THE
NURSING
THEORIES
SUBMITTED TO:
MRS. PAULA P. LEANILLO
SUBMITTED BY:
ALEXIS DANIELLE G. ROSA
BSN-1B
S
Florence Nightingale- Hildegard Peplau -Interpersonal
Environmental Theory Relations Model
First nursing theorist Based on psychodynamic nursing
Unsanitary conditions posed using an understanding of one’s
health hazard (Notes on Nursing, own behavior to help others
1859) identify their difficulties
5 components of environment Applies principles of human
relations
o ventilation, light, warmth,
effluvia, noise Patient has a felt need
External influences can prevent, Peplau’s Concepts
suppress or contribute to disease
or death. 1. Person
An individual; a developing
Nightingale’s Concepts
organism who tries to reduce
1. Person anxiety caused by needs
Patient who is acted on by nurse Lives in instable equilibrium
Affected by environment 2. Environment
Has reparative powers Not defined
2. Environment 3. Health
Foundation of theory. Included Implies forward movement of the
everything, physical, personality and human processes
psychological, and social toward creative, constructive,
productive, personal, and
3. Health community living
Maintaining well-being by using a 4. Nursing
person’s powers
A significant, therapeutic,
Maintained by control of interpersonal process that
environment functions cooperatively with
4. Nursing others to make health possible
Provided fresh air, warmth, Involves problem-solving
cleanliness, good diet, quiet to
facilitate person’s reparative
process
Virginia Henderson -The Nature Fay Abdella- Topology of 21
of Nursing Nursing Problems
"The unique function of the nurse is to A list of 21 nursing problems
assist the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities Condition presented or faced by
contributing to health or its recovery (or the patient or family.
to peaceful death) that he would perform Problems are in 3 categories
unaided if he had the necessary
strength, will, or knowledge. And to do o physical, social and
this in such a way as to help him gain emotional
independence as rapidly as possible.
The nurse must be a good
She must in a sense, get inside the skin
problem solver
of each of her patients in order to know
what he needs". Abdella’s Concepts
Henderson’s Concept 1. Nursing
1. Person A helping profession
Individuals have basic need that A comprehensive service to meet
are component of health and patient’s needs
require assistance to achieve
health and independence or a Increases or restores self-help
peaceful death. ability
2. Environment Uses 21 problems to guide
nursing care
No explicit definition of the
environment, though she stated 2. Health
that: “maintaining a supportive Excludes illness
environment conductive of health
is one of the elements of her 14 No unmet needs and no actual or
activities for her client’s anticipated impairments
assistance”. 3. Person
3. Health
One who has physical, emotional,
Health was taken to mean or social needs
balance in all realms of human
The recipient of nursing care.
life.
4. Environment
4. Nursing
Did not discuss much
She must in a sense, get inside
the skin of each of her patients in Includes room, home, and
order to know what he needs. community
Ida Jean Orlando- Deliberative Dorothy Johnson-
Nursing Process Behavioral Systems Model
The deliberative nursing process
is set in motion by the patient’s
The person is a behavioral
behavior system comprised of a set of
organized, interactive,
All behavior may represent a cry interdependent, and integrated
for help. Patient’s behavior can subsystems
be verbal or non-verbal.
The nurse reacts to patient’s Constancy is maintained through
behavior and forms basis for biological, psychological, and
determining nurse’s acts. sociological factors.
Perception, thought, feeling A steady state is maintained
through adjusting and adapting to
Nurses’ actions should be
internal and external forces.
deliberative, rather than
automatic Johnson’s 7 Subsystems
Deliberative actions explore the Affiliative subsystem - social
meaning and relevance of an bonds
action. Dependency - helping or nuturing
Orlando’s Concept Ingestive - food intake
Eliminative - excretion
Finding out and meeting the Sexual - procreation and
patients immediate needs for help gratification
To find out the immediate need Aggressive - self-protection and
for help the nurse must first preservation
recognize the situation as Achievement - efforts to gain
problematic mastery and control
Person perceives with any one of
his five sense organs an object or Johnson’s Concepts
objects
1. Person
Any observation shared and
explored with the patient is A behavioral system comprised of
immediately useful in ascertaining subsystems constantly trying to
and meeting his need or finding maintain a steady state
out that he is not in need at that
time 2. Environment
In each contact the nurse repeats Not specifically defined but does
a process of learning how to help say there is an internal and
the individual patient. external environment
3. Health
Balance and stability. Resonancy
4. Nursing Continuous change longer to
shorter wave patterns in human
External regulatory force that is
and environmental fields
indicated only when there is
instability. Helicy
Martha Rogers -Unitary Human Continuous, probabilistic,
Beings increasing diversity of the human
and envrionmental fields.
Energy fields
Characterized by nonrepeating
Fundamental unity of things that rhymicities
are unique, dynamic, open, and
infinite Change
Unitary man and environmental Dorothea Orem- Self-Care Model
field
Self-care comprises those
Universe of open systems activities performed
independently by an individual to
Energy fields are open, infinite, promote and maintain person
and interactive well-being
Pattern
Self- care deficit occurs when the
Characteristic of energy field person cannot carry out self-care
A wave that changes, becomes The nurse then meets the self-
complex and diverse care needs by acting or doing for;
guiding, teaching, supporting or
Pandimensionality providing the environment to
A nonlinear domain with out time promote patient’s ability
or space
Wholly compensatory nursing
Roger’s Definitions system-Patient dependent
Integrality Partially compensatory- Patient
can meet some needs but needs
Continuous and mutual
nursing assistance
interaction between man and
environment Supportive educative-Patient can
meet self care requisites, but
needs assistance with decision
making or knowledge
Betty Neuman - Health Care
Imogene King-Goal Attainment Systems Model
Theory
The person is a complete system,
Open systems framework with interrelated parts
Human beings are open systems
in constant interaction with the maintains balance and harmony
environment between internal and external
environment by adjusting to
Personal System
stress and defending against
o individual; perception, self, tension-producing stimuli
growth, development, time
space, body image Focuses on stress and stress
o Interpersonal reduction
o Society Primarily concerned with effects
Personal System of stress on health
o Individual; perception, self,
Stressors are any forces that alter
growth, development, time the system’s stability
space, body image
Interpersonal Flexible lines of resistance -
o Socialization; interaction, Surround basic core
communication and Internal factors that help defend
transaction against stressors
Society
o Family, religious groups, Normal line of resistance -
Normal adaptation state
schools, work, peers
The nurse and patient mutually Flexible line of defense -
communicate, establish goals Protective barrier, changing,
and take action to attain goals affected by variables
Each individual brings a different Wellness is equilibrium
set of values, ideas, attitudes,
perceptions to exchange Nursing interventions are activates
to:
strengthen flexible lines of
defense
strengthen resistance to stressors
maintain adaptation
Sister Calista Roy - Adaptation
Model
Five Interrelated Essential Elements
1. Patiency- The person receiving
care
2. Goal of nursing- Adapting to
change
3. Health-Being and becoming a
whole person
4. Environment
5. Direction of nursing activities-
Facilitating adaptation
The person is an open adaptive
system with input (stimuli), who
adapts by processes or control
mechanisms (throughput)
The output can be either adaptive
responses or ineffective
responses
