Personal development

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search
Personal development covers activities that improve awareness and identity, develop
talents and potential, build human capital and facilitate employability, enhance
the quality of life and contribute to the realization of dreams and aspirations. Personal
development takes place over the course of a person's entire life. [1] Not limited to self-
help, the concept involves formal and informal activities for developing others in roles
such as teacher, guide, counselor, manager, life coach or mentor. When personal
development takes place in the context of institutions, it refers to the methods,
programs, tools, techniques, and assessment systems that support human
development at the individual level in organizations.[2]

Contents

 1Overview
 2As an industry
o 2.1Business-to-consumer market
o 2.2Business-to-business market
 3Origins
o 3.1South Asian traditions
o 3.2Islamic personal development
o 3.3Aristotle and the Western tradition
o 3.4Confucius and the East Asian tradition
 4Contexts
o 4.1Psychology
o 4.2Higher education
o 4.3The workplace
o 4.4Criticism
 5See also
 6References

Overview[edit]
Main article: Education
Among other things, personal development may include the following activities:

 Improving self-awareness
 Improving self-knowledge
 Improving skills and/or learning new ones
 Building or renewing identity/self-esteem
 Developing strengths or talents
 Improving a career
  Identifying or improving potential
 Building employability or (alternatively) human capital
 Enhancing lifestyle and/or the quality of life and time-management
 Improving health
 Improving wealth or social status
 Fulfilling aspirations
 Initiating a life enterprise
 Defining and executing personal development plans (PDPs)
 Improving social relations or emotional intelligence
 Spiritual identity development and recognition
Personal development can also include developing other people's skills and personality.
This may take place through roles such as those of a teacher or mentor, either through
a personal competency (such as the alleged skill of certain managers in developing the
potential of employees) or through a professional service (such as providing training,
assessment or coaching).
Beyond improving oneself and developing others, "personal development" labels a field
of practice and research:

 As a field of practice, personal development includes personal-development

methods, learning programs, assessment systems, tools, and techniques.
 As a field of research, personal-development topics appear in psychology
journals, education research, management journals and books, and human-
development economics.
Any sort of development — whether economic, political, biological, organisational or
personal—requires a framework if one wishes to know whether a change has actually
occurred.[3][need quotation to verify] In the case of personal development, an individual often functions
as the primary judge of improvement or of regression, but validation of objective
improvement requires assessment using standard criteria.
Personal-development frameworks may include:

 Goals or benchmarks that define the end-points

 Strategies or plans for reaching goals
 Measurement and assessment of progress, levels or stages that define
milestones along a development path
 A feedback system to provide information on changes

As an industry[edit]
Personal development as an industry[4] has several business-relationship formats of
operating. The main ways are business-to-consumer and business-to-business.[citation
needed]
 However, two newer ways have emerged: consumer-to-business and consumer-to-
consumer.[citation needed]
Business-to-consumer market[edit]
The business-to-consumer market involves selling books, courses and techniques to
individuals, such as:

 Newly-invented offerings in fields such as:

o Fitness
o Memory training
o Beauty enhancement
o Large-group awareness training
o Weight loss

 Traditional practices such as:

o Yoga
o Martial arts
o Initiation ceremonies
o Meditation
o Spirituality
o Asceticism
Some programs deliver their content online. Many include tools sold with a program,
such as motivational books for self-help, recipes for weight-loss or technical manuals for
yoga and martial-arts programs.
A partial list of personal development offerings on the business-to-individual market
might include:

 Books
 Motivational speaking
 e-Learning programs
 Training workshops
 Individual counseling
 Life coaching
 Time-management techniques
Business-to-business market[edit]
Some consulting firms specialize in personal development[5] but as of 2009 generalist
firms operating in the fields of human resources, recruitment and organizational strategy
have entered what they perceive as a growing market, [6] not to mention smaller firms and
self-employed professionals who provide consulting, training and coaching.

Origins[edit]
Major religions – such as the age-old Abrahamic and Indian religions – as well as 20th-
century New Age philosophies have variously used practices such
as prayer, music, dance, singing, chanting, poetry, writing, sports and martial arts.
These practices have various functions, such as health or aesthetic satisfaction, but
they may[original research?] also link[citation needed] to "final goals" of personal development - such as
discovering the meaning of life or living the good life (compare philosophy).
Michel Foucault describes in Care of the Self[7] the techniques of epimelia used
in ancient Greece and Rome, which included dieting, exercise, sexual
abstinence, contemplation, prayer and confession—some of which also became
important practices within different branches of Christianity.
Wushu and T'ai chi ch'uan utilise traditional Chinese techniques, including breathing
and energy exercises, meditation, martial arts, as well as practices linked to traditional
Chinese medicine, such as dieting, massage and acupuncture.
Two individual ancient philosophical traditions: those of Aristotle (Western tradition) and
of Confucius (Eastern tradition) stand out [citation needed] as major sources of what one can term
"personal development" in the 21st century. Elsewhere anonymous or named founders
of schools of self-development appear endemic – note the traditions of the Indian sub-
continent in this regard.[8][9][10][11]
South Asian traditions[edit]
This section needs expansion. You
can help by adding to it. (July 2016)

Some ancient Indians aspired to "beingness, wisdom and happiness".[12]

Paul Oliver suggests that the popularity of Indian traditions for a personal developer
may lie in their relative lack of prescriptive doctrine. [13]
Islamic personal development[edit]
This section needs expansion. You
can help by adding to it. (September
2020)

Aristotle and the Western tradition[edit]

The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 BCE – 322 BCE) wrote Nicomachean Ethics, in
which he defined personal development as a category of phronesis or practical wisdom,
where the practice of virtues (arête) leads to eudaimonia,[14] commonly translated as
"happiness" but more accurately understood as "human flourishing" or "living well".
[15]
 Aristotle continues to influence the Western concept of personal development to this
day, particularly in the economics of human development [16] and in positive psychology.[17]
[18]

Confucius and the East Asian tradition[edit]

In Chinese tradition, Confucius (around 551 BCE – 479 BCE) founded an ongoing
philosophy. His ideas continue to influence family values, education and management in
China and East Asia. In his Great Learning Confucius wrote:
The ancients who wished to illustrate illustrious virtue throughout the kingdom first
ordered well their own states. Wishing to order well their states, they first regulated their
families. Wishing to regulate their families, they first cultivated their persons. Wishing to
cultivate their persons, they first rectified their hearts. Wishing to rectify their hearts,
they first sought to be sincere in their thoughts. Wishing to be sincere in their thoughts,
they first extended to the utmost their knowledge. Such extension of knowledge lay in
the investigation of things.[19]

Contexts[edit]
Psychology[edit]
Psychology became linked to personal development in the early 20th century starting
with Alfred Adler (1870–1937) and Carl Jung (1875–1961).
Adler refused to limit psychology to analysis, making the important point that aspirations
look forward and do not limit themselves to unconscious drives or to childhood
experiences.[20] He also originated the concepts of lifestyle (1929—he defined "lifestyle"
as an individual's characteristic approach to life, in facing problems) and of self image,
[citation needed]
 a concept that influenced management under the heading of work-life balance.
[clarification needed]

Carl Gustav Jung made contributions to personal development with his concept
of individuation, which he saw as the drive of the individual to achieve the wholeness
and balance of the Self.[21]
Daniel Levinson (1920–1994) developed Jung's early concept of "life stages" and
included a sociological perspective. Levinson proposed that personal development
comes under the influence—throughout life—of aspirations, which he called "the
Dream":
Whatever the nature of his Dream, a young man has the developmental task of giving it
greater definition and finding ways to live it out. It makes a great difference in his growth
whether his initial life structure is consonant with and infused by the Dream, or opposed
to it. If the Dream remains unconnected to his life it may simply die, and with it his sense
of aliveness and purpose.[22]
Research on success in reaching goals, as undertaken by Albert Bandura (born 1925),
suggested that self-efficacy[23] best explains why people with the same level of
knowledge and skills get very different results. According to Bandura self-
confidence functions as a powerful predictor of success because: [24]

1. It makes you expect to succeed

2. It allows you take risks and set challenging goals
3. It helps you keep trying if at first you don't succeed
4. It helps you control emotions and fears when the going gets rough
In 1998 Martin Seligman won election to a one-year term as President of the American
Psychological Association and proposed a new focus: on healthy individuals [25][citation
needed]
 rather than on pathology (he created the "positive psychology" current)
We have discovered that there is a set of human strengths that are the most likely
buffers against mental illness: courage, optimism, interpersonal skill, work ethic, hope,
honesty and perseverance. Much of the task of prevention will be to create a science of
human strength whose mission will be to foster these virtues in young people. [26]

Higher education[edit]
During the 1960s a large increase in the number of students on American
campuses[27] led to research on the personal development needs of undergraduate
students. Arthur Chickering defined seven vectors of personal development[28] for young
adults during their undergraduate years:

1. Developing competence
2. Managing emotions
3. Achieving autonomy and interdependence
4. Developing mature interpersonal relationships
5. Establishing personal identity
6. Developing purpose
7. Developing integrity
In the UK, personal development took a central place in university policy [citation needed] in 1997
when the Dearing Report[29] declared that universities should go beyond academic
teaching to provide students with personal development. [30] In 2001 a Quality
Assessment Agency for UK universities produced guidelines [31] for universities to
enhance personal development as:

 a structured and supported process undertaken by an individual to reflect

upon their own learning, performance and/or achievement and to plan for
their personal, educational and career development;
 objectives related explicitly to student development; to improve the capacity
of students to understand what and how they are learning, and to review,
plan and take responsibility for their own learning
In the 1990s, business schools began to set up specific personal-development
programs for leadership and career orientation and in 1998 the European Foundation
for Management Development set up the EQUIS accreditation system which specified
that personal development must form part of the learning process through internships,
working on team projects and going abroad for work or exchange programs. [32][citation needed]
The first personal development certification required for business school graduation
originated in 2002 as a partnership between Metizo, [33] a personal-development
consulting firm, and the Euromed Management School [34] in Marseilles: students must
not only complete assignments but also demonstrate self-awareness and achievement
of personal-development competencies.
As an academic department, personal development as a specific discipline is usually
associated with business schools.[citation needed] As an area of research, personal development
draws on links to other academic disciplines:
  Education for questions of learning and assessment
 Psychology for motivation and personality
 Sociology for identity and social networks
 Economics for human capital and economic value
 Philosophy for ethics and self-reflection
The workplace[edit]
Abraham Maslow (1908–1970), proposed a hierarchy of needs with self actualization at
the top, defined as:[35]
… the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is
capable of becoming.
Since Maslow himself believed that only a small minority of people self-actualize—he
estimated one percent[36]—his hierarchy of needs had the consequence that
organizations came to regard self-actualization or personal development as occurring at
the top of the organizational pyramid, while job security and good working conditions
would fulfill the needs of the mass of employees. [37][citation needed]
As organizations and labor markets became more global, responsibility for development
shifted from the company to the individual.[clarification needed] In 1999 management thinker Peter
Drucker wrote in the Harvard Business Review:
We live in an age of unprecedented opportunity: if you've got ambition and smarts, you
can rise to the top of your chosen profession, regardless of where you started out. But
with opportunity comes responsibility. Companies today aren't managing their
employees' careers; knowledge workers must, effectively, be their own chief executive
officers. It's up to you to carve out your place, to know when to change course, and to
keep yourself engaged and productive during a work life that may span some 50 years.
[38]

Management professors Sumantra Ghoshal of the London Business School

and Christopher Bartlett of the Harvard Business School wrote in 1997 that companies
must manage people individually and establish a new work contract. [39] On the one hand,
the company must allegedly recognize that personal development creates economic
value: "market performance flows not from the omnipotent wisdom of top managers but
from the initiative, creativity and skills of all employees".
On the other hand, employees should recognize that their work includes personal
development and "... embrace the invigorating force of continuous learning and personal
development".
The 1997 publication of Ghoshal's and Bartlett's Individualized
Corporation corresponded to a change in career development from a system of
predefined paths defined by companies, to a strategy defined by the individual and
matched to the needs of organizations in an open landscape of possibilities. [citation
needed]
 Another contribution to the study of career development came with the recognition
that women's careers show specific personal needs and different development paths
from men. The 2007 study of women's careers by Sylvia Ann Hewlett Off-Ramps and
On-Ramps[40] had a major impact on the way companies view careers. [41][citation needed] Further
work on the career as a personal development process came from study by Herminia
Ibarra in her Working Identity on the relationship with career change and identity
change,[42] indicating that priorities of work and lifestyle continually develop through life.
Personal development programs in companies fall into two categories: the provision
of employee benefits and the fostering of development strategies.
Employee surveys may help organizations find out personal-development needs,
preferences and problems, and they use the results to design benefits programs. [43][citation
needed]
 Typical programs in this category include:

 Work-life balance
 Time management
 Stress management
 Health programs
 Counseling
As an investment, personal development programs have the goal of increasing human
capital or improving productivity, innovation or quality. Proponents actually see such
programs not as a cost but as an investment with results linked to an organization's
strategic development goals. Employees gain access to these investment-oriented
programs by selection according to the value and future potential of the employee,
usually defined in a talent management architecture including populations such as new
hires, perceived high-potential employees, perceived key employees, sales staff,
research staff and perceived future leaders.[citation needed] Organizations may also offer other
(non-investment-oriented) programs to many or even all employees. Personal
development also forms an element in management tools such as personal
development planning, assessing one's level of ability using a competency grid, or
getting feedback from a 360 questionnaire filled in by colleagues at different levels in
the organization.
A common criticism[44] surrounding personal development programs is that they are often
treated as an arbitrary performance management tool to pay lip service to, but ultimately
ignored. As such, many companies have decided to replace personal development
programs with SMART Personal Development Objectives, which are regularly reviewed
and updated. Personal Development Objectives help employees achieve career goals
and improve overall performance.
Criticism[edit]
Scholars have targeted self-help claims as misleading and incorrect. In 2005, Steve
Salerno portrayed the American self-help movement—he uses the acronym SHAM: The
Self-Help and Actualization Movement—not only as ineffective in achieving its goals but
also as socially harmful. 'Salerno says that 80 percent of self-help and motivational
customers are repeat customers and they keep coming back whether the program
worked for them or not'.[45] Others similarly point out that with self-help books 'supply
increases the demand...The more people read them, the more they think they need
them...more like an addiction than an alliance'.[46] Self-help writers have been described
as working 'in the area of the ideological, the imagined, the narrativized....although a
veneer of scientism permeates the[ir] work, there is also an underlying armature
of moralizing'.[47]

See also[edit]
 Coaching
 End-of-history illusion
 Holland Codes
 Human Potential Movement
 Know thyself
 Life planning
 Life skills
 Micropsychoanalysis
 Self-actualization
 Self-discovery
 Self-help
 Training and development

References[edit]
1. ^ "What is Personal Development". Skills You Need.
2. ^ Bob Aubrey, Managing Your Aspirations: Developing Personal Enterprise in the Global
Workplace McGraw-Hill 2010 ISBN 978-0-07-131178-6, page 9
3. ^ Bob Aubrey, Measure of Man: leading human development McGraw-Hill 2016 ISBN 978-9-
814-66064-8, page 15
4. ^ Some sources recognize personal development as an "industry": see for example Cullen,
John G. (2009). "How to sell your soul and still get into Heaven: Steven Covey's epiphany-
inducing technology of effective selfhood"  (PDF).  Human Relations. SAGE
Publications. 62 (8): 1231–1254.  doi:10.1177/0018726709334493. ISSN 0018-
7267.  S2CID 145181366.  The growth of the personal development industry and its gurus
continues to be resisted across a number of genres. and Grant, Anthony M.; Blythe O'Hara
(November 2006).  "The self-presentation of commercial Australian life coaching schools:
Cause for concern?"  (PDF).  International Coaching Psychology Review. Leicester:  The
British Psychological Society. 1  (2): 21–33 [29].  ISSN  1750-2764. Retrieved 2010-04-28. [...]
much of the commercial life coaching and personal development industry is grounded more
on hyperbole and rhetoric than solid behavioural science (Grant, 2001) [...] and Grant,
Anthony M.; Michael J. Cavanagh (December 2007). "Evidence-based coaching: Flourishing
or languishing?". Australian Psychologist. Australian Psychological Society.  42  (4): 239–
254.  doi:10.1080/00050060701648175. ISSN 1742-9544.  To flourish, coaching psychology
needs to remain clearly differentiated from the frequently sensationalistic and
pseudoscientific facets of the personal development industry while at the same time
engaging in the development of the wider coaching industry.
5. ^ Companies such as PDI, DDI, Metizo, and FranklinCovey exemplify international personal-
development firms working with companies for consulting, assessment and training.
6. ^ Human-resources firms such as Hewitt, Mercer, Watson Wyatt Worldwide, the Hay
Group; McKinsey and the Boston Consulting Group offer consulting in talent-development,
and Korn/Ferry offers executive coaching.
7. ^ Foucault, Michel, ed. (1986).  Care of the Self.  2. Random House. Translated from the
French Le Souci de Soi editions Gallimard 1984. Part Two of Foucault's book describes the
technique of caring for the soul falling in the category of epimeleia from the Greek to the
classic Roman period and on into the early stages of the age of Christianity.
8. ^ For example: Singhvi, L. M. (2003). "Jainism". In  Palmer, Martin (ed.).  Faith in
Conservation: New Approaches to Religions and the Environment. World Bank Directions in
Development. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications. p.  107-
108.  ISBN  9780821355596. Retrieved  20 September 2020.    Jains  believe that to attain the
higher stages of personal development, lay people must adhere to the three jewels (rarna-
traya), namely, enlightened worldview, true knowledge, and conduct based on enlightened
worldview and true knowledge.
9. ^ For example: Hershock, Peter D. (2005). "The Buddhist Roots of Chan".  Chan Buddhism.
Dimensions of Asian spirituality.  2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
p. 26.  ISBN  9780824828356. Retrieved  20 September 2020.  The  Theravada takes
the  arhat, or 'saint,' to be the ideal of personal development — a  Buddhist  practitioner who
has realized the cessation of all entangling forms of thought and action, and who has stopped
making any  karma that would continue to spin the wheel of birth and death.
10. ^ For example: Mansukhani, Gobind Singh (1968). Introduction to Sikhism: 100 Basic
Questions and Answers on Sikh Religion and History  (2 ed.). India Book House. p.  60.
Retrieved 20 September  2020. What are the stages in spiritual development, according to
Sikhism? Spiritual attainment is a matter of personal development.
11. ^ For example: Scheid, Daniel P. (2016). "Hindu Traditions: Dharmic Ecology".  The Cosmic
Common Good: Religious Grounds for Ecological Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press.
p. 128.  ISBN  9780199359431. Retrieved  20 September 2020.  Dharma encompasses a
theory of virtue and personal development, as well as stipulating detailed ethical rules and
the religious obligations one must fulfil.
12. ^ Ventegodt, Søren; Joav Merrick; Niels Jørgen Andersen (Oct 2003).  "Quality of Life Theory
III. Maslow Revisited". TheScientificWorldJournal. Finland: Corpus Alienum Oy.  3(3): 1050–
1057.  doi:10.1100/tsw.2003.84. ISSN 1537-744X. PMC  5974881.  PMID  14570995. In
ancient India people talked about reaching the level of existence called 'sat-sit-ananda':
beingness, wisdom and happiness as one.
13. ^ Oliver, Paul (2014). "Yoga, mysticism and spiritual consciousness". Hinduism and the
1960s: The Rise of a Counter-Culture. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
p. 132.  ISBN  9781472530783. Retrieved  20 September 2020.  Young people of [the 1960s]
[...] sought philosophies and world views which emphasized the internal life and the search
for personal development. This perhaps explains the attraction of Indian religious experience
at the time in the sense that it focused less on adherence to scriptures and formal teachings
and more on the personal spiritual search of the individual.
14. ^ Nichomachean Ethics, translated by W.D.Ross, Basic Works of Aristotle, section 1142.
Online in "The Internet Classics Archive of
MIT":http://classics.mit.edu//Aristotle/nicomachaen.html
15. ^ Martha Nussbaum, The Fragility of Goodness, Cambridge University Press, discusses why
the English word happiness does not describe Aristotle's concept of eudaimonia, pages 1–6
16. ^ Nobel Prize winner Amartya Sen identifies economic development with Aristotle's concepts
of individual development in his co-authored book written with Aristotle scholar
Nussbaum: Nussbaum, Martha;  Sen, Amartya, eds. (1993).  The Quality of Life. Oxford:
Clarendon Press.  ISBN  978-0-19-828395-9.; as well as in his general book published a year
after receiving the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1998: Sen, Amartya  (1999). Development as
Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
17. ^ Daniel Seligman explicitly identifies the goals of positive psychology with Aristotle's idea of
the "Good Life" and eudaimonia in Seligman, Martin E. P. (2002). Authentic Happiness: Using
the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment.New York: Free
Press. ISBN 0-7432-2297-0 (Paperback edition, Free Press, 2004, ISBN 0-7432-2298-9).
18. ^ Marshall, Chris.  Hack your brain: Rapid way to change.
19. ^ Confucius, Great Learning, translated by James Legge. Provided online in The Internet
Classics Archive of MIT.
20. ^ Heinz Ansbacher and Rowena R Ansbacher (1964) Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler,
Basic Books 1956. See especially chapter 3 on Finalism and Fiction and chapter 7 on the
Style of Life.
21. ^ Jung saw individuation as a process of psychological differentiation, having for its goal the
development of the individual personality. C.G. Jung. Psychological Types. Collected Works,
Vol.6., par. 757)
22. ^ Daniel Levinson, Seasons of a Man's Life, Ballantine Press, 1978, page 91-92
23. ^ Albert Bandura (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman
24. ^ Albert Bandura, Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control, W.H. Freeman and Company, New
York, 1998, page 184.
25. ^ Sze, David.  "The Father of Positive Psychology and His Two Theories of Happiness".
Retrieved 7 December 2019.
26. ^ Martin Seligman, "Building Human Strength: Psychology's Forgotten Mission" VOLUME 29,
NUMBER 1 – January 1998
27. ^ See for example the figures for Cuba: "Educación Superior". Cuban Statistics and Related
Publications. Centro de Estudios de Población y Desarrollo de la Oficina Nacional de
Estadísticas. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
28. ^ Arthur Chickering, Education and Identity (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1969); second
edition updated with Linda Reisser, published in 1993 by Jossey-Bass.
29. ^ The Dearing Report of 1997:see the Leeds University
website: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/ncihe/
30. ^ Dearing, Ron.  "Higher Education in the Learning Society". Retrieved  12 December2019.
31. ^ These definitions and guidelines appear on the UK Academy of Higher Education
website: "Archived copy". Archived from  the original on 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
32. ^ Hedmo, Sahlin-Andersson & Wedlin, Tina, Kerstin & Linda. "The Emergence of a European
Regulatory Field ofManagement Education – Standardizing ThroughAccreditation, Ranking
and Guidelines". Stockholm Center for Organizational Research: Stockholm
University. CiteSeerX  10.1.1.198.3080.
33. ^ A description and requirements for Metizo's personal development certifications can be
found on the company's website: www.metizo.com
34. ^ The components of Euromed Management School's personal development programs
appear on the school's website "Archived copy". Archived from  the original on 2009-02-18.
Retrieved 2009-02-18..
35. ^ Abraham Maslow "A Theory of Human Motivation" originally published in the
1943 Psychological Review, number 50, page 838. Maslow, A. H. (1996). Higher
36. ^ Maslow, A. H. (1996). Higher motivation and the new psychology. In E. Hoffman (Ed.),
Future visions: The unpublished papers of Abraham Maslow. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage,
page 89
37. ^ "ELEMENTS OF CHANGE. PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT"  (PDF). Retrieved  7
December 2019.
38. ^ Peter F. Drucker, "Managing Oneself", Best of HBR 1999.[page  needed]
39. ^ Ghoshal, Sumantra; Bartlett, Christopher A. (1997) The Individualized Corporation: A
Fundamentally New Approach to Management, HarperCollins, page 286
40. ^ Hewlett, Sylvia Ann (2007), Off-Ramps and On-Ramps, Harvard Business School Press.
This book shows how women have started to change the traditional career path and how
companies adapt to career/lifestyle issues for men as well as for women.
41. ^ Quast, Lisa.  "Career Off-Ramps are Taking an Increasing Toll on Women's
Careers".  Forbes. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
42. ^ Ibarra, Herminia (2003). "2".  Working identity  : unconventional strategies for reinventing
your career. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. pp.  199. ISBN 978-1-57851-
778-7. Ibarra discusses career-change based on a process moving from possible selves to
"anchoring" a new professional identity.
43. ^ DeBellis, Pete.  "Surveying Employee Preferences for Rewards: A Primer"  (PDF). Deloitte
Consulting LLP. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
44. ^ "What Are Personal Development Objectives? | Clear Review". Clear Review. 2016-12-12.
Retrieved 2017-11-10.
45. ^ Taha, Alam.  "Self Help Industry Have A New Competitor – Introducing Peace
Quarters".  Online PR Media. Retrieved  12 December  2019.
46. ^ Tank, Aytekin.  "Your obsession with self-help books could be hurting your
productivity".  Fast Company. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
47. ^ Lennart J. Davis.  "Essence of sex: addiction as disability". In Robert McRuer, Anna Mollow
(ed.).  Sex and Disability. p. 324.