INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
IN
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Submitted to: Mrs. Myra U. Macapulay
Submitted by: Vanessa Abalos
Camille Cariaga
Rochelle Ann Dela Quadra
Lindsay Gonzales
Al Joie Jimeno
Darell Ann Marzan
Melanie Merca
Paulane Navalta
Sherrie Mariel Olivo
Patricia Pallaya
Nida Silaroy
Table of Contents
I. CHAPTER I
Background of the Study------------------------------------------------------------------ 1
Statement of the Problem---------------------------------------------------------------- 1
Hypothesis---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Significance of the Study----------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Scope and Limitations---------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Definition of Terms--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
II. CHAPTER II
Related literature of Egg Shells------------------------------------------------------ 5
Related literature of Calcium Carbonate---------------------------------------- 7
Related literature of Laundry Boosters------------------------------------------- 8
Related Studies of Laundry Detergent-------------------------------------------- 10
III. CHAPTER III
Research Design------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11
Material/Instrument/Apparatus-------------------------------------------------------- 12
Treatment/Procedures--------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Flowchart----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
Financial Plan---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
Statistical Treatment of Data--------------------------------------------------------- 16
Bibliography-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Experimental Plan----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
CHAPTER I
Background of the Study
Lately detergent manufactures are continuously adding all sorts of extra
ingredients to their formulas in order to make their products stand out in the market.
Extra additives may help products grab attention on the supermarket shelf, but can pose
serious problems for individuals who wash their clothes especially those who have
sensitive skin.
Having detergent residue on clothes and fabrics can cause tons of problem,
including skin allergies, skin irritation, skin rashes, stinking of clothes, and yellowing of
white fabrics.
Egg shells contain 95% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) which is essential in
removing and absorbing detergent residues on clothes and fabrics hence preventing
whites to turn yellowish or grayish; and increase stain removal from the clothes.
Statement of the problem
This study will be conducted to test the effectiveness of Egg Shell (Ovula Ovum)
as laundry booster.
Specifically it will seek to answer the following questions:
1. What chemical component is present in Egg Shell that can absorb detergent residues
and remove stains in clothes and fabrics?
2. Is Egg Shell (Ovula Ovum) an effective physico-chemical agent in enhancing quality
of clothes and fabrics?
3. Can Egg Shell be effective in enhancing the quality of clothes in term of:
a) Color;
b) Detergent residue reduction; and
c) Stain removal?
Hypothesis
Based on the problem of the research study, the following hypothesis are made:
1. Calcium Carbonate is the chemical component present in Egg Shell that can absorb
detergent residue and remove stains from clothes and fabrics.
2. Egg Shell (Ovula Ovum) is an effective physico-chemical agent in enhancing quality
of clothes and fabrics.
3. Egg Shell can be effective in enhancing the quality of clothes in term of:
a) Color;
b) Detergent residue reduction; and
c) Stain removal.
Significance of the Study
Egg Shell so far are used only on fertilizers. In this study the researchers aims to find a
more useful purpose for Egg Shells. The Egg Shells can be used to enhance the quality
of clothes and fabrics by removing detergent residues and improve stain removal from
clothes. Detergent residue has the potential to affect public health, the loyal economy,
residential, utility bills, and other aspects of everyday life.
The use of Egg Shell (Ovula Ovum) as physico-chemical agent will enhance the quality
of clothes and fabrics. The result of this study is of great help to the following:
Community. Egg shells can enhance the quality of clothes and fabrics therefore the
community will have cleaner and safer clothes and fabrics.
Environment. It can reduce the pollution and contamination of water produced from
detergent residues therefore there’s a possibility that the bodies of water can increase
its survival from complete distraction.
Researcher. Those who wish to conduct a similar research may use the findings to
support and justify their proposal. This may serve as their initial bases for better
experimental research.
Scope and Limitations
Scope
This study will only focus on the effectiveness of egg shells by absorbing
detergent residues and improve stain removal from clothes. The study will be conducted
at Tayug National High School Tayug, Pangasinan.
Limitations.
One-Hundred Fifty (150) grams of chicken egg shells will be gathered at Tayug,
Pangasinan which is the material needed for the composition of the laundry booster. In
this study the researcher will only use white clothes as the sample in testing the
product’s significance.
Definition of Terms
Absorbent. Able to take absorb foreign bodies especially liquid.
Color. A phenomenon of light in the water.
Calcium Carbonate. Substance found In rocks in all parts of the world, and is the
main component of shells of marine organisms, snail, coal, and eggshells.
Detergent Residue. A film left on fabric by detergent.
Egg shells. An outer covering of hard-shelled egg of chickens.
Laundry Booster. A laundry detergent aid to boost detergent quality.
Psycho-chemical agent. Relating to both physical and chemical properties.
Stain remover. The process in which dirt and often foreign substance is to be
removed from a fabric or cloth.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literature
Egg Shells
Eggshells are composed of 95% calcium carbonate, a mineral that is very
important for industry, nutrition and agriculture. There are many studies trying to find
new ways to utilize this resource and their natural absorbent properties, as in treating
cadmium in wastewater.
So, never toss out egg shells. They’re not garbage, but can be useful around
the house and yard. They also help to save you money by replacing many expensive,
toxic chemicals products you have normally used otherwise.
Most good quality eggshells from commercial layers contain approximately
2.2 grams of calcium carbonate. About 95% of dry eggshell is calcium carbonate
weighing 5.5 grams. The average eggshell contains about 0.3% phosphorous, 0.3%
magnesium, and traces of sodium, potassium, zinc, manganese, iron and copper. If the
calcium from the shell is removed the organic matrix material is left behind. This organic
material has calcium binding properties, and organization during shell information
influences the strength of the shell. The organic material must be deposited so that the
size and organization of crystalline components (mostly calcium carbonate) are ideal,
thus leading to a strong shell. The majority of the true shell is composed of columns of
calcium carbonate. There are other zones that are involved in the self-organization
giving the eggshell its properties. Thus, shell thickness is the main factor, but not the
only factor, that determines strength. At present, dietary manipulation is the primary
means of trying to correct the eggshell quality problems. However, the shell to organic
membrane relationship is also critical to good shell quality and must be considered.
Cited from: “Egg Shell Literature” StudyMode.com (2012)
http://www.studymode.com/essays/Egg-Shell-Literature-1298245.htmlinner
The chicken egg shell comprise calcified shell and shell membranes including
inner and outer membranes. These retain albumin and prevent penetration of bacteria.
Shell membranes are also essential for the formation of eggshell. The organic matter
eggshell and shell membranes contains protein as major constituents with small
amounts of carbohydrates and lipids (Burley and Vadehr, 1998). Bronsch and
Diamantstein (1965) analyzed uronic acid content and breaking strength of the shell.
Uronic acid is a constituent sugar of glycosaminoglycan. We have shown that the
organic matter of eggshell contains two glycosaminoglycan including hyaluronic acid
and chondriotin sulfate-dermatansulfate copylymer. Sialic acid is another carbohydrate
found in eggshell membrane (Itoh et al., 1990; Nakano et al., 1994). However, little is
known about the difference in concentration of Sialic acid between the inner and the
outer eggshell membranes. There also limited information available concerning
variations in nitrogen concentrations and amino acid composition among the organic
matter of eggshell and shell membranes. Egg shell and shell membrane are non-edible
by-products with little saleable value. However,
They many contain biologically active compounds. Better understanding of chemical
composition of these by-products is of the basic importance. Such knowledge may also
important for investigating the biological role of eggshell and shell membranes. This
study was undertaken to analyze uronic acid, Sialic acid, nitrogen, and amino acid, in
the organic matter of eggshell and the inner and outer shell membrane and to compare
analytic data among these samples
Cited from: N.I.Ikawa,)* and L.Ozimek, (2003) Poultry Science 82:510-514
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) occurs in nature in great variety of forms both
anhydrous (calcite, calcareous, Iceland spar, aragonite, chalk, marble, corals and
eggshells) and hydrated (hydro calcite) and the form CaCO 3. 3H2O); a hex hydrate is
also known. Calcite (Iceland spar) is obtained an the form of hexagonal prisms, which
are used for polarisation and analysis of light. Whiting is a finely pulverized preparation
of chalk that has been purified by washing; it is used in polishing and scouring
materials, in the manufacture by putty and aerated waters, in the compounding of
rubber and in the cloth industry. Absorption is one of its properties especially those
chemicals of hydroxides (OH-1) through ionization in water.
Cited from: Hey,D.H. (1996). Calcium Carbonte. Kingzett’s Chemical Encyclopedia, STI
library. pp 156
Laundry Boaster
Today’s high-performance laundry detergents do not need a laundry booster to remove
many stains. However, some household stains, such as used motor oil, are too
stubborn for some laundry detergents in ordinary laundering. Stain fighting laundry
booster may help a laundry detergent to remove stubborn stains.
Boosters may be available as powders, pump sprays, aerosols, liquids, or sticks.
Regular laundry detergent can also be used as self boosters. Liquid laundry detergents
are affected of stain remover’s when I applied to the stains before laundering. Powder
laundry detergents should be mixed with a little water and applied to the stained with a
taste and rubbed in with a new, soft toothbrush before laundering. Laundry boosters
were tested for their effectiveness against liquid laundry detergents with stains on white
cotton polyester fabric; overall the results were spotty and disappointing. The result may
be disappointing mostly because for a laundry booster to work correctly, some other
steps may be needed. Usually a pre-soap of the stain can help a laundry booster or
liquid laundry detergent to eradicate the stain quickly. Some common stains that would
need a pre-soap include: chocolate syrup, grape juice, makeup, spaghetti sauce, grass,
mind, blood, or even used motor oil. Boosters may be used along with an economy
priced laundry detergent to help remove the stains, but without a pre-soak, the laundry
booster effectiveness will be seriously hindered.
Launderers with a single stained garment might like the boosters stick. But there are
situations in which a stick would be decidedly inconvenient. Imagine rubbing a wash
load of grass stained knees, oil stained overalls, and T-shirts dotted with last week’s
spaghetti dinner. Liquids likewise must be rubbed in. sprays are a bit easier to use, you
douse stains, and then toss the dirty clothes into the washing machine. When stains are
pervasive, you might prefer a powder that you pour into the machine along with a
detergent. But tree soaking with powder is problematic. You can let the stained clothes
so can the water, but those ties up the machine. A messy alternative is to let the laundry
soap in a tub then transfer it to your washing machine.
Laundry detergents are generally so effective on stains that you may not need a booster
if you need a low soil life. You can also use the detergent as a booster as described
above. It may make sense, to keep a booster on hand for those inevitable spills that
even the toughest detergent can’t eradicate. Choose a product based on your idea of
convenience. Some boosters cope quite well with some stains, but most aren’t any
more effective than detergent alone.
Cited from: “How Laundry Clean the Toughest Stains”.
<hht;//www.yourvoice.com/how-laundry-boosters-clean-toughest-stains-3854942.html?
cat=6>
Detergent Residues
Detergent residues are composed of chemicals from detergents especially those of
powders. Detergent residues are results of crystallized hydroxides (OH -1) from detergent
powders in water, this occurs when Chlorine (C -1) ionizes hydroxides like Sodium
hydroxide (NaOH-1). It is commonly found in clothes and fabrics and also found in the
laundry water after washing the clothes.
Detergent residues can be removed by physical means thorough rinsing of the clothes
and fabrics, but doing this would be such waste of water and energy. Detergent
residues can also be chemically through the use of calcites and CaCO 3 because of its
absorption properly.
Cited from: “All about detergents” http://www.boutsci.com/all-about-
detergents/residue.203
Related Studies
A Study on Chemical Contamination of Water due to Household Laundry
Detergents
The present investigation entitled Chemical contamination of water due to household
laundry detergents was conducted to study the chemical contribution of laundry
detergents to waste water. Six most commonly used laundry detergents, 4 powder and
2 liquid detergents were selected to study the chemical input of each to waste water
stream from home laundry. Chemical analysis of wash water and detergent solution
was done to analyze pH, partially dissolved solids (PDS), chloride, sulphate, carbonate,
and bicarbonate in wash water, whereas very negligible change was found in all of the
above chemical perameters with the use of liquid detergents. So, we should give up
powder detergents and start using the eco-friendly liquid detergents to save resources,
to minimize water pollution and choking of drains.
Cited from: “A Study on Chemical Contamination of Water Due to Household Laundry
Detergents” (2012) GeetuGoel and SurinderjitKaur
http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-38-0-000-12-Web/JHE-38-1-001-
12-Abst-PDF/JHE-38-1-065-12-2106-Kaur-S/JHE-38-1-065-12-2106-Kaur-S-Tx[8].pdf
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the Research Design, (CED). This design is especially suited for
two or more treatments applied to estimate the difference between the two responses of
the treatment. This research is laid out as:
Replication Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Control
R1 X X X
R2 X X X
R3 X X X
Legend:
R1= Trial X= Result
Treatment 1= 10 scoops (50 grams) of pulverized egg shells + (50 laundry detergent,
20litres of water), 1 kg clothes
Treatment 2= 20 scoops (100 grams) of pulverized egg shells + (50g laundry detergent,
20 litres of water), 1 kg clothes
Control: Negative Control (50g laundry detergent, 20 litres of water), 1 kg of clothes
A. Materials/ Instrument/ Apparatus
The following materials and apparatus were used in th conrtact of the study:
150g of Egg shells
150g of sample detergent powder
Cheese cloth/sac
3kg of Clothes/Fabric/Laundry sample
Three Plastic Basin
Mortar and pestle
3 Identical Washing Machines
B. Treatment/Procedures
Gathering of Materials
One-hundred fifty (150) grams of egg shells, three (3) kg of white clothes and
one hundred fifty (150) grams of detergent powder are to be gathered at Tayug,
Pangasinan.
Pulverization of Egg Shells
Boil the egg shells for five minutes to remove odor of the egg shells, then let them
dry. Grind the egg shells afterwards using the mortar and pestle to achieve a fine
consistency. Finally, put the pulverized egg shells in the cheesecloth one with 50g, and
the other with 100g and tie it tightly.
Mixing of Materials
Label the three basins one with “Treatment 1”, “Treatment” and the other
“Control” Measure 20 litres of water in each of the two basins add 50 grams of
detergent powder in each basins. Put the sac of pulverized egg 50g on the basin with
treatment1 label and 100 g on the basin with treatment2 label. Put 1 kg of white clothes
in each basin. Finally put the two treatments in the washing machine and let it wash and
rinse the clothes for 10 minutes and let it dry.
Product Testing
Label the final products. Test the color of the products using the colorimeter (a
machine used to test the brightness or contrast of an object). The pH meter method will
be used to determine or measure the detergent residues on the clothes and laundry
water. The pH scales are as follows; a pale blue color is a failing reading indicative of
detergent alkaline residue, a blue/green color is indicative of a passing neutral pH,
yellow color can also be passing if you water is in the pH 5.5-6.5 range.
Flowchart
Gathering of Pulverization of egg Mixing of
Materials shells Materials
Interpretation and
Presentation of Data Gathering of Product
Data Testing
EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
