2/21/2017 Distance Protection Philosophy | Electrical Concepts
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Principle and Types Distance protection is a nonunit system of protection offering
considerable economic and technical advantages. Unlike phase
Resistance Switching in and neutral over current protection, the key advantage of
Circuit Breaker
distance protection is that its fault coverage of the protected
Current Chopping in Circuit circuit is independent of source impedance variations. Let us
Breaker take an example of this to understand how distance protection is
independent of source impedance. Consider the figure below.
RECOMMENDED
BOOKS
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2/21/2017 BOOKS Distance Protection Philosophy | Electrical Concepts
In the figure above, R1 is an over current relay which is used for
the protection of Transmission Line. If there is a fault at F1,
Equivalent source impedance Zs = 10×10/20 = 5 Ω
Impedance up to the point of Fault = 5+4 = 9 Ω
MY FAVORITE BOOKS Fault current IF1= 220×103/1.732*9 = 220×103/15.588 = 14113.5
A
Therefore the setting of over current Relay should be more
than 14113.5 A.
Now consider the case,
Here fault is not on the Transmission Line but it is assumed to
be inside Switchyard and only one source is feeding the power
to the network. Proceeding in the similar manner,
Fault Current IF2= 220×103/1.732*10 = 12702A
Therefore for the protection of Transmission Line, the setting of
Relay shall be kept less than 12702 A. But for earlier case we
saw that setting of Relay R1 shall be more than 14113.5 A thus
overall the setting shall be > 14113.5 but <12702 A which is
impractical. Therefore over current Relay is not suitable here
and it depends on the source impedance.
Distance protection is therefore used for the protection of
Transmission Line. It is simple to apply and fast in isolating the
faulty section from the healthy network. Distance Protection
provides primary as well as backup protection to the protected
line. I will show this backup protection function latter in this
post.
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2/21/2017 Distance Protection Philosophy | Electrical Concepts
PRINCIPLES OF DISTANCE RELAYS:
Since the impedance of a transmission line is proportional to its
length, for distance measurement it is justified to use a relay
capable of measuring the impedance of a line up to a
predetermined point. This predetermined point is called Reach
of the Relay.
Such a relay is described as a distance relay and is designed to
operate only for faults occurring between the relay location and
the selected reach point, thus giving discrimination for faults that
may occur in different line sections. The basic principle of
distance protection involves the division of the voltage at the
relaying point by the measured current. The apparent
impedance so calculated is compared with the reach point
impedance which is settable in the Relay. If the measured
impedance is less than the reach point impedance, it is
assumed that a fault exists on the line between the relay and the
reach point and issues trip command to the concerned Breaker
Trip Coil either through Master Trip Relay or directly (in case of
single pole tripping of breaker, assuming single pole Auto
Reclosure is allowed).
If measured value of impedance V/I is less than setting z then
Relay assumes a fault as clear from the above diagram.
ZONE CONCEPT IN DISTANCE PROTECTION:
Consider the figure below and carefully observe.
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2/21/2017 Distance Protection Philosophy | Electrical Concepts
Here there are three substations namely A, B and C. For sub
station A, the distance protection is divided into three zones
Z1a, Z2a and Z3a which are called Zone1, Zone2 and Zone3
protection. Similarly for substation D the three zones will be
Z1d, Z2d and Z3d.
Zone1 is normally set to 80% of total length of Line (here line
length is AB between two consecutive substation). Zone2 is set
to 150 % of total line length and Zone3 set at 120% of (100%
line length + 100% of Longest Line from Remote substation i.e.
B). It should be noted that all Zones are setting is done in terms
of impedance.
Assume the distance between A and B = 200 KM
Total Impedance of Line AB = 61 Ohm
Current Transformer ratio = 1000/1A
Potential Transformer ratio = 400 kV / 110 V
So for Zone1 Impedance setting = 80 % of Total Line
Impedance = 80% of 61
= 0.8×61 = 48.8 Ohm ?????
(Will it be????)
It won’t be…..because you need to consider CT & PT ratio
for calculating the impedance as the Relay is sensing
current and voltage through CT and PT only.
PT/CT Ratio = 1000/(400×103/110) = 1000×110/400,000 = 0.28
So the required setting for Zone1 = 48.8×0.28 = 13.66 ohm.
Which means if the distance Relay senses Impedance less
than 13.66 Ohm then it will pickup for Zone1.
In the same manner, Setting for Zone2 = (150% of 61) × CT/PT
ratio
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2/21/2017 Distance Protection Philosophy | Electrical Concepts
= 1.5×61×0.28 = 25.62
ohm
Which means if the distance Relay senses Impedance less
than 25.62 Ohm then it will pickup for Zone2.
Setting for Zone3 = 120% of (Impedance of Line AB+
Impedance of Longest Line from substation B)
Assume the Longest Line from substation B is having an
impedance of 61 Ohm.
Therefore Setting for Zone3 = (120% of (61+61)) × CT/PT ratio
= 1.2×122×0.28 = 41 Ohm
Which means if the distance Relay senses Impedance less
than 41 Ohm then it will pickup for Zone3.
So we now know how to calculate the setting for different Zones
of Distance Protection.
Now suppose our substation is A and we are providing distance
protection so Relay is located at A. For fault in Zone1, obviously
we need to isolate the fault without any time delay. Now say our
breaker at A opened but as we are connected to the substation
B so their breaker at B shall also trip so as to isolate the fault
completely otherwise fault will be feed from substation B side
even though our breaker at A opened. Thus if fault in Zone1
occurs then Distance Relay shall trip Breaker at A and send a
signal to Remote Substation B by receiving which Remote
substation B shall trip their breaker at B. This signal is called
Carrier Signal which is sent through Power Line Carrier
Communication (PLCC) Line. This is the purpose of PLCC. I
will post on PLCC latter so be there.
Thus for Zone1, time delay = 0. Got it? (If no then write in
comment box I will be happy to clear your doubt)
Next, suppose there is a fault in Zone2 then our breaker at A
shall not trip rather Remote Substation breaker at C shall trip (If
fault is in section CD in figure above) as it will be in their Zone1.
So we need to introduce some time delay in our Distance Relay
to operate for Zone2 fault. This time delay is usually kept
around 350 ms. If within 350 ms Remote substation breaker at B
trips then our Breaker at A won’t trip but if suppose because of
any Reason Remote Substation breaker at C fail to trip then our
breaker at A will definitely trip.
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2/21/2017 Distance Protection Philosophy | Electrical Concepts
See how Zone2 is working as Backup protection for line CD.
Got it friend?
Now if there is a fault in the remaining 20% of line which is
protected by Zone1 at our substation A then it will be sensed by
our Relay at A in Zone2 but for Remote substation B it will be
Zone1 so their breaker at B will instantaneously trip but our
breaker at A also need to trip otherwise our substation will
continue to feed the fault by receiving carrier signal.
Now coming to Zone3, if there is a fault in Zone3 then our
breaker at A is not supposed to trip rather Remote substation
breaker at C &D is supposed to trip. Therefore we introduce
some time delay for the operation of Zone3 which is typically of
the order of 1s. If because of any reason breaker at C & D fail to
trip within 1s then our Distance relay will operate to open our
Breaker at A.
There is one more Zone in modern Distance Relay which is
called Reverse Zone or Zone4. As the name Reverse Zone
implies it is backup protection of the Substation where Distance
Relay is installed, in our case to the substation A. The setting for
zone is normally 10% of the impedance of protected line.
Distance Relay Zone Characteristics on RX Plane:
The reach point of a relay is the point along the line impedance
locus that is intersected by the boundary characteristic of the
relay.
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