1.

Allauddin Khilji
 Between 1309- 1311, Malik Kafoor led two campaigns in South India- first against
Warrangal in Telangana area and the other against Dwara Samudra (Modern
Karnataka), mabar (Malabar) & Madurai (Tamil Nadu). Plundered a lot
 For the first time muslim army penetrated as far south as Madurai and brought back
untold wealth.
 Within a decade of Allaudin death all major southern kingdoms were wiped out and
their territories brought under the direct control of Delhi.
 Allaudin himself was not in favour of direct administration of southern states.
2. Mohammad Bin Tuglaq
 MBT during the reign of Ghiyassudin tuglaq posted to deogir, has again besigned
Warrangal which was lost eearlier.
 By 1324 terrotories of delhi sultanate reached upto Madurai.
 The sudden expansion of the delhi sultanate to the far south and to the east, including
Orissa created tremendous administrative probles which had to be faced by MBT.
 Deogir has been a base for the expansion of Turkish rule in south india.

3. Vijayanagar Empire (Devaraya 1 & 2 and then Krishnadevraya) & Bhamanai Kingdom
(Hasan Gangu & Firuz shah – 1397-1422)
 Major areas of contention, Tungabhadra doab, Krishna0 godavari delta & Marthawada
country. Also bone of contention earlier time between CHalukyas and cholas and b/w
pandayas and hoyasalas.
 Regular military conquest between V & B kingdom.
 Earlier warrangal was in alliance with Bhamani Kingdom for over 50 years so.
Vijayanagar cant overran Tungabhadra doab. Then vijayanagar extended south
completely. Later Warrangal defected from the side of Bahmani Kingdom and it has
changed the balance of power in Deccan.
 Bahamani Kingdom reached heighets under primeministership of Mahmuid Gawan.
 Disintegragtion : reason was strife among nobles. Old comers and new comers or
Deccan & Afaqis (Gharibs). Mahmud gawan executed by sultan later all governors
became independent and Bahamni kingdom divided into five principalities Golconda,
Berar, Bidar, AHMEDNAGAR & biJAPUR.
 Vijayanagar emerged strongest military power under krishnadev raya (1509-30). After
his death struggle for succession and ultimately power was in hands of Rama raya. He
inflicted humiliating defeat to Golconda and Ahmadnagar. At last they along with
Bijapur combined and defeated vijayanagar at battle of Talaikota in 1565.
4. Akbar
 The conquest of Gujarat(1572) could have been a prelude to the Mughal conquest of the
Deccan. But Akbar was busy in North west and didnot want at this stage to interfere in
Deccan Affairs.
 Marathas importance was growing. Maratha troops had always been employed as loose
auxiliaries or bargirs in the Bahmani Kingodm.
 Ahmed Nagar- Nizam SHahi. Bijapur- Adil SHahi.
  In 1576 Mughal army invaded Khandesh. He want that like rajputs, deccani states
should also acknowledge his suzerenity.
 1595 Burhan (Ruler of Ahmednagar) died. Chandbibi was sister of Burhan. Nobles want
to install Bahadur and ruler of Bijapur, Ibrahim Adil Shah II supported nobles. Finally
Daccani nobles invited mughals to intervene. Prince Murad led the invasion. The
struggle was between Bijapur and Mughals for the domination of Ahmednagar.
 In 1596 Mughal suzerenity was accepted by Ahmednagar in return for cede to Berar
which was under the control of AHmednagar. Bahadur recognized as ruler.
 Deccani rulers think Berar will give Mughals a permanent foothold in Deccan which
could be enlarged so created obstacles for Mughals in taking possession of Berar.
 In 1597 Combined force of Bijapur, Golconda and ahmednagr invaded berar but
defeated by Mughals. Bijapur and Golconda withdraw and leaving chandbibi of
Ahmednagar to met the situation. She was later killed on accusation of treachery and
Bahadur was captured and sent to Gwalior.
 Later in 1601 Prince Danityal made an agreement with Murtaza nizam shah
(proclaimed ruler of Ahmednagar) according to which Ahmednagar, Balaghat & Parts of
Telangana were submitted to Mughals and rest to Nizam shah. Akbar came to
Asirgarh(Khandesh ) but returned due to revolt by Prince Salim.
 Later Malik Amber, peshwa of Nizam shah extended territories of Ahmednagar with the
help of Maratha sardars. With the help of Marathas Ambar made it difficult for Mughals
to consolidate their positions in Berar, Ahmednagar & Balaghat. Once Deccan
commander in 1601, Abdur rahim Khan-i- Khanan defeated ambar.

5. JAHANGIR
 Ruler of Bijapur Ibrahim Adil Shah helped ahmednagar because he considers
Nizamshahi of Ahmednagar as a buffer between Bijapur and Mughals. Ambar forced
Khana-e- khanan to retreat. By 1610 all the gains made by Akbar in the Deccan were
lost.
 In 1616 Abdur Rahim with the help of Habsis and Maratha nobles inflicted a crushing
defeat on combined forces of Goloconda, ahmednagar & Bijapur.. He burnt Khirki, Nizam
shahi capital before he left. To complete the process Jahangir sent Prince Khurram
(shahjahan) to deccan in 1618. Jahangir did not want to extend Mughal commitments in
the Deccan.
 Finally Khurram defeated Ambar and forced him to cede all territories to mughals. After
1622 when deccan was in turmoil due to rebellion of Khurram, Malik Amber agin
recovered many lost terrotries.Shahjahan decided that he had no alternative but to
extinguish ahmednagar as an independent state.

6. SHAH JAHAN
 Shahjahan ascended the thronje in 1628. His first priorty was to recover lost territories
in deccan. He sent Khan i Jhan Lodhi who rebelled and joined Nizam Shah. Shahjahan
took this as a challnage to give asylum to a rebel. He came to conclusion that there
would be no peace in Deccan as long as Ahmednagar will remain an independent state.
  However Shahjahan was not keen to ewxtend mughal territories in Deccan beyond of
absolutely what necessary. He offered Bijapur ruler cede to 1/3 terrotories of
Ahmednagar if he would cooperate with mughals in compaign against Ahmednagar.
Malik Ambar had earlier killed bijapuri nobles and burned Nausarpur(Bijapur) so he
agreed.
 Also Shahji (Father of Shivaji) defected to Mughal side and was give mansab of 5000.
And jagir of Poona.
 Shahjahan refused to handover Adil shah of Bijapur the allotted areas under the
agreement. So Adil Shah made a summer sault and helped Nizam Shah of Ahmednagar
in return for Sholapur. Fath Khan(son of MAlik Ambar & noble in Ahmednagar) opened
a secret negotiation with mughals and killed Nizam shah and put a puppet on throne.
Later Shahjahan returnd Agra, handing over the command to Mahabat Lhan.
 I t appears Mughals and Bijapur were engaged in contest for dividing the prostrate body
of Ahmednagar between themselves.
 Shahji later joinmed Bijapur and turned against Mughals. Later Shahjahan had a treaty
with Adil shah and, Adil accepted mughla suzerenity . Shah jahan concluded a treaty
with Golconda also and ruler agreed to add name of Shah Jahna in Khutba and Exclude
the name of Iranian emperor.
 These treaties of 1636 enabled shahjahan to realise the ultimate objective of Akbar.
 In the decade followingthe treaties of 1636. Bijapur and Golconda overran the nearby
areas and in a short span of time, the territories of these two states were more than
doubled and they reached the climax of power and prosperity.

7. Marathas
 Both Deccani sultans and Mughals were bidding support of Marathas deu to their
growing influence and malik amber used them in his army.
 Shivaji first entered into negotiations with Aurangzeb and later changed sides and
looted mughal teerotories and seized booty. Aurangzeb came to terms with BIjapur
ruler and sent AFzal khan to capture shivaji in 1659 but he was murdered by shivaji. He
became a legendry figure and people from near by areas joined his army.
 Mughal governor shaista khan was sent by Aurangzeb to invade shivaji dominion in
1669. Shaista khan occupied poona and make it his capital. Later shivaji attachwed his
camp and killed his son and wounded him.
 Later Auranzeb sent Jaisingh of Amber. He tried to win over sultan of Bijapur to isolate
shivaji. Jaisingh besieged purandhar fort and treaty was signed.
