa anta hamidun | Present, Male | mabmidun | Bimidun aati 5 Sptas 5 tthe pd | Apter 5 Ste uk stags alle Sa | huma bammadun wa huwa hammadun Past, Male ruabmidon ‘bum hammidun wa mahmidun waahmedun | Practice of the past tense (fi'l madi vale Jad ) and the personal pronouns (dama’ir vilase ) leant above. Three letters, ¢y niin , cya sid and ra’ are part of a root (basic unit). By arranging these basic unit letters in a specific way, different words are made. Below past tense sentences are given which are constructed using the above three root letters and the personal pronouns (dama’ir) learnt earlier. Thelped 5 Ul (and nagartu) i ae | Plural ean Dual «gis Singular aaly | Spal cll | junta Sie anta nasarta Present, Male Saal gh wile Sia hhuwa nasara Past, Male 166DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS S5Lil clatl (asma’i isharah, The Pronouns which are used to demonstrate or indicate something are called “Demonstrative Pronouns". Usually these come before the Noun and are stated according to the Noun. These are of two type: Near Demonstrative Pronouns and Far Demonstrative Pronouns. NEAR DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, ssh Blab (isharah qarib, ‘The demonstrative noun which is used to refer to a thing which is nearby is called Gal 8 8 slit (ishiirah garib). Examples are as follows: This (hadhiniy 93th This (haha) 134) (singular) say (Female) te (Male) These two (Female) aoe ee eae (hadhani) ola (Dual) 4385 i (natén’) bls) / ‘All these pavulariy al Allthese | haruariy 8S I mir (Female) ee a (Male) # al (Plural) gap ‘The demonstrative pronoun: When something is pointed out, it becomes definite However, in translation the definite article is not translated. eg. btisit Ld hadhal kitabu will be translated as "This book" and not as "This the book". However, the demonstrative pronoun may be the subject of a sentence by itself, in which case, the predicate is generally indefinite. eg Stig 1 hiadha ktabun : This is a book. 167sia} 8 5LLBI (ishirah ba td, DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS) oe oJ (lilka) alls That (dhalikay Us) Cong aay) That Those two (tanika) Gat Those two (dhanika) a3 (Dual) «ut lam those (uli*ika) Gti} All those (uliika) Gigi) Plural) gam hadha kitabun tilka ummatun hidhihi ndgatu hadhani khasmani ‘banati ha wla’i

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