the spatial arrangement of
Chemical structure atoms in a molecule and the
chemical bonds that hold the
atoms together
Covalent bond
bond formed by the sharing of
valence electrons between atoms
Ionic bond
bond formed when one or more electrons
are transferred from one atom to another
Polar molecule
a molecule in which the charges are unevenly distributed
creating a positive charge on one side and a negative
charge on the other; for example a water molecule
Hydrogen bond
the attraction between a hydrogen atom with a
partial positive charge and another atom with a
partial negative charge
Molecule smallest unit of most
compounds
substance formed by the
Compound chemical combination of two or
more elements in definite
proportions
any molecule that is produced
Biomolecule by a living organism; examples
are carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, and nucleic acids
small unit that can join
Monomer
together with other small units
to form a polymer
large compound formed from
Polymer
combinations of many
monomers
Polymerization
a process of bonding monomers together in a
chemical reaction to form polymers (typically
through dehydration synthesis)
a combination of two or more
Synthesis
things in order to make
something new
Dehydration synthesis
a chemical reaction that bonds molecules together by
losing a water molecule; monomers are linked
together to become polymers
Hydrolysis
a chemical reaction that breaks molecules apart by
adding a water molecule; polymers are broken down
into monomers
biomolecule made up of
Carbohydrate
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms
Carbohydrate
utilized as a primary energy source for living things;
used for structure in plant cell walls - cellulose
Monosaccharide
single sugar molecule; monomer of a
carbohydrate; for example glucose
Disaccharide two monosaccharides
chemically bonded together
polymer formed from
Polysaccharide chemically bonding together
many monosaccharides; for
example starch
Lipid
macromolecule made mainly from carbon and
hydrogen atoms (very very few oxygen atoms)
used to store energy and provide
insulation; important parts of
Lipid
biological membranes such as the cell
membrane; common categories of
lipids are fats, oils, and waxes
Fatty acid
important component of a lipid
molecule
Glycerol the backbone of many lipid
molecules
Phospholipid
a class of lipids that are a major component of all
cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers
macromolecule that contains
Protein
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
NITROGEN
Protein
a source of nitrogen; control the rate of reactions and regulate cell
processes; used to form bones, muscle, hair, skin, etc.; transport
things in and out of cells; help fight disease; NOT a primary source of
energy (common misconception)
Amino acid
monomer of proteins
(polypeptides)
Peptide bond
covalent bond joining amino acids
in a protein (polypeptide)
Nucleic acid
macromolecule containing carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and PHOSPHORUS (P)
function to store and transmit
heredity, or genetic
Nucleic acid
information; ex.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids; 3 parts are:
1) Nitrogen base
2) Sugar compound
3) Phosphate group
set of chemical reactions
through which an organism
Metabolism
builds up or breaks down
materials as it carries out its
life processes
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
energy currency for the cell; energy-consuming
reactions of metabolism are made possible by the
energy in this molecule
Phosphate bond
a high-energy chemical bond that is especially
important between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate
groups in an ATP molecule
Catalyst substance that speeds up the
rate of a chemical reaction
Enzyme
protein that acts as a biological catalyst; it speeds up
chemical reactions by lowering the activiation energy
Activation energy energy needed to get a chemical
reaction started
"-ase" (ex. amylase) an enzyme
Substrate reactant in a chemical reaction
using an enzyme
the small portion of an enzyme
Active site where substrate molecules bind
and undergo a chemical
reaction
Enzyme-substrate complex a substrate bound to the active
site of an enzyme
