TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1 Introduction 1-4
2 Municipal Solid Waste 5-47
3 Bio-medical Waste 48-59

4 Electronic Wastes 60-65

5 Hazardous Wastes 66-78

6 Plastic Wastes 79-85

7 Environmental Impacts of Wastes 86-88

8 Government initiative taken for solid waste management 89-95

in Tamil Nadu

9 References 96
 1. INTRODUCTION
Waste refers to lack of use or ‘useless remains’. Waste is a by-product of human
activity. Physically, it contains the same materials as are found in useful products, it only
differs from useful production by use of value. Wastes are broadly classified based on their
source (Table 1.1). Urban solid waste includes household garbage and rubbish, street
sweeping, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residues, trade and industrial refuse
and bio-medical solid waste (CPCB, 2000). Further Bio-medical wastes are generated form
health care establishments. Solid waste management (SWM) has three basic components
namely collection, transportation and disposal. The objective of SWM is to reduce the
quantity of solid waste disposed off on land by recovery of materials and energy from solid
waste in a cost effective and environment friendly manner. The increasing pace of
urbanization along with an increase in per capita waste generation driven by changing urban
consumption patterns has created significant additional pressures on already stretched
Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) systems across the state. This challenge is
further increased by the lack of adequate capacity, financial capabilities and skilled
manpower in collection, transportation, processing and final disposal.

Table 1.1 Classification of Solid Wastes

Household waste- kitchen, house cleaning, old
Domestic waste papers, packing bottles, crockery wares, furnishing
materials, garden trimmings etc .
Waste generated at business premises , shops ,
Commercial Waste office ,markets, department stores, organic,
inorganic ,chemically reactive and hazardous waste
Schools, colleges, hospitals , large hotels and
Institutional wastes restaurants , markets selling vegetables , fruits , fish
,etc
Waste generated through manufacturing and
Industrial /Trade waste
material processing
Electronic Wastes Waste from used electronics
Debris or construction Comprises of earth , bricks , stones , wooden logs
rejects
Animal waste such as animal tissue , organs , body
Bio medical wastes parts ,carcasses ,fluid , blood , discharge from
hospitals ,animal houses
Hazar dous in nature for human health and the
Hazardous wastes environment , as in the Hazardous waste
management rues 1989
Source: CPHEEO, 2000- Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management”,
Ministry of Urban Development,

Government of India, New Delhi

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 Tamil Nadu has population of 7.21 Crores, an increase from figure of 6.24 Crore in
2001 census. Total population of Tamil Nadu as per 2011 census is 72,147,030 of which male
and female are 36,137,975 and 36,009,055 respectively. In 2001, total population was
62,405,679 in which males were 31,400,909 while females were 31,004,770. Out of total
population of Tamil Nadu, 48.40% people live in urban regions. The total figure of
population living in urban areas is 34,917,440 of which 17,458,910 are males and while
remaining 17,458,530 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by
48.40 percent. The State is therefore, faces a challenge of providing essential infrastructure in
urban centres to keep pace with population growth.

On an average, 91% of MSW are dumped in landfills (CPCB 2000). However, a very
small portion of these is scientifically dumped in sanitary landfills according to standards
prescribed by concerned agencies. Average 5% to 6% wastes are disposed using various
composting methods. Landfill sites have not yet been identified by many municipalities and
in several municipalities, the landfill sites have been exhausted and the respective local
bodies do not have resources to acquire new land.

SWM is part of public health and sanitation, and according to the Indian Constitution,
it falls under the state list. Since the activity is non-exclusive, non-rivalled, and essential, the

responsibility for providing the service lies within the public domain. As this activity is of
local nature, it is entrusted to the Urban Local Bodies .The ULB undertakes the task of solid
waste service delivery with its own staff, equipment and funds. In a few cases part of the said
work is contracted out to private enterprise (PPP).

The 74th Constitutional amendment gives constitutional recognition for local self
Government institutions specifying the powers and responsibilities. Very few ULBs in the
country have prepared long-term action plans for effective SWM in their respective cities.
For obtaining a long-term economic solution, planning of the system on longterm sustainable
basis is very essential. The Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), GOI, has notified
Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 to tackle this problem. The
increase in quantity of Municipal solid Waste generation with increase in urban population is
quite obvious.

It is estimated that the per capita waste generation in Chennai is around 0.7 Kg/day. A
total of 4500 MT of solid waste and 700 MT of building debris are generated every day in
Chennai. Composition of the waste generated in Chennai is given in Table 1.2.

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 Table 1.2 Composition of the waste generated in Chennai
Physical Composition %
Food waste 8.00
Green-waste 32.25
Timber (wood) 6.99
Consumable plastic 5.86
Industrial Plastic 1.18
Steel & Materials 0.03
Rags & Textiles 3.14
Paper 6.45
Rubber & Leather 1.45
Inert 34.65
Chemical Analysis
Moisture content 27.60
pH value 7.86
Organic Content 39.06
Carbon content 21.53
Nitrogen content 0.73
Phosphorous P2O5 0.63
Potassium K2O 0.63
Waste Generation by
category
Residential 68
Commercial 16
Halls, schools , institutions 14
Industrial 2
Separately
Hospitals & Clinics disposed by
hospitals
Source: Corporation of Chennai -2015

Improper disposal of solid wastes can create unsanitary conditions, and in turn can
lead to pollution of the environment and to outbreaks of diseases. There are potential risks to
environment and health from improper handling of solid wastes. Direct health risks concern
mainly to the workers in this field, from contact with wastes. The main risks to health are
indirect and arise from the breeding of disease vectors. Hazardous wastes from industries
mixing up with municipal wastes create potential risks to human health. Some of the major
health impacts are as follows:

 Poisoning through chemical inhalation

 Cancer

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 Neurological disease
 Nausea and vomiting
 Plastic found in oceans ingested by birds
 Resulted in high algal population in rivers and sea.
 Degrades water and soil quality

Solid-waste management presents complex technical challenges to the governing

authorities. There is a strong need for sustainable practice of solid waste management in
Tamil Nadu. This report will provide a database of waste generation in the state, along with
different management practices for the same. It also highlights key initiatives by the state
government towards environmentally friendly management and disposal of the wastes.

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 2. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
2.1 General

Municipal solid waste (MSW) includes wastes resulting from domestic wastes,
institutional wastes and commercial wastes. Population growth and Urbanization are the key
causes of increase in MSW. Domestic wastes include Household Waste-Kitchen, house
cleaning, old papers, packing, bottles, crockery wares, furnishing materials, garden trimmings
etc. Institutional wastes are those arising from schools, universities, research institutes etc.
Commercial wastes included in this category are solid wastes that originate in offices,
wholesale and retail stores, restaurants, hotels, markets, warehouses and other commercial
establishments. Waste generated at business premises, shops, offices, markets, departmental
stores (paper, packing material, spoiled, discarded goods). With the growth of Urban centres
in the city the quantity of MSW is predicted to increase proportionally. All the MSW
generated can be further classified into Bio-degradable, Non-biodegradable and Inert wastes.
The main methods of treatment and disposal include Land filling, vermi-composting,
composting, Anaerobic Digestion and biomethanation, Incineration and
Pyrolysis/Gasification etc. Majority of the MSW in Tamil Nadu will end up in the Landfill.
This chapter highlights data on the total generation, collection, treatment and disposal
methods for MSW in Tamil Nadu.

2.2 Legislative Framework

In exercise of the powers conferred by section 3,6 and 25 of the Environment

(Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the Central Government hereby makes the Municipal
Solid Wastes, (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000. These rules shall apply to every
municipal authority responsible for collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing
and disposal of municipal solid wastes. "Municipal authority" means Municipal Corporation,
Municipality, Nagar Palika, Nagar Nigam, Nagam Panchayat, Municipal Council including
notified area committee (NAC) or any other local body constituted under the relevant statues
and, where the management and handling of municipal solid waste is entrusted to such
agency.

2.2.1 Responsibility of municipal authority

Every municipal authority shall, within the territorial area of the municipality, be
responsibility for the implementation of the provisions of these rules, and for any

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infrastructure development for collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing and
disposal of municipality solid wastes.

The municipal authority or an operator of a facility shall make an application in Form-

I for grant of authorisation for setting up waste processing and disposal facility, including
landfills from the State Board or the Committee in order to comply with the implementation
programme laid down in Schedule -I.

The municipal authority shall comply with these rules as per the implementation
schedule laid down in schedule -I. The municipal authority shall furnish its annual report in
Form –II to the Secretary-in-charge of the Department of Urban Development of the
concerned State or as the case may be of the Union territory, in case of a metropolitan city, or
to the District Magistrate or the Deputy Commissioner concerned in case of all other towns
and cities, with a copy to the Board or the Committee on before the 30th day of June every
year.

2.2.2 Responsibility of the Central Pollution Control Bard and the State Board or the
Committees

The State Board or the Committee shall monitor the compliance of the standards
regarding ground water, ambient air, leachate quality and the compost quality including
incineration standards as specified under Schedule II, III and IV.

The State Board or the Committee, after the receipt of application from the municipal
authority or the operator of a facility in Form 1, for grant of authorisation for setting up waste
processing and disposal facility including landfills, shall examine the proposal taking into
consideration the views of other agencies like the State Urban Development, the Town and
Country Planning Department, Airport or Air Base Authority, the Ground Water Board or
any such other agency prior to issuing the authorisation.

The State Board or the Committee shall issue the authorisation in Form -III to the
municipal authority or an operator of a facility within forty-five days stipulating compliance
criteria and standards as specified in Schedule II, III and IV including such other conditions,
as may be necessary.

The authorisation shall be valid for a given period and after the validity is over, a
fresh authorisation shall be required.

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 The Central Pollution Control Board shall co-ordinate with the State Boards and the
Committees with particular reference to implementation and review of standards and
guidelines and compilation of monitoring data.

2.3 Generation of MSW

As indicated in the Manual on Municipal Solid waste Management published by

CPHEEO, Ministry of Urban Development and Report of the Technology Advisory Group on
Solid Waste Management constituted by Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi, the per
capita waste generation varies from 0.2 to 0.7 kg per day in cities with a population ranging
from 0.1 million and above. Tamil Nadu state Government administers 12 Corporations, 124
Municipalities and 528 Town Panchayats. The total generation of municipal solid waste
generation from Corporations is 9000 TPD, Municipalities is 3700 TPD and town panchayats
is 1900TPD. (FY-2014-2015)

Generation of MSW for the year 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 are given in Table
2.3a,2.3b. Due to increase in per capita waste generation of about 1.3% per year, and growth
of urban population between 3% to 3.5% per annum, yearly increase in the overall quantity of
solid waste generation averages about 5%.

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 Table 2.3a Generation of Municipal solid wastes District wise (2013-2014)

Town
Corporation Municipality
District Panchayat Total (TPD)
(C) (M)
(TP)
Chennai 4800 4800
Coimbatore 850 91 160 1101
Cuddalore 196 15 210
Dindigul 211 61 272
Erode 296 76 159 531
Dharmapuri &
155 40 196
Krishnagiri
Karur 139 14 153
Madurai 658 50 29 737
Kanchipuram 442 363 805
Nagapatinam 87 8 95
Namakkal 149 39 188
Thiruvarur 52 4 56
Kanyakumari 27 42 70
Ooty 68 7 75
Pudukkottai 48 11 59
Salem 350 73 120 543
Ramnadapuram 61 15 76
Thanjavur 179 22 201
Theni 0 82 82
Thoothukudi 170 43 30 243
Tirunelveli 150 55 37 242
Tiruppur 500 106 1108 1714
Tiruvallur 241 26 267
Tiruvannamalai 132 199 331
Trichy, Ariyalur
405 108 40 553
& Perambalur
Vellore 180 265 41 487
Virudhunagar 191 10 201
Villupuram 113 45 159
Total 8359 3433 2741 14532
Source: Corporation of Chennai-2013
From the above table we see that the generation of MSW is maximum from Chennai district
at 4800 TPD. This is followed by Tiruppur District at 1714 TPD and further, Coimbatore district at
1101 TPD. Chennai and Coimbatore are emerging urban centres of Tamil Nadu, generation of MSW
is bound to increase in the coming years with more people migrating to these districts.

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Table 2.3a Generation of Municipal solid wastes District wise (2014-2015)

Source: Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board – Annual Statement 2014-2015

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Source: TNPCB-Annual Statement 2014-2015

2.4 Collection & Storage

The management of solid waste is carried out as a five level operation in most corporations.

 Collection from the bins and road sides by the sanitary workers, this level also
includes street sweeping operation.

 The waste from the dust bins and road sides is cleared by the light vehicles.

 The collected waste from the vehicles is transported to the transfer stations or
processing plants

 From the transfer stations or processing plants to the landfill site

 Processing plants ie, compost plants; the rejects shall be disposed off into the landfill.

The urban local bodies have partly started the source segregation of municipal solid
waste generated in their limits and are partly composting the biodegradable waste.
Transport facilities such as dumper placer, Tipper lorry ,tipper tractor, trucks etc. have
been used by corporations for transportation of wastes and in some cases thee vehicles
are closed or pneumatic compactors are used in a few corporations areas. Similarly,
Municipalities and town panchayats utilize thee transport facilities such as tractor trailer,
dumper placer , tipper , tricycle ,push carts etc. In most urban local bodies the

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 biodegradable wastes are partly composted , segregated plastic wastes is used for road laying
and the remaining waste is dumped in the land fill.

2.4.1 Waste Transfer Points

Details of some of the modern waste transfer points as found in Coimbatore are given
in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Waste Transfer points Coimbatore – Peelamedu.

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2.5 Treatment & Disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes

Based on their type and for effective treatment all MSW can be further classified
into 3 categories:

1. Biodegradable Wastes

2. Non-biodegradable wastes

3. Inert wastes

The different types of treatment of wastes are given in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Different types of treatment of MSW wastes

2.6 Treatment of Biodegradable MSW

2.6.1 Composting Using micro-organisms

With the proper mixture of water, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, micro-organisms are
allowed to break down organic matter to produce compost. The composting process is
dependent on micro-organisms to break down organic matter into compost. There are many
types of microorganisms found in active compost of which the most common are

Bacteria- The most numerous of all the microorganisms found in compost. Depending
on the phase of composting, mesophilic or thermophilic bacteria may predominate.

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 Table 2.4 Composition of Compost

Specifications Unit Norms Composition as per analysis

(%) (%)
Particulate Size min 90.0 100
(-4mm IS Seive)
Colour Dark brown to black
Odour No foul odour Non objectionable
Bulk Density 0.7 0.9 0.77
(gm/cm3)
Moisture 15 25 18.48
Total Nitrogen as N Min 0.5 1.19
Total Phosphorus as Min 0.5 1.14
( P2O5)
Total Potassium Min 1.0 1.26
(K2O)
Total Organic Min 16 18.0
Carbon
C:N (1:5) Max < 20.1 15.12
pH 6.5 7.5 6.95
Electrical Max 4 2.2
Conductivity (dsm-
1)
Heavy Metal (mg/kg)
Arsenic as( As) Max 10 BDL
Cadmium (asCd) Max 5 0.19
Chromium (as Cr) Max 50 0.15
Copper (asCu) Max 300 98
Mercury (as Hg) Max 0.15 BDL
Nickel (as Ni) Max 50 BDL
Lead(Pb) Max 100 BDL
Zinc(Zn) Max 1000 132
Pathogens Nil NIL

2.6.2 Vermicomposting

Vermicompost is the product or process of composting using various worms, usually

red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms to create a heterogeneous mixture of

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decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast. These castings have
been shown to contain reduced levels of contaminants and a higher saturation of nutrients
than do organic materials before vermicomposting. Containing water-soluble nutrients,
vermicompost is an excellent, nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner. The most
common worms used in composting systems, red-worms (Eisenia foetida, Eisenia andrei,
and Lumbricus rubellus).

Benefits of vermin-composting

 Improves soil aeration

 Enriches soil with micro-organisms

 Attracts deep-burrowing earthworms already present in the soil.

 Improves water holding capacity.

 Enhances germination, plant growth, and crop yield

 Improves root growth and structure

 Bio-wastes conversion reduces waste flow to landfills

 Low capital investment and relatively simple technologies make

vermicomposting practical for less-developed agricultural regions

 Production reduces greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and nitric

oxide (produced in landfills or incinerators when not composted or through
methane harvest).

Figure 2.2 Vermicompost

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2.6.3 Bio-gas generation

Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane by microbes known as

methanogens. Organisms capable of producing methane have been identified only from the
domain Archaea. The production of methane is an important and widespread form of
microbial metabolism. In most environments, it is the final step in the decomposition of
biomass. Further the methane produced can be used for power generation.

2.7 Treatment of Non- biodegradable wastes

2.7.3 Recycling

Separate glass, plastic and metal from other non-biodegradable waste for recycling.
Recycling saves space in landfills and reduces the amount of virgin materials that must be
mined or manufactured to make new products and thus saving energy.

2.7.4 Landfills

Landfills provide long-term storage for non-biodegradable waste. Ideally, landfills are
carefully situated to prevent contamination from entering surrounding soil and water, and
managed to reduce odour and pests as much as possible.

2.7.5 Design of Land fill

A landfill design life will comprise of an ‘active’ period and an ‘closure and post-
closure’ period. The ‘active’ period shall be comprise of the period for which waste filling is
in progress at the landfill and typically range from 10 to 25 years depending on the
availability of land area. The ‘closure and post-closure’ period for which a landfill will be
monitored and maintained shall be 30 years after the ‘active period’ is completed.

Figure 2.3 Design of Landfill

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 Figure 2.4 Impervious layer for Land fill site at Vellakal

2.7.5 Eco Bricks

Inert material can be utilised to manufacture eco bricks. The eco bricks are useful for
construction of compound wall, footpath and pathways in parks.

Figure 2.3 Eco-Brick Manufacturing in the state

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2.7.6 Specification for Landfill Sites

Site Section

In areas falling under the jurisdiction of 'Development Authorities.' It shall be the

responsibility of such Development Authorities to identify the landfill sites and hand over the sites to
the concerned municipal authority for development operation and maintenance. Selection of landfill
sites shall be based on examination of environmental issues. The Department of Urban Development
of the State or the Union Territory shall co-ordinate with the concerned organisation for obtaining the
necessary approvals and clearance. The landfill site shall be large enough to last for 20-25 years.

Specification for land filling

Wastes subjected to land filling shall be compacted in thin layers using landfill compactors to
achieve high density of the wastes.

Wastes shall be covered immediately or at the end of each working day with minimum 10 cm
of soil, inert debris or construction material till such time waste processing facilities for composting or
recycling or energy recovery are set up as per Schedule - I.

Pollution Prevention

In order to prevent pollution problems from landfill operations, the following provisions shall
be made, namely:-Diversion of storm water drains to minimize leachate generation and prevent
pollution of surface water and also for avoiding flooding and creation of marshy conditions.
Construction of a non-permeable lining system at the base and walls of waste disposal area.

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2.8 Municipal Solid Waste Collection Treatment And Disposal in the State

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 Recyclable materials
are sold to recyclers.
Thanjavur Door to door Segregation at Segregated washes, Throgh tipper onto tipper lorry Compostable wastes
colleciton source vegetable market, tractors, dumper placer are utilized to
flower market, manufacture of manure
utilized for
manufacture of
manure
Thoothukudi Manual Manual Storage yard Truck, Tiller - -
Tirunelveli 1 M.T. of plastic 4.5 cu.m. containers Transporatation done through 6 Waste to Energy under Waste to Energy
waste are of 220, and 1.1 cum Dumper Placer Lorry, 4 compactor progress under progress
segregated daily bins of 410 are used. Lorry and 8 Tipper Lorries
and drive to
shredding for Road
laying
Tiruppur Door to door No segregation of No storage facility. The MSW are transported in a closed No MSW processing The MSW are
collection is being solid wastes are vehicle to the dump site. facility is provided. disposed to the dump
implemented. carried out. site without
segregation and
processing.
Trichy Truck TIPPER - 42 Truck compost only 100T
Daily collected by Trailer- 5 Refuse collector-9 remaining as open manure/open
sanitary workers 20 wards open dumping Dumper placer 22 dumping dumping
Vellore House to house No segregation HDPE Bins-312 Push cart-167, No processing of Open dumping
collection by Try Cycle-250, Municipal Solid Waste
sanitary worker& Mini Auto-4,
self help group Auto Tipper-6
Tipper Lorry-7
Refuse Collector-6
Tractors-9
Mini Lorry-1

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 Status of implementation of Schedule II [ rules 6(1) and (3), 7(1)] by Municipalities of Tamil Nadu

Name of Name of MSW MSW Segregation MSW Storage Transportation Details on Disposal of
District Municipality Collection detai details details Processing of Municipal Solid
details ls Municipal Solid Waste
Waste

Coimbatore Pollachi By lorries using No segregation at Open Storage By lorries Segregation using Composting and
dust bins source is carried out draw mill- windro storage
composting-
Pelletiztion is being
carried out.
Valparai By lorries using No segregation at Open Storage By lorries Bio composting Composting and
dust bins source is carried out alone is carried out storage
Mettupalayam Collection is Tipper lorries, Bio composting & Bio manure
done by house to truck lorries, Verni composting
house dumper placers &
pushcarts
Cuddalore Collection is one Partial segregation at Tricycle, Push Dumping as it is at
Cuddalore by house to source Dumped in the Cart and Tractor one site
house site Trailor Dumping
Collection is Partial segregation at Tricycle and 2 No of landfill sites
Chidambaram done by house to source Dumped in the Tractor Trailor used
house site Composting
Collection is Partial segregation at Dumper –Placer, Dumping Dumping as it is at
Nellikuppam done by house to source Dumped in the Push cart, Mini one site
house site auto, TATA ACE
Collection is Partial segregation at Tricycle, Tractor Dumping Dumping as it is at
Panruti done by house to source Dumped in the Trailorand one site
house site Dumper –Placer
Collection is Partial segregation at Tricycle, Tractor 1 No of landfill sites
Virudhachalam done by house to source Dumped in the Trailorand used
house site Dumper –Placer Composting
Dindigul Oddanchatram Collection using No Segregation Stored in the Transported Dumping Dumping Yard
Compactor bins Dump Yard using Truck-
Tipper and

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 Dumper- Placers
Palani Collection using No Segregation Stored in the Transported Dumping Dumping Yard
Compactor bins Dump Yard using Truck-
Tipper and
Dumper- Placers
Koddaikanal Collection using No Segregation Stored in the Transported Certain quantity of Compost Yard
Dumper placer Compost Yard using Truck- waste is compost in
Tipper and composted yard.
Dumper- Placers
Erode Sathyamangalam 3 mt of Segreated
27 wards door to Composting by
7 wards segregation Dumper Bins: 55 Dumper Placer waste compost by
door collection Windrows method
Windrows method
P.Puliampatty Door to door Transportation by
collection by open dumping by tipper lorry 1 No
Primary segregation - Open dumping
municipality compost yard & dumper placer
workers lorry 1 No
Bhavani Door to door
Tipper lorry 2
collection by open dumping by
- Nos & dumper Composting Open dumping
municipality compost yard
placer 3 Nos
workers
Gobichettipalayam Door to door
Tipper lorry 2
collection by
- Dumping Nos & dumper - Dumping
municipality
placer 2 Nos
workers
Dharmapuri Krishnagiri Door to Door by Partial segregation at No Storage Trucks & Tippers Steps taken for At present dumping
and Krishnagiri Municipality & source composting
SHG
Hosur Door to Door by Partial segregation at No intermediate Thro” Tractor & Market waste alone Dumping
Municipality & source storage Lorry composting as it is
SHG
Dharmapuri Door to Door by Partial segregation at No intermediate Thro” Tractor & No Process Dumping
Municipality source storage Lorry as it is
Staff & SHG
Karur Kulithalai Tricycles, Seggregated No storage Trucks & Tippers Composting & Kulithalai
dumper placers Landfill
& Push Carts

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Madurai Thirumangalam House to House No segregation Dumper Bins Transported Nil Demolised and
Collection by have been placed through dumper construction waste is
push carts. in appropriate placer vehicle dumped on notified
Dumper bins places and Tipper lorries low laying area.
placed at
appropriate
places
Usilampatti House to House No segregation Dumper Bins Transported Nil Demolised and
Collection by have been placed through dumper construction waste is
push carts. in appropriate placer vehicle dumped on notified
Dumper bins places and Tipper lorries low laying area.
placed at
appropriate
places
Melur House to House No segregation Dumper Bins Transported Nil Demolised and
Collection by have been placed through dumper construction waste is
push carts. in appropriate placer vehicle dumped on notified
Dumper bins places and Tipper lorries low laying area.
placed at
appropriate
places
Kanchipuram Auto-6
Tractor-4
Dumper-1
Chengalpet 33 numbers - - - Dumping yard
Tipper-2
Refuse collector-
1
Maraimalai Nagar 42MT - - - - Dumping
Tambaram 39420 21 wards that are - 103.68T/day of 1T/day of
privatized are imparted MSW are carried biodegradable
to do segregation. in 39 vehicles(26- waste is utilized to 103.68
private do T/day
13-Municipality) vermicomposting in
ward no.32
Pallavapuram Door to door Segregated waste are Organic waste are Closed covered Presently dumped,
Dumping (presently)
collection collected from the dumped, vehicles like new project has

22
 source-60% achieved recyclable waste compacters and been commenced
are disposed. dumper placers on waste to energy
are used. technology
Pammal 35T collected Waste collected
0.7MT plastic After segregated the
daily through Tipper lorry-2 and segregated at
collected like PET balance garbage and
municipality and Tractor-2 door step and
bottles,carry bags,milk Dumping yards canal waste are
NGO firm Compacter-1 processed for
cover at door to door dumped in compost
JCB-1 Vermi composting
system yard.
in composting yard
21MT daily
generated out of
0.305 MT plastic bags
this 20MT are
and materials.ie.Re-
collected daily 2-Tipper lorry
Anakaputur useable were collected Dumping at yard - Dumping
through Mini lorry-2
at door to door/primary
Municipal
collection
workers and
contract workers
Municipal solid
waste are
Waste collected Having 3 tipper
collected directly
are stored with lorry, 1 tractor, 2
by municipal Plastic waste are
help of compactor dumper placer, 3 Presently dumped in
Kancheepuram administration in processed through -
bins, dumper compactor, 1 open yard
26 wards and SHG’s
placer bins & hook loader & 4
through private
hook loader bins tipper auto.
party in 25
wards
Initially Land purchased
collected door to under IUDM
Having three
door for 7 wards Recently started scheme 37
Dipper lorries for Planning to recycle
(1to 7 ) segregation activity at Compactor Bins
transportation of MSW into manure
through push compost yard with capacity of
Madhurandhagam MSW to through windrow --
carts and also 3 separately engaged for 1100 liters for
compost yard composting and
Autos being 10 Daily wages labour storage of
Daily two to vermin composting.
engaged for door for this activity municipal solid
three trips.
to door waste at the
collection for 6 community level .

23
 wards (11 to 15
& 8)
Nagapattinam Nagapattinam through dumper all the 36 wards stored in compost Truck – tipper – 4 plastic waste are segregated plastic
placer placed in yard nos partially segregated waste is used for road
streets dumper placers – laying and remaining
4 nos dumped in the
tricycle – 7 nos compost yard
Auto tipper – 4
nos

Mayiladuthurai through dumper all the 36 wards stored in compost Tractor trailer – 2 plastic waste are segregated plastic
placer placed in yard nos partially segregated waste is used for road
streets dumper placers – laying and remaining
3 nos dumped in the
tricycle – 39 nos compost yard
tipper lorry – 3
nos
Sirkali through dumper 7 wards out of 24 stored in compost Truck tipper – 2 plastic waste are segregated plastic
placer placed in wards yard nos partially segregated waste is used for road
streets dumper placer – 1 laying and remaining
nos dumped in the
Tricycle – 17 nos compost yard
push cart – 18
nos
Vedaranyam through dumper 8 wards out of 20 stored in compost Tractor trailer – 1 plastic waste are segregated plastic
placer placed in wards yard no partially segregated waste is used for road
streets dumper placers – laying and remaining
1nos dumped in the
tipper lorry – 3 compost yard
nos
Namakkal Rasipuram Collection is Partial segregation at Dumped in the By lorries Composting 10 Segregated plastic
done by house to source site Tons of organic waste is used for road
house waste by laying and remaining
Windrow dumped in the
processing and compost yard.
also vermi

24
 composting

Pallipalayam Collection is Partial segregation at Dumped in the By lorries Manure are Segregated plastic
done by house to source site prepared from waste is used for road
house Biodegradable laying and remaining
waste by SHG dumped in the
workers through compost yard.
sever machine
daily in good
manner
Komarapalayam Collection is Partial segregation at Dumped in the By lorries Partial Segregated plastic
done by house to source site waste is used for road
house laying and remaining
dumped in the
compost yard.
Namakkal Collection is Partial segregation at Dumped in the By lorries Partial Segregated plastic
done by house to source site Bio Mining waste is used for road
house laying and remaining
dumped in the dump
site.
Thiruchengode Collection is Partial segregation at Dumped in the By lorries Partial Segregated plastic
done by house to source site waste is used for road
house laying and remaining
dumped in the dump
site.
Thiruvarur Thiruvaur through 10 wards out of 30 stored in compost Mini lorry – 1 no plastic waste segregated plastic
compactor bins wards yard tipper mini lorry are partially waste is used for road
placed in streets – 1no segregated laying and remaining
tractor trailer – 1 dumped in the
no compost yard
tricycle – 10
Refuse- collector
– 2 nos

25
 Mannargudi through dumper 4 wards out of 33 stored in compost tipper lorry – plastic waste segregated plastic
placer and wards yard 2nos are partially waste is used for road
compactor bins truck tipper – 1 segregated laying and remaining
placed in streets no dumped in the
tractor trailer – 1 compost yard
no
refuse – collector
–1
dumper placer – 2
nos
tricycle – 20 nos
Thiruthuraipoondi through bins 10 wards out of 24 stored in compost truck tipper – plastic waste segregated plastic
placed in streets wards yard 2nos are partially waste is used for road
tractor trailer – segregated laying and remaining
1no dumped in the
tricycle – 4 nos compost yard
Koothanallur through dumper - stored in compost mini lorry – 2 nos plastic waste segregated plastic
placer placed in yard dumper placer – 1 are partially waste is used for road
streets mini van – 1 segregated laying and remaining
dumped in the
compost yard
Kanyakumari Kuzhithurai Door to door Partially done Storage yard Through Trucks No processing Stored in dumping
collection yard
Nagercoil Door to door Partially done Storage yard Through Trucks No processing Stored in dumping
collection yard
Padmanabhapuram Door to door Partially done Storage yard Through Trucks No processing Stored in dumping
collection yard
Colachel Door to door Partially done Storage yard Through Trucks No processing Stored in dumping
collection yard
Nilgiris Street collection Segregated into Bio- Bins By Lorry Nil Dumped in open yard
Coonoor and partially degradable & Non-
door to door Bio-degradable
collection
Udhagamandalam Street collection Segregated into Bio- Bins By Lorry Nil Dumped in open yard
and partially degradable & Non-
door to door Bio-degradable

26
 collection
Gudalur Door to door Partially done Storage yard Through Trucks No processing Stored in dumping
collection yard
Nelliyalam Street collection Segregated into Bio- Bins By Lorry Windrow 1.Bio degradable
and partially degradable & Non- Composting yard convert into
door to door Bio-degradable manure
collection 2.Non Bio degradable
is dumped in open
yard
Pudukkottai Pudukkottai Manual Door to door Stored in Tipper Lorry, Composting is Partly disposed as
Collection & segregation in 15 Dumping yard Dumper placer being carried out manure and the
dumper placer wards out of 42 lorry partially and the remaining is dumped
bins-60 Nos remaining is in the yard
dumped
Aranthangi Manual Door to door Stored in Tipper Lorry, Composting is Partly disposed as
Collection & segregation in all 27 Dumping yard Dumper placer being carried out manure and the
dumper placer wards. lorry, Tipper partially and the remaining is dumped
bins-48 Nos Tractor etc., remaining is in the yard
dumped
Salem Attur Bins, Push Cart Plastic and other Collected solid Trucks Segregated waste is Bio compost is sold
recyclable waste is waste is composted in the out.
segregated from MSW. transported compost yard and Recyclable materials
through trucks to recyclable waste is are sold to recyclers.
the compost yard sold
Narashingapuram Bins, Push Cart Plastic and other Collected solid Trucks Segregated waste is Bio compost is sold
recyclable waste is waste is composted in the out.
segregated from MSW. transported compost yard and Recyclable materials
through trucks to recyclable waste is are sold to recyclers.
the compost yard sold
Edappadi Bins, Push Cart Plastic and other Collected solid Trucks Segregated waste is Bio compost is sold
recyclable waste is waste is composted in the out.
segregated from MSW. transported compost yard and Recyclable materials
through trucks to recyclable waste is are sold to recyclers.
the compost yard sold
Mettur Bins, Push Cart Plastic and other Collected solid Trucks Segregated waste is Bio compost is sold
recyclable waste is waste is composted in the out.

27
 segregated from MSW. transported compost yard and Recyclable materials
through trucks to recyclable waste is are sold to recyclers.
the compost yard sold
Ramnad Ramanathapuram Door to door Manual Segregation at -- Through Composting Open dump
composite Yard municipal
vehicals with net
covered
Rameswaram Door to door Manual Segregation at -- Through Composting Open dump
composite Yard municipal
vehicals with net
covered
Paramakudi Door to door Manual Segregation at -- Through Composting Open dump
composite Yard municipal
vehicals with net
covered
Keelakarai Door to door Manual Segregation at -- Through Composting Open dump
composite Yard municipal
vehicals with net
covered
Sivagangai Devakkottai
-- -- -- -- -- --
Sivagangai
Door to door Manual Segregation at -- Through Composting Open dump
compost yard municipal
vehicles net
covered
Karaikkudi
Door to door Manual Segregation at -- Through Composting Open dump
compost yard municipal
vehicles net
covered
Thanjavur Kumbakonam MSW collected Segregated waste are MSW stored in Dumper placer -- Dumping at STP site
through push disposed at STP site dumper placer lorries Thepperaumanallur.
cart, tricycle and Thepperaumanallur bins 5TPD
the collected Biomethanation
garbage stored in power generation

28
 plastic plant under erection
containers at kumbakonam
Pattukkottai Door to door Only 11 wards Dumper placer Dumper placer – -- Dumping at
collection segregation bins – 57 nos. 2 municipal compost
through cycle Tractor - 3 yard
rickshaw
Theni Theni-Allinagaram Door to Door Segregation at source No intermittent Transported by Source segregation Dumping at compost
Collection storage system Dumper Placer collection yard
Method adopted vehicle

Periyakulam Door to Door Segregation at source No intermittent Transported by Source segregation Dumping at compost
Collection storage system Dumper Placer collection yard
Method adopted vehicle

Bodinaickanur Door to Door Segregation at source No intermittent Transported by Source segregation Dumping at compost
Collection storage system Dumper Placer collection yard
Method adopted vehicle

Cumbum Door to Door Segregation at source No intermittent Transported by Source segregation Dumping at compost
Collection storage system Dumper Placer collection yard
Method adopted vehicle

Chinnamanur Door to Door Segregation at source No intermittent Transported by Source segregation Dumping at compost
Collection storage system Dumper Placer collection yard
Method adopted vehicle

Gudalur Door to Door Segregation at source No intermittent Transported by Source segregation Dumping at compost
Collection storage system Dumper Placer collection yard
Method adopted vehicle

Thoothukudi Kayalpattinam Composting

Manual Manual Dumper bin Lorry, Tipper
Kovilpatti Manual Manual Storage Yard Lorry, Tipper Composting
Tirunelveli Ambasamudram Bio-Degradable Mini Lorry
Segregation at Source Compost yard at
- 53.5% Dumper Places -- Dumping
Level for 7 Wards 5.00 Acres
Plastic - 3.00% Auto.

29
 Paper -4% Tractor
Metal, Glass &
Rubber -
1.5%
Inert - 38 %
Kadayanallur Bio-Degradable
- 46.59%%
Plastic -
9% Mini Lorry
Paper - Segregation at Source Compost yard at Dumper Places Windrows &
Windrows
3.15% Level for 8 Wards 10.25 Acres Auto. Dumping
Metal, Glass & Tractor
Rubber -
1.40%
Inert --
Puliyangudi Bio-Degradable
- 54%
Mini Lorry
Plastic - 2.5%
Segregation at Source Compost yard at Dumper Places Windrows &
Paper - 2 % Windrows
Level for 11 Wards 5.06 Acres Auto. Dumping
Metal, Glass &
.
Rubber - 2 .5%
Inert - 39 %
Sankarankovil
Shenkottai Bio-Degradable
- 42.29%
Plastic - 4% Mini Lorry
Paper - 2.10% Compost yard at Dumper Places
Windrows Dumping
Metal, Glass & 5.10 Acres Auto.
Rubber -
1.10%
Inert --
Tenkasi Bio-Degradable Compost yard at
Dumper -
- 54% Mathalamparai-
Segregation at Source Placers1
Plastic - 2% 3.03acres Dumping Dumping
Level for 12 Wards Push carts
Paper - 2.5 % Boganallur-8.25
Mini Lorry
Metal, Glass & acres

30
 Rubber - 2 .5%
Inert - 39 %
V.K. Puram Bio-Degradable Mini Lorry – 2
- 48.83% Nos.
Plastic - 3% Dumper PlaceR –
Paper - 2.91 % Compost yard at 1 Nos.
Metal, Glass & 6.84 Acres 4 Wheeler Auto –
Open dumping Open dumping
Rubber- 1.67% 2 Nos.
Inert - 43.59 3 Wheeler auto –
% 4 Nos
Tiruppur Palladam Door to door No segregation of solid No storage The MSW are No MSW The MSW are
Municipality collection is wastes are carried out. facility. transported in a processing facility disposed to the dump
being closed vehicle to is provided. site without
implemented. the dump site. segregation and
processing.
Udumalpet Door to door The MSW are Storage facility is The MSW are The MSW The uncomposted
Municipality collection is segregated provided at the transported in a processing (bio MSW are stored in
being mechanically and MSW processing closed vehicle to composting) the processing facility
implemented. manually in the MSW facility. the MSW facility is provided .
processing facility at processing at SF.No.130/4,
SF.No.130/4, 130/5, facility. 130/5, Ganapa
Ganapathipalayam thipalayam Village,
Village, Udumalpet Udumalpet Taluk,
Taluk, Tiruppur Tiruppur District.
District. But, the
segregation is not
properly carried out.
Dharapuram Door to door No segregation of solid No storage The MSW are No MSW The MSW are
Municipality collection is wastes are carried out. facility. transported in a processing facility disposed to the dump
being closed vehicle to is provided. site without
implemented. the dump site. segregation and
processing.
Kangayam Door to door No segregation of solid No storage The MSW are No MSW The MSW are
Municipality collection is wastes are carried out. facility. transported in a processing facility disposed to the dump
being closed vehicle to is provided. site without
implemented. the dump site. segregation and

31
 processing.
Vellakoil Door to door No segregation of solid No storage The MSW are No MSW The MSW are
Municipality collection is wastes are carried out. facility. transported in a processing facility disposed to the dump
being closed vehicle to is provided. site without
implemented. the dump site. segregation and
processing.
Tiruvallur Avadi Bins Nil Nil Tipper Nil MSW are being
dumped in existing
dumping yards
Poonamallee Bins Nil Nil Tipper Nil MSW are being
dumped in existing
dumping yards
Tiruvallur Bins Nil Nil Tipper Nil MSW are being
dumped in existing
dumping yards
Tiruverkadu Bins Nil Nil Tipper Nil MSW are being
dumped in existing
dumping yards
Tiruttani Bins Nil Nil Tipper Nil MSW are being
dumped in existing
dumping yards
Tiruvannamalai Arani
Door to door Partial Segregation at No intermediate Through lorry, Nil Dumped
collection source storage tractors
Tiruvannamalai
Door to door Partial Segregation at No intermediate Through lorry, Nil Dumped
collection source storage tractors
Thiruvathipuram
Door to door Partial Segregation at No intermediate Through lorry, Nil Dumped
collection source storage tractors
Vandavasi
Door to door Partial Segregation at No intermediate Through lorry, Nil Dumped
collection source storage tractors
Trichy, Manapparai
Ariyalur & Daily collected No segregation open dumping Truck TIPPER - NIL open dumping
Perambalur by sanitary 2 tri cycle 22

32
 workers Dumper placer 1
Thuraiyur Truck TIPPER -
Daily collected 2 Push cart
by sanitary 32 Dumper manure/open
workers 18 wards open dumping placer 1 Vermi compost dumping
Thuvakudi Truck TIPPER
-1 Truck
Daily collected Trailer- 1
by sanitary mini auto - 2 manure/open
workers 6 wards open dumping Dumper placer 1 NIL dumping
Perambalur Truck TIPPER -
2 tri cycle 34
Daily collected tata ace- 9
by sanitary compactor 2
workers Dumper placer 1
No segregation open dumping NIL open dumping
Ariyalur Truck TIPPER -
1 Truck
Daily collected Trailer- 1
by sanitary mini auto - 2
workers No segregation open dumping Dumper placer 1 NIL open dumping
Jeyankondam Truck TIPPER
Daily collected -1 Truck
by sanitary Trailer- 1
workers No segregation open dumping Dumper placer 1 NIL open dumping
Vellore Vaniyambadi The solid waste The local body has No transfer The solid waste No waste The solid waste
collected in the carried out source stations provided/ collected in street processing facility collected are dumped
street bins are segregation of solid The solid waste bins are provided. in the open dumping
transferred to the waste by door to door collected in street transported to the yard
open dumping collection in 24 wards bins are directly open dumping
yard through disposed through yard through 4
trucks. trucks and No. of trucks
dumped in open
dumping yard.
Gudiyatham The solid waste The local body has No transfer The solid waste No waste The solid waste
collected in the carried out source stations provided/ collected in street processing facility collected are dumped

33
 street bins are segregation of solid The solid waste bins are provided. in the open dumping
transferred to the waste by door to door collected in street transported to the yard
open dumping collection in 18 wards bins are directly open dumping
yard through disposed through yard through 3
trucks. trucks and No. of trucks
dumped in open
dumping yard.
Pernambut The solid waste The local body has No transfer The solid waste No waste The solid waste
collected in the carried out source stations provided/ collected in street processing facility collected are dumped
street bins are segregation of solid The solid waste bins are provided. in the open dumping
transferred to the waste by door to door collected in street transported to the yard
open dumping collection in 8 wards bins are directly open dumping
yard through disposed through yard through 5
trucks. trucks and No. of trucks
dumped in open
dumping yard.
Tirupathur The solid waste The local body has No transfer The solid waste No waste The solid waste
collected in the carried out source stations provided/ collected in street processing facility collected are dumped
street bins are segregation of solid The solid waste bins are provided. in the open dumping
transferred to the waste by door to door collected in street transported to the yard
open dumping collection in 13 wards bins are directly open dumping
yard through disposed through yard through 6
trucks. trucks and No. of trucks
dumped in open
dumping yard.
Ambur The solid waste The local body has No transfer The solid waste No waste The solid waste
collected in the carried out source stations provided/ collected in street processing facility collected are dumped
street bins are segregation of solid The solid waste bins are provided. in the open dumping
transferred to the waste by door to door collected in street transported to the yard
open dumping collection in16 wards bins are directly open dumping
yard through disposed through yard through 5
trucks. trucks and No. of trucks
dumped in open
dumping yard.
Jolarpet The solid waste The local body has No transfer The solid waste No waste The solid waste
collected in the carried out source stations provided/ collected in street processing facility collected are dumped

34
 street bins are segregation of solid The solid waste bins are provided. in the open dumping
transferred to the waste by door to door collected in street transported to the yard
open dumping collection in 4 wards bins are directly open dumping
yard through disposed through yard through 2
trucks. trucks and No. of trucks
dumped in open
dumping yard.
Ranipet 10 Wards-11282 No segregation Dumper-10 Tractor Trailer-2, No processing of Open dumping
Municipality house to house Dumper placers - Municipal Solid
collection by 2,Tricycle- Waste
sanitary 17,Push Cart-
worker& self 30,Tipper Autos-
help group 6
and Mini Lorry-1
Walajapet 8 Wards-7860 Plastic waste Dumper-45 Tractor Trailer-2, No processing of Open dumping
Municipality house to house segregated from the Dumper placers - Municipal Solid
collection by Municipal Solid Waste 2,Tricycle- Waste
sanitary 24,Push Cart-32,
worker& self
help group
Arcot 13071 house to No segregation Dumper placers- Tipper lorry-1, No processing of Open dumping
Municipality house collection 68 Tipper Auto-3, Municipal Solid
by sanitary Tractor Trailer-1, Waste
worker Dumpper placer
lorry-1,Mini
Lorry-4,
Melvisharam 21 Ward-8893 No segregation Dumper placers- Tractor Trailer-2, No processing of Open dumping
Municipality house to house 26 Dumper placer Municipal Solid
collection by lorry-1,Power Waste
sanitary Tilter-3,Mini
worker& Self Auto-2,
help group
Arrakkonam 36 Ward-21398 No segregation Dumper bins-78 Truck Tipper-3, No processing of Open dumping
Municipality house to house Dumper placer Municipal Solid
collection by lorry-2,Push cart- Waste
sanitary 72

35
 worker& Self
help group

Villupuram Villupuram Yes Yes Open dumping -- Composting Used as Manure

Tindivanam Yes Yes Open dumping -- Composting Used as Manure
Kallakurichi Yes Yes Open dumping -- Composting Used as Manure

Virudhunagar Rajapalayam In all 42 wards Only 10 Wards In 55 Dumber 3 Dumber placer -- --

covering 44460 segregation of Solid Placer Bins lorry and 2 tipper
House Holds Waste is done lorry enhanced
Municipal Solid regularly for transporation
Waste
Collections is
done regularly
In all 24 wards In 8 Wards segregation In 24 Dumber Daily through -- --
Sattur covering 8136 of Solid Waste is done Placer Bins and in Dumber Placer
House Holds regularly 20 (200lit) bins and Tipper
Municipal Solid solid waste is Lorries Municipal
Waste stored Solid Waste is
Collections is being transported.
done regularly

Thiruthangal House Holds Metal 0.4 Plastic –waste Mini lorry -3 Dumping Dumping
Municipality Municipal Solid Plastic –waste 0.7mt Tractor -1
Waste Paper waste 1.2mt Dumper placer -1
Collections is
done regularly
Sivakasi House Holds Metal 1.4 Plastic –waste Mini lorry -2 Dumping Dumping
Municipality Municipal Solid Plastic –waste 2mt Tractor -4
Waste Paper waste 3.6mt Dumper placer -3
Collections is
done regularly
House Holds In 3 Wards segregation In 32 Dumber Daily through -- --
Srivilliputhur Municipal Solid of Solid Waste is done Placer Bins Dumber Placer
Waste regularly and Tipper
Collections is Lorries Municipal

36
 done regularly Solid Waste is
being transported.
Virudhunagar House Holds In 10 Wards In 40 Dumber Tractor -2 - -
Municipal Solid segregation of Solid Placer Bins Dumper placers -
Waste Waste is done 2
Collections is regularly Tricycle – 30
done regularly Pushcart – 45
Compactor-1
Aruppukottai House Holds Plastic –waste Plastic –waste Dumper Placer- Dumping Dumping
Municipality Municipal Solid 5 Tipper Lorry-3
Waste
Collections is
done regularly

37
 Status of implementation of Schedule II [ rules 6(1) and (3), 7(1)] by Town Panchayats of Tamil Nadu

Name of No of Town MSW Collection MSW Segregation MSW Storage Transportation Details on Disposal of Municipal
District Panchayats details details details details Processing of Solid Waste
Municipal Solid
Waste
By lorries using No segregation at Open Storage By lorries Bio composting Composting and storage
Coimbatore 37 dust bins source is carried out alone is carried out
Door to Door Partial segregation at Push cart, Mini Composting, 13 Nos. of Land filling
Collection with source Tipper and lorry, Vermiculture and site & 3 nos. dumping at
Dumped in the
TP staff , SHG Tricycle and Tractor Pellets site
site
Groups in all Trailor
Cuddalore 16 wards
Partially composted and
Manual Segregation not
23 No Storage Using Trucks, Partially Composted partially dumped in
Collection proper
Dindigul Dumping Yard
42 Door to door Manual No storage Tractor No processing open dumping
collection through trailer,power
Erode bins tiller&push carts
17 Door to Door by Partial segregation at Collected in bins Thro Tractor, tilter Partial composting, Dumping
Dharmapuri / SHG & T.P. Staff source and no storage etc. Degradable waste as it is
Krishnagiri are composted

Karur 11 Through bins Segregation done No Storage trucks & Tractors -- Landfill
House to House No Segregation Dust bins placed Transported through Nil Demolished
Collection by at appropriate tractor and Tipper construction waste is
push carts and places without cover dumped separately.
Madurai 9 street sweeping.
Door to door The collected wastes No permanent Tractor , Tata Ace, Bio-Compost Landfill at Walajabad
collection are segregated and dumping yard Power Tiller, Tri Vermi Compost at TP only
dumped in area Cycle, Mini Lorry, Kundrathur TP.
Mini auto Compost yard at
Walajabad TP.
Kanchipuram 15
8 through container Partial segregation stored in truck tipper, tractor plastic waste are segregated plastic waste
Nagapatinam and dumper compost yard trailer, dumper partially segregated is used for road laying ,

38
 placer placer, try cycle, partially composting and to produce recycled
push cart and partially products compost
dumped in compost disposed as manure and
yard remaining dumped in
the compost yard
19 Transported to
Partial Nil Nil Nil Open dumping
Namakkal dumpyard
7 through bins Partial segregation stored in Tractor trailer, mini plastic waste are segregated plastic waste
placed in the compost yard van, mini auto, try partially segregated is used for road laying ,
streets cycle, push cart partially composting compost disposed as
and partially manure and remaining
dumped in compost dumped in the compost
Thiruvarur yard yard
56 Manually No segregation Stored in By Carts/Trucks Composting / Vermi Composting / Vermi
Kanyakumari dumping yard Composting Composting
11 Street collection Segregated into Bio- Bins By Lorry Windrow Bio degradable convert
and partially door degradable & Non- composting yard for into manure & Non Bio
to door collection Bio-degradable Kothagiri, Ketti, degradable is dumped
Devarshola TP in open yard for
Kothagiri, Ketti,
Devarshola TP
Dumped in open yard
Ooty for other TP
8 Door to door Partial Segregation Stored in Truck, Tractor & Composting is Partly disposed as
Collection Dumping yard Tipper Lorry being carried out manure and the
partially and the remaining is dumped in
remaining is the yard
Pudukkottai dumped
33 Bins and Push Not Segregated Collected MSW Tractor Dumped in the Composted
cart is transported to dump yard
the dump yard in
Salem tractor
7 Door to door Source Segregation / -- Through tractor Composting Open dump
Manual Segregation at with net covered
Ramnad composite Yard

39
 12 Door to door Source Segregation / -- Through tractor Composting Open dump
Manual Segregation at with net covered
Sivagangai composite Yard
22 solid waste Segregation at source Segregated solid Power triller, solid wastes are Compost converted into
collected by wastes are tractors, TATA split for compost fertilizer and going to
tractors converted into ACE, mini auto, and plastic waste sale for agricultural
Thanjavur compost push cart purpose
Door to Door Segregation at source No intermittent Transported by Source segregation Landfill
Collection storage system Mechanical system collection
Theni 22 Method adopted
19 Manual Manual Storage yard Truck - -
Thoothukudi
Collected wastes are Segregated bio Composting / Dumping
segregated at compost Tractor - 1 No, degradable solid
Door by Door
yard only Four Power Tiller - 1 No, waste are used to
Collection for all --
workers are Mini auto-1 preparing manure
wards
segregating the Push Card-5 with E.M. Solution
Tirunelveli 36 workers
Door to door No segregation of No storage The MSW are No MSW The MSW are disposed
collection is solid wastes are facility. transported in a processing facility to the dump site without
being carried out. closed vehicle to the is provided. segregation and
Tiruppur 16 implemented. dump site. processing.
10 Bins Nil Nil Lorry Nil MSW are being dumped
in existing dumping
Tiruvallur yards
Door to door Partial segregation at No intermediate Through tractors Partial Composting Dumped
Tiruvannamalai 10 collection source storage
TRACTOR With
Daily collected Trailer, One Mini
by sanitary Daily segregated by stored in Auto, Manure sold out / open
Ariyalur 2 workers sanitary workers compost yard Push cart Manure compost dumping
TRACTOR With
Daily collected Trailer, One Mini
by sanitary Daily segregated by stored in Auto, Manure sold out / open
Perambalur 4 workers sanitary workers compost yard Push cart Manure compost dumping

40
 16 House to house Waste segregated at RCC bin & Tractor Trailer, composting the part Open dumping
collection composite site only plastic bin Power Tiller, of the organic waste
Tricycle, push carts
Vellore and Tipper autos
Door to Door Door to Door S.Kodikulam Through Vehicle Partial composting Stored in compost yard.
collection collection is not Land site is Tractor
effection due to lack under dispute Tricycle
of cooperation from Pushcart
public. However
segregation is done at
Virudhunagar 9 dumping yard.
15 Yes Yes Open dumping -- Composting Used as Manure
Villupuram

41
 Annexure IIIA
Landfill details provided by the Corporations
Name of the Site Facilities at Specification Pollution Water Ambient Plantatio Closure of
Corporatio Selectio the site s for land Prevention Quality Air n at Landfill
n n filling Monitorin Quality Landfill Site and
g Monitorin Site Post-care
g
Coimbatore Site Corporation Land fill Scientific Being done To be done Green belt Yet to be
Selected is provided as closure of is being closed
generating per the existing developed
850 T/d of specification. dump is
MSW. made.
It is carrying
out the
following.
Windrow
Composting
-757 TPD
Vermi
Composting
-50TPD.

Erode Dumping at three locations of 28.87acres.

1. Vendipalayam
2. Vairapalayam
3. Kasipalayam
Landfill site yet to be identified.
Madurai Site Approach Vegetative Storm Ground AAQ Vegetative Maintaining
Selected Road and layer Waste Water survey Cover the
Weigh provided drains quality conducted provided. effectivenes
bridge provided. Monitored. s of final
provided Non- cover, and
Permieable preventing
lining run of from
system eroding.
provided.
1)Diversion
of storm
water drains Closure of
2)Provision Landfill site
for and post
Landfill Managemen Ambient Green belt care has
Facility
facility t of leach Piezometric Air Quality being been
construction
Salem in ate wells are survey is developed included in
is in
operatio collection & provided being at the the solid
operation
n treatment conducted facility waste
3) management
Prevention design
of run-off details
from landfill
area.
Tirunelveli Road and Green belt
Corporation lighting
facility
available

42
List of Landfill sites identified for Municipalities & Town Panchayats
District Municipalities Town Panchayats
Cuddalore Chidambaram Mangalampettai
Virudhachalam Pennadam
Tittakudi
Srimushnam
Melpattampakkam
Thorappadi
Vadalur
Kurinchipadi
Lalpettai
Kattumannarkoil
Killai
Parangipettai
Bhuvanagiri
Kanchipuram Chengalpet Thirupporur
Maraimalai Nagar Edaikazhinadu
Madambakkam
Chitlapakkam
Thiruneermalai
Mamallapuram
Uthiramerur
Acharapakkam
Karunkuzhi
Erode Sathyamangalam Ariyappampalayam
P.Puliampatty Bhavanisagar
Chennimalai
Jambai
Kanjikoil
Kasipalayam (G)
Kolappalur
Kuhalur
Lakkampatti
Nambiyur
Olagadam
P.Mettupalayam
Pallapalayam
Periyakodiveri
Perundurai
Pethampalayam
Salangapalayam
Vaniputhur
Pudukkottai Pudukkottai Illuppur
Aranthangi Arimalam
Ponnamaravathy
Karambakudi
Keeranur
Thanjavur Orathanadu
Darasuram
Thiruvaiyaru
Cholapuram
Ammapettai
Perumagalur

43
Theni Theni-Allinagaram Andipatti
Periyakulam Vadugapatti
Bodinaickanur Thamaraikulam
Cumbum Thenkarai
Chinnamanur Palanichetty Patti
Gudalur Veerapandi
Uthamapalayam
Ka.Puthu patti
Combai
Thevaram
Kamaya Gounden Patti
Hiveyvis
Devathana patti
Kenguvar Patti
Odai Patti
Kuchanur
Hanumanthan Patti
Pannai puram
Mela Chokkanatha Puram
Markkaiyan Kottai
Bo.Meenatchi Puram
Boothipuram
Tirunelveli Achampudur
Alangulam
Alwarkurichi
Eruvadi
Gopalasamudram
Kalakad
Kallidaikurichi
Keezhapavoor
Manimuthar
Melacheval
Melagaram
Mukkudal
Nanguneri
Panagudi
Panboli
Thirukurangudi
Thiruvengadam
Thisayanvilai
Veeravanallur
Tiruppur Udumalaipet
Vellore Vaniyambadi
Gudiyatham
Pernambut
Tirupathur
Ambur
Jolarpet

44
 Annexure IVA

List of Municipalities and Town Panchayats provided with treatment facilities

S. Composting Vermi-Composting
District
No Municipalities Town Panchayat Municipalities Town Panchayat
1. Coimbatore Pollachi Valparai
Killai
Parangipettai
Lalpettai
Kurinchipadi Killai
Vadalur Parangipettai
Cuddalore
Thorappadi Lalpettai
Chidambaram
Melpattampakkam Kurinchipadi
Virudhachalam
2. Cuddalore Pennadam Vadalur
Panruti
Mangalampettai Thorappadi
Nellikuppam
Tittakudi Melpattampakkam
Srimushnam Pennadam
Sethiyathope
Kattumannarkoil
Annamalai Nagar
Bhuvanagiri
Kadathur
Pappireddipatti
Harur
Palacode
Pennagaram
Karimangalam
Bargur
3. Hosur Hosur
Papparapatti
Uthangarai
Nagojanahalli
Denkanikotta
Marandahalli
Kambainallur
B. Mallapuram
Karur
4. Karur
Kulithalai
Velankanni
5. Nagapatinam Thalainayar Tharangambadi
Tharangambadi
Alampalayam
Mallasamudram
Mohanur
Namagiripe
Padaveedu
Namakkal
Paramathi
Tiruchengode
Namakkal Pandamangalam
6. Rasipuram
(Partial) Pothanur
Pallipalayam
Sendamangalam
Komarapalayam
Velur
Athanur
Erumapatti
Kallapanaickenpatti
Pattanam

45
 Pillanalur
Seerapalli
Venandur
Venkari
R. Pudupatti
Needamangalam
7. Thiruvarur Peralam
Koradacherry
Anjugramam
Arumanai
Asaripallam
Azhagiapandipuram
Boothapandy
Edaicode
Eraniel
Ezhuthesam
Ganapathipuram
Kaliyakkavilai
Kallukootam
Kappiarai
Keezhkulam
Aloor
Killiyur
Aralvoimozhy
Kollancode
Attoor
Kothanallur
Azhagappapuram
Kumarapuram
Kadayal
Manavalakurichi
Kanniyakumari
Mandaikadu
Karungal
8. Kanyakumari Mulagumudu
Kottaram
Mylady
Marungur
Nallur
Puthalam
Neyyoor
Thazhakudy
Pacode
Thenthamaraikulam
Palapallam
Villavoor
Pazhugal
Ponmanai
Puthukkadai
Reethapuram
Suchidrum
Thengampudur
Therror
Thiruvattar
Thiruvithamcodu
Unnamalaikadai
Valvatchagostam
Vellimalai
Verkilambi
Vilukuri
Thingalnagar
Kothagiri,
9. Ooty Coonoor Ketti
Devarshola
Anthiyur
Appakudal
10. Perundurai Sathyamangalam
Athani
Jambai

46
 Karumandi Chellipalayam
P.Mettupalayam
Perundurai
Muthukulatur
R.S. Mangalam
Ramanathapuram
Kamuthi
Rameswaram
11. Sivagangai Abiramam
Paramakudi
Thondi
Keelakarai
Sayalgudi
Mandapam
12. Tirunelveli Veeravanallur
Chengam
Chetpet
Desur
Kalambur
Kannamangalam
13. Tiruvannamalai
Kilpennathur
Pernamallur
Polur
Pudupalayam
Vettavalam
Ammoor
Thiruvalam
Kaveripakkam
Thimiri
Villapakkam
14. Vellore Kalavai
Panapakkam
Nemili
Thokkolam
Pennathur
Sholinghur
W. Puthupatti,
Sundarapandiam,
15. Virudhunagar Rajapalayam
mamsapuram, Seithur and
Watrap

47
 3. BIOMEDICAL WASTE
3.1 Introduction

Biomedical waste is waste that is potentially infectious. Biomedical waste includes

waste generated from medical or laboratory origin and research laboratory waste containing
organisms. Discarded sharps are considered biomedical waste, due to the possibility of being
contaminated with blood and as they can cause injury when not properly disposed.

Examples of infectious waste include discarded blood, sharps, unwanted

microbiological cultures and stocks, identifiable body parts, other human tissue, used
bandages and dressings, discarded gloves, laboratory waste that exhibits the characteristics
described above. Waste sharps include potentially contaminated used needles, scalpels,
lancets etc.

Figure 3.1 Composition of Biomedical Waste

3.2 Legislative Framework

The Bio-Medical Waste (Management And Handling) Rules, 1998 (Moef Notification
S.O. 630 (E) Dated 20.7.1998. have been prescribed for efficient management of the wastes.
Salient Features of the rules are highlighted in the paragraphs below:

48
 57

5.6 THE BIO-MEDICAL WASTE (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING)

RULES, 1998 (MoEF Notification S.O. 630 (E) Dated 20.7.1998. (Source:
CPCB PCLS/02/2010 Sixth Edition)
Salient Features
Rule 2 Application.-
These rules apply to all persons who generate, collect, receive, store,
transport, treat, dispose, or handle bio medical waste in any form.
Rule 3 Definitions.-
(5) "Bio-medical waste" means any waste, which is generated during the
diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or
in research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or
testing of biologicals, and including categories mentioned in Schedule
I;
(7) "Bio-medical waste treatment facility" means any facility wherein
treatment. disposal of bio-medical waste or processes incidental to
such treatment or disposal is carried out and includes common
treatment facilities;
(7) (a) : Form means Form appended in these rules
(8) "Occupier" in relation to any institution generating bio-medical
waste, which includes a hospital, nursing home, clinic dispensary,
veterinary institution, animal house, pathological laboratory, blood
bank by whatever name called, means a person who has control over
that institution and/or its premises;
(9) "Operator of a bio-medical waste facility" means a person who owns
or controls or operates a facility for the collection, reception, storage,
transport, treatment, disposal or any other form of handling of bio-
medical waste;
Rule 4 Duty of Occupier.-
It shall be the duty of every occupier of an institution generating bio-
medical waste which includes a hospital, nursing home, clinic,
dispensary, veterinary institution, animal house, pathological laboratory,
blood bank by whatever name called to take all steps to ensure that such
waste is handled without any adverse effect to human health and the
environment.
Rule 5 Treatment and Disposal.-
(1) Bio-medical waste shall be treated and disposed of in accordance with
Schedule I, and in compliance with the standards prescribed in Schedule
V.
(2) Every occupier, where required, shall set up in accordance with the
time-schedule in Schedule VI, requisite bio-medical waste treatment
facilities like incinerator, autoclave, microwave system for the treatment
of waste, or, ensure requisite treatment of waste at a common waste
treatment facility or any other waste treatment facility.
Rule 6 Segregation, Packaging, Transportation and Storage.-
(1) Bio-medical waste shall not be mixed with other wastes.

49
 58

(2) Bio-medical waste shall be segregated into containers/bags at the

point of generation in accordance with Schedule II prior to its
storage, transportation, treatment and disposal. The containers shall
be labeled according to Schedule III.
(3) If a container is transported from the premises where bio-medical
waste is generated to any waste treatment facility outside the
premises, the container shall, apart from the label prescribed in
Schedule III, also carry information prescribed in Schedule IV.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988,
or rules thereunder, untreated biomedical waste shall be transported
only in such vehicle as may be authorized for the purpose by the
competent authority as specified by the government.
(5) No untreated bio-medical waste shall be kept stored beyond a period
of 48 hours: Provided that if for any reason it becomes necessary to
store the waste beyond such period, the authorized person must take
permission of the prescribed authority and take measures to ensure
that the waste does not adversely affect human health and the
environment.
(6) The Municipal body of the area shall continue to pick up and
transport segregated non bio-medical solid waste generated in
hospitals and nursing homes, as well as duly treated bio-medical
wastes for disposal at municipal dump site.
Rule 7 Prescribed Authority
Rule 8 Authorization.-
(1) Every occupier of an institution generating, collecting, receiving,
storing, transporting, treating, disposing and/or handling bio-
medical waste in any other manner, except such occupier of clinics,
dispensaries, pathological laboratories, blood banks providing
treatment/service to less than 1000 (one thousand) patients per
month, shall make an application in Form 1 to the prescribed
authority for grant of authorization.
(2) Every operator of a bio-medical waste facility shall make an
application in Form 1 to the prescribed authority for grant of
authorization.
(3) Every application in Form 1 for grant of authorization shall be
accompanied by a fee as may be prescribed by the Government of the
State or Union Territory.
Rule 9 Advisory Committee
Rule 9A Monitoring of Implementation of the Rules in Armed Forces Health Care
Establishments
Rule 10 Annual Report
Rule 11 Maintenance of Records
Rule 12 Accident Reporting
Rule 13 Appeal
Rule 14 Common Disposal / Incineration Sites

50
 59

SCHEDULE I
(See Rule 5)
Categories of Bio-Medical Waste

Waste Waste Category [Type] Treatment and Disposal

Category No. [option+]
Category Human Anatomical Waste: Incineration@/deep
No.1 (human tissues, organs, body parts) burial*
Category Animal Waste Incineration@/deep
No.2 (animal tissues, organs, body parts burial*
carcasses, bleeding parts, fluid, blood
and experimental animals used in
research, waste generated by
veterinary hospitals, colleges,
discharge from hospitals, animal
houses)
Category Microbiology & Biotechnology Local autoclaving / micro-
No.3 Wastes: waving /incineration@
(wastes from laboratory cultures,
stocks or specimens of micro-
organisms live or attenuated vaccines,
human and animal cell culture used in
research and infectious agents from
research and industrial laboratories,
wastes from production of biologicals,
toxins, dishes and devices used for
transfer of cultures).
Category Waste sharps: Disinfection (chemical
No.4 (needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, treatment@@/auto claving
glass etc. that may cause puncture / microwaving and
and cuts. This includes both used and multilation / shredding ##
unused sharps).
Category Discarded medicines and Cytotoxic incineration@/destruction
No.5 drugs: and drugs disposal in
(wastes comprising of outdated, secured landfills
contaminated and discarded
medicines)
Category Soiled waste: incineration@ autoclaving
No.6 (Items contaminated with blood, and / microwaving.
body fluids including cotton, dressings,
soiled plaster casts., lines beddings,
other material contaminated with
blood)
Category Solid Waste: disinfection by chemical
No.7 (wastes generated from disposable treatment@@ autoclaving /
items other than the waste sharps microwaving and

51
 60

such as tubings, catheters, mutilation/ shredding ##

intravenous sets etc.)

Category Liquid Waste: disinfection by chemical
No.8 (waste generated from laboratory and treatment@@ and
washing, cleaning, house-keeping and discharge into drains.
disinfecting activities).
Category Incineration Ash: disposal in municipal
No.9 (ash from incineration of any bio- landfill
medical waste)
Category Chemical Waste: Chemical treatment@@ and
No.10 (chemicals used in production of discharge into drains for
biologicals, chemicals used in liquids and secured
disinfection as insecticides etc). landfill for solids.

@@ Chemical treatment using at least 1% hypochlorite solution or any other

equivalent chemical reagent. It must be ensured that chemical treatment
ensures disinfection.
## Mutilation/shredding must be such so as to prevent unauthorized reuse.
@ There will be no chemical pretreatment before incineration. Chlorinated
plastics shall not be incinerated.
* Deep burial shall be an option available only in towns with population less
than five lakhs and in rural areas.
+ Options given above are based on available technologies. Occupier/operator
wishing to use other State-of-the-art technologies shall approach the
Central Pollution Control Board to get the standards laid down to enable
the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.

SCHEDULE II
(See Rule 6)
Colour coding and type of container for disposal of bio-medical wastes
Colour Type of Treatment options as per
Waste Category
Coding Container Schedule I
Yellow Plastic bag Cat.1, Cat.2, Incineration/deep burial
Cat.3, Cat.6
Red Disinfected Cat.3, Cat.6, Autoclaving/Microwaving/
container/plastic Cat.7 Chemical Treatment
bag
Blue / White Plastic Cat.4, Cat.7 Autoclaving/Microwaving/
translucent bag/puncture Chemical Treatment and
proof container destruction/Shredding.
Black Plastic bag Cat.5 and Disposed in secured landfill
Cat.9 and
Cat.10 (Solid)

52
3.3 Generation of Biomedical wastes in the State

The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board has inventoried 317 Government Hospitals
and 1835 private hospitals. There are about 92,000 hospital beds all over the State.

Table 3.1 Number of Corporations and No. of beds

There are 10 categories of Bio-medical waste as per schedule-I of Biomedical Waste

(Management and Handling) Rules, 1998. Health care facilities are required to treat the Bio-
medical wastes as per the methods prescribed in Schedule-I in compliance with the standards
prescribed in Schedule-V. In this regard health care facilities are required to provide requisite
treatment and disposal facilities either individually or collectively within the time frame
prescribed in the Schedule-VI.

Based of the quantum of waste received from the different biomedical treatment
facilities the generation is shown in Table 3.1.

53
 Table 3.1 Bio-medical Waste Generation and Treatment In Tamil Nadu
Name of the State Pollution Control Board (or) Pollution Control Committee: Tamilnadu Pollution Control Board
Name of the Nodal Officer with contact telephone no. & mobile no.
S. Name & Address of the Name of the cities/ Total Total Total Cost of Treatment equipment/facilities Air Pollution Method of Compliance Status
No CBWTF with contact areas covered by no.of no.of Quantity treatment of installed at CBWTF Control Disposal of
person name and telephone CBWTF HCFs beds of BMW BMW Equipments Nos Total installed Systems treated wastes
no. being covere collected, changed by capacity in attached (incineration
covered d treated the CBWTF kg/day with the Ash/Shapes/Plasti
and operator(Rs. incinerator cs)
disposed per kg or Rs (s)
of (in per bed per
kg/day) day)
1. M/s. G.J. Multiclave(India) Part of Chennai, 564 24450 7335 Pvt- Rs.4 per Incinerator 2 200 kg/hr & Dust Incineration Ash: No.of Showcause notices/
Pvt Ltd, Kanceepuram and bed per day 200 kg/hr Collector and Secured land fill Direction issued: NIL
Thenmelpakkam,Chengalpatt Tiruvallur Dt Govt-Rs. Autoclave 600 lts/cycle wet scrubber
u Taluk, Kanceepuram 26/kg 763 lts/cycle
District Hydrocla Sharp concrete Pits No. Of Court cases: NIL
ve
Microwave
Shredder 1 50 kg/hr Plastics: Others: NIL
75 kg/hr authorized
ETP 1 recyclers
Deep Burial

2 M/s.Taminadu Waste Chennai(North) 502 21520 7125 Rs.4.00/bed/d Incinerator 1 200 kg/hr Quencher, Incineration Ash: No.of Show-cause
Management Ltd., Kinnar Tiruvallur Dt. ay for Pvt Autoclave 1 810 Lts/cycle Venturi wet secured land fill notices/Direction issued:1
Village, Maduranthagam T.K Cuddalore Dt. Hospitals & Hydroclave scrubber, Mist Sharps: Sharp pit No. of Court cases:
Kanceepuram District. Villupuram Dt. Rs.26/kg for Microwave eliminator
Kanceepuram Dt.(Part) Govt Hospital Shredder 1 150 kg/hr Plastics: Others:
ETP 1 authorized
Deep Burial recyclers
3 M/s. Medicare Enviro Thanjavur Dt,Trichy 593 17320 3225 Govt- Rs.28- Incinerator 150 kg/hr Hood with Incineration Ash: No.of Show-cause
Systems,Sengipatti,Thanjavu Dt,Tiruvarur 31 per kg Pvt- Autoclave 500 Lts/ Batch Suction Secured Land fill notices/Direction issued: NIL
r Taluk,Thanjavur District. Dt,Nagapattinam Dt, Rs.3.50/bed Hydroclave arrangements. Sharpes:stored in No.of court cases: NIL
Karaikal, Pudukottai per day to Rs Microwave Venturi sharp pits
Dt, Perambalur Dt, 4/bed per day Shredder Scrubber with Plastics: Solid out Others :NIL-
Sivagangai Dt, Ariyalur ETP Stack of 30 m to authorized
Deep Burial recycler
4 M/s Ken Bio Links Private Vellor Dt, 305 7162 2900 Rs. 29/kg for Incinerator 1 150kg/hr Wet scrubber Incineration Ash: No. of Show –cause notices/
Ltd., Kandipedu, Katpadi Tirvannamalai Dt, govt Hospital Autoclave secured landfill Direction issued:1
Taluk, Vellor District Vaniyambadi Dt. &Rs.4.50/bed Hydroclave Sharps: Sharp pit No.of Court Cases:
/day for Pvt Microwave
Hospitals Shredder Plastics: Sold to Others:
ETP authorized recycler
Deep Burial

54
5 M/s. Society for Ilia Nilgris Dt 161 961 2450 Rs.20000 per Incinerator NIL No Incineration Ash:
Medical Waste hospital per year Autoclave 1 150 kgs / day incinerator Does not arise
Management,Udha Rs.3500 for Hydroclave Sharps: disposed into secured No. of Coon cases:
gamandalam , clinic/year, Rs. Microwave landfill NIL
The Nilgiris District. 4000 for lab/year Shredder 1 25 kgs/hr Planks: Others: NIL
Dr. Muralidharan ETP 1 storedinside
9443475946 Deep Burial 1 the premises
6 M/s. Neat and Ramanathapura 108 810 1894 Rs. 5 per Incinerator NIL No Incineration Ash: N. of Show-ca use
Clean Service in Dt. kg Autoclave 100 kgs/hr incinerator Does not arise notices/
Squad, Direction
Muthuvayal, issued:
Rarnanathapurana I
District Hydroclave NIL Sharps: recyclers No. of Court cases:
Mr.N.Ganesan Microwave NIL NIL
9965589523 Shredder 25 kgs/hr Plastic. Sold Others: NIL
ETP our to
Deep Burial 1.5*1.5.2.0 m authorized =cycler
7 M/s. Ramky Salem, 810 17250 3560 Pvt- Rs. Incinerator 1 150 kg/hr Wet Incineratio n Ash: secured No. of Show-cause
Energy and Namakkal, Kam; 6.5/Bed/ day Autoclave 1 650 Lt/cycle Scrubber, Land Fill notices/ Direction issued:
Environment Ltd, Erode, Govt - Rs. 40.50/ Venturi 1
Thangayur, Salem Dhannapuri, kg Hydroclave NA Sharps: secured Land Fill No. of Court
District. Krishnagin Microwave NA Cases:NIL
K.M. Nizat Shredder 2 50 kg/hr & Plastics : Authorized recycles Others:
Ahamed 100 kg/hr NIL

Phone No. 0427 - ETP

4041139 Deep Burial
Mobile No. 96771 -
22708
8 M/s.Techno Coimbatore, 317 10440 2400 Pvt - 5.50 per Incinerator 250 kg/day Quench Incineration Ash: No. of Showcause
Therm Industries, Pollachi, bed/ per day Autoclave 800 h - Column, Land Fill notices/ Direction
Orattukuppai,Coim Udumalpet, Govt - Rs. 29 16000 Scrubber issued: 1
batore District. Mettupalayam, per kg hrs/day Droplet
0422 - 2307400 Tirupur, Hydroclave NA Separator, ID Sharps: Sharp pit No. of Court cases:
Sathyamangalam Microwave NA Pan, 30 mts
Shredder 100 kg/In - exhaust Plastics : after disinfectio n, Others: NIL
2000 kg/day Chimney. shredding and
ETP 25 m3/day despatch to authorized recycler
Deep Burial 20 ft*10
ft*6 ft
depth
engineered
secured
land fill

55
9 M/s. Aseptic System Bio Tirunelveli Dt. 1126 20210 365 Rs3.00 to Incinerator 1 250 kg/hr Wet scrubber Incineratio n Ash: No. of
Medical Waste Management Tuticorin Dt. 9 4.50/ Autoclave 1 150 kg/cycle Land Fill Show-
Co., Kanyakumari bed/day cause notices/ Direction
Pappankulam,Tirunelveli Pt. for Pvt issued: Nil
District. Hospitals Hydroclave Sharps: Sharps pit
Mr. J.Elango & Microwave No. of court cases: NIL
0462 - 2553268 Rs.26/kg Shredder 1 150 kg/cycle Plastics : authorized Other:NIL
for Govt ETP recycler
Hospital Deep Burial
10 M/s. Ramky Energy and Madurai Dt. 1670 23020 4165 Rs3.50/ Incinerator 1 150 kg/hr Venturi Incineratio n Ash: No. of
Environment Ltd., Virudhunagar bed/day Autoclave 1 60 kg/cycle Scrubber Land Fill Show-
Undurmilcidakulam Dt. for Pvt cause notices/ Direction
Virudhunagar District. Dindigul Dt. Hospital & issued: Nil
Theni Dt. & Rs.27/kg Hydroclave Sharps: Sharp pit No. of Court
Mr.T.K.Sridhar Govt Hospitals for Govt Microwave Cases:
9677105568 in Ramnad Hospital NIL
Shredder Plastics : authorized Others:
ETP 1 120 kg/hr recycler NIL
Deep Burial
11 M/s. Kovai Bio Waste Coimbatore, 90 735 220 Pvt - 5.50 Incinerator 200 kg/day Quench Incineratio n Ash: No. of
Management Pvt Ltd., Nilgris per bed/ Autoclave 300 Lt -16000 Column, Land Fill Show-
Orattukuppai, Coimbatore per day hrs/day Scrubber.ID cause notices/ Direction
District. Govt - Pan, NIL
8870356543 Rs. 29 per Hydroclave NA Chimney Sharps: Sharp pit No. of Court
kg Microwave NA cases: NIL
issued: Shredder 100kg/ht - Plastics : authorized Others:
2000 kg/day recycler NIL
ETP NA
Deep Burial 10 fr*20 fr*6
ft depth
engineered
secured land
fill
12 M/s. Environ Bio Waste - - - Incinerator
Systems (India) Pvt Ltd, Autoclave
Uthokottai Taluk, Tiruvallur Hydroclave
District. Yet to be
Microwave
commissioned
Shredder
ETP
Deep Burial
Total 6246
14387 38933
Sourcece : Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board 2012-20138

56
3.4 Transport & Storage
No untreated bio-medical waste shall be kept stored beyond a period of 48 hours. If
kept the authorised person must take permission of the prescribed authority and take
measures to ensure that the waste does not adversely affect human health and the
environment.

3.5 Bio Medical Waste Treatment And Disposal

The common bio medical waste treatment and disposal facility consists of [as
prescribed in the Biomedical wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 & 2000] the
following:

Figure 3.2 Break-up of Hospital wastes

3.5.1 Autoclaving

An autoclave with temperature & pressure maintained at 1350C, 31 psi & 30 minutes
cycle. In the initial 15 minutes, the temperature & pressure to be maximum to create a
vacuum for full autoclaving with residence time of not less than 30 minutes to ensure full
destruction of pathogens. Medical waste shall be subjected to a minimum of one pre vacuum
pulse to purge the autoclave of all air. The autoclave should completely and consistently kill
the approved biological indicator at the maximum design capacity of each autoclave unit.

57
3.5.2 Incinerator

Incinerator for destruction of body parts/anatomical waste and pathological waste.

Incinerator shall have two-chamber facility to attain a temperature of 1100 0C in the
secondary chamber with proper scrubber facility and automatic stack monitoring facilities.
The temperature of primary chamber shall be 800 + 50 0C. The secondary chamber gas
residence time shall be atleast 1 second at 1050 + 500C.

Compactor for compaction of the autoclaved waste to ensure atleast 50% volume
reduction. Sanitary landfill for safe disposal of autoclaved and compacted waste with
compatible liners and leachate collection facility. Shredder to shred the autoclaved materials.
The facility also consists of vans with compartments for keeping the segregated waste and
transporting it in a safe manner.

3.5.3 Microwaving

Microwave treatment shall not be used for cytotoxic, hazardous or radioactive wastes,
contaminated animal carcasses, body parts and large metal items. The microwave system
shall comply with the efficacy tests/routine tests. The microwave should completely and
consistently kill bacteria and other pathogenic organism that is ensured by the approved
biological indicator at the maximum design capacity of each microwave unit.

3.5.4 Deep Burial

A pit or trench should be dug about 2 m deep. It should be half filled with waste, and
then covered with lime within 50 cm of the surface, before filling the rest of the pit with soil.
It must be ensured that animals do not have access to burial sites. Covers of galvanised
iron/wire meshes may be used. On each occasion, when wastes are added to the pit, a layer of
10cm of soil be added to cover the wastes. Burial must be performed under close and
dedicated supervision. The site should be relatively impermeable and no shallow well should
be close to the site. The pits should be distant from habitation, and sited so as to ensure that
no contamination occurs of any surface water or ground water. The area should not be prone
to flooding or erosion. The location of the site will be authorized by the prescribed authority.
The institution shall maintain a record of all pits for deep burial.

58
 3.6 SITING OF THE BIO-MEDICLA TREATMENT FACILITY :
Since biomedical waste incinerators cause emission and there are frequent public
complaints from similar installations, the siting of biomedical waste facility becomes crucial.
Individual treatment facilities within hospitals in corporations and towns are not advisable as
the health care facilities are often located in densely populated areas and the population in the
vicinity is at the risk of exposure to emissions, complaints and keeping environmental
concerns in view, such facilities should be located atleast 500 m away from any habitations
and water bodies.

So far 11 common facilities have been identified for the private sector health care
units in the State at

1. Thenmelpakkam - Kancheepuram District

2. Chennakuppam - Kancheepuram District
3. Orattukuppai – 1 - Coimbatore District
4. Sengipatti - Thanjavur District
5. Kandipedu - Vellore District
6. Thangavur - Salem District
7. Coonoor - Nilgiris District
8. Muthuvayal - Ramanathapuram District
9. Orattukuppai - 2 - Coimbatore District
10.Ettankulam - Tirunelveli District
11. Undurumikkidakulam - Virudhunagar District

59
 4. Electronic Wastes
4.1 Introduction
Electronic waste or e-waste describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. Used
electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling or disposal are also
considered e-waste. Informal processing of electronic waste in developing countries may
cause serious health and pollution problems, as these countries have limited regulatory
oversight of e-waste processing. Electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, may contain
contaminants such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated flame retardants. Even in
developed countries recycling and disposal of e-waste may involve significant risk to workers
and communities and great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling
operations and leaking of materials such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes.

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) estimated India’s e-waste at 1.47 lakh tonnes
or 0.573 MT per day.11 A study released by the Electronics Industry Association of India
(ELCINA) at the electronics industry expo – “Componex Nepcon 2009” had estimated the
total e-waste generation in India at a whopping 4.34 lakh tonnes by end 2009.12 The CPCB
has estimated that it will exceed the 8 lakh tonnes or 0.8 MT mark by 2012.13 There are 10
States that contribute to 70 per cent of the total e-waste generated in the country, while 65
cities generate more than 60 per cent of the total e-waste in India. Among the 10 largest e-
waste generating States, Maharashtra ranks first followed by Tamil Nadu. In the state,
Chennai is one of the key E-waste generating cities followed by Coimbatore.

4.2 Legislative Framework

E-waste Management & Handling Rules 2010, are prescribed by the Government of
India for effective management and handling of E-wastes.

60
List of Authorities and their Duties

61
4.3 Generation of Electronic wastes
The main sources of electronic waste in India are the government, public and private
(industrial) sectors, which account for almost 70 per cent of total waste generation. The
contribution of individual households is relatively small at about 15 per cent; the rest being
contributed by manufacturers. Though individual households are not large contributors to
waste generated by computers, they consume large quantities of consumer durables and are,
therefore, potential creators of waste. An Indian market Research Bureau (IMRB) survey of
‘E-waste generation at Source’ in 2009 found that out of the total e-waste volume in India,
televisions and desktops including servers comprised 68 per cent and 27 per cent
respectively. Imports and mobile phones comprised of 2 per cent and 1 per cent respectively.
The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has notified the Hazardous Wastes
(Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 for effective
management of hazardous wastes, including e-waste in the country.

The e-waste inventory in India for the year 2005 showed approximately 1,46,180
tonnes and is expected to exceed 8,00,000 tonnes by 2012 as projected in the ”Guideline for
Environmentally Sound Management of E-waste” published by the Government of India,
MoEF and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in March 2008. An assessment made
in Chennai city in 2004- 05, on the e-waste generated from personal computers, televisions
and mobile phones revealed that about 26,183 tons e-waste was generated in the year which
was estimated to increase to 1,32,778 tones by 2013-14. Considering the rapid growth in the
IT industry and the use of IT, especially in the major cities and towns in Tamil Nadu, it is
obvious that a large part of the e-waste is generated in Tamil Nadu.

E-waste arises from Manufacturing Units, Software Companies, Business Process

Outsourcing Organizations (BPOs), Government and Private offices/Institutions, households
etc. Increased consumption and rapid obsolescence of electronic goods contributes to the ever
increasing e-waste problem in India. The magnitude of this problem has grown to such an
extent that it requires Governmental intervention.

Table 4.1 Quantity of WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic

Equipment) generated in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu 13,486.2 Tonnes

62
4.4 Treatment & Disposal of E-wastes
Audiovisual components, televisions, VCRs, stereo equipment, mobile phones, other
handheld devices, and computer components contain valuable elements and substances
suitable for reclamation, including lead, copper, and gold.

Land fills
The most common one has been storing e-wastes in landfills, but it is replete with all
the dangers of leaching described earlier.

Incineration

Another commonly used has been to incinerate or burn the goods concerned, but this
process releases heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and mercury into the atmosphere.

Recycling

Reusing and recycling are the other ways of dealing with e-wastes. They have been
preferable because they increase the lifespan of the products and therefore imply less waste
over time.

Re-use constitutes direct second hand use, or use after slight modifications are made
to the original functioning equipment like memory upgrades, etc.

The reuse of second-hand electronic goods in the developing world including India
falls in this category, where the waste ends up locally and where there is no adequate facility
and competence to deal with them appropriately. While recycling appears to be a safe method
to utilize or dispose e-wastes, it can be a misleading characterization of disparate practices-
including dismantling, shredding, burning, exporting, etc. which are mostly unregulated and
often create additional hazards itself. “Recycling” of hazardous wastes, even under the best of
circumstances, has little environment benefit as it simply moves the hazards into secondary
products that eventually have to be disposed of.

63
 Table 4.2 Details of E-Waste Recycling Units

No. Name Of The Address Capacity

Firm
1 M/S. Sez Tp-7th, Ivth Avenue,
Recyclers., Mahindra World City
Developers Ltd., 30-40 T/Month
Industrial Estate, Sez
Area, Thenmelapakkam 1500t Per Year
Village, Kancheepuram
Dt.
2 M/S. Tes-Amm Plot No.A-18,Sipcot 5000 T/Year –From All States
India Pvt. Ltd., Industrial Growth
Centre, Panruti A1
Village,Sriperampudur
Taluk, Kancheepuram
Dt.
3 M/S. Ultrust Pappanakuppam 15000t/Year
Solution India Village,Gummidipoondi -100t/Month From All States
Pvt. Ltd., Taluk,Thiruvallur Dt,
4 M/S. Victory Kottiyur Village,
Recovery & Tiruvallur Taluk & Dt
Recycle
Technologies
India Pvt. Ltd.,

Source: TNPCB - 2015

64
 Table 4.3 Details Of E-Waste Collection Centres In The State

S. NAME & ADDRESS OF INDUSTRY

No
1 M/s. Apple India Private Ltd., C/o. M/s. Kuehne Nagel India
Private Ltd., 41&42, Koduvalli karanai Village, Redhills to
Thiruvallur High Road, Chennai - 55.
2 M/s. Canon India Private Ltd.,
2 nd Floor, Wood Head Center, No 23, Sivaganga Road,
Nungampakkam, Chennai-34.
3 M/s. Daikin Airconditioning India Pvt Ltd.,
Flat No 1, D Block, Ground Floor, Gemini Parsn Apartments, Door
No 599(Old No 121), Anna Salai, Chennai-600 006.
4 M/s. E Parisaraa Pvt Ltd.,
Plot No 150(Part), Perunkudi Industrial Estate, Perunkudi, Chennai-
600 091.
5 M/s. Kalyani Enterprises.,
73, Konnur High Road, Annai Indra Nagar, Ayanavaram, Chennai-
600 023.
6 M/s. Param Enterprises.,
Plot No 3, Periyar Salai, Kovilampakkam, Chennai-600 117.
7 M/s. Schenker India Private Ltd., C/o. M/s. Lenova India Pvt Ltd.,
No 426/3A-3D, Killi Road, Manjampakkam, Near Agarsen College,
Madhavaram (Po), Chennai-600 060.
Source: TNPCB - 2015

65
 5. HAZARDOUS - WASTE
5.1 Introduction
Hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or
the environment. Characteristic hazardous wastes are materials that are known or tested to
exhibit one or more of the following four hazardous traits:

 Ignitability
Waste with flash point <60oC
 Reactivity
Unstable and undergoes violent change without detonation
-Violent reaction with water
-Potential explosive mixture with water
-Toxic gases, vapors or fumes generation of CN or Swastes
-Explosive
 Corrosivity
A waste exhibits the characteristics of corrosivity if a representative sample
of the waste has either of the following properties :
(a) Any liquid which has a pH less or equal to 4 or greater than or equal to 12.5
as determined by the standard test procedure ; or
(b) A waste, which can corrode steel at a rate greater than 6.35 mm per year at a
temperature of 55 C as determined by the standard test procedure
 Toxicity
A solid waste exhibit the characteristics of toxicity if the leachate from the
representative sample by TCLP test method (as followed by USEPA vide no.
SW-846)

 Listed hazardous wastes are materials specifically listed by regulatory

authorities as a hazardous waste which are from non-specific sources, specific
sources, or discarded chemical products

5.2 Legislative Framework

Following are the salient features of the The Hazardous Wastes (Management,
Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008.

66
 SCHEDULE I
[See rule 3(l)]
List of Process Generating Hazardous Wastes
S. Processes Hazardous Wastes*
No.
1. Petrochemical processes and 1.1 Furnace/reactor residue and debris
pyrolytic operations 1.2 Tarry residues
1.3 Oily sludge emulsion
1.4 Organic residues
1.5 Residues from alkali wash of fuels
1.6 Still bottoms from distillation process
1.7 Spent catalyst and molecular sieves
1.8 Slop oil from wastewater
2. Drilling operation for oil and gas 2.1 Drill cutting containing oil
production 2.2 Sludge containing oil
2.3 Drilling mud and other drilling wastes
3. Cleaning, emptying and 3.1 Oil-containing cargo residue, washing
maintenance of petroleum oil water and sludge
storage tanks including ships 3.2 Chemical-containing cargo residue and
sludge
3.3 Sludge and filters contaminated with oil
3.4 Ballast water containing oil from ships.
4. Petroleum refining/reprocessing 4.1 Oily sludge/emulsion
of used oil/recycling of waste oil 4.2 Spent catalyst
4.3 Slop oil
4.4 Organic residues from process
4.5 Spent clay containing oil
5. Industrial operations using 5.1 Used/spent oil
mineral/synthetic oil as 5.2 Wastes/residues containing oil
lubricant in hydraulic systems
or other applications
6. Secondary production and/or 6.1 Sludge and filter press cake arising out
use of zinc of production of zinc sulphate and Zinc
compounds
6.2 Zinc fines/dust/ash/skimmings
(dispersible form)
6.3 Other residues from processing of zinc
ash/skimmings
6.4 Flue gas dust and other particulates
7. Primary production of 7.1 Flue gas dust from roasting
zinc/lead/copper and other 7.2 Process residues
non-ferrous metals except 7.3 Arsenic-bearing sludge
aluminium 7.4 Non ferrous metal bearing sludge and
residue
7.5 Sludge from scrubbers

67
8. Secondary production of copper 8.1 Spent electrolytic solutions
8.2 Sludges and filter cakes
8.3 Flue gas dust and other particulates
9. Secondary production of lead 9.1 Lead bearing residues
9.2 Lead ash/particulate from flue gas
10. Production and/or industrial 10.1 Residues containing cadmium and
use of cadmium and arsenic arsenic
and their compounds
11. Production of primary and 11.1 Sludges from off-gas treatment
secondary aluminium 11.2 Cathode residues including pot lining
wastes
11.3 Tar containing wastes
11.4 Flue gas dust and other particulates
11.5 Wastes from treatment of salt slags and
black drosses
12. Metal surface treatment, such 12.1 Acid residues
as etching, staining, polishing, 12.2 Alkali residues
galvanising, cleaning, 12.3 Spent bath /sludge containing
degreasing, plating, etc. sulphide, cyanide and toxic metals
12.4 Sludge from bath containing organic
solvents
12.5 Phosphate sludge
12.6 Sludge from staining bath
12.7 Copper etching residues
12.8 Plating metal sludge
13. Production of iron and steel 13.1 Sludge from acid recovery unit
including other ferrous alloys 13.2 Benzol acid sludge
(electric furnaces; steel rolling 13.3 Decanter tank tar sludge
and finishing mills; Coke oven 13.4 Tar storage tank residue
and by product plant)
14. Hardening of steel 14.1 Cyanide-, nitrate-, or nitrite-
containing sludge
14.2 Spent hardening salt
15. Production of asbestos or 15.1 Asbestos-containing residues
asbestos-containing materials 15.2 Discarded asbestos
15.3 Dust/particulates from exhaust gas
treatment
16. Production of caustic soda and 16.1 Mercury bearing sludge
chlorine 16.2 Residue/sludges and filter cakes
16.3 Brine sludge containing mercury
17. Production of mineral acids 17.1 Residues, dusts or filter cakes
17.2 Spent catalyst
18. Production of nitrogenous and 18.1 Spent catalyst
complex fertilizers 18.2 Spent carbon
18.3 Sludge/residue containing arsenic
18.4 Chromium sludge from water cooling

68
 tower
19. Production of phenol 19.1 Residue/sludge containing phenol
20. Production and/or industrial 20.1 Contaminated aromatic, aliphatic or
use of solvents napthenic solvents may or may not be fit for
reuse
20.2 Spent solvents
20.3 Distillation residues
21. Production and/or industrial 21.1 Process wastes, residues & sludges
use of paints, pigments, 21.2 Fillers residues
lacquers, varnishes, plastics
and inks
22. Production of plastic raw 22.1 Residues of additives used in plastics
materials manufacture like dyestuffs, stabilizers,
flame retardants, etc.
22.2 Residues and waste plasticizers
22.3 Residues from vinylchloride monomer
production
22.4 Residues from acrylonitrile production
22.5 Non-polymerised residues
23. Production and/or industrial 23.1 Wastes/residues (not made with
use of glues, cements, adhesive vegetable or animal materials)
and resins
24. Production of canvas and 24.1 Chemical residues
textiles
25. Industrial production and 25.1 Chemical residues
formulation of wood 25.2 Residues from wood alkali bath
preservatives
26. Production or industrial use of 26.1 Process waste sludge/residues
synthetic dyes, dye- containing acid or other toxic metals or
intermediates and pigments organic complexes
26.2 Dust from air filtration system
27. Production organo-silicone 27.1 Process residues
compounds
28. Production/formulation of 28.1 Process Residues and wastes
drugs/ pharmaceuticals & 28.2 Spent catalyst / spent carbon
health care product 28.3 Off specification products
28.4 Date-expired, discarded and off-
specification drugs/ medicines
28.5 Spent organic solvents
29. Production and formulation of 29.1 Process wastes/residues
pesticides including stock-piles 29.2 Chemical sludge containing residues
pesticides
29.3 Date-expired and off-specification
pesticides
30. Leather tanneries 30.1 Chromium bearing residue and sludge

69
 31. Electronic Industry 31.1 Process residues and wastes
31.2 Spent etching chemicals and solvents
32. Pulp & Paper Industry 32.1 Spent chemicals
32.2 Corrosive wastes arising from use of
strong acid and bases
32.3 Process sludge containing adsorbable
organic halides (AOx)
33. Disposal of barrels / containers 33.1 Chemical-containing residue arising
used for handling of hazardous from decontamination
wastes / chemicals 33.2 Sludge from treatment of waste water
arising out of cleaning / disposal of barrels
/ containers
33.3 Discarded containers / barrels / liners
contaminated with hazardous
wastes/chemicals
34. Purification and treatment of 34.1 Flue gas cleaning residue
exhaust, air, water & waste 34.2 Spent ion exchange resin containing
water from the processes in this toxic metals
schedule and common 34.3 Chemical sludge from waste water
industrial effluent treatment treatment
plants (CETPs) 34.4 Oil and grease skimming residues
34.5 Chromium sludge from cooling water
treatment
35. Purification process for organic 35.1 Filters and filter material which have
compounds/solvents organic liquids in them, e.g. mineral oil,
synthetic oil and organic chlorine
compounds
35.2 Spent catalyst
35.3 Spent carbon
36. Hazardous waste treatment 36.1 Sludge from wet scrubbers
processes, e.g. incineration, 36.2 Ash from incineration of hazardous
distillation, separation and waste, flue gas cleaning residues
concentration techniques 36.3 Spent acid from batteries
36.4 Distillation residues from
contaminated organic solvents
* The inclusion of wastes contained in this Schedule does not preclude the use of
Schedule 2 to demonstrate that the waste is not hazardous. In case of dispute, the
matter would be referred to the Technical Review Committee constituted by MoEF.

70
 Schedule - II
[See rule 3(l)]
List of Wastes Constituents with Concentration Limits*
Class A
Concentration limit: 50 mg/kg
A1 Antimony and antimony compounds
A2 Arsenic and arsenic compounds
A3 Beryllium and beryllium compounds
A4 Cadmium and cadmium compounds
A5 Chromium (VI) compounds
A6 Mercury and mercury compounds
A7 Selenium and selenium compounds
A8 Tellurium and tellurium compounds
A9 Thallium and thallium compounds
A10 Inorganic cyanide compounds
A11 Metal carbonyls
A12 Napthalene
A13 Anthracene
A14 Phenanthrene
A15 Chrysene, benzo (a) anthracene, fluoranthene, benzo (a) pyrene, benzo
(K) fluoranthene, indeno (1, 2, 3-cd) pyrene and benzo (ghi) perylene
A16 Halogenated compounds of aromatic rings, e.g. polychlorinated
biphenyls, polychloroterphenyls and their derivatives
A17 Halogenated aromatic compounds
A18 Benzene
A19 Organo-chlorine pesticides
A20 Organo-tin Compounds
Class B
Concentration limit: 5,000 mg/kg
B1 Chromium (III) compounds
B2 Cobalt compounds
B3 Copper compounds
B4 Lead and lead compounds
B5 Molybdenum compounds
B6 Nickel compounds
B7 Inorganic Tin compounds
B8 Vanadium compounds
B9 Tungsten compounds
B10 Silver compounds
B11 Halogenated aliphatic compounds
B12 Organo phosphorus compounds
B13 Organic peroxides
B14 Organic nitro-and nitroso-compounds
B15 Organic azo-and azooxy compounds

71
B16 Nitriles
B17 Amines
B18 (Iso-and thio-) cyanates
B19 Phenol and phenolic compounds
B20 Mercaptans
B21 Asbestos
B22 Halogen-silanes
B23 Hydrazine (s)
B24 Flourine
B25 Chlorine
B26 Bromine
B27 White and red phosphorus
B28 Ferro-silicate and alloys
B29 Manganese-silicate
B30 Halogen-containing compounds which produce acidic vapours on contact
with humid air or water, e.g. silicon tetrachloride, aluminium chloride,
titanium tetrachloride
Class C
Concentration limit: 20,000 mg/kg
C1 Ammonia and ammonium compounds
C2 Inorganic peroxides
C3 Barium compounds except barium sulphate
C4 Fluorine compounds
C5 Phosphate compounds except phosphates of aluminium, calcium and
iron
C6 Bromates, (hypo-bromites)
C7 Chlorates, (hypo-chlorites)
C8 Aromatic compounds other than those listed under A12 to A18
C9 Organic silicone compounds
C10 Organic sulphur compounds
C11 Iodates
C12 Nitrates, nitrites
C13 Sulphides
C14 Zinc compounds
C15 Salts of per-acids
C16 Acid amides
C17 Acid anhydrides
Class D
Concentration limit: 50,000 mg/kg
D1 Total Sulphur
D2 Inorganic acids
D3 Metal hydrogen sulphates
D4 Oxides and hydroxides except those of hydrogen, carbon, silicon, iron,
aluminum, titanium, manganese, magnesium, calcium
D5 Total hydrocarbons other than those listed under A12 to A18

72
D6 Organic oxygen compounds
D7 Organic nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen
D8 Nitrides
D9 Hydrides
Class E
Regardless of concentration limit, Classified as hazardous wastes if the waste
exhibits any of the following Characteristics
E1 Flammable : Flammable wastes with flash point 65.6oC or below
E2 Explosive: Waste which may explode under the effect of flame, heat or
photochemical conditions. Any other wastes of explosive materials
included in the Indian Explosive Act
E3 Corrosive: Wastes which may be corrosive, by chemical action, will
cause severe damage when in contact with living tissue.
E4 Toxic: Wastes containing or contaminated with established toxic and or
eco-toxic constituents
E5 Carcinogenicity, Mutagenecity and Endocrine disruptively
Wastes contaminated or containing established carcinogens, mutagens
and endocrine disruptors

* Waste constituents and their concentration limits given in this list are based on
erstwhile BAGA (the Netherlands Environment Protection Agency) List of Hazardous
Substances. In order to decide whether specific wastes listed above is hazardous or
not, following points be taken into consideration:
(i) If a component of the waste appears in one of the five risk classes listed
above (A,B,C,D or E) and the concentration of the component is equal to or
more than the limit for the relevant risks class, the material is then
classified as hazardous waste.
(ii) If a chemical compound containing a hazardous constituent is present in
the waste, the concentration limit does not apply to the compound, but only
to the hazardous constituent itself.
(iii) If multiple hazardous constituents from the same class are present in the
waste, the concentrations are added together.
(iv) If multiple hazardous constituents from different classes are present in the
waste, the lowest concentration limit corresponding to the constituent(s)
applies.
(v) For determining the concentration of hazardous constituents in the waste
“Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) as per ASTM-D5233-92
should be adopted.

Schedule III Part A List of Hazardous Wastes Applicable for Import with Prior
Informed Consent
Part B List of Hazardous Wastes applicable for Import and
Export Not Requiring Prior Informed Consent
Part C List of Hazardous Characteristics
Part D List of Metal Scrap, Paper Waste and other wastes
applicable for Import/Export

73
Seclude IV List of Hazardous Wastes requiring Registration for Recycling /
Reprocessing
Schedule V Part A Specifications of used oil suitable for reprocessing /
recycling
Part B Specifications of fuel derived from Waste Oil
Schedule VI Hazardous Wastes Prohibited for Import and Export
Schedule VII List of Authorities and Corresponding Duties
Form 1 Application for obtaining authorization for collection / reception /
treatment / transport / storage / disposal of Hazardous Waste
Form 2 Form for grant / renewal of authorization by SPCB / PCC for
occupiers, reprocessors, rousers and operators of facilities for
collection, reception, treatment, storage, transport, and disposal of
hazardous waste
Form 3 Format for maintaining records of hazardous wastes by the occupier
or operator of a facility
Form 4 Form for filing annual returns by the occupier or operator of facility
Form 5 Form of application for Grant / Renewal of registration of industrial
units possessing environmentally sound management facilities for
reprocessing / recycling
Form 6 Form for filing annual returns and records on recycling, hazardous
wastes by the recyclers
Form 7 Application for import or export of hazardous waste for reprocessing
/ recycling / reuse
Form 8 Application for Transboundary movement of hazardous waste
Form 9 Transboundary movement - Movement Document
Form 10 Format for Maintaining records of hazardous waste imported and
exported
Form 11 Transport Emergency (TREM) Card
Form 12 Marking of Hazardous waste container
Form 13 Hazardous Waste Manifest
Form 14 Format of Accident Report
Form 15 Application filing Appeal against the order passed by CPCB / SPCB
/ PCC of the Union Territory
Form 16 Form for Registration of Traders for Schedule III, Part (D)

74
5.3 Generation of Hazardous wastes
Details of Total hazardous wastes generated in Tamil Nadu are given in Table 5.1
Table 5.1 Details of Hazardous waste generation in
Tamil Nadu
Number of Quantity in
Units TPA
Tamil Nadu 2,422 1,90,924
Source: CPCB
District wise break up of hazardous wastes are given in the table below:

75
 Hazardous Waste Generation in Tamil Nadu-2007

HW generation in MTA
as per Quantity of HW in MTA
No. of Total Land
Sl.No. District Industries Schedule 1 Schedule 1 Quantity files Recyclable Incinerable
1 Chennai 94 1140.886 1070.996 1705.085 1705.085
2 Coimbatore 110 6857.112 6469.4 9202 9202
3 Cuddalore 43 9202.538 6571.67 8774.85 8774.85
4 Dindigul 45 6141.955 9589.58 13047.16 13047.16
5 Erode 364 17781.27 2749.56 3806.83 3806.83
6 Osur 83 12555.156 11219.06 18084.93 18084.93
7 Kancheepuram 249 22025.356 10281.72 13804.95 13804.95
8 Kanniyakumari 16 537.414 538.25 538.294 538.294
9 Karur 61 6396.677 219.02 11246.34 11246.34
10 Madurai 108 5832.195 3916 4927.63 4927.63
11 Nagapattinam 18 531.254 522.796 522.796 522.796
12 Namakkal 127 4094.75 2283.01 4083.65 4083.65
13 Oty 12 682.034 99.98 910.106 910.106
14 Pudukottai 35 614.634 3134.47 3238.3 3238.3
15 Salam 129 16262.851 6901.32 17576.08 17576.08
16 Sivagangai 19 334.451 1037.92 1037.92 1037.92
17 Thanjavur 27 111.996 299.617 301.996 301.996
18 Theni 12 1039.252
19 Thirunelveli 43 1479.855 24652.21 45357.17 45357.17
20 Thiruvallur 219 19384.962 453.384 453.384 453.384
21 Thiruvarur 11 459.08 6749.66 38655.96 38655.96
22 Thoothukudi 41 37696.883 3569 36766 36766
23 Tiruppur 267 42947.53 875.5 35980.32 35980.32
24 Trichy 77 5131.679 4959.058 5991.171 5991.171
25 Vaniyambadi 74 14872.6 0.96 16680.76 16680.76
26 Vellore 106 8965.99 5839.299 13552.27 13552.27
27 Villupuram 18 2464.31 2878.79 3132.31 3132.31
28 Virudhunagar 72 3487.179 16441.44 19147.99 19147.99
Total 2480 249031.76 6249.8 255282 10714.3
Source : TNPCB,

76
5.4 Treatment & Disposal of Hazardous wastes

Currently, hazardous wastes undergo different treatments in order to stabilize and

dispose of them. Most flammable materials can be recycled. Hazardous constituents can be
recycled, lead acid batteries

Recycling

Many hazardous wastes can be recycled into new products. Examples might include
lead-acid batteries or electronic circuit boards. Where the heavy metals these types of ashes
go through the proper treatment, they could bind to other pollutants and convert them into
easier-to-dispose solids, or they could be used as pavement filling.

Co-Processing of wastes

Another commonly used treatment is cement based solidification and stabilization.

Cement is used because it can treat a range of hazardous wastes by improving physical
characteristics and decreasing the toxicity and transmission of contaminants.

Incineration

Incinerating wastes at a high temperature, flammable wastes can sometimes be burned

as energy sources. Incineration treatments not only reduce the amount of hazardous waste,
but also they generate energy from the gases released in the process. It is known that this
particular waste treatment releases toxic gases produced by the combustion of by-product or
other materials, and this can affect the environment.

Current technology has developed more efficient incinerator units that control these
emissions to a point where this treatment is considered a more beneficial option.

Starved air incineration is an improvement of the traditional incinerators in terms of

air pollution. Using this technology, it is possible to control the combustion rate of the waste
and therefore reduce the air pollutants produced in the process.

77
Hazardous waste landfill

A landfill is defined as a disposal facility or part of a facility where hazardous waste is

placed or on land and which is not a pile, a land treatment facility, a surface impoundment, an
underground injection well.

Pyrolysis

Some hazardous waste types may be eliminated using pyrolysis in an ultra high
temperature electrical arc, in inert conditions to avoid combustion.

This treatment method may be preferable to high temperature incineration in some

circumstances such as in the destruction of concentrated organic waste types, including
PCBs, pesticides.

78
 6. PLASTIC WASTES
6.1 Introduction
A plastic material consists of a range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that
are moldable. They are derived from petrochemicals. The use of plastic is wide (from
toys, bags, plates etc) they are used in many industries as both for different products and
for packaging material. The accumulation of Plastic wastes leads to plastic pollution.

The prominence of plastic pollution is correlated with plastics being both inexpensive
and durable has led to high levels of plastics used by humans. Rapid urbanization in the
cities of Tamil Nadu has increased the quantity of plastic wastes generated.

Plastic pollution occurs in many forms, including littering, marine debris and plastic
netting. The main reasons for so much plastic to be dumped is because a large percentage
of plastic produced each year is used for making single-use, disposable packaging
products or items which will get permanently thrown after the use is met.

6.2 Legislative Frame work

Salient features of the plastic waste Management and Handling rules 2011 are
given below:

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5.15 THE PLASTIC WASTE (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES, 2011 AS
AMENDED MoEF Notification S.O.249(E) Dated 4.2.2011 & S.O. 1527(E) Dated
2.7.2011

Salient Features

Rule 3 Definitions.-
(b) “Carry bags” mean bags made from any plastic material, used for
the purpose of carrying or dispensing commodities but do not include
bags that constitute or form an integral part of the packaging in which
goods are sealed prior to use;
(d) “Compostable plastics” means that undergoes degradation by
biological processes during composting to yield CO 2, water, inorganic
compounds and biomass at a rate consistent with other known
compostable materials and does not leave visible, distinguishable or
toxic residue;
(f) “Disintegration” means the physical breakdown of a material into
very small fragments;
(g) “Extended producer’s responsibility (EPR)” means the responsibility
of a manufacturer of plastic carry bags, and multilayered plastic
pouches and sachets and the brand owners using such carry bags and
multilayered plastic pouches and sachets for the environmentally
sound management of the product until the end of its life.
(h) “Food-stuff” means ready to eat food products, fast food, processed
or cooked food in liquid, powder, solid or semi solid form;
(i) “Manufacturer” means any person who manufactures plastic carry
bags or multilayered plastic pouches or scathes or like;
(j) “Municipal authority” means Municipal Corporation, Municipality,
Nagar Palika. Nagar Nigam, Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Council
including notified are committee (NAC) or any other local body
constituted under the relevant statutes and, where management and
handling of municipal solid waste is entrusted to such agency;
(l) “Plastic” means material which contains as an essential ingredient a
high polymer and which at some stage in its processing into finished
products can be shaped by flow;
(m) “Plastic waste” means any plastic product such as carry bags,
pouches or multilayered plastic pouch or sachet etc, which have been
discarded after use or after their intended life is over;
(n) “Registration” means registration with the SPCB or PCC concerned,
as the case may be, of units manufacturing plastic carry bags,
multilayered plastic pouch or sachet or recycling of plastic waste;
(o) “Virgin plastic” means plastic material which has not been
subjected to use earlier and has also not been blended with scrap or
waste;

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Rule 4 Prescribed Authority.-
(a) for enforcement of the provisions of these rules related to
registration, manufacture and recycling shall be SPCB.
(b) for enforcement of the provisions of these rules relating to the use,
collection, segregation, transportation and disposal of plastic waste,
the prescribed authority shall be the municipal authority concerned.
Rule 5 Conditions.- During the course of manufacture, stocking, distribution,
sale and use of carry bags and sachets, the following conditions shall
be fulfilled, namely.-
(a) carry bags shall either be in natural shade (colourless) which is
without any added pigments or made using only those pigments and
colourants which are in conformity with IS 9833 : 1981.
(b) no person shall use carry bags made of recycled plastics or
compostable plastics for storing, carrying, dispensing or packaging
food stuffs;
(c) no person shall manufacture, stock, distribute or sell any carry bag
made of virgin or recycled or compostable plastic, which is less than 40
microns in thickness;
(d) sachets using plastic material shall not be used for storing, packing
or selling gutkha, tobacco and pan masala;
(e) recycled carry bags shall confirm to IS : 14534 : 1998;
(f) carry bags made from compostable plastics shall conform to the
IS/ISO 17088:2008.
(g) plastic material, in any form, shall not be used in any package for
packing gutkha, pan masala and tobacco in all forms.
Rule 6 Plastic Waste Management.-
(a) recycling, recovery or disposal of plastic waste shall be carried out
as per the rules, regulations and standards, stipulated by the Central
Government from time to time;
(b) recycling of plastics shall be carried out in accordance with the IS
14534:1998;
(c) the municipal authority shall be responsible for setting up,
operationalisation and co-ordination of the waste management system
and for performing the associated functions, namely:- (i) to ensure safe
collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal
of plastic waste; (ii) to ensure that no damage is caused to the
environment during this process; (iii) to ensure setting up of collection
centres for plastic waste involving manufactures; (iv) to ensure its
channelisation to recyclers; (v) to create awareness among all
stakeholders about their responsibilities; (vi) to engage agencies or
groups working in waste management including waste pickers, and (vii)
to ensure that open burning of plastic waste is not permitted;

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 (d) (i) the responsibility for setting up collection systems for plastic
waste shall be of the municipal authority concerned and the said
municipal authority may, for this purpose, seek the assistance of
manufacturers of plastic carry bags, multilayered plastic pouches or
sachets or of brand owners using such products.
(d) (ii) the municipal authority may work out the modalities of a
mechanism based on Extended Producer’s Responsibility involving
such manufacturers, registered within its jurisdiction and brand
owners with registered offices within its jurisdiction either individually
or collectively, as feasible or set up such collection systems through its
own agencies.
(e) recyclers shall ensure that recycling facilities are in accordance with
IS 14534: 1998.
(f) the concerned municipal authority shall ensure that the residues
generated from recycling processes are disposed of in compliance with
Schedule II (Management of Municipal Solid Waste) and Schedule III
(Specifications for Landfill Sites) of the MSW Rules, 2000.
(g) the municipal authority shall incorporate the said rules in the
Municipal bye laws of all the Urban Local Bodies;
(h) the municipal authority shall encourage the use of plastic waste by
adopting suitable technology such as in road construction, co-
incineration etc. The municipal authority or the operator intending to
use such technology shall ensure the compliance with the prescribed
including pollution control norms prescribed by the competent
authority in this regard.
Rule 8 Marking or Labeling.-
(a) each plastic carry bag and multilayered packaging shall have the
following information printed in English or in local language, namely:-
(i) name, registration number of the manufacturer and thickness in
case of carry bag;
(ii) name and registration of the manufacturer in case of multilayered
packaging;
(b) each recycled carry bag shall bear a label or a mark "recycled" as
shown in the rule and shall conform to the IS : 14534 : 1998.
(c) each carry bag made from compostable plastics shall bear a label
"compostable" and shall conform to the IS / ISO 17099 : 2008;
(d) retailers shall ensure that plastic carry bags and multilayered
packaging sold by them are properly labeled, as per stipulations under
these rules.
Rule 9 Registration of Manufacturers and Recyclers.-
(a) any person manufacturing or proposing to manufacture plastic
carry bags, multilayered plastics pouch or sachet shall apply to the
SPCB concerned to for the grant of registration or for the newneal of

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 registration for the manufacturing unit using Form I;
(b) any person recycling or proposing to recycle carry bags or
multilayered plastics pouch or sachet or any plastic waste shall apply
to the SPCB for grant of registration or renewal of registration for the
recycling unit using Form 2;
(c) no person shall manufacture plastic carry bags, multilayered plastic
pouch or sachet or recycle plastic carry bags or multilayered plastic
pouch or sachet or any plastic waste without obtaining registration
certificate from the SPCB or PCC as the case may be, prior to the
commencement of production;
(d) the SPCB and PCC shall not issue or renew a registration for
manufacturing or recycling units unless the unit possesses a valid
consent under the Water (P&CP) Act and the Air (P&CP) Act, 1981 and
certificate of registration issued by the DIC or any other Govt. agency
authorized in this regard;
(f) the registration granted under this rule shall be valid for a period of
three years, unless revoked, suspended or cancelled; and registration
shall not be revoked, suspended or cancelled without providing the
manufacturer an opportunity for a hearing;
(g) every application for renewal of registration shall be made at least
ninety days before the expiry of the validity of the registration
certificate.
Rule 10 Explicit pricing of carry bags.-
No carry bags shall be made available free of cost by retailers to
consumers. The concerned municipal authority may by notification
determine the minimum price for carry bags depending upon their
quality and size which covers their material and waste management
costs in order to encourage their re-use so as to minimize plastic waste
generation.
Rule 11 State Level Advisory Body
Rule 12 Annual Reports.-
(1) each SPCB or PCC shall prepare and submit the annual report to
the CPCB on the implementation of these rules by the 30th day of
September of each year;
(2) the CPCB shall prepare a consolidated annual report on the use and
management of plastic waste and forward it to the central government
along with its recommendations before the 30th day of December each
year.
Form 1 Application for registration of a unit for the manufacture of plastic
carry bags and multilayered plastics
Form 2 Application form for registration of facilities possessing environmentally
sound management practices for recycling plastic waste

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6.3 Generation of Plastic wastes
The total plastic wastes generated in the state district wise is given in the table below:

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Table District wise list of plastic waste generated and its disposal and action taken to create
awareness on plastic waste management for Tamil Nadu 2013

S. District Estimated Qty Road Open Surprise Collection Awareness

N plastic waste Construct Dump checks(local centers programs
o. generation Body)- 40
TPA
1. Chennai 116212 1100 104112 23 15
2. Coimbatore 2275.5 1.53 205 87
3. Cuddalore 3317.85 1098.9 915.75 1097 29 70
4. Dindigul 201.56 120 81 .56 22 2
5. Erode 6326.6 270.716 6059.8 234 6 31
Dharmapuri &
6. Krishnagiri 1100 476.7 609.39 76
7. Karur
8. Madurai 4403.29 2593.48 1809.8 195 13
9. Kanchipuram 1581 251.08 1794.5 66 4
10. Nagapatinam 847.437 46.95 800.49 279 10 19
11. Namakkal 7.28 7.28 312 Conducted
12. Thiruvarur 502.434 78.434 424 381 7 15
13. Kanyakumari 457.65 157.54 299.11 5052 153
14. Ooty 502.172 3.345 498.83 50
15. Pudukkottai 412.14 334.1 17.5 139 32
16. Salem 2463 1514.94 38
17. Ramnad 1926.3 87.95 341 1 15
18. Sivagangai 908.55 121.125 399 5 25
19. Thanjavur 2972.143 17.07 2312.5 614 19
20. Theni 2076.935 797.32 Regularly 28
21. Thoothukudi 1512.55 28 62 168 3
22. Tirunelveli 791 63 650 611 10
23. Tiruppur 819 109 710 302 13
24. Tiruvallur 22,062 22,062 4
25. Tiruvannamalai 4315 10 4305 570 32
26. Trichy 12595.33 111.46 12484 523 46 547
27. Vellore 6701.38 13.482 6687.4 54 13 38
28. Virudhunagar 1571.31 40.096 1487.5 626 324
29. Villupuram 3975 3975
Total 223111 6616.372 63223 10709 480 1001
Source: Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board 2013

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 7. Environmental Impacts of Wastes

E-Wastes

The e-waste contains a number of toxic components that can cause serious damage to
environment and human and animal health if not properly discarded in an environmentally
sound manner. Effects of some of the chemicals found in e-waste on human health are given
below:

Brominated flame retardants: Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have routinely been
added to consumer products for several decades in a successful effort to reduce fire-related
injury and property damage. Recently, concern for this emerging class of chemicals has risen
because of the occurrence of several classes of BFRs in the environment and in human biota.
The widespread production and use of BFRs; strong evidence of increasing contamination of
the environment, wildlife, and people; and limited knowledge of potential effects heighten the
importance of identifying emerging issues associated with the use of BFRs. These do not
decompose easily in the environment, and long term exposure can cause impaired memory
function and learning. Pregnant women exposed to brominated flame retardants have been
shown to give birth to babies with behavioral problems as it interferes with estrogen and
thyroid functioning.

Lead: Lead is a naturally-occurring element that can be harmful to humans when ingested or
inhaled, particularly to children under the age of six. Found in most computer monitors and
televisions, lead exposure leads to intellectual impairment in children and serious damages to
human reproductive systems, the nervous system and blood. Lead poisoning can cause a
number of adverse human health effects, but is particularly detrimental to the neurological
development of children.

Cadmium: The kidney is the critical target organ for the general population as well as for
occupationally exposed populations. Cadmium is known to accumulate in the human kidney
for a relatively long time, from 20 to 30 years, and, at high doses, is also known to produce
health effects on the respiratory system and has been associated with bone disease. Found in
rechargeable batteries for laptop computer and other electronic devices, can cause damage to
kidneys and bones. Cadmium can be bio-accumulate in the environment and is extremely
toxic to human, in particular adversely affecting kidneys and bones.

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Mercury: Elemental and methyl mercury are toxic to the central and peripheral nervous
systems. The inhalation of mercury vapor can produce harmful effects on the nervous,
digestive and immune systems, lungs and kidneys, and may be fatal. The inorganic salts of
mercury are corrosive to the skin, eyes and gastrointestinal tract, and may induce kidney
toxicity if ingested. Neurological and behavioral disorders may be observed after inhalation,
ingestion or dermal exposure of different mercury compounds. Symptoms include tremors,
insomnia, memory loss, neuromuscular effects, headaches and cognitive and motor
dysfunction. Kidney effects have been reported, ranging from increased protein in the urine
to kidney failure. Mercury (Hg), which is used in lightening devices in flat screen monitors
and televisions can cause damage to the breast milk.

Hexavalent Chromium Compounds: Hexavalent chromium is a toxic form of the element

chromium. Hexavalent chromium compounds are man-made and widely used in many
different industries. A known carcinogen, these are used in the creation of metal housing
which are typical of many electronic products. It can cause lung cancer, irritation or damage
to the nose, throat, and lung (respiratory tract), irritation or damage to the eyes and skin etc.

Plastic compounds: Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) cabling is used for printed circuit boards,
connectors, plastic covers and cables. When burnt or land-filled, these PVCs release dioxins
that have harmful effects on human reproductive and immune systems.

Municipal Solid Wastes

Municipal Solid wastes from urban centres mixing up with ground water courses
create potential risks to human health. There is specific danger of concentration of heavy
metals in the food chain, a problem that illustrates the relationship between municipal solid
wastes and liquid industrial effluents containing heavy metals discharged to a
drainage/sewerage system and /or open dumping sites of municipal solid wastes and the
wastes discharged thereby maintains a vicious cycle including these some other types of
effects are as follows

• Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation

• Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm

• Water runoff resulting in flood

• Low birth weight

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• Cancer

• Congenital malformations

• Neurological disease

• Nausea and vomiting

• Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of mercury

• Plastic found in oceans ingested by birds

• Resulted in high algal population in rivers and sea

• Degrades water and soil quality

A major environmental concern is gas release by decomposing garbage. Methane is a

by-product of the anaerobic respiration of bacteria, and these bacteria thrive in landfills with
high amounts of moisture. Methane concentrations can reach up to 50% of the composition of
landfill gas at maximum anaerobic decomposition.

Liquid leachate management varies throughout the landfills. Leachate poses a threat
to local surface and ground water systems.

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 8. Government initiative taken for solid waste management in
Tamil Nadu

E-waste Initiatives – Tamil Nadu

This Policy sets forth position of Tamil Nadu government on e-waste management by
identifying the roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders to manage the e-waste in an
environmentally sound manner, through reduction in the generation of e-waste and providing
a system for collection, segregation and recycling of e-waste.

The alarming increase in e-waste generation and the consequent threat of environmental
degradation arising from unauthorized recycling establishes the urgent need for an effective
regulatory framework. In the absence of effective legislation or regulations to deal with this
emergent situation and also to protect public interest, the Government of Tamil Nadu is now
introducing a Policy on e-waste. This Policy sets forth the position of the Government of
Tamil Nadu on e-waste management by identifying the roles and responsibilities of all
stakeholders including the public to manage the e-waste in an environmentally sound manner
in Tamil Nadu, through reduction in the generation of e-waste and providing a system for
collection, segregation and recycling of e-waste.

Role of Public private partnership in Municipal Solid Waste Management in Tamil

Nadu

Public private partnership arrangements pave the way to both the public and private
sectors to share the responsibilities in providing the services. Public private arrangements can
have many forms, but the common distinguishing characteristic is a shared governance
structure and decision-making process. Such a partnership, combines the private sector’s
dynamism with the public sector`s responsibility of public interest which makes it work
better.

Chennai: is the pioneer in PPPs in solid waste on a large scale. The municipal corporation
has withdrawn its staff from three out of the ten zones of the city. A seven year contract has
been awarded to the private operator Onyx through a transparent bidding process for primary
collection, street sweeping, secondary storage at transfer station and transportation of waste
to disposal site. Onyx has engaged its own manpower, tools and equipment and fleet of
vehicles.

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The cost per ton of waste in this arrangement is 50% of the departmental cost for the same
service provided by the city administration in other zones. (P.U.Asnani)
The Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund (TNUDF) suggested that TMC should
develop a composting plant on a PPP basis to treat the biodegradable waste. In 1999, IVR
Infrastructures and Projects Ltd. was selected through a competitive bidding process to
finance, construct and operate the plant on a Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT) mode for
a period of 20 years. A specially designed ‘windrow compost’ yard having a 50 day life cycle
piles was set up on a seven acre land. This land was taken on lease by the private
concessionaire from the TMC atRs.1.75 lakh per annum. The concessionaire has set up
equipments and machineries worth Rs.55 crore. The entire project cost was borne by the
concessionaire. As per the concession agreement, TMC was supposed to provide 100 MT of
mixed waste per day to the private concessionaire, of which at least 40 MTD would be bio-
degradable waste. The concessionaire would pay Rs.3.5 per ton of waste sold to it. If the
municipality defaults in providing the concessionaire the waste, it would compensate the
concessionaire by paying it Rs.5.20 per ton of waste not supplied. This meant that the
demand risk was completely borne by the TMC. It was responsible for getting the required
quantity of a given type of waste, thereby ensuring the sustainability of the project. The waste
supplied after composting it into fertilizer would be sold to the farmers. This was the source
of revenue for the concessionaire. At present there are about 3 MSWM projects have been
implemented directly under PPP mode and 1 project is implemented under BOOT basis. The
details are provided in the following tables.

Cost estimates PPP – MSWM project

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 In Coimbatore Corporation the Tipping fee is very high and this may be due to 4
transfer stations and 3 scientific closure of existing dumpsites are in the project scope and for
Madurai Corporation is concerned the Quantity of waste to be handled is about 450 MT, it
doesn’t have a transfer station, and this project involves closure of only one site.

Namakkal has an added advantage that the 100 % source segregation is already
achieved, extent and quantity of waste handled by this ULB is very less as compared to the
others. In addition the project also got 90 % of the project cost as grant from GOI and GoTN
and ULBs contribution was only 10%. The set of PPP projects on Integrated Municipal Solid
Waste Management Projects in Coimbatore and Madurai is very successful.

Some of the images in the following pages highlight the key initiatives by the Government of
Tamil Nadu in Solid waste Management.

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92
93
94
Preparing vermin compost
All five localities perform secondary composting using earthworms. This process,
called vermin composting, adds commercial value and increases the availability of nutrients
in the final product. When designing vermin compost tanks, precautions must be taken to
protect worms from predators, such as ants, rodents and crows.

Key Initiatives for Bio medical -waste management in Tamil Nadu

 There are 1405 Private hospitals and 243 Government hospitals in Tamil Nadu.
 There are about 96,000 hospital beds all over the States.
 The Chairman, Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board has been designated as
prescribed authority for granting authorization and implementation of the bio medical
wastes (management and handling) rules, 1998.
 Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board is taking necessary steps for the safe
environmental management of hospital wastes and is monitoring the prevailing
practices and evaluating various treatment and disposal options for the safe
destruction of hospital wastes, considering the aspects of both environmental impact
and cost.
 Common incinerator facilities have been provided in Salem for 58 hospitals and in
Madurai for 78 hospitals with a capacity of 50Kg/hr each.
 Presently 50-55% of bio medical wastes was collected, segregated and treated as per
bio medical waste management rules.

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 List of References
1 Annual Statement –TNPCB-2014-2015
2 Corporation of Chennai
3 Asnani, P. U. "Solid waste management." India infrastructure report
570 (2006).
4 Secretariat, Rajya Sabha. "E-waste in India." (2011).
5 Gupta, Shuchi, et al. "Solid waste management in India: options and
opportunities." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 24.2 (1998):
137-154.
6 Patil, A. D., and A. V. Shekdar. "Health-care waste management in
India." Journal of Environmental Management 63.2 (2001): 211-220.
7 Sudhir, V., G. Srinivasan, and V. R. Muraleedharan. "Planning for
sustainable solid waste management in urban India." System Dynamics
Review 13.3 (1997): 223-246.