AST 318- COST ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATE MODULE 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COURSE OVERVIEW-----------------------------------------------------------------ii

MODULE GUIDE----------------------------------------------------------------------iii

PRE-TEST------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv

LEARNING PLAN---------------------------------------------------------------------v

INTRODUCTION----------------------------------------------------------------------vi

KEYS TO REMEMBER---------------------------------------------------------------ix

DISCUSSION

LESSON 1 - CONCRETE SLAB-----------------------------------------------1

LESSON 2 - CONCRETE COLUMN, POST AND FOOTING-------------3

PROBLEM EXERCISE-----------------------------------------------------------------5

LESSON 3 - BEAM AND GIRDER-------------------------------------------6

PROBLEM EXERCISE-----------------------------------------------------------------7

POST TEST----------------------------------------------------------------------------8

i
 MODULE ONE: CONCRETE

COURSE OVERVIEW

Course No. AST 318

Descriptive Title Cost Analysis and Estimate

Credit Units 1 unit lec, 1 unit lab

School Year/Term 1st Semester, AY: 2020-2021

Mode of Delivery Online and Modular Learning

Name of Instructor/ Edgar Jose I. Monteroso

Professor

Course Description This course provides the student with the ability to estimate the
quantities of item of works involved in buildings, water supply and
sanitary works, road works and irrigation works, and also to equip the
student with the ability to do rate analysis, valuation of properties and
preparation of reports for estimation of various items.

Course Outcomes Knowledge (Think)

1. Acquire a working knowledge in estimating quantities of item of
works in buildings, water supply and sanitary works, road works and
irrigation works,
Values (Feel)
1. Recognize the importance of various team member's roles and cite
examples of team behaviors that are helpful in the implementation of the
activities.
Skills (Do)
1. Calculate needed materials in concrete and masonry and inspect
number of steel reinforcements in reinforced concrete members.
2. Analyze quantity of materials in a laying out tiles and painting.

SLSU Vision A high quality corporate University of Science, Technology and Innovation

SLSU Mission SLSU will:

a. Develop Science, Technology and Innovation leaders and professionals;
b. Produce high- impact technologies from research and innovations;
c. Contribute to sustainable development through responsive community
engagement programs;

ii
d. Generate revenues to be self-sufficient and financially-viable.

iii
MODULE GUIDE

In this module, we will

continue our exploration in
the world of Object-
Oriented Programming
(OOP). OOP-based
architecture proves to be
beneficial especially when
dealing with special types of
data which need to
be packaged into one entity.
What would you do if you
have so much
capability at your hand? Of
course, you will use it. This
ideology will be
iii
covered in this module
together with the principles
that surround OOP. Hard
might it be at first, however
their important role in OOP’s
implementation
will be eviden
Before you start reading this learning material, you have to answer the attached pre-test
questionnaire to measure your current stock knowledge for the subject. This will be check by
the instructor and record the result for information and reference only.

Estimate has always been regarded as a valuation based on opinion or roughly made
from imperfect or incomplete data; a calculation not professedly exact; an appraisement; also a
statement, as by a builder, in regard to the cost of certain work.

In this module, the students will learn all about concrete. This module is divided into
three lessons,namely concrete slab ;concrete column, post and footing; beam and girder. Each
topics includes illustrative examples of how to simply estimate the structural members involving
concrete.

As you start studying the lessons, there are some practical exercises for you to answer
and a follow up quizzes to measure your understanding of the topic. The quizzes will be check
and recorded by the instructors handling the subjects. This will form part of your class standing
and one of the basis for the computation of your grades for the semester.
At the end of the module, a post test will be administered to check your newly acquired
knowledge and understanding of the whole module which will be recorded, and considered as a
long quiz.

iv
PRE-TEST

IDENTIFICATION

1-2. The two major components of concrete.

3. In 1:2:4 concrete proportion, what part is cement?

4. Defined as a strong horizontal piece of reinforced concrete for spanning and

supporting weights.

5. Is a concrete with reinforcement properly imbedded in such a manner that the two
materials act together in resisting forces.
6. An upright pillar, typically cylindrical and made of stone or concrete, supporting an
entablature, arch, or other structure or standing alone as a monument.
7. Is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal
surface made of cast concrete.
8-9. Two ways of proportioning concrete.

v
 LEARNING PLAN

Intended Learning Outcome: 1. Describe plain and reinforced concrete, and identify needed in
concrete members.
2. Determine needed concrete material.

Enabling Learning Outcomes:

In this lesson, you will learn about the:
1.Estimation of the concrete slab.
2.Estimation of square concrete column.
3.Estimation of rectangular column, beam and girder.

vi
 INTRODUCTION

Concrete (construction), artificial engineering material made from a mixture of portland

cement, water, fine and coarse aggregates, and a small amount of air. It is the most widely used
construction material in the world.

The two major components of concrete are a cement paste and inert materials. The cement
paste consists of portland cement, water, and some air either in the form of naturally entrapped
air voids or minute, intentionally entrained air bubbles. The inert materials are usually
composed of fine aggregate, which is a material such as sand, and coarse aggregate, which is a
material such as gravel, crushed stone, or slag.

When portland cement is mixed with water, the compounds of the cement react to form a
cementing medium. In properly mixed concrete, each particle of sand and coarse aggregate is
completely surrounded and coated by this paste, and all spaces between the particles are filled
with it. As the cement paste sets and hardens, it binds the aggregates into a solid mass.

Plain and reinforced concrete

vii
Concrete is either plain or reinforced. By definition, Plain concrete is an artificial stone as a
result of mixing cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water. The Conglomeration of
these materials producing a solid mass is called plain concrete.
Reinforced Concrete on the other hand, is a concrete with reinforcement properly imbedded in
such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces.
Concrete Proportion
Proportioning concrete mixture is done in two different ways: by weight or by volume method.
The most common and convenient way is by the volume method using the empty plastic bag of
cement, or by a measuring box for sand and gravel. Measuring the aggregates and water by
weight is sometimes used in a concrete batching plant for ready-mix concrete or as specified in
the pan.

FIGURE 1-1

TABLE 1-1 CONCRETE PROPORTION

viii
Proportioning concrete by volume method had long been practiced in almost all types of
concrete construction. Time has proven it to be effective and successful. However, on
construction where space for materials stock piling and mixing does not permit, ready mixed
concrete is the most practical solution.
Concrete mixtures are usually specified in terms of the dry-volume ratios of cement, sand, and
coarse aggregates used. A 1:2:3 mixture, for instance, consists of one part by volume of
cement, two parts of sand, and three parts of coarse aggregate. Depending on the
applications, the proportions of the ingredients in the concrete can be altered to produce
specific changes in its properties, particularly strength and durability. The ratios can vary from
1:2:3 to 1:2:4 and 1:3:5. The amount of water added to these mixtures is about 1 to 1.5 times the
volume of the cement. For high-strength concrete, the water content is kept low, with just
enough water added to wet the entire mixture. In general, the more water in a concrete mix, the
easier it is to work with, but the weaker the hardened concrete becomes.

ix
 KEYS TO REMEMBER:

Concrete slab- is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat,

horizontal surface made of cast concrete.
Column- an upright pillar, typically cylindrical and made of stone or concrete, supporting an
entablature, arch, or other structure or standing alone as a monument.
Post- is basically the same as a column.
Footing-In Civil Engineering, a footing is a foundation that is constructed under the base of a
wall or a column. The purpose of the footing is to distribute the weight of the building over a
large area. The term footing is generally used in conjunction with shallow foundations, not deep
foundations. Footing is placed directly below the lowest part of the structure it supports.

x
 Post and footing
Beam- A beam is defined as a strong horizontal piece of reinforced concrete for spanning and
supporting weights.
Girder-A girder is a support beam used in construction. It is the main horizontal support of a
structure which supports smaller beams. Girders often have an I-beam cross section composed
of two load-bearing flanges separated by a stabilizing web, but may also have a box shape, Z
shape, or other forms. A girder is commonly used to build bridges.

BEAM AND COLUMN

xi
 DISCUSSION:
LESSON 1: CONCRETE SLAB

The introduction from cement to concrete proportions plus the tables as presented
could be more meaningful and appreciated if accompanied by illustrations of actual
applications.

ILLUSTRATION 1-1

A Proposed concrete pavement has a general dimension of 4 in. thick, 3 meters wide, and 5
meters long. Determine the quantity of cement in bags, sand and gravel in cubic meters required
using class “C” micture.

1.
Volume of concrete=
Length x Width x Thickness

2.
Where:
1.5 - vol. of concrete
6, 0.50, 1
-factors
from table
1-1
Concrete
Proportion
from
INTRODUCTION

2.
Where:

1
5, 0.5, 1.0- factors from table 1-1 Concrete Proportion from INTRODUCTION

ILLUSTRATION 1-2
A barangay road 4.00 m. wide and one kilometer long after the base preparation requires
concreting. Find the number of bags of cement, sand and gravel in cu. m required using class “A”
concrete if the slab is 15 cm. thick.

1. Vol. of concrete =
Length x width x thickness

2. WHERE:
600- vol. of concrete
9, .50 , 1- factors from table
1-1 Concrete Proportion from
INTRODUCTION

2
 LESSON 2: CONCRETE COLUMN, POST AND FOOTING

Illustration 1-3 CONCRETE COLUMN

A concrete column is 5.00 m high with a cross sectional dimensions of 25 cm. x 30 cm. If there
are 8 columns of the same size. Find the required cement, sand and gravel if the plan specified
class “A” concrete.

1. Vol. of concrete=Length x width x

height

2. Where:

0.375- vol. of concrete for 1 column

8-number of columns in the problem

3. Where:

3- total volume of concrete

9, .50, 1- factors from table 1-1 Concrete
Proportion from INTRODUCTION

3
ILLUSTRATION 1-4 POST AND FOOTING
A concrete column 4.00m high with a cross sectional dimension of 20cm x 25cm is resting on a
concrete footing 20cm thick by 80cm square. If class “B” concrete is specified, find the quantity
of cement, sand and gravel if there are 12 columns of the same size.

1. Column
Find the volume of one column
V= 0.25 x 0.20 x 4 = 0.2 cu. m
Find the total volume for 12 columns
V= 0.2 x 12 = 2.4 cu. m
2. Footing Slab
Find the volume of one footing slab
V= 0.8 x 0.8 x 0.20 = 0.128 cu. m
Find the volume of 12 footings
V= 0.128 x 12 = 1.536 cu. m

3. Find the total volume of concrete from the 12 column and footing slab
Total vol. = 2.4 + 1.536 = 3.936 cu. m

4. Refer to table 1-2 using class “B” concrete. Where:

Multiply: 3.936- total vol. of concrete from 12
columns and 12 footings
Cement: 3.936 x 7.5 = 29.52 @ 40 kg. say 30 bags
Sand : 3.936 x 0.5 = 1.968 say 2 cu. m 7.5, 0.5, 1- factors from table 1-1
Gravel : 3.936 x 1 = 3.936 say 4 cu. m Concrete Proportion from
INTRODUCTION

4
From the figure, determine the number of 40 kg. cement, sand and a gravel required using class
“A” concrete for the footing and class “C” concrete for the flooring 4” thick.

5
 LESSON 3: BEAM AND GIRDER

A beam is defined as a strong horizontal piece of reinforced concrete for spanning and
supporting weights. On the other hand, a beam that is carrying or supporting another beam is
called a girder.

ILLUSTRATION 1-5 BEAM AND GIRDER

From figure 1-8, prepare the bill of materials for the rectangular beam and girder using
class “A” concrete.

FIGURE 1-6

1. Vol. of concrete= Length x width x

height

Where:
4 pcs. - number of beams in figure 1-6

2. Where:
2 pcs. - number of girders in figure 1-6

4. Where:
12.2 – Total vol. of concrete from beams
and girders
9,0.50,1- factors from table 1-1 Concrete
Proportion from DISCUSSION

From the following figures, solve for the concrete materials of slabs, beams and girders using
class “A” concrete.

6
7
POST TEST

IDENTIFICATION
1. Defined as a strong horizontal piece of reinforced concrete for spanning and supporting
weights.
2-3. Two ways of proportioning concrete.
4. Is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface
made of cast concrete.
5-6. The two major components of concrete.
7. An upright pillar, typically cylindrical and made of stone or concrete, supporting an
entablature, arch, or other structure or standing alone as a monument.
8. In 1:2:4 concrete proportion, what part is cement?
9. Is a concrete with reinforcement properly imbedded in such a manner that the two materials
act together in resisting forces.
PROBLEM SOLVING
1. From the following figure, solve for cement, sand and gravel using class B concrete if the floor
is 5 inches thick.
9.70 m

10.00 m

5.00 m 8.50 m

FLOOR PLAN

8
2. From the figure solve for the concrete materials of slabs, beams and girders using class “A”
concrete.

FIGURE