ForeFlight & Chart

Training Supplement

ATPFlightSchool.com Revised 2018-04-06

Copyright © 2018 Airline Transport Professionals.
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 Introduction
ATP's Foreflight & Chart Training Supplement is an introduction to the Federal
Aviation Administration’s (FAA) aeronautical charts and publications. It is useful
to new pilots as a learning aid, and to experienced pilots as a quick reference
guide.

The FAA publishes charts for Visual Flight Rules (VFR) and Instrument Flight
Rules (IFR) air navigation including training, planning, departures, enroute,
approaches, and airport diagrams.

The FAA Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Pilot/Controller Glossary

defines in detail all terms and abbreviations used throughout this publication.
Unless otherwise indicated, miles are nautical miles (NM), altitudes indicate feet
above Mean Sea Level (MSL), and times used are Coordinated Universal Time
(UTC).

The information in this supplement is highly condensed and serves as a

good quick reference for training purposes, but it is not a substitute for the
Aeronautical Chart User's Guide, the FAA's official publication concerning chart
symbology. The Aeronautical Chart User's Guide may be found online via the
FAA's website or in the Documents catalog in ForeFlight Mobile.

Thank you for giving ATP an opportunity to serve you.

 Contents
VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols......1 U.S. Terminal Procedures Publication
Airport Symbols............................................1 Symbols............................................... 33
Airport Data Grouping...................................2 Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR) &
Radio Aids to Navigation...............................3 Departure Procedure (DP) Charts..............33
Airspace Information.....................................5 Approach Lighting System..........................35
Navigational & Procedural Information.......10 Airport Diagram/Sketch...............................39
Culture.........................................................13 Instrument Approach
Hydrography...............................................16 Procedures Planview...................................41
Relief...........................................................18 Instrument Approach
Airspace Classification................................19 Procedures Profile View............................. 44
Sample Information Tables........................ 22 Circling Approach Obstacle
IFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols..... 23 Protected Airspace.....................................45
Airports.......................................................23 Is A Procedure Turn Required?...................47
Radio Aids to Navigation.............................25 Other Useful Information................ 48
Airspace Information...................................27 Alternate Requirements............................. 48
Navigational & Procedural Information.......32 Alternate Minimums................................... 48
Culture.........................................................32 Runway Lights............................................ 50
Hydrography...............................................32 Runway Lights.............................................51
Topography.................................................32 Options for Obtaining/
Cancelling IFR Clearances.......................... 52
ForeFlight Resources..................................53
Taxiway Markings/Signs............................. 54

Revised 2018-04-06
 SECTION 1

VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

Airport Symbols
Symbol Description Notes
No hard-surface runway greater than
Civil Airport 1,500'
No hard-surface runway greater than
Military Airport 1,500'
Hard-surface runway at least 1,500'
Civil or Military Airport long
Hard-surface runway at least 8,070'
Civil or Military Airport long
Seaplane Base
Airport attended during normal
Fuel Available working hours
Towered Airport Blue Symbols

Untowered Airport Magenta Symbols

Use only in emergency or by specific
Restricted or Private Use authorization
Public use but warrants more than
ordinary precaution: lack of current
Unverified information on field conditions and/
or peculiar operating limitations
Abandoned

Heliport

Ultralight Flightpark

VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols • 1

Airport Data Grouping

Symbol Description
Flight Service Station on field
Airports where fixed wing special visual flight rules operations are
prohibited by FAR 91 (Shown above airport name)
Indicates FAR 93 Special Air Traffic Rules and Airport Traffic Patterns
Location Identifier
ICAO Location Indicator
Control Tower (CT) - Primary Frequency
Part-time operation. See tower frequencies tabulation for hours of
operation
Follows the Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF)
Automatic Terminal Information Service
Automated Surface/Weather Observing System; Shown when full-
time ATIS is not available. Some ASOS/AWOS facilities may not be
located at airport.
Elevation in feet
Lighting in operation from sunset to sunrise
Lighting limitations exist; refer to Chart Supplement

Length of longest runway in hundreds of feet; usable length may be less

Aeronautical advisory station

Runways with right traffic patterns (Public use, not shown on WAC)
(See Chart Supplement for traffic pattern information)
Airport of entry for international flights
Information missing
(Pvt) Non-Public use having emergency or landmark value.

2 • VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

Radio Aids to Navigation
VHF Omni-Directional Radio (VOR) Range Non-Directional Radio Beacon (NDB)

NDB-DME

VOR Other Radio Transmitters

(frequency and type of transmission
marked on sectional chart)

VORTAC
When an NDB NAVAID shares the same
name and Morse Code as the VOR NAVAID
the frequency can be collocated inside the
same box to conserve space.

VOR-DME

VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols • 3

Flight Service Station (FSS)
• Heavy line box indicates Flight Service Station (FSS).
• Frequencies 121.5, 122.2, 243.0 and 255.4 are available at many FSSs and are
not shown above boxes.
• All other frequencies are shown.
• Certain FSSs provide Airport Advisory Service, see Chart Supplement.
• R- Receive only. Pilot will transmit on this frequency, and FSS will respond via
the NAVAID frequency.

Remote Communications Outlet (RCO)

Frequencies above thin line box are remoted to NAVAID site. Other FSS frequencies
providing voice communication may be available as determined by altitude and terrain.
Consult Chart Supplement for complete information.
Thin line box without frequencies and controlling FSS name indicates no
FSS frequency available.

4 • VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

Airspace Information

Class B Airspace
(Mode C see FAR 91.215 /AIM)

Class C Airspace
(Mode C see FAR 91.215 /AIM)

Class D Airspace

VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols • 5

Class E Airspace
The limits of Class E airspace shall be shown by narrow vignette or by the dashed
magenta symbol. Individual units of designated airspace are not necessarily shown;
instead, the aggregate lateral and vertical limits shall be defined by the following:
Airspace beginning at the surface (sfc) designated around airports:

Airspace beginning at 700 feet AGL:

Airspace beginning at 700 feet AGL that laterally abuts uncontrolled airspace (Class G):

Airspace beginning at 1200 feet AGL or greater that laterally abuts uncontrolled airspace
(Class G):

Differentiates floors of airspace greater than 700 feet above the surface:

When the ceiling is less than 18,000 feet MSL, the value, prefixed by the word "ceiling,"
shall be shown along the limits.

6 • VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

Low Altitude Airways
• Low altitude Federal airways are indicated by centerline.
• Only the controlled airspace effective below 18,000 feet MSL is shown.
• Airways extend 4 nautical miles to either side of the centerline.

Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA)

IFR Routes

Arrival

Departure

VFR Transition Routes

VFR TRANSITION ROUTE

ATC CLEARANCE REQUIRED
SEE SHOWBOAT GRAPHIC
ON SIDE PANEL

Uni-directional

Bi-directional

VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols • 7

Special Use Airspace
• Only the airspace effective below 18,000 feet MSL is shown.
• The type of area shall be spelled out in large areas if space permits.

Military Training Routes (MTR)

Special Military Activity Routes (SMAR)

Boxed notes shown adjacent to route.

Special Air Traffic Rules / Airport Paterns (FAR 93)

Appropriate boxed note as required shown adjacent to area.

Mode C Veil (FAR 91.215)

Appropriate notes as required may be shown.

Miscellaneous Airspace Areas

Parachute Glider Operating Ultralight Activity Hang Glider Unmanned

Jumping Area w/ Area Activity Aircraft Activity
Frequency

8 • VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

Special Conservation Areas Flight Restricted Zone (FRZ) Relating to
National Security
National Park, Wildlife Refuge, Primitive
and Wilderness Areas, etc. Example: Washington, D.C.

NOAA Regulated National Marine

Sanctuary Designated Areas
Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA)

Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA) Relating

to National Security
Example: Washington, D.C.
Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)
Note: Delimiting line not shown when it
coincides with International Boundary,
projection lines or other linear features.

National Security Area

Appropriate notes as required may be
shown.

VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols • 9

Navigational & Procedural Information
Isogonic Line & Value
Isogonic lines and values shall be based on the five year epoch magnetic variation model.

Intersections
• Named intersections used as reporting points.
• Arrows are directed toward facilities which establish intersection.

VFR Checkpoints
Underline indicates proper name of VFR Checkpoint.

10 • VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

VFR Waypoints

Symbol Description

RNAV

Stand-Alone

Collocated with VFR Checkpoint

Obstruction
Top number represents height of obstacle in feet above MSL. Bottom number in
parentheses represents height of obstacle AGL.
Symbol Description

Less than 1,000' AGL

Under Construction or reported and position/elevation unverified

1,000' AGL and higher

Wind Turbine

Group Obstruction

Symbol Description

Less than 1,000' AGL

1,000' AGL and higher

At least two in group over 1,000' AGL

Wind Turbines

VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols • 11

High-Intensity Obstruction Lights
High-intensity lights may operate part-time or by proximity activation.

Symbol Description

Less than 1,000' AGL

1,000' AGL and higher

Wind Turbine

Group Obstruction

Wind Turbine Farms

When highest wind turbine is unverified, UC will be shown after MSL value.

Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF)

The MEF provides 101 to 400 feet of clearance over the highest terrain or obstacle in a
quadrant. Consult the Aeronautical Chart User's Guide for more information on how this
figure is determined.

12 • VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

Culture
Railroads
Symbol Description

Single Track

Double Track

Roads
Symbol Description

Dual-Lane Divided Highway Category 1

Primary Category 2

Secondary Category 2

Trails

Symbol Description

Category 3

Road Markers

Symbol Description

Interstate Route No.

U.S. Route No.

Air Marked Identification Label

Road Names

Roads Under Construction

VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols • 13

Bridges & Viaducts

Railroad Road

Tunnels-Road & Railroad

Populated Places

Symbol Description

Large Cities Category 1

Cities and Large Towns Category 2

Towns and Villages Category 3

Boundaries

Symbol Description

International

State or Province

Convention or Mandate Line

Date Line

Time Zones Mines or Quarries Power Transmission &

Telecommunication Lines

14 • VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

 Symbol Description

Pipeline

Dams

Passable Locks

Small Locks

Outdoor Theater

Wells - Other than water

Race Tracks

618 (Elevation Base of Tower) Lookout Towers

Coast Guard Station

Miscellaneous Cultural Features

Symbol Description

Stadium

Fort

Cemetery

Tanks
Symbol Description

Water

Oil

Gas

VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols • 15

Hydrography
Symbol Description

Open Water

Inland Water

Open/Inland Water

Perennial Stream

Non-Perennial Stream

Lakes
Symbol Description Notes

Perennial Number indicates elevation.

(dry, intermittent, etc.)

Non-Perennial Illustration includes small perennial lake

Miscellaneous Hydrographic Features

Symbol Description

Aqueducts

Falls

16 • VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

Symbol Description

Rapids

Canals

Small Canals and Drainage / Irrigation Ditches

Salt Evaporators and Salt Pans

Swamps, Marshes and Bogs

Rice Paddies

Land Subject to Inundation

Spings, Wells and Waterholes

Glaciers

Snowfields, Ice Fields and Ice Caps

Rocks-Isolated (Bare or Awash)

Wrecks (Exposed)

Reefs-Rocky or Coral

VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols • 17

Relief
Contours
Symbol Description

Basic

Approximate

0
200
10
00 Depression (Illustration includes mound within
depression)

Values

Elevations
Symbol Description

Spot Elevation (Position Accurate)

Spot Elevation (Position Accurate, Elevation Approximate)

Spot Elevation (Highest in General Area)

Spot Elevation (Highest on Chart)

12632
Mountain Pass

Lava Flows

Sand or Gravel Areas

Shaded Relief

Escarpments, Bluffs, Cliffs, Depressions, Etc.

Levees and Eskers

18 • VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

 FL 600
Class A
18,000ʼ MSL
Airspace Classification

14,500ʼ MSL

Class E

Class B

Class C

Class G
Class E
1200ʼ AGL 1200ʼ AGL 1200ʼ AGL Class D Transition Area with
700ʼ AGL Floor

Non-Towered Class E Surface

Airports without an Class E Non-Towered Airport
Instrument Approach Surface Extension with instrument Approach

U.S. Airspace depiction as shown on Visual Aeronautical Charts

VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols • 19

 AIRSPACE CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C CLASS D CLA
Entry Requirements ATC clearance ATC clearance ATC clearance for IFR ATC clearance for IFR ATC cleara
All require radio All require radio All IFR req
contact contact contact

Minimum Pilot Instrument Private or Student

Rating
restrictions apply.

Two-Way Radio Yes Yes Yes Yes

Communications plan*

Special VFR No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Allowed

VFR Visibility N/A 3 statute miles 3 statute miles 3 statute miles Below 10,
Minimum 3 statu

At or abov
MSL
5 statu

VFR Minimum N/A Clear of Clouds 500’ below 500’ below Below 10,
Distance From 1000’ above 1000’ above 500’ be
Clouds 2000’ horizontally 2000’ horizontally 1000’ a
2000’ h

At or abov
MSL
1000’ b
1000’ a
1 mile

VFR Aircraft N/A All IFR Aircraft Runway Operations None

Separation

Yes Yes Yes Workload permitting Workload p

Airport Application N/A Radar Radar Instrument Instrumen

Instrument Instrument Approaches Approache
Approaches Approaches Weather Weather
Weather Weather Control Tower
Control Tower Control Tower
High Density

Speed Restrictions N/A 250 KIAS below 250 KIAS below 250 KIAS below N/A
10000’ MSL 10,000’ MSL and 10,000’ MSL and
200 KIAS below 2500’ 200 KIAS below 2500’
AGL within 4nm of the AGL within 4nm of the
primary airport primary airport

Differs from ICAO No ICAO does not have ICAO does not have ICAO requires ATC No
speed restriction speed restriction clearance
ICAO requires ATC
clearance

20 • VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

A CLASS B AIRSPACE
CLASS C CLASS A
D CLASS
CLASSBE CLASS
CLASSCG CLASS D CLAS
ATC clearance ATC
Entry
clearance
Requirements
for IFR ATC clearance for IFR ATC
ATCclearance
clearance for IFR ATC
None clearance for IFR ATC clearance for IFR ATC clearanc
All require radio All require radio All IFR require radio All require radio All require radio All IFR require
contact contact contact contact contact contact

Private or Student Minimum Pilot Instrument Private or Student

Rating
restrictions apply. restrictions apply.

Yes Yes
Two-Way Radio Yes Yes Not required*
Yes Yes
Communications plan* plan*

Yes Yes
Special VFR Yes
No Yes
Yes Yes
N/A Yes Yes
Allowed

3 statute miles 3 statute

VFR Visibility
miles 3
N/A
statute miles 3Below
statute10,000’
miles MSL 3 Below
statute1200’
miles AGL 3 statute miles Below 10,000
Minimum 3 statute miles (regardless of MSL) 3 statute m
Day
At or above 10,000’ 1 statute mile At or above 1
MSL MSL
5 statute miles Night 5 statute m
3 statute miles

Above 1200’ AGL &

below 10,000’ MSL
Day
1 statute mile

Night
3 statute miles

Above 1200’ AGL & at

or Above 10,000’ MSL
5 statute miles

Clear of Clouds VFR

500’ Minimum
below N/A below
500’ Below
Clear of10,000’
Clouds MSL Below
500’ 1200’ AGL
below 500’ below Below 10,000
Distance
1000’ aboveFrom 1000’ above 500’ below (regardless
1000’ above of MSL) 1000’ above 500’ below
Clouds
2000’ horizontally 2000’ horizontally 1000’ above 2000’Day
horizontally 2000’ horizontally 1000’ abo
2000’ horizontally Clear of Clouds 2000’ hori

At or above 10,000’ Night At or above 1

MSL 500’ below MSL
1000’ below 1000’ above 1000’ belo
1000’ above 2000’ horizontally 1000’ abo
1 mile horizontally 1 mile hor
Above 1200’ AGL &
below 10,000’ MSL
Day
500’ below
1000’ above
2000’ horizontally

Night
500’ below
1000’ above
2000’ horizontally

Above 1200’ AGL & at

or above 10,000’ MSL
1000’ below
1000’ above
1 mile horizontally

All IFR
VFR
Aircraft
Aircraft Runway
N/A Operations All
None IFR
None
Aircraft Runway Operations None
Separation

Yes Yes Workload

Yes permitting Yes
Workload permitting Yes
Workload permitting Workload permitting Workload per

Radar Airport Application

Radar N/A
Instrument Radar
Instrument Radar
Control Tower Instrument Instrument
Instrument Instrument Approaches Instrument
Approaches Instrument Approaches Approaches
Approaches Approaches Weather Approaches
Weather Approaches Weather Weather
Weather Weather Control Tower Weather Weather Control Tower
Control Tower Control Tower Control Tower Control Tower
High Density High Density

250 KIAS below 250

Speed
KIASRestrictions
below N/A KIAS below
250 250
N/AKIAS below 250
N/AKIAS below 250 KIAS below N/A
10000’ MSL 10,000’ MSL and 10,000’ MSL and 10000’ MSL 10,000’ MSL and 10,000’ MSL and
200 KIAS below 2500’ 200 KIAS below 2500’ 200 KIAS below 2500’ 200 KIAS below 2500’
AGL within 4nm of the AGL within 4nm of the AGL within 4nm of the AGL within 4nm of the
primary airport primary airport primary airport primary airport

ICAO does not have ICAO

Differs
doesfrom
notICAO
have No requires ATC
ICAO ICAO
No does not have ICAO
ICAOdoes not have
requires 3 statute ICAO requires ATC No
speed restriction speed restriction clearance speed restriction speed
milesrestriction
visibility clearance
ICAO requires ATC ICAO requires ATC
clearance clearance

*Unless a temporary tower is present

VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols • 21

Sample Information Tables
(Tower frequencies, SUA info, etc.)

{ { {

{
{

N
{
O
ATI
G
AVI
R N
O
TF
NO

22 • VFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

 SECTION 2

IFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

Airports
Airport Data

Facilities in blue or green have an approved IAP and/or Radar Minima published
in either the FAA Terminal Procedures Publications or the DoD FLIPs (military
instrument procedures). Those in blue have an IAP and/or Radar Minima
published at least in the High Altitude DoD FLIPs. Facilities in brown do not have
a published IAP or Radar Minima.
• All IAP Airports are shown on the Low Altitude Charts.
• Non-IAP Airports shown on the U.S. Low Altitude Charts have a
minimum hard surface runway of 3,000'.
• Associated city names for public airports are shown above or
preceding the airport name. If airport name and city name are the
same, only the airport name is shown. City names for military and
private airports are not shown.
• The airport identifier in parentheses follows the airport name or "Pvt."
• Airport symbol may be offset for enroute navigational aids.
• "Pvt" - Private Use

Airport Symbols

Symbol Description

Civil

Civil and Military

Military

Seaplane - Civil

Heliport

IFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols • 23

Airport Data

• Airport elevation given in feet above or below mean sea level

• Pvt - Private use, not available to general public.
• A solid line box enclosing the airport name indicates FAR 93 Special
Requirements - see Chart Supplement
• "NO SVFR" above the airport name indicates FAR 91 fixed-wing special
VFR flight is prohibited.
• C or D following the airport identifier indicates Class C or
Class D Airspace.
• Airport symbol may be offset for enroute navigational aids.
• Associated city names for public airports are shown above or preceding
the airport name. If airport name and city name are the same, only the
airport name is shown. The airport identifier in parentheses follows the
airport name. City names for military and private airports are not shown.
• Airport Ident ICAO Location Indicator shown outside contiguous U.S.
Inside contiguous U.S., add K to beginning of airport code to obtain
ICAO identifier.

24 • IFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

Radio Aids to Navigation ILS Localizer

VHF Omnidirectional Radio Range (VOR)

Navigation and Communication Boxes

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN)

Non-Directional Radiobeacon (NDB)

DME channels are paired to VOR or

localizer frequencies. For an NDB with
DME, pilots must enter the paired VHF
Compass Locator Beacon frequency into the DME unit, not the
NDB frequency.

IFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols • 25

Navigation & Communication Boxes (continued)

26 • IFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

Airspace Information
Low Altitude Airways
• VHF / UHF data is depicted in black
• LF / MF data is depicted in brown
• RNAV Route data is depicted in blue
Symbol Description

VOR Airway / Victor Route

LF/MF Airway

Uncontrolled LF/MF Airway

Oceanic Route

ATS Route

RNAV Route - GPS required

RNAV Helicopter Route - GPS required

Single Direction Routes

Other times routes revert to bi-directional

Substitute Route

IFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols • 27

Unusable Route Radials and Bearings
All radials and bearings are magnetic

Airway Restriction

Facility Locators

Military Training Routes (MTR)

Fixes/ATC Reporting Requirements Fixes/ATC Reporting Requirements (cont.)

28 • IFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

Mileages Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude
(MOCA)
All mileages are Nautical (NM)
All altitudes are MSL unless
otherwise noted

Changeover Point

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Fix

Altitude Change

Minimum Enroute Altitude (MEA) Minimum Crossing Altitude (MCA)

All altitudes are MSL unless
otherwise noted

Minimum Reception Altitude (MRA)

Minimum Enroute Altitude (MEA) Gap

Maximum Authorized Altitude (MAA)

All altitudes are MSL unless
otherwise noted

IFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols • 29

Holding Patterns Special Use Airspace
RNAV Holding Pattern Magnetic Reference
Bearing is determined by the isogonic
value at the waypoint or fix.

Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)

Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC)

See airspace tabulation on each chart
for complete information on:
Area identification
Effective altitudes
Operating times
Controlling agency A/G call panel
Off Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude
(OROCA)

30 • IFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

Controlled Airspace

Uncontrolled Airspace

IFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols • 31

Navigational & Procedural Culture
Information
Boundaries
Isogonic Line & Value Symbol Description

International

U.S./Russia
Time Zone Maritime Line

Date Line

Hydrography

Enlargement Area Shoreline

Match Mark Topography

Terrain
Area Charts
Cruising Altitudes

32 • IFR Aeronautical Chart Symbols

 SECTION 3

U.S. Terminal Procedures

Publication Symbols

Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR) & Departure Procedure (DP) Charts

U.S. Terminal Procedures Public Symbols • 33

34 • U.S. Terminal Procedures Public Symbols
Approach Lighting System
Runway Touchdown Zone & Centerline
Lighting Systems

Approach Lighting System

Short Approach Lighting System

SALS/SALSF
(High Intensity)
SAME AS INNER 1500' of ALSF-1

Simplified Short Approach Lighting System

with Runway Alignment Indicator Lights

SSALR

(High Intensity)
LENGTH 2400/3000 FEET

U.S. Terminal Procedures Public Symbols • 35

Medium Intensity (MALS and MALSF) or Simplified Short (SSALS and SSALF)
Approach Lighting Systems

MALS, MALSF,
SSALS, SSALF

Medium Intensity Approach Lighting System with Runway Alignment Indicator Lights

MALSR

SAME LIGHT CONFIGURATION

AS SSALR.

Omnidirectional Approach Lighting System

ODALS

36 • U.S. Terminal Procedures Public Symbols

Precision Approach Path Indicator "T"-Visual Approach Slope Indicator

PAPI "T"-VASI

Visual Approach Slope Indicator

VASI
Visual Approach Slope Indicator

VASI

U.S. Terminal Procedures Public Symbols • 37

Pulsating Visual Approach Slope Indicator

PVASI

Tri-Color Visual Approach Slope Indicator

TRCV

Alignment of Element Systems

APAP

38 • U.S. Terminal Procedures Public Symbols

Airport Diagram/Sketch
Reference Features

Symbol Description

Buildings

24-Hour Self-Serve Fuel (See Chart Supplement for

more information on available fuel)

Tanks

Obstruction

Airport Beacon

Runway Radar Reflectors

Hot Spot

Control Tower (If rotating beacon located on tower,

beacon symbol is used and labeled "TWR")

Helicopter Alighting Areas

Negative Symbols used to identify Copter Procedures

landing point

Runway Threshold elevation

Runway TDZ elevation

Runway Slope (measured to midpoint on runways

8000' or longer)

A symbol is shown to indicate runway declared distance information available, see

appropriate Chart Supplement for distance information.

U.S. Terminal Procedures Public Symbols • 39

Runways

Symbol Description

Hard Surface

Other Than Hard Surface

Stopways, Taxiways, Parking Areas

Displaced Threshold

Closed Runway

Closed Taxiway

Under Construction

Metal Surface

40 • U.S. Terminal Procedures Public Symbols

Instrument Approach Procedures Planview
Terminal Routes

Symbol Description

Procedure Track

Missed Approach

Visual Flight Path

Procedure Turn (Type degree and point of turn optional)

Holding Patterns
• Limits will only be specified when they deviate from the standard.
• Holding pattern with max. restricted airspeed:
• (175k) applies to all altitudes.
• (210k) applies to altitudes above 6,000' to and including 14,000'
• DME fixes may be shown.
• Arrival Holding Pattern altitude restrictions will be indicated when they
deviate from the adjacent leg.

U.S. Terminal Procedures Public Symbols • 41

Fixes/ATC Reporting Requirements Radio Aids to Navigations

Minimum Safe Altitude

42 • U.S. Terminal Procedures Public Symbols

Terminal Arrival Areas Altitudes

Mandatory Minimum Maximum

Altitude Altitude Altitude
(Cross at) (Cross at or above) (Cross at or below)

Recommended Mandatory Block

Altitude Altitude

Miscellaneous

Special Use Airspace

Airports

Obstacles

Symbol Description

Spot Elevation
Indicated Airspeed
Obstacle

Highest Obstacle

Highest Spot Elevation

Doubtful Accuracy

U.S. Terminal Procedures Public Symbols • 43

Instrument Approach Procedures Profile View
Profile View

44 • U.S. Terminal Procedures Public Symbols

Circling Approach Obstacle Protected Airspace

The circling MDA provides vertical clearance from obstacles within the obstacle
protected area. This area extends from the centerlines and ends of all runways
at an airport by the distances shown in the following tables.

Standard Circling Approach Maneuvering Radius

Circling approach protected areas developed prior to late 2012 used the radius
distances shown in the following table, expressed in nautical miles (NM),
dependent on aircraft approach category. The approaches using standard
circling approach areas can be identified by the absence of the c symbol on
the circling line of minima.

Circling MDA Approach Category and Circling Radius (NM)

in feet MSL
CAT A CAT B CAT C CAT D CAT E

ALL ALTITUDES 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.3 4.5

U.S. Terminal Procedures Public Symbols • 45

Expanded Circling Approach Maneuvering Airspace Radius

Circling approach protected areas developed after late 2012 use the radius
distance shown in the following table, expressed in nautical miles (NM),
dependent on aircraft approach category, and the altitude of the circling MDA,
which accounts for true airspeed increase with altitude. The approaches using
expanded circling approach areas can be identified by the presence of the c
symbol on the circling line of minima.

Circling MDA Approach Category and Circling Radius (NM)

in feet MSL
CAT A CAT B CAT C CAT D CAT E

1000 OR LESS 1.3 1.7 2.7 3.6 4.5

1001-3000 1.3 1.8 2.8 3.7 4.6

3001-5000 1.3 1.8 2.9 3.8 4.8

5001-7000 1.3 1.9 3.0 4.0 5.0

7001-9000 1.4 2.0 3.2 4.2 5.3

9001 AND ABOVE 1.4 2.1 3.3 4.4 5.5

Approach Categories

Approach Category A B C D E

SPEED (KNOTS) 0-90 91-120 121-140 141-165 Above 165

46 • U.S. Terminal Procedures Public Symbols

Is A Procedure Turn Required?

If an approach plate depicts a procedure turn or other course reversal, you must
fly that reversal except in certain defined circumstances. Use the mnemonic
“SHARP-T” to remember the exceptions:
S Straight-in: Controller states “Cleared straight-in [approach name]”
H Hold-in-lieu-of-procedure-turn: Plate depicts a holding pattern at the
IAF (must be flown as a holding pattern entry; standard barbed arrow PT
allows any type of reversal)
A Arcs: Initial approach segment is a DME arc
R Radar vectors: Controller provides vectors to final
P Procedure specifies “NoPT”: Initial approach segment or TAA sector is
labeled with a “NoPT” symbol
T Timed approaches from a holding fix: ATC assigns a holding pattern at
the FAF and a time to depart the FAF inbound

Controllers occasionally forget to specify a straight-in approach, especially

when it seems obvious that the course reversal is not needed to line up on final.
If a straight-in approach from your current position seems logical, but none of
the SHARP-T exceptions apply, request clarification from ATC.

“N257AT proceed
direct JEVAG,
cleared ILS 32...”

“Confirm straight-in
approach for 257AT”

U.S. Terminal Procedures Public Symbols • 47

SECTION 4

Other Useful Information

IFR Alternates: 14 CFR 91.169

Alternate Requirements

When filing an IFR flight plan, you must designate an alternate in two situations:
1. The destination airport does not have an instrument approach
procedure (IAP).
2. Weather conditions at the destination are expected to violate the "1-2-3
Rule":
1 From 1 hour before to 1 hour after ETA...
2 Ceilings must be at least 2,000' AGL, and...
3 Visibility must be at least 3 statute miles.

Alternate Minimums

Weather conditions for an alternate must meet certain minimums. To determine

those minimums:
1. Select the approach you plan to fly at the alternate airport.
WAAS-equipped aircraft may plan to execute a GPS-based
approach at both the destination and the alternate. Non-WAAS
aircraft may plan to execute a GPS-based approach at either the
destination or the alternate, but not both.

2. Open the approach plate and check the Notes section in the upper left
portion of the plate.
3. If you see , that approach may not be used for alternate planning.
Select a different approach or a different airport.

48 • Other Useful Information

4. If you see an , the approach has non-standard alternate minimums.

A. Open "ALTERNATE MINIMUMS" in ForeFlight > Airports.

B. Find your alternate (sorted alphabetically by city name), then

read the notes to determine the minimums.

DAYTONA BEACH, FL
DAYTONA BEACH
INTL (DAB). ....................... ILSo rL OC Rwy7 L14
ILS or LOC Rwy 25R24
VOR Rwy
S, Categories A, B, C, D, 700-2.
Categories A, B, 1100-2; Category C, D, 1100-3.
y D, 800-2 .
4
NA when control tower closed.

5. If there is no or listed, standard alternate minimums apply:

A. Precision approach: 600' ceiling - 2 miles visibility
B. Non-precision approach: 800' ceiling - 2 miles visibility (WAAS
approaches are non-precision, including LPV)
If your intended alternate airport has no instrument approaches,
it can be used only if you can descend from the MEA to a landing
while remaining VFR at all times.

Other Useful Information • 49

Runway Lights
• At 3000 feet remaining: Centerline lights alternate white and red.
• At 2000 feet remaining: Edge lights change to amber color.
• At 1000 feet remaining: Centerline lights change to entirely red.

Threshold

1000 ft left

200 ft

2000 ft left

3000 ft left

50 • Other Useful Information

Runway Markings
• Touchdown zone markings every 500 feet from 500 to 3000 feet.
• Aiming point markings at 1000 feet.
• Shorter runways may not have full set of markings.

3000 ft

2500 ft

Touchdown
Zone
Markings
2000 ft

1500 ft

Aiming
Point
Marking
1000 ft

Touchdown
Zone
Markings
500 ft

Threshold
Markings

Other Useful Information • 51

Options for Obtaining/Cancelling IFR Clearances

Consult the Chart Supplement to determine which of the following options to

use for clearance delivery and/or cancellation:
1. Ground control or clearance delivery frequency
2. Approach/departure control frequency
3. Remote Communications Outlet (RCO) frequency
4. Ground Communications Outlet (GCO) frequency (key the microphone
4 times to open a telephone connection to the local ATC facility, or 6
times to call an FSS briefer)
5. Call 888-766-8267, the national clearance delivery number
6. Call 800-WX-BRIEF
For safety, always obtain and cancel IFR clearances on the ground.
Do not depart with the intention of obtaining an IFR clearance
airborne, and do not cancel IFR while airborne prior to landing.

52 • Other Useful Information

ForeFlight Resources

Up-to-date copies of the official FAA publications on which this supplement

is based can be found in ForeFlight Mobile. Use the following procedure to
download the relevant documents:
1. Open ForeFlight Mobile.
2. Tap the “Documents” button at the bottom center of the screen.
3. Tap the “Catalog” button in the upper right corner of the screen.
4. A popup window will open. Select “FAA” from the list at left.
5. Select the documents you would like to download. Recommended
documents include:
A. Digital Terminal Procedures Supplemental
B. A/FD Supplemental (9 available; select the appropriate one(s) for
your route or region)
C. Aeronautical Chart User’s Guide
D. IFR Low Legend
E. TAC Legend
F. VFR Chart Legend

Other Useful Information • 53

Taxiway Markings/Signs

54 • Other Useful Information

Other Useful Information • 55
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