JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE

Japanese architecture (日本建築 Nihon kenchiku?)

•has traditionally been typified by wooden structures, elevated slightly
off the ground, with tiled or thatched roofs.
•Sliding doors (fusuma) were used in place of walls, allowing the internal
configuration of a space to be customized for different occasions.
•People usually sat on cushions or otherwise on the floor, traditionally;
chairs and high tables were not widely used until the 20th century.
•Since the 19th century, however, Japan has incorporated much of
Western, modern, and post-modern architecture into construction and
design, and is today a leader in cutting-edge architectural design and
technology.

The earliest Japanese architecture was seen in prehistoric times in simple

pit-houses and stores that were adapted to a hunter-gatherer
population. Influence from Han Dynasty China via Korea saw the
introduction of more complex grain stores and ceremonial burial
chambers.
During the Meiji Restoration of 1868 the history of Japanese
architecture was radically changed by two important events:
•The first was the Kami and Buddhas Separation Act of 1868, which
formally separated Buddhism from Shinto and Buddhist temples from
Shinto shrines, breaking an association between the two which had lasted
well over a thousand years and causing, directly and indirectly, immense
damage to the nation's architecture.

•Second, it was then that Japan underwent a period of intense

Westernization in order to compete with other developed countries.
Initially architects and styles from abroad were imported to Japan but
gradually the country taught its own architects and began to express its
own style. Architects returning from study with western architects
introduced the International Style of modernism into Japan. However, it
was not until after the Second World War that Japanese architects made
an impression on the international scene, firstly with the work of
architects like Kenzo Tange and then with theoretical movements like
Metabolism.
General features of Japanese traditional architecture

•The roof is the dominant feature of traditional Japanese architecture.

• First of all is the choice of materials, always wood in various forms (planks, straw,
tree bark, paper, etc.) for almost all structures. Unlike both Western and some
Chinese architecture, the use of stone is avoided except for certain specific uses, for
example temple podia and pagoda foundations.

•The general structure is almost always the same: posts and lintels support a large
and gently curved roof, while the walls are paper-thin, often movable and in any
case non-carrying. Arches and barrel roofs are completely absent. Gable and eave
curves are gentler than in China and columnar entasis (convexity at the center)
limited.

•The roof is the most visually impressive component, often constituting half the size
of the whole edifice.The slightly curved eaves extend far beyond the walls, covering
verandas, and their weight must therefore be supported by complex bracket systems
called tokyō, in the case of temples and shrines.
•Simpler solutions are adopted in domestic structures. The oversize eaves
give the interior a characteristic dimness, which contributes to the building's
atmosphere. The interior of the building normally consists of a single room
at the center called moya, from which depart any other less important
spaces.

•Inner space divisions are fluid, and room size can be modified through the
use of screens or movable paper walls.

Prehistoric Period
The prehistoric period includes the Jōmon, Yayoi and Kofun periods stretching from
approximately 5000 BCE to the beginning of the eighth century CE.

•During the three phases of the Jōmon ,early dwellings were pit houses consisting of
shallow pits with tamped earth floors and grass roofs designed to collect rainwater
with the aid of storage jars. Later in the period, a colder climate with greater rainfall
led to a decline in population, which contributed to an interest in ritual. Concentric
stone circles first appeared during this time.
•During the Yayoi period the Japanese began to build raised-floor
storehouses as granaries which were constructed using metal tools like saws
and chisels that began to appear at this time. A reconstruction in Toro,
Shizuoka is a wooden box made of thick boards joined in the corners in a log
cabin style and supported on eight pillars. The roof is thatched but, unlike
the typically hipped roof of the pit dwellings, it is a simple V-shaped gable.

•The Kofun period marked the appearance of many-chambered burial

mounds or tumuli (kofun literally means "old mounds"). Early in the period
the tombs, known as "keyhole kofun" or zenpō-kōen kofun (square in front,
circular in back old tomb-mound), The mounds were often decorated with
terracotta figures called haniwa. Later in the period mounds began to be
located on flat ground and their scale greatly increased

•Towards the end of the Kofun period, tomb burials faded out as Buddhist
cremation ceremonies gained popularity.
Asuka and Nara architecture
The most significant contributor to architectural changes during the Asuka period was
the introduction of Buddhism. New temples became centers of worship with tomb
burial practices slowly becoming outlawed. Also, Buddhism brought to Japan and kami
worship the idea of permanent shrines and gave to Shinto architecture much of its
present vocabulary.

Hōryū-ji,
•one of the earliest structures still extant in Japan are Buddhist temples established at
this time.
•The oldest surviving wooden buildings in the world are found at to the southwest of
Nara.
•First built in the early 7th century as the private temple of Crown Prince Shōtoku, it
consists of 41 independent buildings; the most important ones, the main worship hall,
or Kon-dō (Golden Hall), and the five-story pagoda), stand in the centre of an open
area surrounded by a roofed cloister (kairō).

The Kon-dō, in the style of Chinese worship halls, is a two-story structure of post-
and-beam construction, capped by an irimoya, or hipped-gabled, roof of ceramic tiles.
Hōryū-ji Temple
Heijō-kyō
•modern day Nara, was founded in 708 as the first permanent capital of the state of
Japan.
•The layout of its checkerboard streets and buildings were modeled after the Chinese
capital of Chang'an. The city soon became an important centre of Buddhist worship in
Japan.

Tōdaiji
•The most grandiose of these temples was built to rival temples of the Chinese T'ang
and Sui Dynasties.
•16.2-m (53-ft) Buddha or Daibutsu (completed in 752) enshrined in the main hall is a
Rushana Buddha, the figure that represents the essence of Buddhahood, just as Tōdai-
ji represented the centre for imperially sponsored Buddhism and its dissemination
throughout Japan.
•Only a few fragments of the original statue survive, and the present hall and central
Buddha are reconstructions from the Edo period. Clustered around the main hall (the
Daibutsuden) on a gently sloping hillside are a number of secondary halls: the Hokke-
dō (Lotus Sutra Hall), the Kōfuku and the storehouse, called the Shōsō-in. This last
structure is of great importance as an art-historical cache, because in it are stored the
utensils that were used in the temple's dedication ceremony in 752, as well as
government documents and many secular objects owned by the Imperial family.
Temple of Tōdai-ji, Nara
The temple of Tōdai-ji is
located in the city of Nara, the
first permanent capital of
Japan. Built in the 8th century
and reconstructed in 1692, it
is one of the oldest and most
important Buddhist temples in
Japan. It is also one of the
world’s largest structures
made of wood.
Rushana Buddha
Kamakura Daibutsu
The Daibutsu (Great Buddha) figure at
Kamakura, Japan, was cast in bronze in
1252 by either Ono Goroemon or Tanji
Hisatomo, both leading bronze casters
of the time. The statue is 11.4 m (37.4
ft) high and weighs about 93 tons. The
figure depicts Amitabha (also known
as Amida Buddha) in perfect repose
and passionless calm.
Heian period
•Heavy materials like stone, mortar and clay were abandoned as building
elements, with simple wooden walls, floors and partitions becoming prevalent.
•Native species like cedar (sugi) were popular as an interior finish because of its
prominent grain, while pine (matsu) and larch (aka matsu) were common for
structural uses.
•Brick roofing tiles and a type of cypress called hinoki were used for roofs.
•during this period that the hidden roof, a uniquely Japanese solution to roof
drainage problems, was adopted.

The increasing size of buildings in the capital led to an architecture reliant on

columns regularly spaced in accordance with the ken, a traditional measure of
both size and proportion. The Imperial Palace Shishinden demonstrated a style
that was a precursor to the later aristocratic-style of building known as shinden-
zukuri. The style was characterised by symmetrical buildings placed as arms that
defined an inner garden. This garden then used borrowed scenery to seemingly
blend with the wider landscape.
Hō-ō-dō (Phoenix Hall, completed 1053) of Byōdō-in
•a temple in Uji to the southeast of Kyōto.

•consists of a main rectangular structure flanked by two L-shaped wing

corridors and a tail corridor, set at the edge of a large artificial pond.

• Inside, a single golden image of Amida (circa 1053) is installed on a high

platform. Raigo (Descent of the Amida Buddha) paintings on the wooden
doors of the Hō-ō-dō are often considered an early example of Yamato-e,
Japanese-style painting, because they contain representations of the
scenery around Kyōto.

At this time the architectural style of Buddhist temples began to influence

that of the Shintō shrines. For example, like their Buddhist counterparts
the Shintō shrines began to paint the normally unfinished timbers with
the characteristic red cinnabar colour.[14]
Hō-ō-dō (Phoenix Hall, completed 1053) of Byōdō-in
Izumo Shrine, Japan
The Izumo Shrine, on the island of
Honshū in Japan, is believed to be
the oldest shrine in Japan and may
date back as far as the 8th
century. It has been rebuilt many
times since, although always along
the same plan. This Shinto shrine
receives numerous pilgrims and is
the site of festivals.
Shinto Shrine
This Shinto shrine is covered
with traditional Japanese
prayer cards. By tying prayers
(or fortunes) to shrines or
trees, the Japanese connect
with Shinto deities. These
deities, or Kami, are mainly
divinities personifying the
natural world, such as the sky,
the earth, or aspects of the
weather. Almost all Japanese
practice some aspect of the
Shinto religion.
Kamakura and Muromachi periods
During the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and the following Muromachi
period (1336–1573), Japanese architecture made technological advances
that made it somewhat diverge from its Chinese counterpart. In response to
native requirements such as earthquake resistance and shelter against heavy
rainfall and the summer heat and sun, the master carpenters of this time
responded with a unique type of architecture,[ creating the Daibutsuyō and
Zenshūyō styles.

The Kamakura period

•architecture in these period was informed by a simplicity due to its
association with the military order. New residences used a buke-zukuri style
that was associated with buildings surrounded by narrow moats or
stockades. Defense became a priority, with buildings grouped under a single
roof rather than around a garden. The gardens of the Heian period houses
often became training grounds.
Muromachi period
•The proximity of the shogunate to the imperial court led to a rivalry in the
upper levels of society which caused tendencies toward luxurious goods
and lifestyles.
•Aristocratic houses were adapted from the simple buke-zukuri style to
resemble the earlier shinden-sukuri style.
•A good example of this ostentatious architecture is the Kinkaku-ji in Kyōto,
which is decorated with lacquer and gold leaf, in contrast to its otherwise
simple structure and plain bark roofs.
Azuchi-Momoyama period
•During the Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1600) Japan underwent a
process of unification after a long period of civil war. It was marked by the
rule of Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi, men who built castles as
symbols of their power;
•Nobunaga in Azuchi, the seat of his government, and Hideyoshi in
Momoyama. The Ōnin War during the Muromachi period had led to rise
of castle architecture in Japan.

By the time of the Azuchi-Momoyama period each domain was allowed to

have one castle of its own. Typically it consisted of a central tower or
tenshu (heaven defense) surrounded by gardens and fortified buildings. All
of this was set within massive stone walls and surrounded by deep moats.
The dark interiors of castles were often decorated by artists, the spaces
were separated up using sliding fusuma panels and byōbu folding
screens.[3]
The shoin style
•verandas linked the interiors of residential buildings with highly
cultivated exterior gardens.
•Fusuma and byōbu became highly decorated with paintings and often an
interior room with shelving and alcove (tokonoma) were used to display
art work (typically a hanging scroll).

Matsumoto, Kumamoto and Himeji

•popularly known as the White Heron castle
•are excellent examples of the castles of the period

Nijo Castle
in Kyōto is an example of castle architecture blended with that of an
imperial palace, to produce a style that is more in keeping with the
Chinese influence of previous centuries.
White Heron Castle
Nijō Castle, Kyōto
Nijō Castle, in central Kyōto, was built in the early 17th century by Tokugawa Ieyasu,
the founder of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan. The walled compound is surrounded
by a moat and features a wide array of hidden defense mechanisms, including
strategically placed squeaking floor boards, concealed chambers, and trapdoors.
Nagoya Castle
Although Japan's 17th-century
Nagoya Castle, built by Tokugawa
Iyeyasu, was destroyed during
World War II, the castle has been
painstakingly replicated with all
its intricate details. At either end
of the roof, golden, dolphinlike
sea creatures curve upward,
mimicking the arc of the roofline.
Today Nagoya Castle houses a
museum filled with the
Tokugawa family treasures that
survived the war.
Edo period
Edo Period or Tokugawa Period, period of Japanese history that lasted
from 1603 to 1867, when the Tokugawa dynasty of shoguns (military
dictators) ruled Japan. It is named after the Tokugawa capital of Edo
(modern Tokyo) and is also known as the Tokugawa period.

•as a method of reducing fire spread, the government built stone

embankments in at least two locations along rivers in the city.
•The dōzō were built with a structural frame made of timber coated
with a number of layers of earthen plaster on the walls, door and roof.
•Machiya and storehouses from the later part of the period are
characterised by having a black coloration to the external plaster walls.
This colour was made by adding India ink to burnt lime and crushed
oyster shell.
Matsue Castle (松江城 Matsue-jō?) is a feudal castle in Matsue in Shimane
prefecture, Japan. Nicknamed the "black castle" or "plover castle", it is one of
the few remaining medieval castles in Japan – at least of the few remaining in
their original wooden form, and not a modern reconstruction in concrete
Toshōgū Shrine, Japan
In Nikkō, north of Tokyo, Japan, stands the magnificent Toshōgū shrine, built in the
early 17th century during Japan’s Edo Period (1603-1867). The shrine contains the
mausoleum of the first Tokugawa shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Meiji, Taisho, and early Showa periods
Early Meiji Architecture was initially influenced by colonial architecture
in Chinese treaty ports such as Hong Kong. In Nagasaki, the British trader
Thomas Glover built his own house in just such a style using the skill of
local carpenters. His influence helped the career of architect Thomas
Waters who designed the Osaka Mint in 1868, a long, low building in brick
and stone with a central pedimented portico.[31] In Tōkyō, Waters
designed the Commercial Museum, thought to have been the city's first
brick building.

Rokumeikan
•a large two-story building in Tokyo, completed in 1883, which was to
become a controversial symbol of Westernisation in the Meiji period.
•Commissioned for the housing of foreign guests by the Foreign Minister
Inoue Kaoru, it was designed by Josiah Conder, a prominent foreign
government advisors in Meiji Japan (o-yatoi gaikokujin).
Rokumeikan at its completion in 1883
The Ryōunkaku
-was Japan's first western-style skyscraper, constructed in 1890 in Asakusa.

However traditional architecture was still employed for new buildings, such
as the Kyūden of Tokyo Imperial Palace, albeit with token western elements
such as a spouting water fountain in the gardens.

Giyōfū- a pseudo japanese style developed by the Japanese carpenters in

contrast to Water’s Neoclassical style building wherein they chiefly using
wood.
Imperial Palace Wall, Tokyo
Beyond the moat of Japan’s Imperial Palace lies the Otemachi banking district of Tokyo.
Japan’s emperor lives in the Imperial Palace, which is located in the center of Tokyo. Walls
and moats separate it from the rest of the city. The public is invited to the palace twice a
year—on January 2 and on the emperor’s birthday—to greet the imperial family.
Meiji Shrine, Tokyo
Meiji Shrine was built as a memorial to Emperor Meiji, who ruled Japan from 1867 to
1912, and his consort, Empress Shōken. Located just west of central Tokyo, the shrine
is surrounded by wooded grounds featuring trees from all parts of Japan.
The Japanese government also invited foreign architects to
both work in Japan and teach new Japanese architects.

the British architect Josiah Conder

who went on to train the first generation of Japanese architects that
included Kingo Tatsuno and Tokuma Katayama

Tatsuno
his early works had a Venetian style influenced by John Ruskin, but his later
works such as the Bank of Japan (1896) and Tōkyō Station (1914) have a
more Beaux-Arts feel.

Katayama
was more influenced by the French Second Empire style which can be seen
in the Nara National Museum (1894) and the Kyōto National Museum
(1895).
Bank of Japan
Nara National Museum

Kyōto National Museum

Bunriha
•literally known as "Secessionist group", inspired in part by the Vienna
Secessionists.
•a group of young architects formed the first organization of modernist
architects during 1920.
•They drew their influence from European movements like
Expressionism and the Bauhaus and helped pave the way towards the
introduction of the International Style of Modernism.

Frank Lloyd Wright

•The first American architects who worked in Japan during the Taishō and
early Shōwa periods.
•The first who designed the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo (1913–1923) and the
Yodokō Guest House (1924), both of which used locally quarried Ōya stone.
Wright had a number of Japanese apprentices under his tutelage, such as
Arata Endo
who constructed the Kōshien Hotel in 1930.
Imperial Hotel, Tokyo
Antonin Raymond
• second American Architect who worked for Wright on the Imperial
Hotel before leaving to set up his own practice in Tōkyō. Although
his early works like Tōkyō Women's Christian College show Wright's
influence, he soon began to experiment with the use of in-situ
reinforced concrete, detailing it in way that recalled traditional
Japanese construction methods.

Some architects built their reputation upon works of public

architecture. Togo Murano, a contemporary of Raymond, was
influenced by Rationalism and designed the Morigo Shoten office
building, Tōkyō (1931) and Ube Public Hall, Yamaguchi Prefecture
(1937). Similarly, Tetsuro Yoshida's rationalist modern architecture
included the Tōkyō Central Post Office (1931) and Ōsaka Central
Post Office (1939).
Late Showa period
In 1946 the Prefabricated Housing Association was formed to try and
address the chronic shortage of housing, and architects like Kunio Maekawa
submitted designs. However, it was not until the passing of the Public
Housing Act in 1951 that housing built by the private sector was supported
in law by the government.Also in 1946, the War Damage Rehabilitation
Board put forward ideas for the reconstruction of thirteen Japanese cities.
Architect Kenzō Tange submitted proposals for Hiroshima and Maebashi.

In 1949, Tange's winning competition entry to design the Hiroshima Peace

Memorial Museum gave him international acclaim. The project (completed
in 1955) led to a series of commissions including the Kagawa Prefectural
Office Building in Takamatsu (1958) and Old Kurashiki City Hall (1960). At
this time both Tange and Maekawa were interested in the tradition of
Japanese architecture and the influence of local character. This was
illustrated at Kagawa with elements of Heian period design fused with the
International Style.
Hiroshima Peace Memorial
The Genbaku Dome, eerie wreckage of Hiroshima’s Industrial Promotion Hall, looms behind
observers of an annual war memorial service at the Peace Memorial Park. The dome and the
park memorialize the victims of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima by the United States on
August 6, 1945, during World War II.
In 1955, Le Corbusier was asked by the Japanese government to design the
National Museum of Western Art in Tōkyō. He was assisted by his three
former students: Maekawa, Sakakura and Takamasa Yoshizaka. The design
was based upon Le Corbusier's museum in Ahmedabab, and both of the
museums are square and raised on piloti.

In the 1960s Japan saw the both the rise and the expansion of large
construction firms, including the Shimizu Corporation and Kajima. Nikken
Sekkei emerged as a comprehensive company that often included elements
of Metabolist design in its buildings.

Yoyogi National Gymnasium

•built between 1961 and 1964 by Kenzo Tange
•became a landmark structure famous for its suspension roof design,
recalling traditional elements of Shinto shrines.
•Became the venue for the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo
Yoyogi National Gymnasium is an arena in Yoyogi Park, Tokyo, Japan which is
famous for its suspension roof design.
It was designed by Kenzo Tange and built between 1961 and 1964 to house
swimming and diving events in the 1964 Summer Olympics
Early Heisei period
began with the collapse of the so-called "bubble economy" that had
previously boosted Japan's economy. Commissions for commercial works
of architecture virtually dried up and architects relied upon government
and prefectural organisations to provide projects.
Famous buildings and structures that was
built during these Period are:
Tama Art University in Tōkyō
Japanese Pavilion
Japanese architect Ando Tadao created an elegant wooden pavilion for Japan at Expo
’92 in Seville, Spain. The building combined traditional Japanese forms, materials, and
craftwork with modern design and construction. Ando received the prestigious Pritzker
Architecture Prize in 1995.
Sendai Mediatheque, a project which in 2006 received the Royal Gold Medal by the
Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), can be hailed from various aspects: its
structural innovation, versatility and functional significance for the residents of
Sendai. But perhaps what has made this building is a milestone that has tried to
translate the architecture eteriedad, fluidity, and multi-virtual computer world that
characterizes our time.
Culture & Facilities Tajima
The Museum for Wood Culture was constructed at the greenery covered
Torokawadaira in Tajima under the theme of “The Woods, the Sea and the Sun”
and is a symbol of nature and culture in Japan
Itsuko Hasegawa 長谷川逸子 designed the Fruit Museum in the Yamanashi
Prefecture near Mount Fuji in Japan, completed in 1997. The three shell-shaped
buildings symbolize the "fruits" of spiritual sensuality, intelligence and lust.
Landmark Tower,
Yokohama, Japan
Completed in 1992, the Landmark
Tower is situated in a newly
developed commercial district in
Yokohama called Minato Mirai.
The tallest skyscraper in the city,
it reaches a height of 296 m (971
ft) and houses a hotel, a shopping
center, offices, and restaurants.
Japanese interior design
Japanese interior design has a unique aesthetic derived from Taoism, Zen
Buddhism, specific religious figures and the west. This aesthetic has in turn
influenced western style, particularly Modernism.

Traditional Japanese aesthetic

•Interiors are very simple, highlighting minimal and natural

decoration. Traditional Japanese interiors, as well as modern,
incorporate mainly natural materials including fine woods, bamboo,
silk, rice straw mats, and paper shōji screens.
•Natural materials are used to keep simplicity in the space that
connects to nature.
•Natural color schemes are used and neutral palettes including black,
white, off-white, gray, and brown.[81]
Traditional materials of the interior
Japanese interior design is very efficient in the use of resources.
Traditional and modern Japanese interiors have been flexible in use
and designed mostly with natural materials. The spaces are used as
multifunctional rooms

Shōji screens-
•can be pushed open to join two rooms together, and then close them
allowing more privacy
•are made of paper attached to thin wooden frames that roll away on
a track when they are pushed.
•besides privacy and seclusion,these Paper translucent walls allow
light to be diffused through the space and create light shadows and
patterns.
Tatami mats
• mats are rice straw floor mats often used to cover the floor in
Japan’s interiors; in modern Japanese houses there are usually only
one or two tatami rooms.
•are the basis of traditional Japanese architecture, regulating a
building's size and dimensions. They originated in ancient Japan
when straw was laid on bare earth as a softener and warmer.

Fusuma
•Another way to connect rooms in Japan’s interiors is through
sliding panels made of wood and paper
•These panels are used as an entire wall. They are traditionally hand
painted.
Bamboo
• is prominently used and even expected in the Japanese house, used both
for decorative and functional purposes.
•. Country dwellings and farmhouses often use it for ceilings and rafters.
•The natural properties of bamboo, its raw beauty with the knots and smooth
surface, correspond to Japanese aesthetic ideals of imperfection, contrast
and the natural.

Paper or washi
•is a main component in the beauty and atmosphere of the Japanese interior,
the way variation of shadow combines to create a “mystery of shadows”.
•A range of papers are used for various purposes in the home.

Wood
is generally used for the framework of the home, but its properties are
valuable in the Japanese aesthetic, namely its warmth and irregularity.
Japanese Merchant’s House
This reconstruction of a traditional merchant’s house in Japan shows some characteristic
features of Japanese architecture. The bamboo screen provided privacy while still allowing easy
access for customers, in a building that served as both private house and business premises. The
overhang of the tiled roof gave protection from the rain to those standing outside, while the
shoji (rice-paper screens) allowed light into the interior while maintaining privacy, in a country
where glass was once uncommon.
1. The most visually impressive component in
Japanese traditional architecture, often
constituting half the size of the whole edifice.

a)Fusuma
b)Roof
c) Post and Lintels
d)Pagoda
2. A period that includes the Jōmon, Yayoi and Kofun
periods stretching from approximately 5000 BCE to the
beginning of the eighth century CE.

a)Pre Historic Period

b)Edo Period
c) Heian Period
d)Muromachi Period
3. A period wherein the Japanese began to build raised-
floor storehouses as granaries which were constructed
using metal tools like saws and chisels

a)Edo Period
b)Kofun
c) Yayoi
d)Kamakura Period
4. During this Period New temples became centers of
worship with tomb burial practices slowly becoming
outlawed.

a)Kofun
b)Heian Period
c) Edo Period
d)Asuka Period
5. Is a two-story structure of post-and-beam
construction, capped by an irimoya, or hipped-gabled,
roof of ceramic tiles

a) Shinto Shrine
b)Kon-dō
c) Pagoda
d)Daibutsu
6. Has traditionally been typified by wooden structures,
elevated slightly off the ground, with tiled or thatched
roofs.

a) Philippine Architecture
b) Thailand Architecture
c) Japanese Architecture
d) Chinese Architecture
7. 16.2-m (53-ft) ,completed in 752, enshrined in the main
hall, the figure that represents the essence of
Buddhahood.

a) Daibutsu
b) Shinto Shrine
c) Phoenix Hall
d) Izumo Shrine
8. A period wherein heavy materials like stone, mortar
and clay were abandoned as building elements, with
simple wooden walls, floors and partitions becoming
prevalent

a)Asuka Period
b)Kamakura Period
c) Muromachi Period
d)Heian Period
9. a traditional measure of both size and proportion.

a)Hinoki
b)Tumuli
c) Ken
d)Daibutsu
10. Architecture in these period was informed by a
simplicity due to its association with the military
order.

a)Edo Period
b)Pre Historic Period
c) Kamakura Period
d)Azuchi-Momoyama Period
11. During these Period, Japan underwent a process of
unification after a long period of civil war.

a)Kamakura Period
b)Edo Period
c) Azuchi-Momoyama Period
d)Muromachi Period
12. Matsumoto, Kumamoto and Himeji are popularly
known as what?

a)Japanese Pavillion
b)First western-style skyscraper
c) Golden Buddha
d)White Heron Castle
13. It was originally built in the mid-14th century, but was
rebuilt in its present form in 1609. The castle is made
of wood coated with white plaster.

a)Himeji Castle
b)White Heron Castle
c) Nijō Castle
d)White Castle
14. It was built in the early 17th century by Tokugawa
Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan.

a)White Heron Castle

b)Imperial Palace
c) Toshōgū Shrine
d)Nijō Castle
15. Period of Japanese history that lasted from 1603 to
1867, when the Tokugawa dynasty of shoguns (military
dictators) ruled Japan.

a)Edo Period
b)Late Showa Period
c) Muromachi Period
d)Heisei Period
16. A large two-story building in Tokyo, completed in 1883,
which was to become a controversial symbol of
Westernisation in the Meiji period.

a)Imperial Palace, Tokyo

b)Japanese Pavillion
c) Rokumeikan
d)Nara National Museum
17. British Architect who went on to train the first
generation of Japanese architects that included Kingo
Tatsuno and Tokuma Katayama

a)Frank Lloyd Wright

b)Antonin Raymond
c) Kenzo Tange
d)Josiah Conder
18. The first American architects who worked in Japan
during the Taishō and early Shōwa periods and the first
who designed the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo (1913–1923)
and the Yodokō Guest House (1924).

a)Frank Lloyd Wright

b)Antonin Raymond
c) Tokuma Katayama
d)Josiah Conder
19. Tange's winning competition entry in 1949 which
gave him International acclaim.

a)Japanese Pavilion
b)Yogoyi National Museum
c) Hiroshima Peace Memorial
d)Nomadic Museum
20. He designed the Yogoyi National Gymnasium that
became a landmark structure famous for its
suspension roof design, recalling traditional elements
of Shinto shrines.

a)Togo Murano
b)Kenzo Tange
c) Bunriha
d)Kingo Tatsuno
21. Paper translucent walls allow light to be diffused
through the space and create light shadows and
patterns.

a)Fusuma
b)Shoji Screens
c) Tatami mats
d)Washi
22. Is a main component in the beauty and atmosphere
of the Japanese interior, the way variation of shadow
combines to create a “mystery of shadows”.

a)Washi or Paper
b)Bamboo
c) Wood
d)Mova
23. A group of young architects formed the first
organization of modernist architects during 1920.

a)Secessionist Group
b)Vienna Secessionist
c) Burinha
d)Arkee Society
a)Izumo Shrine
b)White Heron Castle
c) Imperial Palace
d)Phoenix Hall
a)Hiroshima Peace Memorial
b)Tama Art university
c) Bank of Japan
d)Nara National Museum
a)Hiroshima Peace Memorial
b)Nagoya Castle
c) Yogoyi National Gymnasium
d)Nijō Castle
a)Pagoda
b)Fusuma
c) Osaka Mint
d)Kamakura Daibutsu
a)White Heron Castle
b)Imperial Palace
c) Imperial Hotel
d)Japanese Pavilion
a)Imperial Palace
b)Nagoya Castle
c) Imperial castle
d)Shinto Shrine
a)Temple of Tōdai-ji
b)Phoenix Hall
c) Himeji Castle
d)Toshōgū shrine