ROBOTICS
BY M.ESWARAMOORTHY & BOOPATHIRAJA.N
JAYSHRIRAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY,TIRUPUR.
INTODUCTION: meaning, in Czech, "forced
labour, drudgery".
Robotics is a branch
of science and engineering INVENTIONS:
dealing with the study
In 1206, Created early
of robots.
humanoid automata,
It is involved with a robot's programmable automaton
design, manufacture, band.it was invented by Al-
application, and structural Jazari.
disposition.
In 1495, Designs for a
Robotics is related humanoid robot,its name
to electronics, mechanics, was Mechanical knight was
and software. invented by Leonardo da
Vinci
HISTORY OF ROBOTS:
In 1961, First installed
In 1921, Czech writer Karel
industrial robot,its name
Čapek introduced the word
was Unimate was invented
"robot" in his play R.U.R.
by George Devol.
(Rossum's Universal
Robots). In 1975, Programmable
universal manipulation
The word "robot" comes
arm, a Unimation
from the word "robota",
product,its name was hydraulics (compressed
PUMA was invented by liquids)
Victor Scheinman. flywheel energy storage
STRUCTURE OF ROBOTS: organic garbage (through
anaerobic digestion)
The structure of a robot is
usually still untested energy
mostly mechanical and can sources (e.g. Nuclear
be called a kinematic chain Fusion reactors, ...)
(its functionality being
radioactive
similar to the skeleton of
the human body). ACTUATION:
The chain is formed of Actuators are like the "muscles"
links (its of a robot, the parts which
bones),actuators (its convert stored energy into
muscles), and joints which movement.
can allow one or Actuators are like the "muscles" of a
more degrees of freedom robot, the parts which convert stored
energy into movement. By far the most
POWER SOURCE: popular actuators are electric motors
that spin a wheel or gear, and linear
At present; mostly (lead-
actuators that control industrial robots in
acid) batteries are used,but factories. But there are some recent
advances in alternative types of
potential power sources
actuators, powered by electricity,
could be: chemicals, or compressed air:
pneumatic (compressed Electric motors: The vast majority
gases) of robots use electric motors, often
brushed and brushless DC motors in
portable robots or AC motors in allow new robots to float, fly, swim or
industrial robots and CNC machines. walk.
Linear Actuators: Various types Piezo motor: A recent
of linear actuators move in and out alternative to DC motors are piezo
instead of by spinning, particularly motors or ultrasonic motors. These
when very large forces are needed work on a fundamentally different
such as with industrial robotics. They principle, whereby
are typically powered by compressed tinypiezoceramic elements, vibrating
air (pneumatic actuator) or an oil many thousands of times per
(hydraulic actuator). second, cause linear or rotary
Series Elastic Actuators: A spring motion. There are different
can be designed as part of the motor mechanisms of operation; one type
actuator, to allow improved force uses the vibration of the piezo
control. It has been used in various elements to walk the motor in a circle
robots, particularly or a straight line.[25] Another type
walking humanoid robots. uses the piezo elements to cause a
Air muscles: (Also known as nut to vibrate and drive a screw. The
Pneumatic Artificial Muscles) are advantages of these motors
special tubes that contract (typically are nanometer resolution, speed,
up to 40%) when air is forced inside and available force for their
it. They have been used for some size. These motors are already
robot applications. available commercially, and being
Muscle wire: (Also known as used on some robots.
Elastic nanotubes: These are a
Shape Memory Alloy, Nitinol or
promising, early-stage experimental
Flexinol Wire) is a material that technology. The absence of defects
contracts slightly (typically under 5%) in nanotubes enables these
when electricity runs through it. They filaments to deform elastically by
several percent, with energy storage
have been used for some small robot levels of perhaps 10 J/cm3 for metal
applications. nanotubes. Human biceps could be
Electroactive Polymers: (EAPs or replaced with an 8 mm diameter wire
of this material. Such compact
EPAMs) are a new plastic material "muscle" might allow future robots to
that can contract substantially (up to outrun and outjump humans.
400%) from electricity, and have
Sensing
been used in facial muscles and
arms of humanoid robots and to
Touch that see. The image data can
Current robotic and prosthetic hands take many forms, such as video
receive far less tactile information than sequences and views from
the human hand. Recent research has cameras.
developed a tactile sensor array that
mimics the mechanical properties and Computer vision systems rely
touch receptors of human fingertips The on image sensors which detect
sensor array is constructed as a rigid electromagnetic radiation
core surrounded by conductive fluid which is typically in the form of
contained by an elastomeric skin. either visible light or infra-red
Electrodes are mounted on the surface light. The sensors are designed
of the rigid core and are connected to an using solid-state physics.
impedance-measuring device within the
core. When the artificial skin touches an LOCOMOTOIN:
object the fluid path around the
electrodes is deformed, producing
ROLLING ROBOTS:
impedance changes that map the forces most mobile robots have
received from the object. The
four wheels, can have certain
researchers expect that an important
advantages such as greater
function of such artificial fingertips will
efficiency, reduced parts, and
be adjusting robotic grip on held objects.
allow a robot to navigate in
In 2009, scientists from
tight places that a four
several European
wheeled robot would not be
countries and Israel developed
able to.
a prosthetic hand, called SmartHand,
which functions like a real one, allowing It has one and two wheel
patients to write with it, type on balancing.
a keyboard, play piano and perform
other fine movements. The prosthesis
has sensors which enable the patient to
sense real feeling in its fingertips.
VISION:
Computer vision is the science
and technology of machines
Several snake robots have
been successfully developed.
The Japanese ACM-R5 snake
robot can even navigate both
on land and in water.several
other robots were
swimming,scatting and
climbing.
Several snake robots have
been successfully developed.
WALKING ROBOTS: The Japanese ACM-R5 snake
robot can even navigate both
Walking is a difficult and on land and in water.several o
dynamic problem to solve.
Several robots have been made
which can walk reliably on two
legs. Many other robots have
been built that walk on more
than two legs.
FLYING ROBOTS:
A modern passenger airliner is
essentially a flying robot, with
two humans to manage it.
ther robots were
Robots such as the Air Penguin,
swimming,scatting and
Air Ray, and Air Jelly have
climbing.
lighter-than-air bodies,
propelled by paddles, and ROBOT RESEARCH AND
guided by sonar. EMPLOYMENTATION:
SNAKING:
Currently, there are about 1 goods, and hence higher
million industrial robots toiling labour demand in these
around the world, and Japan is sectors, offsetting whatever
the top country having high negatives are caused.
density of utilizing robots in its
manufacturing industry.
. First year computer science
courses at several universities
were developed which involves
the programming of a robot
instead of the traditional
software engineering based
coursework.
Certification: The Robotics
Certification Standards Alliance
(RCSA) is an international
robotics certification authority
who confers various industry
and educational related
robotics certifications.
CONCLUSION:
As robotics and artificial
intelligence develop further,
some worry even many
skilled jobs may be
threatened. In conventional
economic theory, this should
cause merely an increase in
the productivity of the
involved industries, resulting
in higher demand for other
