A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
“IOT BASED ELECTRICITY ENERGY METER”
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express our profound and sincere gratitude to our
guide Prof. Shirshikar P.G. who guided us into the intricacies of this
micro-project non-chalantly with matchless magnanimity. We are
indebted to her constant encouragement, cooperation and help .It was
her inthusiastic support that helped us in overcoming the various
obstacles in this project.
We would also like to express our thankfulness to our beloved
H.O.D. and other faculty members of our third year department for
extending their support and motivation.
Finally , we would be failing in our duty , if we don’t
acknowledge the cooperation rendered during various stages of this
microproject.
1
IOT BASED ELECTRICITY ENERGY METER
ABSTRACT
Demand Side Management (DSM) will play a significant role in
the future smart grid by managing loads in a smart way.DSM programs,
realized via Home Energy Management (HEM) systems for smart cities,
provide many benefits consumers enjoy electricity price savings and
utility operates at reduced peak demand. In this paper, Evolutionary
Algorithms (EAs) Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO), Genetic
Algorithm (GA) Cuckoo search) based DSM model for scheduling the
appliances of residential users is presented.
The model is simulated in Time of Use (ToU) pricing environment
for three cases: (i) traditional homes, (ii) smart homes, (iii) smart
homes with Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Simulation results show
that the proposed model optimally schedules the appliances resulting in
electricity bill and peak reductions.
(Keywords: Appliance Scheduling, Binary Particle Swarm Optimization
Genetic Algorithm, Cuckoo Search Algorithm, Energy Management
System, Electricity Pricing, Smart Grid)
2
Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction
Electricity is the driving force behind the development of any
country. With the rapid increase in residential, commercial, and
industrial consumers of electricity throughout the world, it has now
become imperative for utilities companies to devise better, non-
intrusive, environmentally-safe techniques of gauging utilities’
consumption so that correct bills can be generated and invoiced. In the
Internet of Things (IOT) model, many of the living and non-living things
that encompass us will be on the internet in one form or another.
Driven by the popularity of gadgets empowered by wire-less
technological innovation such as Wireless Bluetooth, Radio Frequency
Identification, Wireless-Fidelity, embedded sensor, IoT has moved out
from its beginning stage and it is actually on the edge of changing the
present fixed inter-net into a well featured upcoming Internet. Currently
there are almost nine billion inter-connected gadgets and it is estimated
to touch almost fifty billion gadgets by 2020. There is incorporation of
mobile technology into MSEB automation system due to the rapidly
advancing mobile communication technology and the decrease in costs.
We propose a system that collects the energy consumption from
residential as well as corporate zones and send it directly to the central
where processing is done on that data for preparation of bills.
3
AMR system can be divided into wire AMR system and wireless
AMR system according to communication medium used. In existing
system for collection of energy consumption data is that the
representatives of MSEB monthly comes and visits every residential,
take a snap shot and corporate and manually reads the consumption data
from the meter. This collected data is recorded on a piece of paper along
with a snap shot of the meter and finally submitted to the local MSEB
office. There after the official’s read the snap shot and meter readings
and then gives it to the local software for bill calculations and generation
of bills. We as a consumer then make the payment for the received bill.
This process is so much hectic process. Man made mistakes can be
countless. Human resources wasted and many other problems do occur.
We finally thought of building a system that will do the above process
automatically. Microcontroller is attached with our traditional energy
meters that will scan the meter reading after particular period.
Wirelessly, these meter reading will transmitted to the centralized server
along with their unique meter number. This data will be processed by the
server and automatically generates the bill. After generation of bill it
will send to every consumer via SMS facility.
In the present scenario, the world is facing is facing energy crisis.
The optimum solution of this trending problem is to monitor and control
the power consumption. In power system the number of consumers are
growing speedily and thus the energy requirement. More the energy
4
requirement more is the need to save energy losses. To save losses we
need to monitor the power consumption losses, so that we can utilize the
generated power. So there is a technological advancement needed, so we
develop a system with faster and advanced technology i.e. IoT. Now-a-
days we have a burning concept of IoT i.e. Internet of Things through
this concept or technology the objects are sensed controlled remotely in
the existing network infrastructure. Internet of Things (IoT) is a new
information processing acquisition and also referred as the third wave of
information technology after internet, mobiles, computer network.
In IoT everything is configured with internet protocol addresses
and it can monitor controlled and access remotely in accordance with
web technology. The main advantage of this technology is that devices
are connected smartly with the help of sensors and transducers and these
are again connected to (Local Area Network) LAN, (Wide Area
Network) WAN, via Ethernet or Wi-Fi connectivity.
5
1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM
In the existing system, human power is used to note the energy
meter reading for each house and enter the system of regional office.
This system is too complicated and need more human power to read the
energy meter of each and every house. In this system human can’t now
the reading unstill the date of bill payment. Human power again used for
controlling the load by cut down the power of customer who had not
paid the electric bill. Due to human usage their chance of occurring
error.
There was no advanced technology for measuring the reading of
electric bills in home so the humans were send to take the readings from
home which was done manually. As a result the electric bills were not
maintained properly. But above all these we could not control power
limit to homes and industries.
As this system is very traditional one there are many disadvantages
or limitations which was proving to be hectic and troublesome and also
time consuming.
6
Advantages:
1.) Eliminates manual monthly meter readings.
2.) Monitors the electric system in real time.
3.) Encourages more efficient use of power resources.
4.) Provides responsive data for balancing electric loads while
reducing blackouts.
5.) Enables dynamic pricing.
6.) Avoids the capital expense of building new power plants.
7.) Helps to optimize the profit with existing resources.
Disadvantages:
1.) Human need is required.
2.) Electric bills are not maintained properly.
3.) Can’t control the electricity limit in industries and homes.
Power theft maintenance scheduling billing are not addressed
properly.
4.) The additional cost to train personal, develop equipment, and
implement new processes for data storage.
7
Why Smart Metering is Necessary now- a- days
In the U.S., energy theft causes about six billion dollar losses to
utility companies (UCs) every year. With the smart grid being proposed
to modernize current power grids, energy theft may become an even
more serious problem since the “smart meters” used in smart grids are
vulnerable to more types of attacks compared to traditional mechanical
meters. Therefore, it is important to develop efficient and reliable
methods to identify illegal users who are committing energy theft. One
of the most salient features of smart grids is the replacement of
conventional analog mechanical meters by digital meters, usually called
“smart meters”.
However, compared to mechanical meters which can only be
physically tampered, smart meters are vulnerable to more types of
attacks (e.g., network attack), which can make energy theft easier to
commit and hence an even more serious problem in smart grids. The
three algorithms are distributed algorithms and are based on LU or QR
decomposition. We can observe that no private data from any user needs
to be transmitted to other user or to the collector, which cannot were
covered either, thus preserving users’ privacy.
8
We have also analyzed the computational and communication
complexities of the proposed algorithms, and find that QRD has higher
computational complexity and higher communication and higher
communication complexity compared to LUDP.
9
Block Diagram
10
Materials Required:
1. Arduino Uno
2. ESP 12/ Node MCU
3. ACS712-30Amp Current Sensor
4. Any AC Appliance
5. Male-Female Wires
Arduino UNO Specification:
1. Microcontroller ATMega328P
2. Operating Voltage: 5V
3. Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12 V
4. In-Out Voltage(limit): 6-20 V
5. Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
6. PWM Digital I/O Pins: 6
7. Analog Input pins: 6
8. DC Current per I/O Pin:20 mA
9. DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
10. Flash Memeory: 32 KB (AT mega328P) of which
0.5KB used by bootloader
11. SRAM: 2 KB (AT mega328P)
12. EEPROM: 1 KB (AT mega328P)
13. Clock Speed : 16 MHz
11
Node MCU Specification
1. Microcontroller: Tensilica 32bit RISC CP Xtensa
LX 106
2. Operating Voltage: 3.3V
3. Input Voltage: 7-12V
4. Digital I/O Pins(DIO): 16
5. Analog Input Pins(ADC): 1
6. UARTs: 1
7. SPIs: 1
8. 12Cs: 1
9. Flash Memory : 4MB
10. S RAM: 64KB
11. Clock Speed: 80MHz
ACS712 Current Sensor
1. Supply Voltage : 4.5V ~ 5.5V
2. Measure Current Range : - 20A ~ 20A
3. Sensitivity : 100mV/A
12
MODULE DESCRIPTION
1. User Interface
2. Analog measurement circuit
3. Transmitting and receiving
4. Data Storing
5. Web Application
13
USER INTERFACE
In the industrial design field of human-machine interaction plays
an important role. It is the space where interaction between humans and
a machine at the user interface is effective operation. Input allowing the
users to manipulate a system . The use will perform either log in or
registration operation. After this operations get over he will go to the
text phase. This allows the new user to register and the open the
application to the browser. This helps to monitor the actions that are
happening in the home meter that could be traced by the officer and
user. This insures the security credentials so that issues that occure can
be easily resolved. The registration can also be done by means of
personal ID also which is highly useful for illiterate people. This can be
directly used by the user or the officer by just typing their ID in that
text fields.
14
Analog measurement circuit
Our main goal is to measure the power use of electronic
equipment.ACS 712 current sensor is connected between supply and
load to measure the current flowing through the load. This current
sensor is based on the principle of Hall - effect. The principle states
that whenever current carrying conductors placed in magnetic field,
the voltage is created across its edges perpendicular to the direction
of both current and magnetic field. The voltage generated is called
as Hall voltage which is in micro volts. Proposed block diagram it is
directly proportional to the current and magnetic field. ACS 712
current have inbuilt signal conditioner and filter circuit stabilizes and
amplify the induced Hall voltage to an appropriate level. The ADC
channel of microcontroller reads the measured current values. The
measured data is send to controller for further calculations. Relay is
used for controlling actions(e.g. ON/OFF ) of the electronic
equipment. Relay circuit receive control signal from Arduino.
15
Transmitting and Receiving
When that device is in the range of data reception it will receive
the data sent by transmitter in the load side meter. For this one
counter has to be installed in the Arduino. It will keep record of power
consumed by load over a given time(say one month). This recorded
data will be send by transmitter by UART. Receiving decvice will
receive the meter reading and keep its record with consumer serial
number. For this device should be in the range of transmitter. Hence,
Utility company personnal don’t have to check every meter . He can take
reading without going to consumers house.
16
Data storing
The human intensive work is avoided and all the values are
maintained in the central server. The communication medium is secured
and tampering of energy meters can be identified easily. If an error
occurs in the system , the value in the central server will not be
updated. Once the value updated crosses the threshold time,the server
can determine that something is wrong in the system and can report
the engineer in EB.
17
Web application
Since IOT is cost effective than SMS , Monitoring of
energy meters at lower cost is made possible. Daily
consumption report are generated which can be monitored
through application and / or web portal. Also, users can see
their electric bills from their web application.
18
Literature Survey
Internet of Things (IOT) based and highly desirable in field of
energy, in this framework customer can do control administration by
knowing vitality utilization time to time, the buyer needs to pay the bill
on plan. On the off chance that couldn’t the electric power availability
can be killed self-ruling from the far off host. Explained the modeling
and working of different units of the system and also discussed the
components and their functions such that IOT and its working
microcontroller and its architecture. Reducing energy consumption and
monitor the units consumed.
To make the electrical apparatuses insightful and give solace to
devoured and to lesson control utilization in web applications. Suggested
it in light of ARDUINO UNO controller and IOT innovation. On the off
chance that any altering happens the controller will send information to
the server and in addition it is chopped down the vitality supply
naturally. At the point when most extreme request of vitality expends
will be shown in the meter utilized by the customer.Clarified in the wake
of surpassing the greatest request, the meter and subsequently the
association will be consequently disengaged by an installed framework
19
embedded in the meter sensor. The LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
sensor placed on energy meter which sense LED blinking pulse.
At that time microcontroller sending this reading via GSM module
and its send this message to electricity board. In this framework a keen
vitality meter is introduced in each customer unit a server is kept up at
the specialist co-op side.Implemented both the meter a server furnished
with GSM module which encourages bidirectional correspondence
between the two closures utilizing the current GSM foundation. Shopper
can without much of a stretch energize their vitality meter by sending a
stick number covered up in a scrartch card to the server utilizing SMS.
In order to avoid all these drawbacks we have intended to construct
an IOT based energy meter so that proposed enerfy meter measures the
amount of power consumed and uploads it to cloud from which the
concerned using ESP8266, a Wi-Fi module. Explained the power
reading from digital wattmter is read using the couper and transmitted
digitally to the Arduino. So it automates the process of measuring the
power consumption at homes using IOT.
20
FUTURE SCOPE
The project mainly aims at providing overall infrastructure of the
energy meter presently used for the smart city concept. The main
improvement for the future is going to make energy meter readings,
tampering identification techniques, and connection and disconnection
and also the pre-information providing to the users all is going to happen
on wifi internet. Where we are going to develop some wifi hotspots in
each area through which all the energy meters are get connected and set
4 to 5 parameters which is also going to be monitored. And the overall
improvement information will be providing to the energy meter i.e.
KPTCL will be easy for them to handle the things. Also in future we can
go with some standard apps or standard tools, where in which it makes
work easy for KPTCL people by reading the meter readings faster than
the fastest method. And connect and disconnect of every meters on the
on-payment and non-payment that will be fast as compared to the
present method.
21
CONCLUSION
Thus by this project we have created the prototype and model
using which we will be able to monitor the energy meter reading by
using IOT modem and also we can control the load using relays via the
web page. The IOT based energy meter was developed and extended
with the relay controls to disconnect the load from the power supply.
Live status about power consumption can be viewed by both consumer
as well as electric board.The relay in the energy meter can be controlled
by the EB officer using the website created, for turning of the power
supply.Another relay is provided to the consumer for turning of the load
from the power supply during emergency cases.
The results obtained from the simulations revealed the cost saving
is achieved in terms of minimized user electricity bill.
In the future, we will investigate other optimization techniques for
further reducing the electricity bills of end uses.
22
REFERENCE
1. S. Salinas, M. Li, and P. Li, “Privacy-preserving energy theft
detection in smart grids,” in Proc. IEEE Communications Society Conf.
Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON),
Kore
2. S. Depuru, L. Wang, V. Devabhaktuni, and N. Gudi, “Smart meters
for power grid; challenges, issues, advantages and status,” in Proc.
IEEE/PES Power Systems Conf. Expo. (PSCE), Phoneix, AZ, USA<
Mar. 2011, pp. 1-7.
3. J. Kwac, J.Flora, R. Rajagopal, “Household energy consumption
segmentation using hourly data”, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid.
4.M. Zeifman, “System and Method of Prediction of Household
Enrollment in Energy Saving Program”.
5.Jennifer Bray and Charles F. Sturman, “Bluetooth 1.1 Connect
Without Cables” , Second Edition, Prentice Hall 2001.
23
24
