KINGDOM PROTISTA- are eukaryotic

Terms and

organisms that cannot be classified as a
plant, animal, or fungus.
 MOLECULAR GENETICS- is a sub-
definition field of genetics that applies an
"investigative approach" to determine the
structure and/or function of genes in an
(EUKARYOTES, PROTIST, 
organism's genome using genetic screens.
PROKARYOTICS- elating to, or being a
typically unicellular organism (as of the
AND FUNGI) domains Bacteria and Archaea) lacking a
distinct nucleus
Aris C. Retamas 11 integrity  PHOTOSYNTHETIC
PROKARYOTES-  organisms have
 EUKARYOTIC ORGIN-is a milestone infoldings of the plasma membrane for
in the evolution of life, chlorophyll attachment
since eukaryotes include all complex cells and photosynthesis. 
and almost all multicellular organisms.
 SYNTHESIZE- make (something) by
 AEROBIC PROKARYOTES- They synthesis, especially chemically.
are bacteria and archaea that can use
 ORGANIC MATERIALS- are defined
oxygen in their metabolism as a final
in modern chemistry as carbon-based
electron aceptor in electron transport chains
compounds, originally derived from living
(just like we do) in a respiration process. organisms but now including lab-
 EUKARYOTES- are organisms whose synthesized versions as well.
cells have a nucleus enclosed within
membranes, unlike prokaryotes (Bacteria
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS- s the process
and Archaea), which have no membrane- by which plants, some bacteria and
bound organelles.  some protistans use the energy from
 ENDOSYMBIOSIS- theory explains sunlight to produce glucose from
how eukaryotic cells may have carbon dioxide and water. 
evolved from prokaryotic cells.   CARBON DIOXIDE- a chemical
 PROKAYOTIC CELL- cells that do not compound composed of
have a true nucleus or membrane-bound
one carbon and two oxygen atoms. It
organelles.
is often referred to by its formula
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS-
organism that possesses a clearly defined CO2.
nucleus.  BACTERIA- are microscopic, single-
 ANIMALIA- that one of the basic groups celled organisms that thrive in diverse
of living things that comprises either all the environments.
animals or all the multicellular animals.
 OXYGEN- the chemical element with
 FUNGI- is any member of the group of
eukaryotic organisms that includes the symbol O and atomic number 8. It
microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, is a member of the chalcogen group in
as well as the more familiar mushrooms. the periodic table, a highly reactive
 PLANTAE- is the plant kingdom which nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that
contains all plants on the earth. They are
multicellular eukaryotes. 
readily forms oxides with most
 PROTIST- any of a diverse taxonomic elements as well as with other
group and especially a kingdom (Protista compounds.
synonym  ATMOSPHERE-  is a layer or a set of
 Protoctista) of eukaryotic organisms that are
layers of gases surrounding a planet or
unicellular and sometimes colonial or less
often multicellular other material body, that is held in
place by the gravity of that body.
 ANAEROBIC PROKARYOTES- re  CRISTAE- fold in the inner
bacteria and archaea that can use membrane of a mitochondrion. The
oxygen in their metabolism as a final name is from the Latin for crest or
electron aceptor in electron transport plume, and it gives the inner
chains  membrane its characteristic wrinkled
 AEROBIC ENVIRONMENT- shape, providing a large amount of
characterized by the presence of free surface area for chemical reactions to
oxygen (O2) while an anaerobic occur on.
environment lacks free oxygen but  MITOCHONDRION- mitochondrion
may contain atomic oxygen bound in (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-
compounds such as nitrate (NO3), bound organelle found in the
nitrite (NO2), and sulfites (SO3). cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
 AEROBIC RESPIRATION- The  RIBOSOMES- comprise a complex
process of producing cellular energy macromolecular machine, found
involving oxygen. Cells break down within all living cells, that serves as
food in the mitochondria in a long, the site of biological protein synthesis.
multistep process that produces  RNA’S- Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a
roughly 36 ATP. polymeric molecule essential in
 ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY- various biological roles in coding,
Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic decoding, regulation and expression
theory, is an evolutionary theory of of genes.
the origin of eukaryotic cells from  DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid is a
prokaryotic organisms molecule composed of two chains that
 BIOLOGY- the natural science that coil around each other to form a
studies life and living organisms, double helix carrying genetic
including their physical structure, instructions for the development,
chemical processes, molecular functioning, growth and reproduction
interactions, physiological of all known organisms and many
mechanisms, development and viruses
evolution.  CHLOROPLAST- Deoxyribonucleic
 ARCHAEA-a re single-celled acid is a molecule composed of two
microorganisms with structure similar chains that coil around each other to
to bacteria. form a double helix carrying genetic
 METABOLIC ORGANELLES- instructions for the development,
Cellular metabolism is the set of functioning, growth and reproduction
biochemical processes by which of all known organisms and many
energy is either created or used in the viruses
cell, and energy resources in  PLASTID- are double-membrane
eukaryotic cells are regulated by two organelle which are found in the cells
well-studied organelles. of plants and algae.
 MITOCHONDRIA- an organelle  STARCHES- Starch or amylum is a
found in large numbers in most cells, polymeric carbohydrate consisting of
in which the biochemical processes of numerous glucose units joined by
respiration and energy production glycosidic bonds.
occur.
 FATS- Fats are one of the three main  HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES- are
macronutrients, along with those that break the chemical bond
carbohydrates and proteins. between atoms of large molecule in
 PROTEINS- are macromolecules the presence of water.
formed by amino acids. Proteins are  PHAGOLYSOSOME- , or
large size molecules endolysosome, is a cytoplasmic body
(macromolecules), polymers of formed by the fusion of a phagosome
structural units called amino acids. with a lysosome in a process that
 PHOTOAUTOTROPHS- are occurs during phagocytosis.
organisms that carry out  EXOCYTOSIS- is an important
photosynthesis. process of plant and animal cells as it
 HETEROTROPHS- is an organism performs the opposite function of
that cannot manufacture its own food endocytosis.
by carbon fixation and therefore  PROTIST DIVERSITY- collection of
derives its intake of nutrition from organisms. While exceptions exist,
other sources of organic carbon, they are primarily microscopic and
mainly plant or animal matter. unicellular, or made up of a single
 AMOEBAS- often called an cell.
amoeboid, is a type of cell or  MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES-
unicellular organism which has the Shape/size/colour/etc are
ability to alter its shape, primarily by morphological characters of an
extending and retracting pseudopods. organism or its specific parts.
 PHAGOCYTOSIS- process by which  EXCAVATA- Excavata is a major
certain living cells called phagocytes supergroup of unicellular organisms
ingest or engulf other cells or belonging to the domain Eukaryota.
particles.  CHROMALVEOLATA- was a
 CELL MEMBRANE- (also known as eukaryote supergroup present in a
the plasma membrane (PM) or major classification of 2005, then
cytoplasmic membrane, and regarded as one of the six major
historically referred to as the groups within the eukaryotes.
plasmalemma) is a biological  RHIZARIA- re a species-rich
membrane that separates the interior supergroup of mostly unicellular
of all cells from the outside eukaryotes. Except from the
environment (the extracellular space) Chlorarachniophyte and three species
which protects the cell from its in the genus Paulinella in the phylum
environment. Cercozoa, they are all non-
 VESICLE- is a structure within or photosynthethic, but many
outside a cell, consisting of liquid or foraminifera and radiolaria have a
cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer. symbiotic relationship with
 VACOULE- are storage bubbles unicellular algae.
found in cells. They are found in both  ARCHAPLASTIDA- Archaeplastida
animal and plant cells but are much are a major group of autotrophic
larger in plant cells. eukaryotes, comprising the red algae,
 LYSOSOMES- is a membrane-bound the green algae, and the land plants,
cell organelle that contains digestive together with a small group of
enzymes.
 freshwater unicellular algae called  LOCOMOTION- is defined as the
glaucophytes. process of moving from one place to
 AMOEBOZOA- is a major taxonomic another. 1. It is a task critical to
group containing about 2,400 independent function, reflecting our
described species of amoeboid ability to move safely and efficiently
protists, often possessing blunt, from one place to another.
fingerlike, lobose pseudopods and  GLYCOLYSIS- is the process of
tubular mitochondrial cristae. breaking down glucose. Glycolysis
 OPISTHOKONTA- The opisthokonts can take place with or without
are a broad group of eukaryotes, oxygen. Glycolysis produces two
including both the animal and fungus molecules of pyruvate, two molecules
kingdoms. of ATP, two molecules of NADH, and
 ECOLOGICAL- relating to or two molecules of water.
concerned with the relation of living  NUCLEI- the central and most
organisms to one another and to their important part of an object,
physical surroundings. movement, or group, forming the
 PREDATORS- are those animals that basis for its activity and growth.
hunt and kill other animals for food.  GIARDIA LAMBLIA- Giardia is a
 PARASITES- n evolutionary biology, microscopic parasite that causes the
parasitism is a symbiotic relationship diarrheal illness known as giardiasis.
between species, where one organism, Giardia (also known as Giardia
the parasite, lives on or in another intestinalis, Giardia lamblia, or
organism, the host, causing it some Giardia duodenalis) is found on
harm, and is adapted structurally to surfaces or in soil, food, or water that
this way of life. has been contaminated with feces
 DIPLOMONANDS- The (poop) from infected humans or
diplomonads are a group of animals.
flagellates, most of which are  PARABASALIDS- he parabasalids
parasitic. They include Giardia are a group of flagellated protists
lamblia, which causes giardiasis in within the supergroup Excavata. Most
humans. They are placed among the of these organisms form a symbiotic
metamonads, and appear to be relationship in animals.
particularly close relatives of the  HYDROGENOSOMES- A
retortamonads hydrogenosome is a membrane-
 FLAGELLA- DescriptionA flagellum enclosed organelle of some anaerobic
is a lash-like appendage that protrudes ciliates, trichomonads, fungi, and
from the cell body of certain bacteria animals.
and eukaryotic cells termed as  EUGLENOZOA- re a large group of
flagellates. A flagellate can have one flagellate Excavata. They include a
or several flagella. variety of common free-living
 MITOSOMES- mitosome is an species, as well as a few important
organelle found in some unicellular parasites, some of which infect
eukaryotic organisms. The mitosome humans. There are two main
was found and named in 1999, and its subgroups, the euglenids and
function has not yet been well kinetoplastids.
characterized.
 FLAGELLUM- A flagellum is a lash- general shorter and present in much
like appendage that protrudes from larger numbers, with a different
the cell body of certain bacteria and undulating pattern than flagella.
eukaryotic cells termed as flagellates.  PARAMECIUM- is a unicellular
A flagellate can have one or several organism with a shape resembling the
flagella. sole of a shoe. It ranges from 50 to
 STIGMA- is the receptive tip of a 300um in size which varies from
carpel, or of several fused carpels, in species to species.
the gynoecium of a flower.  GENUS- A genus is a taxonomic rank
 POLYSACCHARIDES- used in the biological classification of
Polysaccharides are long chains of living and fossil organisms, as well as
carbohydrate molecules, specifically viruses, in biology. In the hierarchy of
polymeric carbohydrates composed of biological classification, genus comes
monosaccharide units bound together above species and below family.
by glycosidic linkages. This  DIATOMS- are single-celled algae.
carbohydrate can react with water Diatoms are algae that live in houses
using amylase enzymes at catalyst, made of glass. They are the only
which produces constituent sugars. organism on the planet with cell walls
 DINOFLAGELLATES- The composed of transparent, opaline
dinoflagellates are protists silica.
constituting the phylum  HAPLOIDS- is the term used when a
Dinoflagellata. Usually considered cell has half the usual number of
algae, dinoflagellates are mostly chromosomes. A normal eukaryotic
marine plankton, but they also are gamete organism is composed of
common in freshwater habitats. Their diploid cells, one set of chromosomes
populations are distributed depending from each parent.
on sea surface temperature, salinity,  ZYGOTES- is the union of the sperm
or depth. cell and the egg cell. Also known as a
 APICOMPLEXAN- The fertilized ovum, the zygote begins as a
Apicomplexa are a large phylum of single cell but divides rapidly in the
parasitic alveolates. Most of them days following fertilization. After this
possess a unique form of organelle two-week period of cell division
that comprises a type of plastid called  SAPROBES- are the group of fungi
an apicoplast, and an apical complex that act as decomposers, feeding on
structure. dead and decaying wood, leaves,
 MICROTUBULES- Microtubules are litter, and other organic matter. To
polymers of tubulin that form part of digest this they secrete enzymes that
the cytoskeleton and provide structure break it down.
and shape to eukaryotic cells.  PATHOGENS- pathogen in the oldest
Microtubules can grow as long as 50 and broadest sense, is anything that
micrometres and are highly dynamic. can produce disease. A pathogen may
 CILIATES- The ciliates are a group of also be referred to as an infectious
protozoans characterized by the agent, or simply a germ.
presence of hair-like organelles called  FORAMINIFERANS-
cilia, which are identical in structure DescriptionForaminifera are members
to eukaryotic flagella, but are in of a phylum or class of amoeboid
protists characterized by streaming
granular ectoplasm for catching food
and other uses; and commonly an
external shell of diverse forms and
materials.