Lucid dream

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A lucid dream is a dream during which the dreamer is aware of dreaming. During lucid dreaming, the dreamer
may be able to exert some degree of control over the dream characters, narrative, and environment.[1][2][3]

Contents
1 Etymology
2 History of the phenomenon
2.1 Ancient
2.2 17th century
2.3 19th century
2.4 20th century
3 Scientific research
3.1 Skepticism
4 Definition
5 Suggested applications
5.1 Clinical application in treating nightmares
5.2 Creative application
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading

Etymology
The term 'lucid dream' was coined by Dutch author and psychiatrist Frederik van Eeden in his 1913 article A
Study of Dreams,[4] though obviously descriptions of dreamers being aware that they are dreaming predates the
actual term.

History of the phenomenon

Ancient

Early references to the phenomenon are found in ancient Greek writing. For example, the philosopher Aristotle
wrote: 'often when one is asleep, there is something in consciousness which declares that what then presents
itself is but a dream'.[5] Meanwhile, the physician Galen of Pergamon used lucid dreams as a form of therapy.[6]
In addition, a letter written by Saint Augustine of Hippo in 415 AD tells the story of a dreamer, Doctor
Gennadius, and refers to lucid dreaming.[7]

In Eastern thought, cultivating the dreamer's ability to be aware that he or she is dreaming is central to both the
Tibetan Buddhist practice of dream Yoga, and the ancient Indian Hindu practice of Yoga nidra. The cultivation
of such awareness was common practice among early Buddhists.[8]

17th century

Philosopher and physician Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682) was fascinated by dreams and described his own
ability to lucid dream in his Religio Medici, stating: '...yet in one dream I can compose a whole Comedy, behold
the action, apprehend the jests and laugh my self awake at the conceits thereof'.[9]
Also, Samuel Pepys in his diary entry for 15 August 1665
records a dream, stating: "I had my Lady Castlemayne in my
arms and was admitted to use all the dalliance I desired with
her, and then dreamt that this could not be awake, but that it
was only a dream".[10]

19th century

In 1867, the French sinologist Marie-Jean-Léon, Marquis

d'Hervey de Saint Denys anonymously published Les Rêves
et Les Moyens de Les Diriger; Observations Pratiques
('Dreams and the ways to direct them; practical
observations'), in which describes his own experiences of Zhuangzi dreaming of a butterfly
lucid dreaming, and proposes that it is possible for anyone to
learn to dream consciously.[11][12]

20th century

In 1913, Dutch psychiatrist and writer Frederik (Willem)

van Eeden (1860–1932) coined the term 'lucid dream' in an
article entitled "A Study of
Dreams".[4][5][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

Some have suggested that the term is a misnomer because

van Eeden was referring to a phenomenon more specific
than a lucid dream.[19] Van Eeden intended the term lucid
to denote "having insight", as in the phrase a lucid interval
applied to someone in temporary remission from a
psychosis, rather than as a reference to the perceptual
Frederik van Eeden and Marquis d'Hervey de Saint
quality of the experience, which may or may not be clear
Denys, pioneers of lucid dreaming.
and vivid.[20]

Scientific research
In 1968, Celia Green analyzed the main characteristics of such dreams, reviewing previously published
literature on the subject and incorporating new data from participants of her own. She concluded that lucid
dreams were a category of experience quite distinct from ordinary dreams, and predicted that they would turn
out to be associated with rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep). Green was also the first to link lucid dreams
to the phenomenon of false awakenings.[21]

Lucid dreaming was subsequently researched by asking dreamers to perform pre-determined physical responses
while experiencing a dream, including eye movement signals.[22][23]

The first peer-reviewed article on the subject was published by Stephen LaBerge at Stanford University, who
developed such techniques as part of his doctoral dissertation.[24] In 1985, LaBerge performed a pilot study that
showed that time perception while counting during a lucid dream is about the same as during waking life. Lucid
dreamers counted out ten seconds while dreaming, signaling the start and the end of the count with a pre-
arranged eye signal measured with electrooculogram recording.[25][26][27] LaBerge's results were confirmed by
German researchers D. Erlacher and M. Schredl, in 2004.[28]
In a further study by Stephen LaBerge, four subjects were compared either singing while dreaming or counting
while dreaming. LaBerge found that the right hemisphere was more active during singing and the left
hemisphere was more active during counting.[29]

Neuroscientist J. Allan Hobson has hypothesized what might be occurring in the brain while lucid. The first
step to lucid dreaming is recognizing one is dreaming. This recognition might occur in the dorsolateral
prefrontal cortex, which is one of the few areas deactivated during REM sleep and where working memory
occurs. Once this area is activated and the recognition of dreaming occurs, the dreamer must be cautious to let
the dream continue but be conscious enough to remember that it is a dream. While maintaining this balance, the
amygdala and parahippocampal cortex might be less intensely activated.[30] To continue the intensity of the
dream hallucinations, it is expected the pons and the parieto-occipital junction stay active.[31]

Using Electroencephalography (EEG) and other Polysomnographical measurements, LaBerge and others have
shown that lucid dreams begin in the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage of sleep.[32][33][34] LaBerge also
proposes that there are higher amounts of beta-1 frequency band (13–19 Hz) brain wave activity experienced
by lucid dreamers, hence there is an increased amount of activity in the parietal lobes making lucid dreaming a
conscious process.[35]

Skepticism

Some skeptics of lucid dreaming suggest that it is not a state of sleep, but of brief wakefulness, or "micro-
awakening".[36][37] Experiments by Stephen LaBerge used "perception of the outside world" as a criterion for
wakefulness while studying lucid dreamers, and their sleep state was corroborated with physiological
measurements.[23]

Philosopher Norman Malcolm has argued against the possibility of checking the accuracy of dream reports,
pointing out that 'the only criterion of the truth of a statement that someone has had a certain dream is,
essentially, his saying so.'[38]

Definition
Paul Tholey, a German oneirologist and Gestalt theorist, laid the epistemological basis for the research of lucid
dreams, proposing seven different conditions of clarity that a dream must fulfill in order to be defined as a lucid
dream:[39][40][41]

1. Awareness of the dream state (orientation)

2. Awareness of the capacity to make decisions
3. Awareness of memory functions
4. Awareness of self
5. Awareness of the dream environment
6. Awareness of the meaning of the dream
7. Awareness of concentration and focus (the subjective clarity of that state).

Later, In 1992, a study by Deirdre Barrett examined whether lucid dreams contained four "corollaries" of
lucidity:

The dreamer is aware that they are dreaming

Objects disappear after waking
Physical laws need not apply in the dream
The dreamer has a clear memory of the waking world

Barrett found less than a quarter of lucidity accounts exhibited all four.[42]
Subsequently, Stephen LaBerge studied the prevalence of being able to control the dream scenario among lucid
dreams, and found that while dream control and dream awareness are correlated, neither requires the other.
LaBerge found dreams that exhibit one clearly without the capacity for the other; also, in some dreams where
the dreamer is lucid and aware they could exercise control, they choose simply to observe.[1]

Suggested applications
Clinical application in tr eating nightmares

It has been suggested that sufferers of nightmares could benefit from the ability to be aware they are indeed
dreaming. A pilot study was performed in 2006 that showed that lucid dreaming therapy treatment was
successful in reducing nightmare frequency. This treatment consisted of exposure to the idea, mastery of the
technique, and lucidity exercises. It was not clear what aspects of the treatment were responsible for the success
of overcoming nightmares, though the treatment as a whole was said successful.[43]

Australian psychologist Milan Colic has explored the application of principles from narrative therapy to clients'
lucid dreams, to reduce the impact not only of nightmares during sleep, but also depression, self-mutilation, and
other problems in waking life. Colic found that therapeutic conversations could reduce the distressing content
of dreams, while understandings about life—and even characters—from lucid dreams could be applied to their
lives with marked therapeutic benefits.[44]

Psychotherapists have applied lucid dreaming as a part of therapy. Studies have shown that by inducing a lucid
dream recurrent nightmares can be alleviated. It is unclear whether this alleviation is due to lucidity or the
ability to alter the dream itself. A study performed by Victor Spoormaker and Van den Bout (2006) evaluated
the validity of lucid dreaming treatment (LDT) in chronic nightmare sufferers.[45] LDT is composed of
exposure, mastery and lucidity exercises. Results of lucid dreaming treatment revealed that the nightmare
frequency of the treatment groups had decreased. In another study, Spoormaker, Van den Bout, and Meijer
(2003) investigated lucid dreaming treatment for nightmares by testing eight subjects who received a one-hour
individual session, which consisted of lucid dreaming exercises.[46] The results of the study revealed that the
nightmare frequency had decreased and the sleep quality had slightly increased.

Holzinger, Klösch, and Saletu managed a psychotherapy study under the working name of ‘Cognition during
dreaming – a therapeutic intervention in nightmares’, which included 40 subjects, men and women, 18–50
years old, whose life quality was significantly altered by nightmares.[47] The test subjects were administered
Gestalt group therapy and 24 of them were also taught to enter the state of lucid dreaming by Holzinger. This
was purposefully taught in order to change the course of their nightmares. The subjects then reported the
diminishment of their nightmare prevalence from 2–3 times a week to 2–3 times per month.

Creative application

In her book The Committee of Sleep, Deirdre Barrett describes how some experienced lucid dreamers have
learned to remember specific practical goals such as artists looking for inspiration seeking a show of their own
work once they become lucid or computer programmers looking for a screen with their desired code. However,
most of these dreamers had many experiences of failing to recall waking objectives before gaining this level of
control.[48]

See also
Active imagination
Dream yoga
Pre-lucid dream
Yoga Nidra
References
Notes

1. Kahan T.; LaBerge S. (1994). "Lucid dreaming as metacognition: Implications for cognitive science". Consciousness
and Cognition. 3: 246–264. doi:10.1006/ccog.1994.1014(https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fccog.1994.1014).
2. Adrienne Mayor (2005).Fossil Legends Of The First Americans(https://books.google.com/books?id=CMsgQQkmFqQ
C&pg=PA402). Princeton University Press. p. 402.ISBN 978-0-691-11345-6. Retrieved 29 April 2013. "The term
"lucid dreaming" to describe the technique of controlling dreams and following them to a desired conclusion was coined
by the 19th-century Dutch psychiatrist Frederik van Eeden. "
3. Lewis Spence; Nandor Fodor (1985).Encyclopedia of occultism & parapsychology(https://books.google.com/books?id
=iZYQAQAAIAAJ&q=Frederik+van+Eeden+coined+term+lucid+dream&dq=Frederik+van+Eeden+coined+term+luci
d+dream&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1b5-UdGkDaWF2QW41IG4Cw&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAzgo) . 2. Gale Research Co. p. 617.
ISBN 978-0-8103-0196-2. Retrieved 29 April 2013. "Dr. Van Eeden was an author and physician who sat with the
English medium Mrs. R. Thompson and was also ... 431) in which he used the term "lucid dream" to indicate those
conditions in which the dreamer is aware that he is dreaming. "
4. Frederik van Eeden (1913)."A study of Dreams"(http://www.lucidity.com/vanEeden.html). Proceedings of the Society
for Psychical Research. 26.
5. Andreas Mavrematis (1987).Hypnogogia: The Unique State of Consciousness Between W akefullness and Sleep(https://
books.google.com/books?id=dGgOAAAAQAAJ&pg=P A96). Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated. p. 96.
ISBN 978-0-7102-0282-6. Retrieved 29 April 2013. "The lucid dream, a term coined by van Eeden himself, had already
been noted by Aristotle who wrote that 'often when... "
6. Véronique Boudon-Meillot.Galien de Pergame. Un médecin grec à Rome. Les Belles Lettres, 2012.
7. "Letter from St. Augustine of Hippo"(http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1102159.htm). Newadvent.org. Retrieved
2009-06-20.
8. Tse-fu Kuan (2008), Mindfulness in Early Buddhism: New Approaches through Psychology and Textual Analysis of
Pali, Chinese and Sanskrit Sources (Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism)
9. Religio Medici, part 2:11. Text available at http://penelope.uchicago.edu/relmed/relmed.html
10. "Tuesday 15 August 1665"(http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1665/08/15/). The Diary of Samuel Pepys.
11. D'Hervey de Saint-Denys, Les Rêves et Les Moyens de Les Diriger; Observations Pratiques, Paris/Amyot. archived at:
https://archive.org/details/lesrvesetlesmoye00herv
12. Kelly Bulkeley (1999).Visions of the night: dreams, religion, and psychology(https://books.google.com/books?id=0ogZ
49yw8i0C&pg=PA157). SUNY Press. p. 157.ISBN 978-0-7914-9798-2. Retrieved 29 April 2013. "The person most
widely credited with coining the term "lucid dream" is Frederick an V Eeden, a Dutch psychiatrist who from 1898 to
1912 gathered reports of lucid dreams and performed experiments on his own abilities to have lucid dreams" ...
13. Tim Bayne; Axel Cleeremans; Patrick Wilken (4 June 2009).The Oxford Companion to Consciousness(https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=rXKSn02mlz4C&pg=P A236). Oxford University Press. p. 236.ISBN 978-0-19-856951-0.
Retrieved 29 April 2013. "Van Eeden (1913), who coined the term lucid dreaming,... "
14. Allan Angoff; Betty Shapin; Parapsychology Foundation (1973).Parapsychology today: a geographic view;
proceedings of an international conference, held at Le Piol, St. Paul de Vence, France, August 25–27, 1971(https://book
s.google.com/books?id=AiUNAAAAIAAJ).Parapsychology Foundation.ISBN 978-0-912328-21-8. Retrieved 29 April
2013. "Best known is Frederik van Eeden (1860–1932), physician, author and poet, who became interested in psychical
... 431), wherein he coined the term "lucid dreams," that is the type of dream in which the sleeper knows that he is
dreaming."
15. Pier Luigi Parmeggiani; Ricardo A. V elluti (30 December 2005).The Physiologic Nature of Sleep (https://books.google.
com/books?id=kbi1_he8JhIC&pg=PA551). Imperial College Press. p. 551.ISBN 978-1-86094-557-1. Retrieved
29 April 2013. "The term was coined by Frederik van Eeden (1913). "
16. New Scientist (https://books.google.com/books?id=qDMeAQAAMAAJ) . New Science Publications. January 1990.
Retrieved 29 April 2013. "The term "lucid dreaming" (which isn't a very good one since it means much more than vivid
or clear dreaming) was coined by Frederik van Eeden, a Dutch psychiatrist, "...
17. Psychology Today (1989). PSYCHOLOGY TODAY: APRIL 1989 (https://books.google.com/books?id=mzF7J9_hWtIC) .
Retrieved 29 April 2013. "Society for Psychical Research, that the Dutch physician Frederik W illems Van Eeden wrote
of having a "lucid" dream. Van Eeden may have coined the term, but it was Hugh Calloway , an English contemporary,
who was the first to ..."
18. Tipiti: Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America(https://books.google.com/books?id=9Y46
AQAAIAAJ). 1–2. Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America. 2003. p. 195 . Retrieved 29 April 2013.
"The term "lucid dream" was coined by the Dutch psychotherapist Frederik van Eeden (1913), as one of the nine
categories of his dream typology."
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html). Skeptical Inquirer. 15: 362–370.
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gFAQ2.html). lucidity.com.
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International Society of Life Information Science . Japan. 21 (1): 159–162. "The occurrence of lucid dreaming (dreaming
while being conscious that one is dreaming) has been verified for four selected subjects who signaled that they knew
they were dreaming. The signals consisted of particular dream actions having observable concomitants and were
performed in accordance with a pre-sleep agreement. "
23. LaBerge, Stephen (1990). "Lucid Dreaming: Psychophysiological Studies of Consciousness during REM Sleep". In
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 44. Colic, M. (2007). "Kanna's lucid dreams and the use of narrative practices to explore their meaning."
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doi:10.1159/000095446 (https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000095446).
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Dreaming. 13 (3): 181–86. doi:10.1037/1053-0797.13.3.181(https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1053-0797.13.3.181).
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48. Barrett, Deirdre. The Committee of Sleep: How Artists, Scientists, and Athletes Use their Dr
eams for Creative Problem
Solving ... and How You Can, Too. Hardback Random House, 2001, Paperback Oneroi Press, 2010.

Further reading
Blanken, C.M. den and Meijer, E.J.G. "An Historical View of
Wikibooks has a book on
Dreams and the Ways to Direct Them; Practical Observations by
the topic of: Lucid
Marie-Jean-Léon-Lecoq, le Marquis d'Hervey-Saint-Denys". Dreaming
Lucidity Letter, 7 (2) 67–78; 1988. Revised Edition in:
Lucidity,10 (1&2) 311–322; 1991.
Conesa, Jorge (2003). Sleep Paralysis Signaling (SPS) As a Natural Cueing Method for the Generation
and Maintenance of Lucid Dreaming. The 83rd Annual Convention of the Western Psychological
Association. May 1–4, 2003. Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Conesa, Jorge (2002). "Isolated Sleep Paralysis and Lucid Dreaming: Ten-year longitudinal case study
and related dream frequencies, types, and categories". Sleep and Hypnosis. 4 (4): 132–142.
Gackenbach, Jayne; Laberge, Stephen (1988). Conscious Mind, Sleeping Brain. New York: Plenum
Press. ISBN 0-306-42849-0.
Green, Celia; McCreery, Charles (1994). Lucid Dreaming: The Paradox of Consciousness During Sleep.
London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11239-7.
LaBerge, Stephen (1985). Lucid Dreaming. Los Angeles: J.P. Tarcher. ISBN 0-87477-342-3.
Olson, Parmy (2012). "Saying 'Hi' Through A Dream: How The Internet Could Make Sleeping More
Social". Forbes.
Warren, Jeff (2007). "The Lucid Dream". The Head Trip: Adventures on the Wheel of Consciousness.
Toronto: Random House Canada. ISBN 978-0-679-31408-0.
Tuccillo, Dylan; Zeizel, Jared; Peisel, Thomas (2013). A Field Guide to Lucid Dreaming: Mastering the
Art of Oneironautics. Workman Publishing. ISBN 978-0-761-17739-5.
Lucid dreaming can be induced by electric scalp stimulation, study finds
A look at four psychology fads — a comparison of est, primal therapy, Transcendental Meditation and
lucid dreaming at the Los Angeles Times
HowToLucid.com - A range of articles on Lucid Dreaming, and some tutorials.
"Step by step guide how to lucid dream"

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