Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands – São Tomé and Príncipe

■ SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE

P ATRICE CHRISTY

São Tomé Oriole Oriolus crassirostris. (ILLUSTRATION: NIK BORROW)

GENERAL INTRODUCTION been cleared, mainly for coffee production. At higher altitudes, the
natural vegetation is intact. A total of 685 plant species have been
The Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe comprises recorded from São Tomé, of which 100 (15%) are endemic. The
two small islands, São Tomé (857 km²; 00°25’N–00°01’S, 06°28’E– forests of Príncipe resemble those of lowland São Tomé, but are
06°45’E) and Príncipe (139 km²; 01°32’N–01°43’N, 07°20’E– less diverse; the lower altitude of Príncipe has precluded the
07°28’E). These islands form the central pair of a line of four that development of montane forest, but some elements, above 700 m,
lie diagonally across the Gulf of Guinea. The other two are Bioko show montane affinities.
(ex-Fernando Po) to the north-east, closest to the mainland, and Native mammals are few. The largest group are bats, of which
Annobón (or Pagalu), the most distant, to the south-west, which nine species have been recorded from São Tomé, including two
together form the insular part of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. endemics; Myonycteris brachycephala (EN) and Chaerephon
Príncipe is located 210 km south-south-west of Bioko and 220 km tomensis (VU). Four species are known from Príncipe. Each island
west of the African mainland; São Tomé, the more remote, is a supports a shrew; that on São Tomé (Crocidura thomensis; VU), is
further 150 km south-south-west of Príncipe and 255 km west of an endemic, while that on Príncipe is an endemic subspecies of
Gabon. São Tomé and Príncipe, unlike Bioko, were never connected Crocidura poensis. Other mammals have been introduced, including
to the African continent. Both islands are of volcanic origin, the feral cats, the monkey Cercopithecus mona (both islands) and, on
highest points of which are, respectively, 2,024 m (Pico de São São Tomé only, Civettictis civetta and Mustela nivalis. There is also
Tomé) and 948 m (Pico do Príncipe). The climate of the islands is a population of feral pigs on São Tomé, derived from domestic
similar; equatorial, warm and humid. The mountainous parts of stock which, with Cercopithecus mona, form the main target of
the centres of the two islands act as barriers to the prevailing south- hunters. Accidental introductions have included Rattus rattus,
westerly wind, causing heavy rainfall in the south-west and south, R. norvegicus and Mus musculus.
where annual averages are 7,000 mm on São Tomé and 5,000 mm There is one frog species, Leptoptelis palmatus, endemic to
on Príncipe. There are two dry seasons, the longer of which, from Príncipe and two endemic to São Tomé, Nesionixalus thomensis and
June to September, is more marked in the north and east of the Ptychadena newtoni, while two others, Nesionixalus molleri and
islands and, in some years, may be non-existent in the south-west. Phrynobatrachus dispar, occur on both islands. Remarkably, there
The short dry season extends from December to February. Annual are also, on São Tomé, endemic caecilians of the genus
average temperatures range between 22°C and 33°C in coastal areas, Schistometopum, but there is uncertainty as to the number of species
but diminish with altitude such that above 1,000 m the minima are concerned. Of the 14 species of reptile occurring on São Tomé, six
around 7°C. are endemic; the snake Philothamnus thomensis to São Tomé only,
Before the arrival of man, it is probable that both islands were the gecko Hemidactylus greefii, the skink Mabuya maculilabris, and
originally almost entirely covered with forest. On São Tomé, three two burrowing snakes Rhinotyphlops feae and R. newtonii are shared
types are recognized: lowland forest from sea-level to 800 m, with Princípe, while the gecko Lygodactylus thomensis is restricted
montane forest from 800 m to 1,400 m, and mist-forest from 1,400 m to both islands and Annobón. Príncipe has eight species of reptile
to the summit, the Pico de São Tomé (2,024 m). The lowland forest including two single-island endemics, the legless skink Feylinia
was extensively cleared for cocoa plantations, but still occurs in an polylepis and the burrowing snake Typhlops elegans.
apparently natural state in the south-west and centre of the island. In 1991 the human population of São Tomé was estimated to
Areas of montane forest, between 800 m and 1,100 m, have also be 117,000 (66% of whom lived in rural areas) and of Príncipe to be

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 Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands – São Tomé and Príncipe

Map 1. Location and size of

Important Bird Areas in São
Area of IBA (ha) Tomé and Príncipe.
10,000 to 49,999

1,000 to 9,999

100 to 999

PRÍNCIPE <100

GULF OF GUINEA

2
1

SÃO TOMÉ

0 50 100 GABON

km

Table 1. Summary of Important Bird Areas in São Tomé and Príncipe. 5 IBAs covering 250 km²
Criteria (see p. 11; for A2 codes, see Table 2)
IBA A1 A2 A4i A4ii A4iii
code Site name Administrative region 082 083
ST001 São Tomé lowland forests São Tomé ✔ ✔
ST002 São Tomé montane and cloud-forests São Tomé ✔ ✔
ST003 São Tomé northern savannas São Tomé ✔ ✔
ST004 Príncipe forests Príncipe ✔ ✔
ST005 Tinhosas islands Príncipe ✔ ✔ ✔
Total number of IBAs qualifying: 4 3 1 1 1 1

5,500, with an annual average growth-rate of 2.4%. The northern ORNITHOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE
and eastern parts of both islands are, in general, well populated
because of a low and relatively flat relief, while the central Of a total avifauna of 143 species, including 72 breeding residents,
mountainous regions and the more humid south-west are largely 28 species are endemic to São Tomé and Príncipe. Twelve of the
uninhabited. The islands gained their independence from Portugal endemics are species of global conservation concern, of which
in 1975. At that time, extensive parts of the islands were eight—Bostrychia bocagei (CR), Columba thomensis (VU), Otus
cultivated under a system of large farms called ‘roças’, under which hartlaubi (NT), Lanius newtoni (CR), Amaurocichla bocagii (VU),
cocoa and coffee crops were grown under shade trees, mostly Nectarinia thomensis (VU), Neospiza concolor (CR) and Oriolus
introduced Erythrina sp. After independence the less productive crassirostris (VU)—are restricted to São Tomé, two, Speirops
or more remote plantations were abandoned, which enabled leucophaeus (VU) and Dicrurus modestus (NT), are endemic to
forest regeneration, mainly at mid-altitudes around the central Príncipe and two, Turdus olivaceofuscus (NT) and Zosterops
mountainous massifs, but also in the south-west of São Tomé and ficedulinus (VU), are common to both islands. Five other species
the south-east of Príncipe. There are now, however, plans to of global conservation concern have been recorded, of which four—
rehabilitate some of the abandoned farms and to privatize land Morus capensis (NT), Fregata aquila (CR), Phoenicopterus minor
and give parts of the state-owned farms to people. The privatization (NT) and Glareola nordmanni (NT)—are mere vagrants while the
of agricultural land, which became effective in the late 1990s is, fifth, Euplectes aureus (NT), is thought to have been introduced
however, having important consequences for the environment. from Angola. In addition, it should be noted that the endemic
Small farmers, on receiving title, often cut down trees on their land subspecies of Bostrychia olivacea on Príncipe, B. o. rothschildi, is
in order to raise sufficient capital to develop the land further. In probably the rarest bird in the archipelago.
addition, low world cocoa prices means the cultivation of this All 28 endemics are also species of restricted range, with each
crop is currently unattractive, further discouraging the small island constituting a separate Endemic Bird Area (EBA). São Tomé
farmer from retaining tree cover. As timber resources become (EBA 082) holds 21 restricted-range species and Príncipe (EBA 083)
scarcer, these factors may pose a future threat to the remaining twelve. The breeding avifauna is made up of forest birds
primary forest. Cocoa and coffee remain, however, the main exports (including all the endemics), savanna species and water- and
of the country. seabirds. It is probable that most or all of the 16 savanna species

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 Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands – São Tomé and Príncipe

Table 2. The occurrence of restricted-range species at Important CONSERVATION INFRASTRUCTURE AND

Bird Areas in São Tomé and Príncipe. Sites that meet the PROTECTED-AREA SYSTEM
A2 criterion are highlighted in bold. Species of global
conservation concern are highlighted in blue bold. Wildlife conservation is the responsibility of the Directorate of
082 – São Tomé Endemic Bird Area Forests. Conservation legislation is recent; the law on forestry was
(21 species in São Tomé and Príncipe; three sites meet the A2 criterion) adopted on 12 November 1998, while those relating to the
IBA code: 001 002 003 environment and the conservation of fauna, flora and protected
Bostrychia bocagei ✔ areas were adopted by the National Assembly on 29 December
1998. They have, however, yet to be officially promulgated, which
Columba thomensis ✔ ✔
has thus far prevented the creation of any protected area in the
Columba malherbii ✔ ✔ ✔
archipelago. An inventory of sites of conservation importance has
Treron sanctithomae ✔ ✔ been compiled (Juste 1994). In the absence of legislation enabling
Otus hartlaubi ✔ ✔ the establishment of protected areas, the sites identified in this report
Zoonavena thomensis ✔ ✔ ✔ have been provisionally termed ‘zonas ecologicas’.
Alcedo thomensis ✔ ✔
Lanius newtoni ✔
Turdus olivaceofuscus ✔ ✔ ✔ INTERNATIONAL MEASURES RELEVANT TO THE
Prinia molleri ✔ ✔ ✔
CONSERVATION OF SITES
Amaurocichla bocagii ✔
São Tomé and Príncipe has ratified the Convention to Combat
Terpsiphone atrochalybeia ✔ ✔ ✔ Desertification, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and
Nectarinia newtoni ✔ ✔ ✔ the Convention on Climate Change. It will ratify the Convention
Nectarinia thomensis ✔ ✔ on International Trade in Endangered Species in November 2001.
Speirops lugubris ✔ ✔ ✔
Zosterops ficedulinus ✔ ✔
Serinus rufobrunneus ✔ ✔ ✔ OVERVIEW OF THE INVENTORY
Neospiza concolor ✔
The inventory includes five Important Bird Areas (IBAs),
Ploceus grandis ✔ ✔
covering 250 km² or some 25% of the surface area of the country
Ploceus sanctithomae ✔ ✔ ✔
(Map 1, Table 1). Four of the five sites qualify under both the
Oriolus crassirostris ✔ ✔ ✔ A1 and A2 criteria and, between them, hold all resident species of
Number of species recorded: 21 16 11 global conservation concern (Table 1) and of restricted range
083 – Príncipe Endemic Bird Area (Table 2). One site qualifies for its nesting colonies of water- and
(12 species in São Tomé and Príncipe; one site meets the A2 criterion) seabirds. The five sites comprise parts of all natural habitats as
IBA code: 004 well as the long-established savannas of the northern coast of São
Columba malherbii ✔ Tomé, probably of human origin. None of the sites are formally
Zoonavena thomensis ✔
protected at present, but all have been proposed as potential
protected areas (Juste 1994). As a result of ornithological research
Alcedo nais ✔
in the last 10 years, which has included surveys of much of both
Turdus olivaceofuscus ✔
islands, there is now a greater understanding of the status of the
Horizorhinus dorhni ✔ endemic avifauna. This has enabled a fairly accurate assessment to
Nectarinia hartlaubii ✔ be made of the main areas of ornithological importance in the
Speirops leucophaeus ✔ archipelago. The least known region is the forests of southern
Zosterops ficedulinus ✔ Príncipe, but short surveys have provided some information.
Serinus rufobrunneus ✔
Ploceus princeps ✔
Lamprotornis ornatus ✔
COMMENTS ON THE INVENTORY
Dicrurus modestus ✔
Dicrurus modestus is treated here, following Collar et al. (1994), as
Number of species recorded: 12 a full species, endemic to Príncipe, and is therefore also considered
as one of the restricted-range species of the Príncipe EBA. It was,
however, not so treated by Stattersfield et al. (1998) and therefore
were originally introduced by man at least a century ago, as cage- was not included in the list of restricted-range species that make up
or gamebirds. The seabird colonies, principally on the Tinhosas the EBA.
islands, south-west of Príncipe, are the largest in the Gulf of Guinea.
Most of the endemic species have mainland counterparts.
However, some forms do not. These include Amaurocichla bocagii, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Horizorhinus dohrni and Neospiza concolor, all endemic genera,
while Nectarinia thomensis and Ploceus sanctithomae are well Jonathan Baillie, Peter Jones, Nic Peet and Alan Tye are thanked for their
defined species, with no obvious affinities to continental forms. comments on the inventory and for providing additional information.

■ SITE ACCOUNTS

comprises most of the lowland primary evergreen forests of the island

São Tomé lowland forests ST001
as well as, in the centre, montane forest on the Cabumbe peak
Admin region São Tomé
(1,403 m). The southern slopes of the Pico de São Tomé massif define
Coordinates 00°08’N 06°32’E A1, A2 (082)
the northern boundary of the site. Old secondary forest occurs near
Area 13,000 ha Altitude 0–1,400 m Unprotected
the coast, in the valleys of the Binda, São Miguel and Quija rivers,
resulting from the regrowth of plantations abandoned in the late 1970s.
■ Site description Further inland the terrain is rugged and the ground broken and stoney,
The site is located in the south-west and extends from the Binda and making walking difficult. The forests have not been fully surveyed
Quija rivers, on the west coast, to the confluence of the Ana Chaves botanically, but large trees include Uapaca sp. The understorey is
and Io Grande rivers and the right bank of the Io Grande. The area generally open under a closed canopy, with few shrubs.

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 Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands – São Tomé and Príncipe

■ Birds ■ Conservation issues

See Box and Table 2 for key species. Of the 32 bird species recorded The forests of the area are not at risk, other than at their lower edges,
from the area, 10 are of global conservation concern and the site is where there has been some clearance for coffee plantations (many now
the only one known for Bostrychia bocagei, Lanius newtoni, abandoned) and market gardening. Most of the area has been
Amaurocichla bocagii and Neospiza concolor. B. bocagei is silent and proposed as a Zona Ecologica.
extremely secretive, making estimates of numbers difficult, while
L. newtoni has been recorded regularly in the basins of the São Miguel,
Xufexufe and Quija rivers and from the intervening ridges. A. bocagii
São Tomé northern savannas ST003
is fairly common along forested riverbanks, but the status of
Admin region São Tomé
N. concolor is unclear as there have been very few sightings. The six
Coordinates 00°25’N 06°38’E A1, A2 (082)
other species of conservation concern are more common.
Area 1,000 ha Altitude 0–50 m Unprotected
Key species
A1 Bostrychia bocagei Amaurocichla bocagii
■ Site description
Columba thomensis Nectarinia thomensis
The site is situated on the northern coast, between Lagoa Azul and
Otus hartlaubi Zosterops ficedulinus
Diogo Nunes, and includes a succession of grasslands, coconut
Lanius newtoni Neospiza concolor
plantations, herbaceous swamps, mangroves and estuarine waters.
Turdus olivaceofuscus Oriolus crassirostris
Around the coastal lagoon of Lagoa Azul there are also thickets and
A2 (082) São Tomé EBA: all 21 species of this EBA have been recorded at this site; see
dry lowland forest along narrow gullies. Only the mangroves and dry
Table 2.
forests appear to be natural, and the latter may represent a relict of
the original vegetation of this part of the island.
■ Other threatened/endemic wildlife
One of the two endemic bats, Myonycteris brachycephala (EN), is ■ Birds
thought to occur. The endemic snake Philothamnus thomensis is also See Box and Table 2 for key species. A total of 59 species have been
present, but little is known of other reptiles and amphibians. recorded, including three species of global conservation concern, one
of which is the almost certainly introduced Euplectes aureus. The more
■ Conservation issues adaptable of the restricted-range species are well represented and
The area has been proposed as part of the Zona Ecologica, but no legal include Columba malherbii, Alcedo thomensis, Prinia molleri, Speirops
protection has yet been given. Other than a fishing camp at São Miguel, lugubris, Nectarinia newtoni and Ploceus sanctithomae. Other
there are no human inhabitants. Villagers from São Miguel and Santo introduced species, including Francolinus afer, Coturnix delegorguei
António de Mussacavú, on the west coast, and from São Joao and and Streptopelia senegalensis, are also common.
Ribeira Peixe on the east, use parts of the forest for hunting wild pigs
Key species
and monkeys. It is possible they may also shoot Bostrychia bocagei.
A1 Turdus olivaceofuscus Oriolus crassirostris
A2 (082) São Tomé EBA: 11 of the 21 species of this EBA have been recorded at this
site; see Table 2.
São Tomé montane and cloud-forests ST002
Admin region São Tomé
■ Other threatened/endemic wildlife
Coordinates 00°16’N 06°33’E A1, A2 (082)
The endemic bat, Chaerephon tomensis (VU), was recently described
Area 6,000 ha Altitude 1,000–2,024 m Unprotected
from the Lagoa Azul area.

■ Site description ■ Conservation issues

The site comprises the highest parts of the island and includes three The area has been proposed as a Zona Ecologica under the name ‘Praia
peaks, Pico de São Tomé (2,024 m), Calvario (1,594 m) and Pico Ana das Conchas’. This area is probably the most amenable to formal
Chaves (1,630 m), as well as Lagoa Amelia, an old crater-lake and the protection in the region, since there is a large human presence
surrounding marshy area. The area holds most of the montane and elsewhere, including fishing villages along the coast. The savannas
cloud-forests in the centre of the island above 1,000 m, around the are regularly burnt.
Pico de São Tomé massif. The area that held montane forest between
800 m and 1,000 m on the northern edge of the massif is excluded, as
it has been cleared for cultivation. Montane forests extend to 1,400 m,
Príncipe forests ST004
above which they give way to cloud-forest. Typical tree species of
Admin region Príncipe
both forest-types include Tabernaemontana stenosiphon, Homalium
Coordinates 01°35’N 07°22’E A1, A2 (083)
henriquesii, Croton stelluliferus, Polyscias quintasii, Craterispermum
Area 5,000 ha Altitude 0–948 m Unprotected
montanum, Podocarpus mannii, all of which are endemic to the Gulf
of Guinea islands, and the more widespread Olea capensis, Syzygium
guineense and Pauridiantha floribunda. ■ Site description
The site covers the southern third of Príncipe and consists mainly of
■ Birds lowland evergreen forest, from sea-level to the summit of Pico do Príncipe
See Box and Table 2 for key species. Among the 21 species recorded, at 948 m. Four other peaks higher than 500 m are included: Mesa (537 m),
six are of global conservation concern. The majority of the population Pico Papagaio (680 m), Carriote (839 m) and Pico Mencorne (921 m).
of Columba thomensis occurs here. Otus hartlaubi and Oriolus Deep valleys have been scoured into the whole area, producing extremely
crassirostris appear not to be found above 1,600 m, as do some of the rugged terrain and, in places, the ground is littered with sharp-edged
restricted-range species such as Treron sanctithomae, Columba stones and rocks. There is, however, a relatively flat area in the south-
malherbii, Terpsiphone atrochalybeia and Ploceus grandis, which are west. The area is poorly known botanically. Old secondary growth occurs
therefore not found in the Pico de São Tomé area. on the northern and eastern fringes of the massif.
Key species
■ Birds
A1 Columba thomensis Nectarinia thomensis
See Box and Table 2 for key species. A total of 28 species have been
Otus hartlaubi Zosterops ficedulinus
recorded, of which 23 are forest residents. Among these are four species
Turdus olivaceofuscus Oriolus crassirostris
of global conservation concern and the seven species endemic to Príncipe:
A2 (082) São Tomé EBA: 16 of the 21 species of this EBA have been recorded at this
Alcedo nais, Horizorhinus dohrni, Nectarinia hartlaubii, Speirops
site; see Table 2.
leucophaeus, Ploceus princeps, Lamprotornis ornatus and Dicrurus modestus.
Others present in these forests include all those considered to be subspecies
■ Other threatened/endemic wildlife endemic to Príncipe: Bostrychia olivacea rothschildi, Columba larvata
None known to BirdLife International. principalis, Treron calva virescens, Halcyon malimbica dryas, Turdus

730
 Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands – São Tomé and Príncipe

olivaceofuscus xanthorhynchus, Zosterops ficedulinus ficedulinus and (20 ha) lie 22 km south-west of Príncipe. They are unvegetated rocky
Serinus rufobrunneus rufobrunneus. The status of B. o. rothschildi is unclear, islets that reach altitudes of 65 m (Tinhosa Pequena) and 56 m
but it seems to be very rare. In contrast to São Tomé, the endemic (Tinhosa Grande). Tinhosa Pequena is inaccessible because of its
subspecies of T. olivaceofuscus and Z. ficedulinus do not occur in secondary almost sheer slopes, but there is a small platform on Tinhosa Grande
growth or plantations or are, at least, rare in such habitats. which enables landing.
Key species
■ Birds
A1 Turdus olivaceofuscus Zosterops ficedulinus
See Box for key species. The Tinhosas islands shelter the largest seabird
Speirops leucophaeus Dicrurus modestus
colonies in the Gulf of Guinea. In addition to the species listed below,
A2 (082) Príncipe EBA: all 12 species of this EBA have been recorded at this site; see
a fifth, Phaethon lepturus, also breeds regularly at the site in small
Table 2.
numbers. The status of two other species, Sterna anaethetus and
Oceanodroma castro, is unclear—they are sometimes seen around the
■ Other threatened/endemic wildlife islets, but there is no proof of breeding. There are two breeding seasons,
The site holds the skink Feylinia polylepis, the burrowing snake Typhlops coinciding with the two dry seasons, December–January and June–
elegans and the frog Leptoptelis palmatus, all endemic to Príncipe, as August. Non-breeding visitors include, in small numbers, Phaethon
well as an endemic subspecies of the shrew Crocidura poensis. aethereus, Sula dactylatra, Sula sula and the globally threatened
Fregata aquila. These birds are presumed to come from colonies on
■ Conservation issues Ascension Island, 2,500 km to the south-west.
The area has been proposed as a Zona Ecologica, but no protection
Key species
has yet been given. Habitat destruction in the area is minimal; the
A4i Breeding (pairs) Non-breeding
forests are mainly used for the collection of young of the parrot
Sterna fuscata 100,000 —
Psittacus erithacus for commercial purposes. A study to evaluate the
Anous minutus 10,000–20,000 —
impact of this trade is under way. Recent plans to develop an Economic
Anous stolidus 4,000–8,000 —
Free Trade Zone on the west coast, a concession which would have
A4ii Sula leucogaster 1,500–3,000 —
covered over a third of the island, have now been dropped. Interest
A4iii More than 20,000 waterbirds occur regularly at this site.
remains, however, in the possibility of a revised proposal. Any such
development would prompt serious concerns about conservation of
the adjacent forest and, indeed, the region. ■ Other threatened/endemic wildlife
An unidentified gecko has been found.

■ Conservation issues
Tinhosas islands ST005
The site is not protected, but proposals for its conservation were made
Admin region Príncipe
as long ago as 1973. Fishermen from Príncipe regularly visit the seas
Coordinates 01°23’N 07°17’E A4i, A4ii, A4iii
around the Tinhosas, which are rich in fish. They occasionally
Area 23 ha Altitude 0–65 m Unprotected
harvest young Sula leucogaster from Tinhosa Grande for food or for
sale in the town of Santo António, Príncipe. The construction of a
■ Site description lighthouse, in 1995, also resulted in birds being killed for food by
The two islands of Tinhosa Pequena (3 ha) and Tinhosa Grande workmen.

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