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SECTION 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1- 13, which are
based on Passage below.

SOSUS: Listening to the Ocean

A. The oceans of Earth cover more than 70 percent of the planet’s
surface, yet, until quite recently, we knew less about their depths than we
did about the surface of the Moon. Distant as it is, the Moon has been far
more accessible to study because astronomers long have been able to
look at its surface, first with the naked eye and then with the telescope-
both instruments that focus light. And, with telescopes tuned to different
wavelengths of light, modem astronomers can not only analyze Earth’s
atmosphere, but also determine the temperature and composition of the
Sun or other stars many hundreds of light-years away. Until the twentieth
century, however, no analogous instruments were available for the study
of Earth’s oceans: Light, which can travel trillions of miles through the
vast vacuum of space, cannot penetrate very far in seawater.
WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM
B. Curious investigators long have been fascinated by sound and the way
it travels in water. As early as 1490, Leonardo da Vinci observed: “If you
cause your ship to stop and place the head of a long tube in the water
and place the outer extremity to your ear, you will hear ships at a great
distance from you.” In 1687, the first mathematical theory of sound
propagation was published by Sir Isaac Newton in his Philosophiae
Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Investigators were measuring the speed
of sound in air beginning in the mid-seventeenth century, but it was not
until 1826 that Daniel Colladon, a Swiss physicist, and Charles Sturm, a
French mathematician, accurately measured its speed in water. Using a
long tube to listen underwater (as da Vinci had suggested), they recorded
how fast the sound of a submerged bell traveled across Lake Geneva.
Their result-1,435 meters (1,569 yards) per second in water of 1.8
degrees Celsius (35 degrees Fahrenheit)- was only 3 meters per second
off from the speed accepted today. What these investigators
demonstrated was that water – whether fresh or salt- is an excellent
medium for sound, transmitting it almost five times faster than its speed
in air WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM

C. In 1877 and 1878，the British scientist John William Strutt, third Baron
Rayleigh, published his two-volume seminal work, The Theory of Sound,

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often regarded as marking the beginning of the modem study of

acoustics. The recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1904 for his
successful isolation of the element argon, Lord Rayleigh made key
discoveries in the fields of acoustics and optics that are critical to the
theory of wave propagation in fluids. Among other things, Lord Rayleigh
was the first to describe a sound wave as a mathematical equation (the
basis of all theoretical work on acoustics) and the first to describe how
small particles in the atmosphere scatter certain wavelengths of sunlight,
a principle that also applies to the behavior of sound waves in water.
WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM
 D. A number of factors influence how far sound travels underwater and
how long it lasts. For one, particles in seawater can reflect, scatter, and
absorb certain frequencies of sound – just as certain wavelengths of light
may be reflected, scattered, and absorbed by specific types of particles in
the atmosphere. Seawater absorbs 30 times the amount of sound
absorbed by distilled water, with specific chemicals (such as magnesium
sulfate and boric acid) damping out certain frequencies of sound.
Researchers also learned that low-frequency sounds, whose long
wavelengths generally pass over tiny particles, tend to travel farther
without loss through absorption or scattering. Further work on the effects
of salinity, temperature, and pressure on the speed of sound has yielded
fascinating insights into the structure of the ocean. Speaking generally,
the ocean is divided into horizontal layers in which sound speed is
influenced more greatly by temperature in the upper regions and by
pressure in the lower depths. At the surface is a sun-warmed upper layer,
the actual temperature and thickness of which varies with the season. At
mid-latitudes, this layer tends to be isothermal, that is， the temperature
tends to be uniform throughout the layer because the water is well mixed
by the action of waves, winds, and convection currents; a sound signal
moving down through this layer tends to travel at an almost constant
speed. Next comes a transitional layer called the thermocline, in which
temperature drops steadily with depth; as the temperature falls, so does
the speed of sound. WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM

E. The U.S. Navy was quick to appreciate the usefulness of low-frequency

sound and the deep sound channel in extending the range at which it
could detect submarines. In great secrecy during the 1950s，the U.S.
Navy launched a project that went by the code name Jezebel; it would

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later come to be known as the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS). The

system involved arrays of underwater microphones, called hydrophones,
that were placed on the ocean bottom and connected by cables to
onshore processing centers. With SOSUS deployed in both deep and
shallow waters along both coasts of North America and the British West
Indies, the U.S. Navy not only could detect submarines in much of the
northern hemisphere, it also could distinguish how many propellers a
submarine had, whether it was conventional or nuclear, and sometimes
even the class of sub. WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM

F. The realization that SOSUS could be used to listen to whales also was
made by Christopher Clark, a biological acoustician at Cornell University,
when he first visited a SOSUS station in 1992. When Clark looked at the
graphic representations of sound, scrolling 24 hours day, every day, he
saw the voice patterns of blue, finback, minke, and humpback whales. He
also could hear the sounds. Using a SOSUS receiver in the West Indies,
he could hear whales that were 1,770 kilometers (1,100 miles) away.
Whales are the biggest of Earth’s creatures. The blue whale, for example,
can be 100 feet long and weigh as many tons. Yet these animals also are
remarkably elusive. Scientists wish to observe blue time and position
them on a map. Moreover, they can track not just one whale at a time,
but many creatures simultaneously throughout the North Atlantic and the
eastern North Pacific. They also can learn to distinguish whale calls. For
example, Fox and colleagues have detected changes in the calls of finback
whales during different seasons and have found that blue whales in
different regions of the Pacific ocean have different calls. Whales firsthand
must wait in their ships for the whales to surface. A few whales have been
tracked briefly in the wild this way but not for very great distances, and
much about them remains unknown. Using the SOSUS stations, scientists
can track the whales in real time and position them on a map. Moreover,
they can track not just one whale at a time, but many creatures
simultaneously throughout the North Atlantic and the eastern North
Pacific. They also can learn to distinguish whale calls. For example, Fox
and colleagues have detected changes in the calls of finback whales
during different seasons and have found that blue whales in different
regions of the Pacific Ocean have different calls. WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM

G. SOSUS, with its vast reach, also has proved instrumental in obtaining

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information crucial to our understanding of Earth’s weather and climate.

Specifically, the system has enabled researchers to begin making ocean
temperature measurements on a global scale – measurements that are
keys to puzzling out the workings of heat transfer between the ocean and
the atmosphere. The ocean plays an enormous role in determining air
temperature the heat capacity in only the upper few meters of ocean is
thought to be equal to all of the heat in the entire atmosphere. For sound
waves traveling horizontally in the ocean, speed is largely a function of
temperature. Thus, the travel time of a wave of sound between two
points is a sensitive indicator of the average temperature along its path.
Transmitting sound in numerous directions through the deep sound
channel can give scientists measurements spanning vast areas of the
globe. Thousands of sound paths in the ocean could be pieced together
into a map of global ocean temperatures and, by repeating measurements
along the same paths overtimes, scientists could track changes in
temperature over months or years. WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM

H. Researchers also are using other acoustic techniques to monitor

climate. Oceanographer Jeff Nystuen at the University of Washington, for
example, has explored the use of sound to measure rainfall over the
ocean. Monitoring changing global rainfall patterns undoubtedly will
contribute to understanding major climate change as well as the weather
phenomenon known as El Nino. Since 1985, Nystuen has used
hydrophones to listen to rain over the ocean, acoustically measuring not
only the rainfall rate but also the rainfall type, from drizzle to
thunderstorms. By using the sound of rain underwater as a “natural” rain
gauge, the measurement of rainfall over the oceans will become available
to climatologists.

Questions 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
Passage?
In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE        if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE       if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN    if the information is not given in the passage

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1. In the past, difficulties of research carried out on Moon were much
easier than that of now.
2. The same light technology used in the investigation of the moon can be
employed in the field of the ocean.
3. Research on the depth of ocean by the method of the sound-wave is
more time-consuming.
4. Hydrophones technology is able to detect the category of precipitation.

Questions 5-8
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM

5. Elements affect sound transmission in the ocean.

6. Relationship between global climate and ocean temperature
7. Examples of how sound technology help people research ocean and
creatures in it
8. Sound transmission underwater is similar to that of light in any
condition.

Questions 9-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

9. Who of the followings is dedicated to the research of rate of sound?

A. Leonardo da Vinci
    B. Isaac Newton
    C. John William Strutt
    D. Charles Sturm

10. Who explained that the theory of light or sound wavelength is

significant in water?
A. Lord Rayleigh
    B. John William Strutt
    C. Charles Sturm
    D. Christopher Clark

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11. According to Fox and colleagues, in what pattern does the change of

finback whale calls happen
A. Change in various seasons
    B. Change in various days
    C. Change in different months
    D. Change in different years

12. In which way does the SOSUS technology inspect whales?

A. Track all kinds of whales in the ocean
    B. Track bunches of whales at the same time
    C. Track only finback whale in the ocean WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM
    D. Track whales by using multiple appliances or devices

13. what could scientists inspect via monitoring along a repeated route?

A. Temperature of the surface passed
    B. Temperature of the deepest ocean floor
    C. Variation of temperature
    D. Fixed data of temperature

SECTION 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14- 27, which are
based on Passage below.

Stress of Workplace
A. How busy is too busy? For some it means having to miss the
occasional long lunch; for others, it means missing lunch altogether. For a
few, it is not being able to take a “sickie” once a month. Then there is a
group of people for whom working every evening and weekend is normal,
and frantic is the tempo of their lives. For most senior executives,
workloads swing between extremely busy and frenzied. The vice-
president of the management consultancy AT Kearney and its head of
telecommunications for the Asia-Pacific region, Neil Plumridge, says his
work weeks vary from a “manageable” 45 hours to 80 hours, but average
60 hours. WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM

B. Three warning signs alert Plumridge about his workload: sleep,

scheduling and family. He knows he has too much on when he gets less
than six hours of sleep for three consecutive nights; when he is constantly

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having to reschedule appointments; “and the third one is on the family

side”, says Plumridge, the father of a three-year-old daughter, and
expecting a second child in October. “If I happen to miss a birthday or
anniversary, I know things are out of control.” Being “too busy” is highly
subjective. But for any individual, the perception of being too busy over a
prolonged period can start showing up as stress: disturbed sleep, and
declining mental and physical health. National workers’ compensation
figures show stress causes the most lost time of any workplace injury.
Employees suffering stress are off work an average of 16.6 weeks. The
effects of stress are also expensive. Comcare, the Federal Government
insurer, reports that in 2003-04, claims for psychological injury accounted
for 7% of claims but almost 27% of claim costs. Experts say the key to
dealing with stress is not to focus on relief – a game of golf or a massage
– but to reassess workloads. Neil Plumridge says he makes it a priority to
work out what has to change; that might mean allocating extra resources
to a job, allowing more time or changing expectations. The decision may
take several days. He also relies on the advice of colleagues, saying his
peers coach each other with business problems. “Just a fresh pair of eyes
over an issue can help,” he says.
WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM
C. Executive stress is not confined to big organisations. Vanessa Stoykov
has been running her own advertising and public relations business for
seven years, specialising in work for financial and professional services
firms. Evolution Media has grown so fast that it debuted on the BRW Fast
100 list of fastest-growing small enterprises last year – just after Stoykov
had her first child. Stoykov thrives on the mental stimulation of running
her own business. “Like everyone, I have the occasional day when I think
my head’s going to blow off,” she says. Because of the growth phase, the
business is in, Stoykov has to concentrate on short-term stress relief –
weekends in the mountains, the occasional “mental health” day – rather
than delegating more work. She says: “We’re hiring more people, but you
need to train them, teach them about the culture and the clients, so it’s
actually more work rather than less.” WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM

D. Identify the causes: Jan Elsnera, Melbourne psychologist who

specialises in executive coaching, says thriving on a demanding workload
is typical of senior executives and other high-potential business people.
She says there is no one-size-fits-all approach to stress: some people

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work best with high-adrenalin periods followed by quieter patches, while

others thrive under sustained pressure. “We could take urine and blood
hormonal measures and pass a judgment of whether someone’s
physiologically stressed or not,” she says. “But that’s not going to give us
an indicator of what their experience of stress is, and what the emotional
and cognitive impacts of stress are going to be.”

E. Eisner’s practice is informed by a movement known as positive

psychology, a school of thought that argues “positive” experiences –
feeling engaged, challenged, and that one is making a contribution to
something meaningful – do not balance out negative ones such as stress;
instead, they help people increase their resilience over time. Good stress,
or positive experiences of being challenged and rewarded, is thus
cumulative in the same way as bad stress. Elsner says many of the senior
business people she coaches are relying more on regulating bad stress
through methods such as meditation and yoga. She points to research
showing that meditation can alter the biochemistry of the brain and
actually help people “retrain” the way their brains and bodies react to
stress. “Meditation and yoga enable you to shift the way that your brain
reacts, so if you get proficient at it you’re in control.”
WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM
F. The Australian vice-president of AT Kearney, Neil Plumridge, says:
“Often stress is caused by our setting unrealistic expectations of
ourselves. I’ll promise a client I’ll do something tomorrow, and then
promise another client the same thing, when I really know it’s not going
to happen. I’ve put stress on myself when I could have said to the clients:
‘Why don’t I give that to you in 48 hours?’ The client doesn’t care.” Over-
committing is something people experience as an individual problem. We
explain it as the result of procrastination or Parkinson’s law: that work
expands to fill the time available. New research indicates that people may
be hard-wired to do it.

G. A study in the February issue of the Journal of Experimental

Psychology shows that people always believe they will be less busy in the
future than now. This is a misapprehension, according to the authors of
the report, Professor Gal Zauberman, of the University of North Carolina,
and Professor John Lynch, of Duke University. “On average, an individual
will be just as busy two weeks or a month from now as he or she is today.

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But that is not how it appears to be in everyday life,” they wrote. “People
often make commitments long in advance that they would never make if
the same commitments required immediate action. That is, they discount
future time investments relatively steeply.” Why do we perceive a greater
“surplus” of time in the future than in the present? The researchers
suggest that people underestimate completion times for tasks stretching
into the future, and that they are bad at imagining the future competition
for their time.
WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM
Question 14-18
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-D) with
opinions or deeds below.
Write the appropriate letters A-D in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

NB. You may use any letter more than once.

A)    Jan Elsnera
B)    Vanessa Stoykov
C)    Gal Zauberman
D)    Neil Plumridge

14. Work stress usually happens in the high level of a business.

15. More people’s ideas involved would be beneficial for stress relief.
16. Temporary holiday sometimes doesn’t mean less work.
17. Stress leads to a wrong direction when trying to satisfy customers.
18. It is not correct that stress in the future will be eased more than now.

Question 19-21
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet.
WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM
19. Which of the following workplace stress is NOT mentioned according
to Plumridge in the following options.
A. Not enough time spend on family
   B. Unable to concentrate on work
   C. Inadequate time of sleep
   D. Alteration of appointment

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20. Which of the following solution is NOT mentioned in helping reduce

the work pressure according to Plumridge.
A. Allocate more personnel
   B. Increase more time
   C. Lower expectation
   D. Do sports and massage

21. What is point of view of Jan Elsnera towards work stress

A. Medical test can only reveal part of the data needed to cope with
stress.
   B. Index somebody samples will be abnormal in a stressful experience
   C. Emotional and cognitive affection is superior to physical one
   D. One well designed solution can release all stress

Question 22-27 WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM

Complete the following summary.Use NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 22-27 on your answer sheet.

Statistics from National worker’s compensation indicate stress plays the

most important role in 22 ................. which cause the time losses. Staffs
take about 23 .................
 for absence from work caused by stress. Not just time is our main
concern but great expenses generated consequently. An official insurer
wrote sometime that about 24 ................. of all claims were mental
issues whereas nearly 27% costs in all claims, Sports Such
as 25 ................. as well as 26 ................. could be a treatment to
release stress; However, specialists recommended another practical way
out, analyse 27 ................. once again.

SECTION 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28- 40, which are
based on Passage below.

Foot Pedal Irrigation

A. Until now, governments and development agencies have tried to tackle
the problem through large-scale projects: gigantic dams, sprawling,
irrigation canals and vast new fields of high-yield crops introduced during
the Green Revolution, the famous campaign to increase grain harvests in

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developing nations. Traditional irrigation, however, has degraded the soil

in many areas, and the reservoirs behind dams can quickly fill up with silt,
reducing their storage capacity and depriving downstream farmers of
fertile sediments. Furthermore, although the Green Revolution has greatly
expanded worldwide farm production since 1950, poverty stubbornly
persists in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Continued improvements in the
productivity of large farms may play the main role in boosting food
supply, but local efforts to provide cheap, individual irrigation systems to
small farms may offer a better way to lift people out of poverty.

B. The Green Revolution was designed to increase the overall food supply,
not to raise the incomes of the rural poor, so it should be no surprise that
it did not eradicate poverty or hunger. India, for example, has been self-
sufficient in food for 15 years, and its granaries are full, but more than
200 million Indians – one fifth of the country’s population – are
malnourished because they cannot afford the food they need and because
the country’s safety nets are deficient. In 2000, 189 nations committed to
the Millennium Development Goals, which called for cutting world poverty
in half by 2015. With business as usual, however, we have little hope of
achieving most of the Millennium goals, no matter how much money rich
countries contribute to poor ones. WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM

C. The supply-driven strategies of the Green Revolution, however, may

not help subsistence farmers, who must play to their strengths to
compete in the global marketplace. The average size of a family farm is
less than four acres in India, 1.8 acres in Bangladesh and about half an
acre in China. Combines and other modern farming tools are too
expensive to be used in such small areas. An Indian farmer selling surplus
wheat grown on his one-acre plot could not possibly compete with the
highly efficient and subsidized Canadian wheat farms that typically stretch
over thousands of acres. Instead subsistence farmers should exploit the
fact that their labor costs are the lowest in the world, giving them a
comparative advantage in growing and selling high-value, intensely
farmed crops.

D. Paul Polak saw firsthand the need for a small-scale strategy in 1981
when he met Abdul Rahman, a farmer in the Noakhali district of
Bangladesh. From his three quarter-acre plots of rain-fed rice fields,

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Abdul could grow only 700 kilograms of rice each year – 300 kilograms
less than what he needed to feed his family. During the three months
before the October rice harvest came in, Abdul and his wife had to watch
silently while their three children survived on one meal a day or less. As
Polak walked with him through the scattered fields he had inherited from
his father, Polak asked what he needed to move out of poverty. “Control
of water for my crops,” he said, “at a price I can afford.”

E. Soon Polak learned about a simple device that could help Abdul achieve
his goal: the treadle pump. Developed in the late 1970s by Norwegian
engineer Gunnar Barnes, the pump is operated by a person walking in
place on a pair of treadles and two handle arms made of bamboo.
Properly adjusted and maintained, it can be operated several hours a day
without tiring the users. Each treadle pump has two cylinders which are
made of engineering plastic. The diameter of a cylinder is 100.5mm and
the height is 280mm. The pump is capable of working up to a maximum
depth of 7 meters. Operation beyond 7 meters is not recommended to
preserve the integrity of the rubber components. The pump mechanism
has piston and foot valve assemblies. The treadle action creates alternate
strokes in the two pistons that lift the water in pulses.
WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM
F. The human-powered pump can irrigate half an acre of vegetables and
costs only $25 (including the expense of drilling a tube well down to the
groundwater). Abdul heard about the treadle pump from a cousin and was
one of the first farmers in Bangladesh to buy one. He borrowed the $25
from an uncle and easily repaid the loan four months later. During the
five-month dry season, when Bangladeshis typically farm very little, Abdul
used the treadle pump to grow a quarter-acre of chilli peppers, tomatoes,
cabbage and eggplants. He also improved the yield of one of his rice plots
by irrigating it. His family ate some of the vegetables and sold the rest at
the village market, earning a net profit of $100. With his new income,
Abdul was able to buy rice for his family to eat, keep his two sons in
school until they were 16 and set aside a little money for his daughter’s
dowry. When Polak visited him again in 1984, he had doubled the size of
his vegetable plot and replaced the thatched roof on his house with
corrugated tin. His family was raising a calf and some chickens. He told
me that the treadle pump was a gift from God.

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G. Bangladesh is particularly well suited for the treadle pump because a

huge reservoir of groundwater lies just a few meters below the farmers’
feet. In the early 1980s, IDE initiated a campaign to market the pump,
encouraging 75 small private-sector companies to manufacture the
devices and several thousand village dealers and tube-well drillers to sell
and install them. Over the next 12 years, one and a half million farm
families purchased treadle pumps, which increased the farmers’ net
income by a total of $150 million a year. The cost of IDE’s market-
creation activities was only $12 million, leveraged by the investment of
$37.5 million from the farmers themselves. In contrast, the expense of
building a conventional dam and canal system to irrigate an equivalent
area of farmland would be in the range of $2,000 per acre, or $1.5 billion.
 
Questions 28 - 33
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
Passage? WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM
In boxes 28 – 33 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE    if the statement agrees with the view of the writer

FALSE    if the statement contradicts the view of the writer
NOT GIVEN   if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

28. It is more effective to resolve poverty or food problem in large scale

rather than in small scale.
29. Construction of gigantic dams costs more time in developing
countries.
30. Green revolution foiled to increase global crop production from the
mid of 20th century.
31. Agricultural production in Bangladesh declined in last decade.
32. Farmer Abdul Rahman knew how to increase production himself.
33. Small pump spread into the big project in Bangladesh in the past
decade.
WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM
Questions 34 – 37
Filling the blanks in the diagram of treadle pump’s each part.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the
passage for each answer.

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Questions 38-40
Answer the questions below. Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your
answer sheet.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the
passage for each answer.

38. How large area can a treadle pump irrigate the field at a low level of
expense?
39. What is Abdul’s new roof made of? WWW.THEIELTSHUB.COM
40. How much did Bangladesh farmers invest by IDE’s stimulation?

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1. TRUE 
2. FALSE 
3. NOT GIVEN 
4. TRUE 
5. D 
6. G 
7. F 
8. D 
9. D 
10. A 
11. A 
12. B 
13. C 
14. A
15. D
16. B
17. D
18. C
19. B
20. D
21. A
22. workplace injury
23. 16.6 weeks
24. 7%
25. golf
26. massage
27. Workloads
28. FALSE
29. NOT GIVEN
30. FALSE
31. NOT GIVEN
32. TRUE
33. TRUE
34. bamboo
35. cylinders
36. Piston
37. 7
38. 1/2 an acre/half an acre
39. corrugated tin
40. $37.5 million/37.5 million dollars

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