Introduction

These educational tours support the regular curriculum and make lessons more meaningful and
interesting. It becomes easier to learn when students are actually taken to see places of geographical and
historical importance that they read about in their textbooks. This educational tour is the part of M.Sc.
Environmental Science, 4th Semester curriculum.

Without educational tour, student life is incomplete one. Educational tour is very important since
we can have fun and at the same time we can learn many things. In educational tour we get chance to
meet new people, see new places, learn about different culture and we can make new friends. There is
no other better way to learn and have fun other than educational tour. One can easily comes very close to
nature or the place visited after knowing about its variety in culture, historical and aesthetical aspects.
We can get all the benefits of educational tour only if it is well organized. For that we need to prepare
for a good tour planning.

We planned our excursion tour for Rajasthan because Rajasthan is not only the place of historical
importance but also important part of India from the ecological and diversified environmental point of
view.

This report contains the details of places we had visited throughout the tour. It covers a brief
description of ecological, environmental and historical features of the places and also emphasized threats
they faced.

As we had planned our tour for 10 days from 11th January, 2009 to 20th January, 2009. A brief
description of our tour program is as follows.

We had people ranging from the faculty, Dr. Jitendra Pandey, the chief organizer and Dr. Ram
Sagar to post graduates and an attendant Mr. Shiv Prakash Yadav. 23 people in all. We departed from
Varanasi by Bus on 11th January,2009 at 9.30 am and arrived at Lucknow station at 8 pm on the same
day from where we had to catch our train Marudhar Express for Agra which was our first destination the
train was in time and we finally boarded the train at 12 am on 12th January,2009. We arrived at Agra
Fort Station at 8 am and went to our guest house for a change over. The places we visited in Agra were
Agra Fort and the Tajmahal, which is among the new 7 wonders of the world.

On the same day at 6 pm our train Gwalior Udaipur Sup Exp was scheduled but it was late about
4 hours so we had to wait for it on station and finally at 10 pm we boarded the train and reached at
Udaipur station at 1.30 pm on 13th,January,2009. As we reached on a new state we found a remarkable
diffences in the climate and vegetation of the place. Udaipur was comparatively clean and green than
Varanasi. Udaipur is also popularly known as “City of Lakes”.

We checked in at Menaria Guest House and after taking some break. we visited many places like
Saheliyo ki Badi, Sukhadia Circle, Rajiv Gandhi Park Fateh Sagar Lake, and Maharana Pratap Smarak.

On the next day i.e. 14th January we left for Mount Abu at 8.30 am by bus, a bus carrying
cheerful crowd was traveling along the plateau road and reached at 12.45 pm then after we stayed at Jain
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Dharmshala where we took a short break. On the same day we visited the world famous Dilwara Jain
Temple and many other places Gurushikhar, Peace Park and Nakki Lake. We come back to our
dharmshala and taken our dinner and went for a sleep.

Next morning we went to Arbuda Devi Temple and finally departed for Udaipur at 9.30 am we
had taken our meal in the mid way to Udaipur and reached at Menaria guest house at 4 pm and the
remaining of day we had taken complete rest.

On 16th January in Udaipur we had visited many places there like City Palace also called
Rajmahal, Garden Palace where is the museum of vintage cars, Doodh Talai, Lake Pichaola, Rope Way,
we then went to the local market, Hathi Pole where everyone bought a lot of traditional things and
apparels. Udaipur was really a neat and clean city and there were so many places to admire.

We then started from Udaipur at 1 pm on 17th January for our next destination, which was Ajmer
and reached there at 8 pm. We checked in hotel Amba in front of Ajmer Railway Station. Next morning
we went to Dargah Ajmer Shariff, after offering prayers we left for Pushkar by bus which is 14 km from
Ajmer. Pushkar is a famous pilgrimage for one and only temple of Lord Bramhha there is also a lake
called Pushkar Lake. We returned back to Ajmer and in evening roamed through the local market.

The next day on 19th January our train Annanya Express was scheduled at 5.45 am we finally
boarded the train and left for Mughalsarai and reached at 3.30 am on 20th January. From Mughalsarai we
booked Auto rickshaws and reached to our home.

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 Agra

Introduction
Agra is the city of the inimitable Taj Mahal. The story of agra beigns much earlier then the Taj,
However it finds mention in the epic Mahabharata when it was called Agrabana are Paradise. Ptolemy,
the famous second century A.D. geographer, marked it on his map of the world as Agra. Tradition and
legend ascribe the present city of Raja Badal Singh (around 1475 A.D.) whose Fort, Badalgarh, Stood on
or near the site of the present Fort. However, the 12th century A.D. persian poet Salman, too, Speaks of
a desperate assault on the forrtress of Agra, then held by one King Jaipal, by sultan Mahmud of Ghazni.

It was Mughals who finally nurtured Agra with the finest monuments architects could design :
The Taj Mahal of Shah Jhan, Agra Fort of Akbar, Itmad-Ud-Daulah and neighbouring Sikandra are but
few of the many that spangle the city, each of which stands in mute testimony to the city's grandur over
the ages. It achieved fame as the capital of the Mughal emperors from 1526 to 1658 and remains a major
tourist destination because of its many splendid Mughal-era buildings, most notably the Taj Mahal, Agra
Fort and Fatehpur Sikri, all three of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Geography
Agra is situated on the banks of Yamuna river. It has an average elevation of 171 metres (561 ft).
On the north it is bound by Mathura, on the south by Dhaulpur, on the east by Firozabad, on the south-
east by Fatehabad and on the west by Bharatpur. Agra is the third biggest city in Uttar Pradesh. The total
populated villages are 904. It is situated at 27°11′N 78°01′E / 27.18°N 78.02°E

Climate
Agra, located on the Indo-Gangetic plain has a humid continental climate, with long, hot
summers from April to September when temperatures can reach as high as 45 °C (113 °F). During
summers dry winds (loo) blow in this region. The monsoon months from July to September see about
69 cm (27 inches) of rainfall annually. Winters last from November to February, with day time
temperatures comfortably warm, but temperatures below freezing are not uncommon during the night.
Agra is also prone to dense fog during the winter months of December & January.

A major tourist destination, Agra is best visited in the months of October, November, February
and March, when the average temperatures are between 16-25 °C (60-75 °F). The monsoon season
should be avoided by non-Indians due to the risk of disease and flooding, and the months of April to
June due to the extreme heat. The months of December and January are to be avoided due to the dense
fog and often freezing temperatures, especially since much of the city has no heating system.

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Demography
As of the 2000 Indian census, Agra had a population of 1,800,000. Males constitute 53% of the
population and females 47%. Agra has an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average
of 63.5%; with 76% males literate. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Hindi is spoken by
virtually everyone. English & Urdu are also spoken.

Economy
Primarily the Economy of the Agra district is agriculture based while the economy base of Agra
city is Small Scale Industries, Commerce and Trade. Major crops are Wheat, Paddy, Bajra, Mustard,
Patato etc. About 40% of the total economy of Agra depend on industry (Directly or Indirectly). Over
7200 Small Scale Industrial Units are spared all over the district. Agra city is famous for the Leather
Goods, Handicrafts, Zari Zardozi, Marvel and Stone carving & inlay work. Agra is also welknown for
eats sweets (PETHA) and Snaks (DALMOTH AND GAJAK). The leather industry is among the most
traditional and original industries of Agra.

Tourism contributes to a large extent in the economy of Agra. Agra has some of the finest Hotels
& Spa's in India. Agra is home to Asia’s largest spa called Kaya Kalp — The Royal Spa, at Hotel
Mughal in Agra

Culture

Agra is an amalgamation of various cultures. The traces of the different cultures can be seen in
each and every part of the country. The city is a mixture of both rustic and modern lifestyle. As Agra
falls under the Brij region in Uttar Pradesh. The city is influenced by the Brij culture. People`s food
habits, language and attires have influences from the Brij culture. The culture of Agra can be described
as amalgamation of Brij culture and Mughal culture. We see that two different cultures come together to
form the culture of Agra India. Men were dhoti and kurta and women wear traditional sarees.

Flora and Fauna

The forest consists of ravines and some flat wastelands. The total forest area is 301.04 sq. km,
which is 12.52 percent of the total geographical area. The forests belong to the "Northern Acacia Scrub"
type forests. There are 560 species of plants, out of which 123 species bear medicinal value like Arjun,
Neem, Bel, Indra Jav, Babool and Arvsa. The trees found in the district are Dhak, Aonla, Arjun, Ashok,
Asna, Bahera, Bargad, Barhal, Bel, Eucalyptus, Gular,Gul Mohar, Jamu, Kaitha, Kathal , Khair , Mahua,
Litchi, Neem (Pipal Sagon, Silver Oak, Safed and Shisham.

The fauna found in the region are hyenas, wolves, antelopes, Indian foxes, jackals, porcupines,
monkeys, wild cats and hares. The reptiles include crocodiles, turtles, and tortoises. Lizards of all kinds
are abundantly found here, ranging from the large tree-climbing animals called gosamp to the harmless
house lizard. There are snakes like cobra and krait. The most common types of birds found here are
partridge, quails, florican, blue-rock pigeons, green pigeon, ducks, pochards, sheldrakes, gray goose,
brahminy duck, peacocks, cranes, herons, waders, doves, parakeet and sparrows. Fishes as rohu, arwari,
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parhin, saur, bhur, patharchatta, mugri, dingar, haren, bas, kalwas, chal, katiya, ghegra, bighun, jhingra,
grach, bam, papta, pariyasi, gudheya, tengan, siland, and jhinga are found here.

Places Visited

Agra Fort

Agra Fort is located (270 10’ 47’’N & 780 1’ 22’’ E) on the right bank of the river Yamuna in
the city of Agra in Uttar Pradesh. One of the world heritage site in Agra. Agra's dominant structure,
purushotam the Agra Fort (sometimes called the Red Fort), was built by Akbar in 1565. Be noted that a
Stone Plate located at the Gate of Fort describes it to be built before 1000 and later renovated by Akbar.
The red sandstone fort was renovated and converted into a palace during Shah Jahan's time, and
reworked extensively with marble and pietra dura inlay. Notable buildings in the fort include the Pearl
Mosque, the Diwan-e-Am and Diwan-e-Khas (halls of public and private audience), Jehangir's Palace,
Khaas Mahal, Sheesh Mahal (mirrored palace), and Musamman Burj.

The fort, semi-circular on plan, is surrounded by a 21.4 m high fortification wall. Double
ramparts have been provided here with broad massive circular bastions at regular intervals. There are
four gates on its four sides, one of the gates was called “khizri-gate” (the water gate) which opens to the
river front, where ghats (quays) were provided .The fort has survived through the onslaught of time,
nature and men. The fort spreads over an area of about 94 acres of land. At present, there exist more
than two dozens of monuments in the Fort.

The great Mughal Emperor Akbar commissioned the construction of the Agra Fort in 1565 CE.,
although additions were made till the time of his grandson Shah Jahan. The forbidding exteriors of this
fort hide an inner paradise. The fort is crescent shaped, flattened on the east with a long, nearly straight
wall facing the river. It has a total perimeter of 2.4 k.m., and is ringed by double castellated ramparts of
red sandstone punctuated at regular intervals by bastions. A 9 mt. wide and 10 mt. deep moat surround
the outer wall.

Aurangzeb imprisoned Shah Jahan, his own father, in the fort for 8 years until he died in 1666
and was buried in the Taj Mahal. The barbicans around the two gates and on the riverside were built by
Aurangzeb to strengthen its defences.

Though Shah Jahan had formally transferred his capital to Delhi, in 1638, he continued to live
here. But after his death, Agra lost its grandeur. Aurangzeb remained busy in the regional conflicts and
wars. Yet, time and again, he lived here and held the durbar. Shivaji came to Agra in 1666 and met
Aurangzeb in the Diwan-i-Khas. Aurangzeb died in 1707 and 18th century history of Agra Fort is a saga
of sieges and plunder during which it was held by the Jats and the Marathas and finally the British
captured it from the latter in 1803.

Shivaji visited Agra fort as per the "Purandar Treaty" entered into with Mirza Raja Jaisingh to
met Aurangzeb in the Diwan-i-khas. In the audience he was deliberately placed behind men of lower
rank. Insulted Shivaji stormed out of the imperial audience and was confined to Jai Sing's quarters on 12

5
May 1666. Fearing the dungeons and execution, in a famously sweet legend, he escaped on the 17th of
August 1666. A heroic equestrian statue of Shivaji has been erected outside the fort.

The fort standing as a typical example of the Mughal architecture.It shows how the North Indian
style of fort construction differentiated from that of the South.In South majority of the beautiful forts
were built on the sea beds like the one at Bekal in Kerala [for more details refer 'History of Bekal Fort'
by Nandakumar Koroth]

Tajmahal

The Taj Mahal (also "the Taj") is considered the finest example of Mughal architecture, a style
that combines elements from Persian, Ottoman, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles. In 1983, the Taj
Mahal became a UNESCO World Heritage Site and was cited as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and
one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."

While the white domed marble mausoleum is its most familiar component, the Taj Mahal is
actually an integrated complex of structures. Building began around 1632 and was completed around
1653, and employed thousands of artisans and craftsmen. The Persian architect, Ustad Ahmad Lahauri is
generally considered to be the principal designer of the Taj Mahal.

In 1631, Shah Jahan, emperor during the Mughal empire's period of greatest prosperity, was
griefstricken when his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal, died during the birth of their fourteenth child,
Gauhara Begum. The court chronicles of Shah Jahan's grief illustrates the love story traditionally held as
an inspiration for Taj Mahal. The construction of Taj Mahal begun soon after Mumtaz's death with the
principal mausoleum completed in 1648. The surrounding buildings and garden were finished five years
later.

The Taj Mahal incorporates and expands on design traditions of Persian and earlier Mughal
architecture. Specific inspiration came from successful Timurid and Mughal buildings including the
Gur-e Amir (the tomb of Timur, progenitor of the Mughal dynasty, in Samarkand), Humayun's Tomb,
Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb (sometimes called the Baby Taj), and Shah Jahan's own Jama Masjid in Delhi.
While earlier Mughal buildings were primarily constructed of red sandstone, Shah Jahan promoted the
use of white marble inlaid with semi-precious stones, and buildings under his patronage reached new
levels of refinement.

The focus of the Taj Mahal is the white marble tomb, which stands on a square plinth consisting
of a symmetrical building with an iwan, an arch-shaped doorway, topped by a large dome. Like most
Mughal tombs, basic elements are Persian in origin. The base structure is a large, multi-chambered
structure. The base is essentially a cube with chamfered edges and is roughly 55 meters on each side. On
either side of the main arch, additional pishtaqs are stacked above and below. The main chamber houses
the false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan; their actual graves are at a lower level. The main
dome is crowned by a gilded spire or finial. The finial, made of gold until the early 1800s, is now made
of bronze. At the corners of the plinth stand minarets, the four large towers each more than 40 meters
tall. The minarets display the Taj Mahal's penchant for symmetry. Each minaret is Exterior decoration.

6
 The exterior decorations of the Taj Mahal are among the finest to be found in Mughal
architecture. As the surface area changes, a large pishtaq has more area than a smaller one, and the
decorations are refined proportionally. The decorative elements were created by applying paint or
stucco, or by stone inlays or carvings. In line with the Islamic prohibition against the use of
anthropomorphic forms, the decorative elements can be grouped into either calligraphy, abstract forms
or vegetative motifs.

The interior chamber of the Taj Mahal steps far beyond traditional decorative elements. Here the
inlay work is not pietra dura, but lapidary of precious and semiprecious gemstones. The inner chamber is
an octagon with the design allowing for entry from each face, though only the south garden-facing door
is used. The interior walls are about 25 metres high and topped by a "false" interior dome decorated with
a sun motif. The four central upper arches form balconies or viewing areas and each balcony's exterior
window has an intricate screen or jali cut from marble. In addition to the light from the balcony screens,
light enters through roof openings covered by chattris at the corners. Each chamber wall has been highly
decorated with dado bas relief, intricate lapidary inlay and refined calligraphy panels, reflecting in
miniature detail the design elements seen throughout the exterior of the complex. The octagonal marble
screen or jali which borders the cenotaphs is made from eight marble panels. Each panel has been
carved through with intricate pierce work. The remaining surfaces have been inlaid with semiprecious
stones in extremely delicate detail, forming twining vines, fruits and flowers.

The complex is set around a large 300-meter square charbagh, a Mughal garden. The garden
uses raised pathways that divide each of the four quarters of the garden into 16 sunken parterres or
flowerbeds. A raised marble water tank at the center of the garden, halfway between the tomb and
gateway, with a reflecting pool on North-South axis reflects the image of the Taj Mahal.

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 Rajasthan at a Glance

Introduction

Rajasthan is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area. It encompasses most of
the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert), which has an edge paralleling the
Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with Pakistan. The region borders Pakistan to the west, Gujarat
to the southwest, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana to the northeast and
Punjab to the north. Rajasthan covers an area of 132,150 sq mi or 342,269 km² (about the size of
Germany).

The state capital is Jaipur. Geographical features include the Thar Desert along north-western
Rajasthan and the termination of the Ghaggar River near the archaeological ruins at Kalibanga, which
are the oldest in the subcontinent discovered so far.

One of the world's oldest mountain ranges, the Aravalli Range, cradles the only hill station of
Rajasthan, Mount Abu, and its world-famous Dilwara Temples, a sacred pilgrimage for Jains. Eastern
Rajasthan has two national tiger reserves, Ranthambore and Sariska, as well as Keoladeo National Park
near Bharatpur, once famous for its bird life.

Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949, when all erstwhile princely states ruled by Rajputs,
known as Rajputana, merged into the Dominion of India. The only difference between erstwhile
Rajputana and Rajasthan is that certain portions of what had been British India, in the former province
of Ajmer-Merwara, were included.

Rajasthan includes most of Rajputana, which comprises a number of Rajput kingdoms as well as
Jat kingdoms and a Muslim kingdom. The Jats were rulers in Bharatpur and Dholpur. Tonk was ruled by
a Muslim Nawab. Jodhpur, Bikaner, Udaipur, and Jaipur were some of the main Rajput states. Rajput
families rose to prominence in the 6th century CE. The Rajputs resisted the Muslim incursions into
India, although a number of Rajput kingdoms eventually became subservient to the Delhi Sultanate and
the Mughal Empire during those empires' peak of expansion.

Geography
The main geographic features of Rajasthan are the Thar Desert and the Aravalli Range, which
runs through the state from southwest to northeast, almost from one end to the other, for more than 850
km. Mount Abu is at the southwestern end of the range, separated from the main ranges by the West
Banas River, although a series of broken ridges continues into Haryana in the direction of Delhi where it
can be seen as outcrops in the form of the Raisina Hill and the ridges farther north. About three-fifths of
Rajasthan lies northwest of the Aravallis, leaving two-fifths on the east and south.

The northwestern portion of Rajasthan is generally sandy and dry. Most of the region is covered
by the Thar Desert, which extends into adjoining portions of Pakistan. The Aravalli Range intercepts the
8
moisture-giving southwest monsoon winds off the Arabian Sea, leaving the northwestern region in a rain
shadow. The Thar Desert is thinly populated; the town of Bikaner is the largest city in the desert. The
Northwestern thorn scrub forests lie in a band around the Thar Desert, between the desert and the
Aravallis. This region receives less than 400 mm of rain in an average year. Summer temperatures can
exceed 45 °C in the summer months and drop below freezing in the winter. The Godwar, Marwar, and
Shekhawati regions lie in the thorn scrub forest zone, along with the city of Jodhpur. The Luni River and
its tributaries are the major river system of Godwar and Marwar regions, draining the western slopes of
the Aravallis and emptying southwest into the great Rann of Kutch wetland in neighboring Gujarat. This
river is saline in the lower reaches and remains potable only up to Balotara in Barmer district. The
Ghaggar River, which originates in Haryana, is an intermittent stream that disappears into the sands of
the Thar Desert in the northern corner of the state and is seen as a remnant of the primitive Saraswati
river.

The Aravalli Range and the lands to the east and southeast of the range are generally more fertile
and better watered. This region is home to the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion, with
tropical dry broadleaf forests that include teak, Acacia, and other trees. The hilly Vagad region lies in
southernmost Rajasthan, on the border with Gujarat. With the exception of Mount Abu, Vagad is the
wettest region in Rajasthan, and the most heavily forested. North of Vagad lies the Mewar region, home
to the cities of Udaipur and Chittaurgarh. The Hadoti region lies to the southeast, on the border with
Madhya Pradesh. North of Hadoti and Mewar is the Dhundhar region, home to the state capital of
Jaipur. Mewat, the easternmost region of Rajasthan, borders Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Eastern and
southeastern Rajasthan is drained by the Banas and Chambal rivers, tributaries of the Ganges.

The Aravali Range runs across the state from the southwest peak Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu),
which is 1,722 m in height, to Khetri in the northeast. This divides the state into 60% in the northwest of
the range and 40% in the southeast. The northwest tract is sandy and unproductive with little water but
improves gradually from desert land in the far west and northwest to comparatively fertile and habitable
land towards the east. The area includes the Thar Desert. The south-eastern area, higher in elevation
(100 to 350 m above sea level) and more fertile, has a very diversified topography. in the south lies the
hilly tract of Mewar. In the southeast, a large area within the districts of Kota and Bundi forms a
tableland. To the northeast of these districts is a rugged region (badlands) following the line of the
Chambal River. Farther north the country levels out; the flat plains of the northeastern Bharatpur district
are part of an alluvial basin.Major tribe in region Ajmer is Rawat.

Economy
Rajasthan's economy is primarily agricultural and pastoral. Wheat and barley are cultivated over
large areas, as are pulses, sugarcane, and oilseeds. Cotton and tobacco are cash crops. Rajasthan is
among the largest producers of edible oils in India and the second largest producer of oilseeds.
Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in India and the main opium producer and consumer.
There are mainly two crop seasons. The water for irrigation comes from wells and tanks. The Indira
Gandhi Canal irrigates northwestern Rajasthan.

The main industries are mineral based, agriculture based, and textiles. Rajasthan is the second
largest producer of polyester fibre in India. The Bhilwara District produces more cloth than Bhiwandi,
Maharashtra. Several prominent chemical and engineering companies are located in the town of Kota, in
9
western Rajasthan. Rajasthan is pre-eminent in quarrying and mining in India. The state is the second
largest source of cement in India. It has rich salt deposits at Sambhar, copper mines at Khetri and zinc
mines at Dariba, Zawar mines at Zawarmala for zinc, rampura aghucha (opencast) near Bhilwara.
Dimensional stone mining is also undertaken in Rajasthan: Jodhpur sandstone is mostly used in
monuments, important buildings, residential buildings, etc. This stone is termed "chittar patthar".

Culture
Rajasthan is culturally rich and has artistic and cultural traditions which reflect the ancient Indian
way of life. There is rich and varied folk culture from villages which is often depicted symbolic of the
state. Highly cultivated classical music and dance with its own distinct style is part of the cultural
tradition of Rajasthan. The Ghoomar dance from Udaipur and Kalbeliya dance of Jaisalmer have gained
international recognition. Folk music is a vital part of Rajasthani culture. Kathputali, Bhopa, Chang,
Teratali, Ghindar, Kachchhighori, Tejaji etc. are the examples of the traditional Rajasthani culture.

Rajasthan is known for its traditional, colorful art. The block prints, tie and dye prints, Bagaru
prints, Sanganer prints, Zari embroidery are major export products from Rajasthan. Handicraft items like
wooden furniture and handicrafts, carpets, blue pottery are some of the things commonly found here.
Rajasthan is a shoppers' paradise, with beautiful goods found at low prices. Reflecting the colorful
Rajasthani culture, Rajasthani clothes have a lot of mirror-work and embroidery. Rajasthani dresses are
usually designed in bright colours like blue, yellow and orange.

Flora and Fauna

Though a large percentage of the total area is desert, and even though there is little forest cover,
Rajasthan has a rich and varied flora and fauna. The natural vegetation is classed as Northern Desert
Thorn Forest (Champion 1936). These occur in small clumps scattered in a more or less open forms.
Density and size of patches increase from west to east following the increase in rainfall.

Some wildlife species, which are fast vanishing in other parts of India, are found in the desert in
large numbers such as the Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps), the Blackbuck (Antilope
cervicapra), the Indian Gazelle (Gazella bennettii) and the Indian Wild Ass.

The Desert National Park, Jaisalmer, spread over an area of 3162 km², is an excellent example of
the ecosystem of the Thar Desert, and its diverse fauna. Great Indian Bustard, Blackbuck, chinkara,
desert fox, Bengal fox, wolf, desert cat etc. can be easily seen here. Seashells and massive fossilized tree
trunks in this park record the geological history of the desert. The region is a haven for migratory and
resident birds of the desert. One can see many eagles, harriers, falcons, buzzards, kestrel and vultures.
Short-toed Eagles (Circaetus gallicus), Tawny Eagles (Aquila rapax), Spotted Eagles (Aquila clanga),
Laggar Falcons (Falco jugger) and kestrels are the commonest of these.Tal Chhapar Sanctuary is a very
small sanctuary in Churu District, 210 km from Jaipur, in the Shekhawati region. This sanctuary is home
to a large population of graceful Blackbuck. Desert Fox and desert cat can also be spotted along with
typical avifauna such as partridge and sand grouse.

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 Udaipur

Introduction

Udaipur is often called ‘Venice of the East’. It is also the ‘city of lakes’. The Lake Palace (Jag
Niwas) located in the middle of Pichola Lake is the finest example of architectural and cultural marvel.
The grand City Palace on the banks of the lake along with the Monsoon Palace (Sajjan Garh) on the hill
above enhances the beauty of this magnificent city. Udaipur is also the centre for performing arts, crafts
and its famed miniature paintings. The Shilpgram festival is a great crowd-puller on New Year. It is a
fascinating blend of sights, sounds, experiences and inspiration for the imagination of poets, painters and
writers. Its lakes, temples, fairy tale palaces and narrow lanes strewn with stalls, carry the flavor of a
heroic past, perfect courage and knighthood. There flection in the placid water of the Lake Pichola is an
enticing sight. The Pichola lake, Fateh Sagar Lake, Udai Sagar and Swaroop Sagar in this city are
considered some of the most beautiful lakes in the state.

Maharana Udai Singh founded Udaipur in 1559 AD. According to a legend Udai Singh was
guided by a holy man meditating on the hill near Pichola Lake to establish his capital on that very spot.
Surrounded by Aravali Ranges, forests and lakes this place was less vulnerable to external invasion than
Chittaurgarh. Maharana Udai Singh died in 1572 and was succeeded by Maharana Pratap who valiantly
defended Udaipur from Mughal attacks. Maharana Pratap is the most revered Rajput icon who gallantly
fought the Mughals at the battle of Haldighati in 1576. Mewar continuously defied foreign invaders and
has a history of bloody battles until the British intervention in the nineteenth century when a treaty was
signed to protect Udaipur. Upon independence, Udaipur merged with the union of India.

Demography
As of 2001 India census, Udaipur had a population of 550,000. Males constitute 53 percent of
the population and females 47 percent. Udaipur has an average literacy rate of 77 percent, the national
average is 79 percent: male literacy is 83 percent and female literacy is 72 percent.

Geography
Udaipur is located at 24°35′N 73°41′E / 24.58°N 73.68°E. It has an average elevation of 598
metres. Located at the foothills of the Aravali range, Udaipur lies in the southern Rajasthan near the
Gujrat and Madhya Pradesh borders.

Climate
Udaipur city has particularly a tropical climate. The three main seasons, summer, monsoon and
winter respectively, dominate the city of Udaipur. Situated at an altitude of 598m above sea level,
moreover in a desert area, Udaipur has sultry type of Climate. However, Udaipur is the only place in
Rajasthan that has quite moderate climate throughout the year. In summers, the scorching sun makes the
city hot whereas in winters the weather is pleasant.
11
 Being located in the desert lands of Rajasthan, the climate and weather of Udaipur is usually hot.
The summer season runs from Mid-March to June and touches the temperature of 38°C. Monsoons
arrive in the month of July heralded by dust and thunderstorms. The city annually receives around 637
mm of rainfall. This scanty amount of rainfall makes Udaipur more humid. The humidity reaches to the
extent of 90 % during the months of Monsoons.

In Udaipur, winters are comparatively cooler than summers but not cold at all. The winter season
prevails from the month of October till the month of March. Humidity, which prevails during monsoons,
diminishes at the arrival of winters. The city observes pleasant sunny days and enjoyable cool nights.
The temperature falls to the level of 11.6°C in the nights. Though, the temperature remains moderate
throughout the year in Udaipur, still it is preferable to visit the city during winters, when the weather is
pleasant neither hot nor humid, unlike summers and monsoons.

Flora and Fauna

Nature has gifted Udaipur with of gardens. The important gardens of the city are Saheliyon Ki
Badi , Sajjan Niwas garden ,Nehru garden , Manikya Lal Verma Garden, Deendayal Upadhyaya Garden,
Moti Magri, Rajiv Gandhi Park, UIT Wolkem Park, Sanjay Gandhi Garden, Nehru Bal Udyan, Aravali
Vatika, Guru Govind Singh Park, Motha Park, etc. With all these natural beauties, Kumbhalgarh wild
life sanctuary increases the charm of Udaipur.

Kumbhalgarh wild life sanctuary is located in the most rugged of Aravali in Pali, Rajsamand and
Udaipur districts of Rajasthan. It takes name after the historic fort of Kumbhalgarh. It acquires 578 sq
km of area and an altitude of 500 to 1,300m, which is a home for a very large number of wild verities.
The wild life includes wolfs, leopards, sloth bear, hyena, jackal, jungle cat, sambar, nilgai, the four
horned antelope, chinkara and hare. Peacocks, doves, red spur owl, parakeets, golden oriole, grey
pigeons and white-breasted kingfisher are the main birds founded here.

Places Visited
City Palace
Udaipur City Palace is one of the architectural marvels of Rajasthan, located peacefully on the
banks of Lake Pichola. This majestic City Palace is the most-visited tourist attraction of Udaipur and
often distinguished as the largest palace complex in Rajasthan. Initially, Maharana Udai Singh built this
superb wonder, but the present form of the Palace is the result of subsequent additions by his successors.

City Palace boasts of the wonderful blend of Medieval, European and Chinese Architecture. The
Palace has various towers, domes and arches, which add to the flavor of heritage site. Towering on the
banks of Pichola Lake, City Palace is truly a feast to the eyes. City Palace is a marvelous assortment of
courtyards, pavilions, terraces, corridors, rooms and hanging gardens. Encircled by fortifications, this
imposing Palace is wholly built in granite and marble.

City Palace has several gates that are known as "Pols". 'Bara Pol' (Great Gate) is the main gate to

12
the City Palace complex that will take to the first courtyard. On passing 'Bara Pol', will come across a
triple arched gate, which is known as 'Tripolia'.

City Palace comprises 11 wonderful palaces, which were built by different rulers still they
resemble each other. With the sheer glimpse of unique paintings, antique furniture and exquisite glass
mirror & ornamental tiles work of these palaces, we gott amazed. Manak Mahal (Ruby Palace) has
figures of crystal and porcelain. However, Bhim Vilas flaunts a fabulous collection of miniature
paintings depicting the real life stories of Radha-Krishna.

The 'Krishna Vilas' is known for the noteworthy album of miniature paintings portraying royal
processions, festivals and games of the Maharanas. Moti Mahal (Pearl Palace) is celebrated for its lavish
decor while Sheesh Mahal (Palace of mirrors) is known for its breathtaking mirror work. 'Chini
Chitrashala' is renowned for its Chinese and Dutch ornamental tiles. 'Dilkusha Mahal' (Palace of Joy) is
known for the murals and wall paintings.

Bada Mahal is the exotic garden palace that stands erect on a 90 feet high natural rock formation.
Rang Bhawan is the palace that used to contain royal treasure. There are temples of Lord Krishna,
Meera Bai and Shiva, located right to the 'Rang Bhawan'. 'Mor Chowk' has exceptional glass mosaics of
peacocks, set in the walls presenting the three seasons of summer, winter and monsoon. 'Laxmi Vilas
Chowk' is an art gallery with a distinctive collection of Mewar paintings.

In City palace, the most captivating sight can be viewed from the towers and terraces of 'Amar
Vilas' from where one can get a breathtaking view of Lake Pichola. 'Amar Vilas' is the highest point of
this Palace and has wonderful hanging gardens with fountains, towers and terraces. City Palace is
structured in a way that it offers a splendid view of the lake from all its Balconies, cupolas and towers.
Unlike the craggy exterior, City Palace has amazing interiors with delicate mirror-work, marble work,
murals, wall paintings, silver work, inlay work and surplus of colored glass. The exquisite work of City
Palace cannot be bounded in words, so one must visit this palace to capture the real picture of it.

Lake Pichola
Pichola Lake derives its name from Pichola Village that got submerged when Maharana Udai
Singh enlarged the lake after he founded the city. He built a masonry dam known as Badipol.Pichola
lake, on the western fringe of the city at a 3-mile-distance from the Railway station and constructed by a
Banjara during the reign of Maharana Lakha (1382-1418A.D.) consist of four different lakes, viz., the
original Pichola, the Rang Sagar, the Swroop Sagar and the Dood Talai, now all compositely referred to
as 'Pichola'. It is north to south about 3 miles long, east to west about 2 miles wide and 11 feet deep,
containing 418 million cu. ft. of water in its 3 3/4-sq. mile area. The Prince of Wales, who visited
Udaipur in 1905 A.D. has appropriately appreciated the beautiful Pichola lake, which hemmed in by the
forest-covered sepia tinted hills, is an exquisite oasis in the brownness of southern Rajputana.

Lake Pichola is surrounded by hills and its major parts are covered by greenery. On the eastern part the
temples, buildings, Ghats etc. create a scene of Varanasi and morning on this bank is similar to Varanasi
in vicinity of Holy River Ganga. Actually this lake is a small but it looks like a huge lake due to its
natural situation and surroundings. Gangour Ghat, Lal Ghat, Bansi Ghat, Hanuman Ghat, Panchdevri
etc. are the lake fronts and the places of performing various socio-cultural activities.
13
Swaroopsagar, Doodhtalai, Rang, Sagar, Kumharia Lake are the part of this huge lake Pichola.

There are two island palaces—Jag-Mandir and Jag-Niwas-in the lake which are accessible by boats
provided as a regular service. Sunset in the evening and the sight of the 'Whale Hill' (closely resembling
the 'Whale' in appearance) in the south-east of the lake also deserve a mention for tourists.

Fateh Sagar Lake

It is another beautiful lake interconnected with Pichola. Surrounded by Sajjangarh and Neemach
Mata, Motimagri hills with lush green gardens and forests. This magnificent lake gives different feeling
on different times. In morning, afternoon, evening & night, it gives new feelings everyday every time.
Whenever you look at this lake it has a new reflections and feeling and attraction in it and surrounding
it. The sunset behind the Sajjangarh lake gives a scenic beauty composed of thousands colors on the
wide canvass spread over the beautiful lakes and surrounded hills & vegetation.

Originally, this lake was constructed by Maharana Jai Singh in 1678 A.D., but later on, on
account of excessive rains, it gave way destroying Sahelion-ki-Badi. Therefore, Maharana Fateh Singh
got it reconstructed in the present shape at a cost of 6 lakhs of rupees, and hence, it was renamed 'Fateh
Sagar'. The foundation stone of the embankment was laid by the Duke of Connaught, the third son of
Her Majesty Queen Victoria. The embankment is also known as Connaught Bund which is 2800 feet
long.Fatehsagar is 13 feet deep and 2 sq· miles in area. It is at a distance of 4 miles from the Railway
station.

When during rains (September) lake water overflows, its waterfall, profusely lit with mercury
lights in the night by the Municipality, creates a spectacular and colourful sight enjoyed by thousands of
people during the night.

Doodh Talai

A "Rock Garden" from where one can enjoy sunset view in Lake Pichhola and panoramic view
of old city. Rajasthan's first "Musical Fountain" manufactured by "Yagnik Mechenical Engineering
Works", is another attraction for the visitors.

Saheliyon ki Badi

Sahelion-ki-Badi (Girl Friends' Garden or Honoured Girls' Garden) is a small ornamental garden,
just adjoining the east of the embankment of Fatehsagar lake was constructed in its present form by
Maharana Fateh Singh after the original garden had been washed away on account of the breach of its
old embankment. This unique garden made for Princess & Queen. A profusion of flowers, well laid
court-yards and lotus-pool studded with water fountains guarded by four marble elephants—each
elephant sculptured out of a single piece of stone—will feast the eyes of visitors. Spacious and well
maintained lawns beautified by blooming flowers and the setting of huge groves of trees present a
spectacular sight to enjoy.

The fountains at Saheliyon Ki Bari give a marvelous feeling of rain without monsoon. The
technique of operating the fountains is energy conserving and oriented upon the gravitational force
14
principle. When the fountains are in their showery action creating rain-like sounds, white elephants emit
water through their lovely trunks on lotus leaves, water rains down the circular eaves of the chhatri
standing in a huge water pool—visitors find themselves amidst the rain-like scenes and atmosphere
to be seen, believed and enjoyed.

Sukhadia Circle
Sukhadia Circle (Square), Udaipur, a large roundabout in the city's northern suburb of
Panchwati, on the road to Ranakpur and Mt. Abu. The centrepiece of the Circle is a large, three-tiered
fountain just over 21 m. high, with scalloped dishes surmounted by a wheat-ear motif, representing
prosperity. Illuminated at night, it is now a well-known landmark. Its foundation was laid in 1968 and
was opened in 1970. The Circle is a popular recreational centre and meeting place. A circular pond
surrounds the fountain; nearby are pleasant gardens.

Garden Hotel(Collection of Vintage / Classic Cars)

The collection within the grounds of the Garden Hotel comprises a variety of vintage and classic
vehicles like Cadillac, Chevrolet, Morris etc owned by the Maharanas of Udaipur. They used these
automobiles as their luxurious modes of transport. However, other models are gradually being added to
the collection in order to a unique aristocratic safari for the exclusive guests.

Maharana Pratap Memorial (Moti Magari)

An impressive bronze statue of Maharana Pratap on his favourite horse Chetak, stands atop the
Moti Magri (Pearl Mount) overlooking Fateh Sagar. Local people climb up the hill to pay homage to
Rana Pratap and his faithful charger 'Chetak' who was fiercely protective about its master and stood by
him till its last breath. This loyal steed sacrificed its life while carrying his master to safety from the
battlefield of Haldighati. The sound and light show held here every evening is worth viewing.

Rajeev Gandhi Park

Rajeev Gandhi Park is fast becoming a major tourist and local attraction because of its unique
look and strategic location. Beautiful lakes and gardens are the hallmark of Udaipur. Be it quality or
quantity, Udaipur is way ahead. The distinguished feature of gardens here is that most of them are made
in locations where even the concept of a garden is inconceivable. The recently developed Rajeev Gandhi
Park which also is on a hill, all have added value of being situated at a different location than a normal
garden. The view of the park and the view from the park, both present an exotic scene. The design of
garden is such that most part can be seen from distant place. Spacious Children Park is a wonderful
thing here. Food court is also fully functional. The grandiose look of the garden and its location make it
a very important tourist spot. Foreign and local both visitors are showing great interest in the park.

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 Mount Abu
Introduction
A pleasant retreat set amidst the lush forested hills, Mt. Abu is a green oasis in the barren
desertscape that's Rajasthan. Situated at the southern tip of the Aravali range, the hill retreat owes its
cool climate to its rich flora covering the entire hillside that includes coniferous trees and flowering
shrubs. The road leading to Mt. Abu is a curved one that is characrerised by arid region dotted with huge
rocks in weird shapes and high velocity winds.

Mount Abu Is a major Hindu pilgrimage center. As the legend goes , a "Yanga" was performed
here and four Agnikula (Fire Born ) Rajput clans- the Chauhans, Parmars , Prathiars and Solankis were
created out of the fire . Mount Abu is mentioned in the Abu road Khand of the Skand Puran (a scared
book of the Hindus). Mount Abu is also well known for the world - famous Delwara temples which are
marvels in white marbles, constructed between 11 and 13 century AD. There are 84 places which are
situated in dense forest area.

In historic times, Mount Abu was leased by the The East-India Company (British empire) from
the Maharajah of Sirohi, Mount Abu was used as the headquarters for the resident of Rajputana until
1947, and as a sanatorium for troops.

The grand old monarch of Aravali affectionately caresses the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan.
With its salubrious ambrosia it is the pristine sanctuary since the ages of the sages, kings and
commoners – a true paradise for travelers, a heaven for the revelers. It is an aerie in the desert, the only
oasis of Aravalies.

Geography and Climate

Mount Abu (Ar-Booda, “the hill of wisdom”) (240 36’ N, 720 45’ E) is the highest peak in the
Aravalli Range of Rajasthan state in western India. It is located in Sirohi district. The mountain forms a
distinct rocky plateau 22km long by 9 km wide. Mount Abu is the closed area declared in 1965 (some
state 1960). Although, complete area of 328 sq. km. of Abu Hills is declared protected but officially
112.98 sq. km. is under unnotified sanctuary area (Anon., 2003). The highest peak on the mountain is
Guru Shikhar, at 1722. In shape, Mt. Abu Wildlife Sanctuary is long and narrow but the top spreads out
into a picturesque plateau, which is about 19 km in length and 5-8 km in breadth. Mount Abu is located
in the southwestern Rajasthan, close to the borders of Gujarat. It is located at a distance of about 185 km
from Udaipur.

The city experiences a pleasant climate throughout the year. The climate of Mt. Abu varies
greatly from the foothills to high altitude. The weather becomes cold and pleasant with the altitude as
compared to the hot and dry at the foothills. Their summer temperature varies between 23 and 34
degrees C and in winters it is between 11 and 28 degree C. Warm clothes is required in winters
(November-January). The bulk of rainfall is received during July to October from the south-west
monsoon, averaging 1,500 mm which is about twice the amount of rainfall received by its base station. It

16
is advised to visit Mount Abu during rainy season in August-September to enjoy the monsoon and
nature at its best to enjoy waterfalls, lush green mountains and the romantic mist.

Places Visited
Delwara Jain Temple
Famous Jain temples, are situated at Delwara village about 2½ Km's from the beautiful city of
Mt. Abu. Dilwara Jain Temples is one of the finest Jain temple known world over for its extraordinary
architecture and marvelous marble stone carvings, some experts also consider it architecturally superior
to the Taj Mahal. It seems fairly basic temple from outside but every cloud has a silver lining, the temple
interior showcases the extraordinary work of human craftsmanship at its best.

These temples were built between 11th to 13th century AD, The beautiful lush green hills
surrounding the temple gives a very pleasant feeling. The ornamental details of marble stone carvings is
phenomenal and unmatched, The minutely carved ceilings and the pillars are just amazing. All this was
done at a time when no transport or roads were available at a height of 1200+ Mtrs in Mount Abu, Huge
blocks of marble stones were transported on elephant backs from the Arasoori Hills at Ambaji to this
remote hilly region of Mount Abu. Dilwara temples is also a popular Jain pilgrimage attraction.The
temples are carved in marble, the design and accuracy of workmanship is unbelievable. The temple is a
composite cluster of 5 temples.

1. Vimal Vasahi (Shri Adinathji temple)

2. Luna Vasahi (Shri Neminathji temple)
3. Pithalhar (Shri Rishabh Deoji temple)
4. Khartar Vasahi (Shri Parshavnathji temple)
5. Mahaveer Swami (Shri Mahaveer Swamiji temple)

All these shrines belong to different centuries. The first two are build wholly of white marble,
they have got exuberant carvings and ornamentation work on the walls, doors, pillars, mandaps, torans,
ceilings etc.. The designs depict life stories of Jain Tirthankars, scenes of Gods & Goddesses and great
men from Jain and Hindu Mythologies. Their are many works that depict royal courts, marriage
processions, dance figures and many other functinons. No design is repeated, this in itself is a proof of
human ingenuity and creativity.

Gurushikhar
Guru Shikhar, a peak at an altitude of 5,676 feet (1722 meters), is the highest point in Rajasthan.
It is located at a distance of 15 km from Mount Abu. It has a commanding view of Abu and its
surroundings. This peak is the home to the temple of Dattatreya, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu and the
peak is called Guru Shikhar after him as Guru Dattatreya had dignified this place and his footprints are
sanctified here in a rock in a cave. Foot prints of swami Ramanath are also here who enshrined the statue
in Raghnathji temple in Abu. Close to the shrine is a temple of Guru Dattatreya's mother which is too
worth- seeing. There is also a huge and giant bell suspended from a wooden frame with an inscription
dated 1411 in the Dattatrya temple, its toll is heard upto a long distances from here. The cold sweeping

17
breeze in adjunct with the panoramic view of the natural scenery full of charm and dense distant forests
fill in the visitors a throbing thrill.

Nakki Lake
Nakki Lake the mythological lake with a very interesting story behind its creation is the heart of
Mount Abu, the legend has it that this lake was dugg by Gods or Devtas using their nails or nakh that's
why the name Nakki Lake - few sections of local tribes also consider Nakki Lake as a holy lake and
worship it, Nakki lake is also the only Indian artificial lake situated at a height of 1200 Mtr's above sea
level. Recently in 2006-2007 Nakki lake was granted a huge financial boost for its protection amongst
eight other lakes in India. It is a popular spot for boating.

Situated within walking distance from the main market and almost 80% of Hotel's and
restaurent's of Mount Abu, Nakki lake posses the crown of being the heart of Mount Abu. The picture
perfect location of the lake surrounded with mountains, gardens and rock formations also make it a very
good location for photography. In the evening the setting sun makes the canvas

Ecological Aspects of Abu Hills( Wild Life Sanctuary)

Abu Hills have the unique ecosystem represented by the variety of floral and faunal diversity in
the Desert State of India. This separated part of Aravallis not only represent the diversity of main
Aravalli chain but also represent the northern limit of southern species as well as the subtropical
vegetation of the high altitudes and xeromorphic vegetation of the desert.

These forests consist of 112 plant families with 449 genera and 820 species. Of these, 663
species are dicots while 157 species are monocots. Mount Abu is the only place in Rajasthan where one
can observe a variety of orchids. The place is also rich in bryophytes and algae. Three species of wild
roses and 16 species of ferns, some of which are quite rare have also been sighted from here. The south-
west part of the sanctuary is rich in bamboo forests.The sanctuary is rich in herbal plants. About 81
species of tree, 89 species of shrubs, 28 species of climbers and 17 species of tuberous plants of
medicinal importance have been identified.

Floral Diversity(Vegetation)

Owing to the topography and the climatic conditions, Mt. Abu is considered to be the richest
spot of floral diversity in whole Rajasthan. Major part comprises of tropical deciduous forests on hills
and exposed slopes. Several places in the lower slopes of the valleys and thickets of the forest where
conditions are cooler, isolated pockets of semi-evergreen forests occur. In the drier and completely
exposed and eroded areas thorny scrubs are common. Along the shady roadsides and moist grassy
meadows and near puddles and fields herbaceous flora dominates.

Champion (1936) classified the forests of Mt. Abu as Bombay sub-tropical evergreen forest (C3)
grouping them under Southern sub-tropical wet hill forests (Gr. 7A). Based on the Champion’s
classification of Forest Types, Mathur (1960) briefly described the forest of Abu. The vegetation of Mt.
Abu supports dry deciduous and some evergreen species, which changes with increasing altitude.
18
 Based on the description of flora of Mt Abu made by Raizada (1954) the vegetation is more or
less of the humid tropical type at the higher altitude. The most noteworthy species are: an epiphytic
orchid (Aerides crispum) which clings to the branches of trees and in rains produces fine raceme of
delicate pink or lilac flowers; the stinging nettle (Girardinia heterophylla); white and pink roses (Rosa
moschata and R. involucrate), the karunda (Carissa opaca); the champa (Michelia champaca), several
species of Jasmine (esp. Jasmine humile) and a large blue flowered shrub kara (Strobilanthes callosus)
which blooms every seventh year or so about September. Crataeva religiosa with its creamy yellow
flowers and delicately-tinted stamens, is common on the middle and lower slopes of the hills, while the
prevailing tree on the slopes of Abu is the Mango (Mangifera indica) (which is an introduced species
but now it is naturalized and commonest of the larger trees). In addition jamun (Syzygium cumini) and
kachnar (Bauhinia pupurea) are fairly common. The karanj (Pongamia pinnata) is commonly found in
the lower valleys along with Firmiana colorata. The introduced species comprises of Pine (Pinus
roxburghii), Oak (Grevillea robusta), willows (Salix sp.) and Eucalyptus, all of which are growing well.

Faunal Diversity(Wildlife)

The past history of Mount Abu indicates the presence of Lion (last recorded in 1872) and Tiger
(last reported in 1970) (Pers. comm., Dept. of Forest, Mt. Abu). Presently Leopard Panthera pardus is
the top predator. The estimated number of this big cat is around thirty-six (Wildlife Census, 2005). Sloth
Bear Melursus ursinus is omnivore component of food chain with the population of more than hundred
in the Abu Hills. It is pleasant sight to watch bears busy in plucking fruits of Carissa or Zyzyphus or
even Lantana. The human-bear conflicts are quite common at Mt Abu. Two species of Civet
(Viverricula indica and Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) are commonly seen along with the two species of
Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi and H. smithi). Sambar Cervus unicolor is the common antelope seen at
Mt Abu. Striped Hyaena Hyaena hyaena and Jackal Canis aureus are easily sighted animals. Langur
Semnopithecus entellus is the most abundant primate of the place. Short-nosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus
sphinx and Pigmy Pipistrelle Pipistrellus minus are the two common bat species.

Among birds the earliest studies of Butler (1875-77) reported around 175 species from the Abu
Hills. After this, no other studies (Devarshi & Trigunayat 1989, Prakash & Singh 1995, Sharma 2002)
had even crossed 150 number of bird species. The presence of threatened species (Birdlife International
2001) such as Green Avadavat Amandava formosa (common), species of vulture and endemic
subspecies such as Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus abuensis (common) and Tawny-bellied
Babbler Dumetia hyperythra abuensis had made the area important for bird (Islam & Rahmani, 2004).
Beside, Grey Junglefowl Gallus sonneratii and Red Spurfowl Galloperdix spadicea show their fair
population at this important area.

Characteristics and endemism of the floral diversity of Mt Abu

The plant communities found at this place are not seen elsewhere in Rajasthan. As according to
Raizada (1954), the most important feature regarding vegetation of Mt Abu is the Euphorbia-anogeissus
consociation. It owes its origin to topographical succession. This formation contains a large proportion
of Phoenix sylvestris trees even above 5,000 feet elevation, and this is probably the result of frequent
fires. In the valleys, a rich flora of the moist deciduous type containing Syzygium cumini, Dalbergia

19
sissoo, Lannea grandis prevails. Thus in general, the flora of Mt Abu seems to conform to the flora of
the high elevation deciduous forests usually met with on the outer slopes of the Himalayas.

Abu forests consist of 112 plant families with 449 genera and 820 species. Of these, 663 species
are dicots while 157 species are monocots. Some endemic, rare and threatened plants viz. Dicliptera
abuensis, Strobillanthes callosus, Ischaemum kingii, Convolvulus blatteri, Ceropegia odorata, and
Hydrilla polysperma are found here. Some endangered species included in the Red Data Book of
I.U.C.N. for example, Anogeissus sericea, Begonia tricocarpa, Crotalaria filipes, Indigofera constrata
also exist here. (Pers. comm., Dept. of Forest, Mt. Abu)

On comparing the vegetation of Mt. Abu with that of western Himalayas in the north and Ghats
in the south, Gupta & Saxena (1968) concluded that about 40% of the species are common and are
mostly represented in the sub-tropical regions (ranging from plains to 1,500 m) of the Himalayas while
more than 30% of the specie3s are present in the Ghat forest of Mahabaleshwar and Matheran. Similarly
comparison with the flora of Panchmari, in central India showed 29% of the species common to both.

Characteristics and endemism of the floral diversity of Mt Abu

Past faunal studies were mainly confined to the avifauna with the exception of few (on langurs
by S. Hardy (reference unavailable)). The avifauna has the importance due to the presence of Green
Avadavat which is endemic to India. Many workers had reported its presence from very long ((Butler
1875-77, Lodhiya 1999, Tiwari & Varu 1999, Sharma 2002, Mehra & Sharma 2004) with the time.
Beside, two threatened species of vulture (Gyps benghalensis and G. indicus) has also showed its
presence (Butler 1875-77, Sharma 2002. pers. obser. June 2005). The vultures are quite common in the
northern part of Abu Hills towards Sirohi. Indian Skimmer Rynchops albicollis was also once sighted in
later half of 1990s (Reference unavailable) but is very rare to sight.

The other important species include Grey Junglefowl and Red Spurfowl which could be heard
from the very early morning to the whole day and could be seen in the safe hides under the dense
Lantana bushes busy in picking food from the soil. The subspecies of Red-whiskered Bulbul is very
commonly sighted in the dense forest patches but above 500 m. Similarly, subspecies of Tawny-bellied
Babbler could be sighted in between the bushes of Lantana adjacent to natural trails.

Threats and Conservation Issues

Being the only Hill Station (unnotified) between two states, Rajasthan and Gujarat, the place is
of utmost important for the tourists. Large number of tourists from all over India and even from abroad
visits Mt Abu. It was the decade of1980s when the tourist industry showed exponential growth. With the
increase in tourists the place caught the attraction of the associated business sector and the story of the
so called development took place.

The growth of Hotel industry and settling of outsiders caused the rampant construction in the
1980s and 1990s and the place required the judicial intervention to check further construction. All the
problems and threats of the area are directly and indirectly associated with the humans which may be in
form of tourist or the local settlers (outsiders but not the native residents).

20
 The population of the small town swells up in summer, causing pressure on the forest resources
of the region. Protection of the forest cover on this hill is very important, as denudation of the hill is
making the habitat unsuitable for the rich flora and vegetation that it can otherwise support.

The increasing population of the humans is alarming for the ecosystem of Mt Abu. The
conditions worsened in the summer and other occasions when there is heavy influx of tourists. In total
there are sixteen villages settled on the Abu Hills. Out of these seven are so closely packed forming the
so called Mt Abu City (which as no existence). As per the District Gazetteer of Sirohi, the local
administration of Mount Abu is among the oldest municipals established in 1861.Present population is
estimated to be more than twenty-thousand. Although about 80% of the population resides in the City
but the slow increasing settlements in the forest area could be the unavoidable threat of future. The
resultant of population pressure on Mt. Abu is the construction. Although Honorary Supreme Court has
issued an order to check any new construction from 2002 but the illegal construction and encroachments
are still going on. Almost all the new constructions after 2002 were done by the influential persons.

The summer is the important season when large number of tourists visits Mt Abu. The domestic
tourist has the major part of Gujarati. No doubt that the tourism industry is the backbone of economy
of Mt Abu but it is also becoming the major threat to the ecosystem of Mt Abu. The vehicular traffic
associated with the tourism is posing threat to the wildlife especially to fauna. The formation of
temporary vehicle stands (like at Achalgarh) have the negative impact on the feeding ground of fauna
(avifauna that too for the Green Avadavat). The night visits through or at the treks of higher vertebrates
(like Sloth Bear) are posing disturbances in normal routine of animals. Most important is the lack of
environmental awareness among the tourist which reason for al the associated problems. Inspite of
Forest Department’s request through hoardings and boards, the tourists throw litter as well as give food
articles to the fauna of Abu. They blow horns and play music at the places inside the forest.

The Hotel Industry is again developed due to the tourism. Several hundreds of hotels are
running at Mt Abu. It is good to give the facilities to the tourists but if the matter is at the cost of nature
destruction then it has to be banned. There is no proper waste management by any of the hotels. The
sewage is released in the open and/or released in the nearby aquatic body. The major nallah is full of
litter and other sort of wastes. All is the result of disposal by hotels. Majority of the hotel owners (which
are close to forest) are least bothered about the threats on ecosystem.

As per the discussions with the Forest Officials the reason of almost all the forest fires is the
anthropogenic activities. This may be by the local people for clearing the land or by the carelessness of
the tourists. Ground Fire is mostly the type of forest fire, Canopy Fire is rare.

Pine, Oak, Eucalyptus and even Mango are all the exotic species which are well adapted in the
ecosystem of Abu. Similarly, Lantana has established in the same. Lantana has invaded the Abu Forest
upto an extent that now it is very difficult to eradicate it. Moreover it is spreading and invading new
areas of Abu Forests. Beside these, the slow infestation of Prosopis juliflora from the western slopes
may prove disastrous if not checked. Argemone maxicana has not very large spreading and is only
restricted to some patches but still it can’t be overlooked.

There are several reportings of hunting Junglefowl and small animals by the local residents. The
most alarming is the local trade of fauna which is not at very large scale but could prove to be fatal if

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not checked at this stage. Recently (2004-05), we came across the killing of birds especially the
threatened species (Green Avadavat and vultures) by the tribals (Garasiya and Gameti). As per our
findings, the tribals from the foothills are involved in such activities. As per the discussion with one of
the tribal (his family is involved in trapping the birds), they use Green Avadavat for medicines (use was
not known by that tribal). The blood of vultures is used for giving strength to the strings of their arrows.
In absence of vultures’ blood they use the blood of junglefowls. At very low scale the trade of birds is
going on. The tribals catch the birds as according to demand. They charges Rs 100/- to Rs 500/- for the
pair or two birds. Large demand is for parakeets. The tribal families of Gopala Nana (Saroopganj), are
mostly involved in these trappings and killings. Beside, the Jogi community is involved in trapping
reptiles. They are mostly based at Sirohi.

The major one is establishment of large pilgrim centre by one of the religious NGO. The
expansion of the construction of the buildings by the name of meditation had destroyed the ecosystem.
By the name of beautification, this large organization is planting exotic plants (ornamental species).
Lack of environmental awareness among the locals is also posing threat to the ecosystem of the
region. Even some of the local environmental activists and workers are involved in the activities of
plantation in the forest areas of Abu. One can easily see planted exotic plants along the roadside towards
Guru Shikhar.

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 Ajmer

Introduction
Ajmer is a very beautiful city since it is surrounded by the mountain by all sides. One can run
eyes through 360 degrees and will find the spectacular Aravali Mountains. Ajmer, also known as
Ajaymeru, was the city which was ruled by Prithviraj Chauhan. Its population was approximately
500,000 in 2001. The city gives its name to a district, and also to a former province of British India
called Ajmer-Merwara, which, after India's independence, became the state of Ajmer until November 1,
1956, when it was merged into Rajasthan state.

In the recent times Ajmer has become one of the most popular pilgrimage for both the Hindu as
well as the Muslim community. This land is particularly famous for the Dargah Sharif Tomb of the
much popular Sufi saint Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti and is frequently visited with much veneration.
Another place of pilgrimage in Ajmer is Pushkar also believed to be the abode of Lord Brahma, which
lies in the western part of the region with a temple and picturesque lake. It is regarded as a very
important religious place for the Hindus. This place is also popular all over India for the camel fair. The
city of Ajmer is also believed to be blessed with lakes, which are again bounded by beautiful hills and
hillocks.

History
Ajmer (Ajaya-meru in Sanskrit) was founded in the late seventh century by Dushyant Chauhan.
He established the Chauhan dynasty which continued to rule the country while repeated waves of
Turkish invasion swept across India. Ajmer was conquered by Muhammad of Ghor, founder of the
Delhi Sultanate, in 1193. Its internal government, however, was handed over to the Chauhan rulers upon
the payment of a heavy tribute to the conquerors. Ajmer then remained feudatory to Delhi until 1365,
when it was captured by the ruler of Mewar. In 1509 Ajmer became a source of contention between the
maharajas of Mewar and Marwar, and was ultimately conquered by the Marwar ruler in 1532. Ajmer
was conquered by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1559. It continued to be in the hands of the Mughals,
with occasional revolts, till 1770, until it ceded to the Marathas. From that time up to 1818 Ajmer was
the scene of an ongoing struggle, being seized at different times by the Mewar and the Marwar
maharajas, from whom it was often retaken by the Marathas. In 1818 the Marathas sold Ajmer to the
East India Company for 50,000 rupees.

Geography
Ajmer is a city in Rajasthan state situated on the lower slopes of Aravalli Range. To the North of
the city is the artificial lake called Anasagar. Ajmer is situated in the center of Rajasthan and is
surrounded by the districts of Jaipur and Tonk towards the East and by trhe district of Pali in the West.
The north boundaries of the district is touched by Nagpur and the south by Bhilwara district. Ajmer is
situated at 26° 27, N. lat. and 74° 44, E. Ajmer is an ancient crowded city with modern developments in
the outskirts.
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Demographics
As per the 2001 census, the population of Ajmer is 485,197. Males constitute 52% of the
population and females 48% of the population. Ajmer has an average literacy rate of 74%. Out of which,
with 56% of the males and 44% of females are literate.

Climate
Ajmer weather is a typical desert type. In the summer time, the climate of Ajmer is very hot and
in winters, it is quite cool. Both in summers as well as in winters, there is a wide difference in the day
and night temperature. Regarding the average temperature in summers (from April to June), the
maximum is around 45° C. The winters in Ajmer stretch from November to February. The winters of
Ajmer are quite chilly. In the monsoon season, the first rain covers the city in green. All the small
mountains of the city start becoming green with the first drop of rain. The climatic conditions of Ajmer,
Rajasthan are the best during the period of October to March, making it the ideal time to visit the city.

Economy
Ajmer's economy is primarily agricultural and tourism based. . Wheat and barley are cultivated
over large areas, as are pulses, sugarcane, and oilseeds. On the other hand, courtesy holy places like the
Khwaja Moinudeen Chistie Dargah and the Pushkar shrine, tourism remains a perennial economy
booster. Tourism accounts for a majority of the area’as income and has increased employment in the
hospitality sector. In addition, other industries such as the marble and sandstone are also dominant.

Flora and Fauna

Like the majority of Rajasthan places, Ajmer has limited vegetation. Though a considerable part
of areas adjoining Ajmer comprises of hilly and barren locales, some amount of greenery is visible,
where localised shrubs are mostly found. The wildlife resources are not very prominent, unlike the
desert part of rajasthan. Those worthy of mention are mostly the migratory birds including the eagles
and the vultures and among the animals - the blackbuck, the wild ass and the foxes are seen.

Places Visited
The chief objects of interest are Pushkar, and the Dargah, tomb of the most revered Muslim sufi
saint Moinuddin Chishti, the Gharib Nawaz.

The Dargah of Sufi saint Moinuddin Chishti

The Dargah Shareef of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti is situated at the foot of the Taragarh hill, and
consists of several white marble buildings arranged around two courtyards, including a massive gate
donated by the Nizam of Hyderabad, a mosque donated by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, the Akbari
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Masjid, and the domed tomb of the saint. To this place Emperor Akbar, with his queen, performed
pilgrimage on foot from Agra every year in observance of a vow he had made when praying for a son.
The large pillars, erected at intervals of two miles (3 km) the whole way between Agra and Ajmer,
marking the daily halting places of the royal pilgrim, are still extant.

It is the landmark of Ajmerand one of the holiest of Muslim shrines in the country. It has a
secular appeal and revered by people of all community. Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti, a sufi saint from
Persia made this place his abode from 1192 till he died in 1236 AD. Mughal King Humayun completed
the construction of shrine. The dargah is approached through a massive gate with silver doors built in
several stages. Emperor Akbar made an annual pilgrimage to Ajmer. The Saint’s tomb in the centre of
the second courtyard and the actual tomb inside is surrounded by a silver railing and partly by a marble
screen. The tomb is of marble and dome is gold plated. The atmosphere inside the shrine is charged and
supernatural with burning of incense and offering of flowers mainly roses.

The Mehfil Khana or the main hall of the Dargah is the place where Qawwalis are sung
throughout the year. The building is unparalled in beauty.

The degh or cooking vessels are visible upon entering the Buland Darwaza. On the western side
of the Darwaza lies the larger vessel, which was donated by Akbar in Hijri 976. During Urs, about 100
mann of rice is cooked in this vessel, alongwith dry fruits and condiments. The preparation is called
Tabarruk and it is distributed amongst the destitute.

The smaller vessel is kept in the eastern part of the Buland Darwwaza. It was donated by
Emperor Jahangir in Hijri 1022. It can hold upto 80 mann of rice. The northern side of the Dargah has a
Langar Khana, where food is cooked and distributed amongst the poor and needy twice everyday.
Hundreds of such destitute take part and survive on the food prepared here.

Pushkar
Pushkar is a sacred town in the state of Rajasthan in India near Ajmer, about 14 Kilometers
away, and is an important tourist destination. Pushkar is famous for Pushkar Lake and the 14th century
Hindu temple to Brahma, God as the Creator of all creation. This is the only temple of Brahma in the
world. Pushkar is also famous for its annual Camel Fair. For a devout Hindu, Pushkar is a very
important pilgrim centre. For one to visit to this holy place in a lifetime is highly recommended.

Pushkar has five principal temples, many smaller temples and 52 ghats where pilgrims descend
to the lake to bathe in the sacred waters. One of the primary temples is the 14th century temple dedicated
to Brahma, the Hindu god of creation. Very few temples to Lord Brahma exist anywhere in the world.
Other temples of Brahma include those at Besakih in Bali, Bithoor in Uttar Pradesh, India, village
Asotra near Balotra city of Barmer district in Rajasthan and Prambanan in Indonesia.

Brahma forms the great Hindu trinity of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, each symbolising the
lifecycle of creation, preservation and destruction. Brahma, the creator, is depicted as a figure with four
beard heads and four hands, each holding a book of Vedas (knowledge). His vehicle is the swan and his
consort is Savitri. According to the legend, Pushkar means a pond created by flower. It is believed to
have been formed when Brahma dropped a lotus flower on the earth to determine a place for his yagna, a
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holy sacrifice. The story goes that Brahma wanted to perform the yagna at the most auspicious time but
his consort Savitri whose presence at the yagna was vital for its performance kept him waiting. Irritated
by this Brahma married Gayatri, a milkmaid and installed her instead. Savitri on seeing someone else in
her place was infuriated and cursed Brahma that he would be forgotten by people on earth and never
worshiped. She relented on pleas from other gods that he could only be worshipped in Pushkar; hence
there are no Brahma temples elsewhere.

Pushkar is a much loved tourist destination, many who visit just fall in love with the place and
overstay. Situated on the edge of the desert, it is separated from Ajmer by the Nag Parbat (the snake
hill). The town provides great excitement for tourists, with narrow lanes lined with shops selling various
accessories, and rooftop restaurants. Despite its high tourist profile, the town maintains its mystical
charm.

Pushkar is also world famous for its cattle fair normally held in the Hindu month Kartika, which
is normally in October-November. At this time the town is jam-packed with people from all over
Rajasthan and tourists from outside. It is commonly known as the Camel fair, bringing with them several
camels and cattle to the pilgrimage. The fair ground is in a celebratory mode and is packed with shops
selling souvenirs and eateries. Games and circus shows are also popular during the fair. Villagers come
and sell camels, horses, cattle and other livestock. Elaborate arrangement for accommodating visitors is
made, including luxury tents. Just don’t miss the Pushkar Fair if you are in India around that time.

The natural environment of Pushkar and the sacred lake has become increasingly degraded in the
last few decades. The problems stem mainly from overdevelopment of tourist facilities and the
deforestation of the surrounding area.

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 Conclusion

We acquire a lot of experiences enriched with enthusiasm and joy in our whole trip. The trip has
positively enriched our body and mind alike. It provided us an opportunity to learn about different
places. It was really fascinating to learn new faces of culture, tradition and living ways of the people of
different part we visited. Each place has its own significance in terms of environmental and ecological
diversity. The places where we visited had added to our knowledge base.

Few cities were really planned such as Udaipur, the city was pollution free because of plantation
and lakes through out the city. Although, the Mt. Abu has been facing some threats due to a lot of
anthropogenic activities but still the calm and serene atmosphere of the place away from the hustle &
bustle of the city made all of us feel fascinated. Ajmer dargah really touched our mind and soul and
overwhelmed with spirituality.

But from the environmental point of view the condition of Nakki lake, Fateh Sagar lake and
Pichola lake was a little disappointing due to their eutrophic condition and lack of maintenance. Also the
condition of Yamuna river in Agra is very pitiful due to discharge of sewage and industrial waste. It
must be come into the notice of government for improving the conditions of these water bodies.

Overall our tour to Rajasthan made us learn a lot of new things and to enjoy the practical
experiences different from the theoretical studies as Rajasthan had its own charm and attraction. It was
really an unforgettable tour.

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