1.
Question 1:
ls Command:
The ls command principally outputs the contents of your working directory. The
flags that you can give it include -a,-l,-F. The -a flag simply outputs the contents
that are hidden as well so in a way it outputs everything. The -l flag is used for
long listing and outputs detailed information about contents. The -F flag is used to
append an indicator of the file type to a directory.
Cd command:
Cd stands for change directory and is used to do the same. Like if I type cd
Desktop it will change working directory to desktop. The flags include /(which
changes directory to root), ~(return to home directory), ..( to change to
parent directory i.e. go back) etc.
pwd Command:
the pwd command prints the working directory (relative path) to the terminal. The
flags include -L and -P. The -L flag prints the symbolic path while the -P prints
the actual path.
mkdir Command:
the mkdir command can create folders in working directories with certain
permissions etc. The flags include -v,-p. The -v flag is used to display a message
for every directory created. The -p flag is used to parent directories if necessary.
For example if you do mkdir /home/first/second but home or/and first don’t exist,
Linux gives error. The b-p command creates directories if not present.
rmdir Command:
The rmdir command is used to remove the empty folders/directories from your
working directory.
Popular flags include -v,-p. The -p command is used to delete all empty
directories starting from the child directory to the top (if empty) from given
parameters. Like this will delete all mydir and mydir1
The -v flag displays verbose information for every directory being processed.
rm Command:
rm command is used to remove references to files/objects so once it is done the
deleted object cannot be retrieved.
ls
a.txt b.txt c.txt d.txt e.txt
Removing one file at a time
$ rm a.txt
$ ls
b.txt c.txt d.txt e.txt
Removing more than one file at a time
$ rm b.txt c.txt
$ ls
d.txt e.txt
The flags include -i,-f,-r. The -i flag is used to ask the user is he/she really wants
to delete the file (y for yes n for no). The -f flag is used to forcefully delete files if
some mode is stopping regular rm command from deletion. The -r flag is used to
delete all the files and directories in the parent directory (a dangerous command)
cp Command:
The cp command is used to create mirror image of files into a soure file/directory.
Its implementation depends upon the number of parameters given.
i. Suppose there is a directory named geeksforgeeks having a text file a.txt.
Example:
$ ls
a.txt
$ cp a.txt b.txt
$ ls
a.txt b.txt
ii. Suppose there is a directory named geeksforgeeks having a text file a.txt,
b.txt and a directory name new in which we are going to copy all files.
Example:
$ ls
a.txt b.txt new
Initially new is empty
$ ls new
$ cp a.txt b.txt new
$ ls new
a.txt b.txt
mv command:
The mv command can be used to replace a source with destination. So it basically
moves files. It can also be used to rename files as source is simple replaced with
destination file (if it doesn’t exist, it is created and contents copied)
Example:
$ ls
b.txt c.txt d.txt geek.txt
$ cat geek.txt
India
$ cat b.txt
geeksforgeeks
$ mv geek.txt b.txt
$ ls
b.txt c.txt d.txt
$ cat b.txt
India
Popular flags include -i(confirmation message), -f (forcefully write a file if
some mode is protecting it), -n(don’t overwrite a file it already exists)
touch command:
Touch command can be used to create files with no content. Syntax is touch
file_name. Popular flags include -c,-t. The -c flag is used to check if file exits or
not in working directory (if not create then create). The -t flag is used to create
file with some specific timestamp.
