TECHNOLOGYSTUDENT.

COM
MOBILE REVISION

WORKING WITH WOODS

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This mobile revision pdf is

based on detailed work
found in the MATERIALS
section.
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techniques, covered by
this Revision PDF

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 WORKING WITH WOODS
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1. STOCK FORMS

2. STANDARD FITTINGS AND

COMPONENTS

3. WORKSHOP TOOLS AND

EQUIPMENT

4. MORE MACHINES, PROCESSES

AND POWER TOOLS

IMPORTANT
It is recommended that you also download the
following Apps from the Mobile App Section of
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1. Common Woodworking Joints
2. Knockdown Fittings, Glues, Screws and nails
3. Wood and Metal Finishes
4. Materials – Woods, Metals, Polymers
5. Sources, Origins, Preparation of Natural Woods
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 STOCK FORMS
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BOARDS
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Natural wood can be supplied as boards.

These are a rectangular section and vary in
length.

SQUARE SECTION
These are available in a range of
measurements. A typical measurements
is: 50 X 50mm x 600mm

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 Tap the images for more information and
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DOWEL
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Dowel is supplied in different sizes. 6mm

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diameter to 40mm is a common range

SHEETS - FULL BOARD OR

HALF BOARDS
Manmade boards are available in a range of
materials such as MDF, blockboard and
plywood. Full boards are usually 1220 x
2440mm. Half boards are also available.

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 MOULDS
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Wood can be supplied in the form of

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mouldings which have a variety of sections.

Moulds are used for decorative edges and
can be found on traditional furniture.

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an exercise

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 VENEER
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Veneer is a thin sheet/layer of natural wood,

usually a similar thickness to cardboard. It is
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produced from a tree trunk in a number of

ways. The most popular method is to ‘peel’ a
layer of thin wood (veneer) with a cutter,
whilst the tree trunk revolves on a large
lathe.
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 NATURAL WOODS AND
STANDARD FITTINGS /
COMPONENTS
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Standard fittings and

components used with
materials such as wood and
metal, can generally be used
with polymers.

The following slides will take

through a range of standard
fittings and components

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 DOWEL RODS
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Dowel rods are available in a range of

sizes. Small precut dowels are used to join
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wood, with the aid of wood glue.

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exercises and examples of the use of
dowels.

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 COACH BOLTS
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The coach bolt has a square collar under the

domed head and this locks into the wood
when the nut is tightened. A washer is
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normally placed before the nut to stop it

sinking into the surface as it is turned.

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 MACHINE BOLTS
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Two spanners are needed to tighten

this nut and bolt. The first spanner
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fits round the hexagonal head of the

bolt and a second spanner is used
to tighten the hexagonal nut.

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 EXERCISE
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and an exercise on coach / machine bolts

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 COUNTERSUNK BOLT AND
WING NUT
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The countersunk machine screw fits level with

the surface of the wood/metal/plastic. A
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screwdriver is used to keep the bolt still whilst

the wing nut is tightened by hand. The ‘wings’
of the wing nut, are designed to be
comfortable when tightening the nut and bolt.
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 OTHER COMMON BOLTS
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an exercise
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A plain washer prevents the nut sinking

into the surface of the wood/plastic/metal

If there is a need to prevent A nut and

bolt loosening a spring washer is used.

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 BOXED LEARNING EXERCISE
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 TYPES OF SCREWS
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COUNTERSUNK - SLOT HEAD: This

can be used for general woodworking for
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example fitting hinges to doors. Because

the screw is countersunk it can be
tightened 'flush' to the surface of the
material.

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POZIDRIV HEAD: Used with

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special screw drivers which will not

slip when pressure is applied. This
is ideal when using screws in
corners or confined spaces.

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RAISED HEAD SCREW: Used to

fit door handle plates and
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decorative features that must look

good.

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ROUND HEAD SCREW: These are

used for fixing pieces of material together
where countersunk holes are not being
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used. Round head screws can look quite

decorative especially if they are made of
brass.

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DOME HEAD SCREW: Can be used for

fitting fixtures such as mirrors. The 'cap',
which is the dome shape is usually chromed
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or made from brass and this can be a good

feature. It also makes the head of the screw
safe as the doom has no sharp edges to
catch and cut hands/fingers.

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CHIPBOARD SCREWS: The thread on

this type of screw extends all the way
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along the length. It is best used with

chipboard

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 HINGES
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Hinges can be regarded as a standard fitting.

They are used on wood, metal and plastics.
Hinges are generally fitted to lids of containers,
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cupboard doors, bedside cabinets etc…Some

common standard hinges are shown below

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BUTT BUTTERFLY FLUSH
HINGE HINGE HINGE

BARREL HINGE PIANO HINGE

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 TYPES OF NAILS
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Using nails is an effective way of fixing or

joining pieces of softwood together.
Hardwoods can be difficult to join with nails
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as they tend to bend under the impact of the

hammer. Below is a range of nails that can
be used depending on the type of wood and
the nature of the work to be attempted

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PANEL PIN - A very popular way of joining
woods although glue is usually included as
part of the join.

ROUND WIRE NAIL - This is used for general

work. It is not attractive in shape and it can
split wood when hammered in position

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 TYPES OF NAILS
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OVAL WIRE NAIL - This is a long nail and

care must be taken when it is hammered into
the wood. It is unlikely to split the wood.

CORRUGATED FASTENER - This will hold

the corners of wood frames firmly together

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information and
exercises on a
variety of nails

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IMPORTANT
It is recommended that you also
download the following Apps from the
Mobile App Section of
www.technologystudent.com

1. Common Woodworking Joints

2. Knockdown Fittings, Glues, Screws
and nails
3. Wood and Metal Finishes
4. Materials – Woods, Metals, Polymers
5. Sources, Origins, Preparation of
Natural Woods

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Contents page
 THE FRETSAW
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The fretsaw is a general workshop machine. It

is used to cut and shape light materials such
as perspex, MDF and plywood. These can be
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used to cut very detailed shapes and they are

supplied with different types of blade
according to the material that is to be cut.
Plastics such as acrylic, should have a layer
of masking tape on the surface, before
cutting, just in case the material shatters.

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 THE DRILLING MACHINE
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There are two types of machine drill, the bench

drill and the pillar drill. Both are used for drilling
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holes through materials including a range of

woods, plastics and metals. The material
should be clamped, placed in a machine vice
or bolted down, for safety. Plastics such as
acrylic, should have a layer of masking tape on
the surface, before drilling, just in case the
material shatters.
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MACHINE DRILL BENCH DRILL

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 SUITABLE DRILL BITS
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Twist Drill
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Used for drilling holes.

A normal drill set will
include sizes from 1mm
to 14mm.

Hole Saw
For large diameters a
'hole saw' can be
used.
Interchangeable
sizes

Countersunk Bit
Creates a hole that
allows countersunk
screws to be level
with the surface

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 SUITABLE DRILL BITS
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Forstner Bit
Used for larger diameter
holes. When using this
bit the hole is drilled
very slowly so that the
bit does not 'jam' in the
wood.

FLAT DRILL BIT

Makes drilling easy
and can be used
with a brace and bit
OR machine drill

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 HAND DRILLS
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In the workshop you probably use a ‘hand drill’

and a ‘ratchet brace’ as part of practical work.
These are used for drilling a range of sizes of
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hole and they are very useful especially if

machine drills are not available.

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 HOW TO USE A HAND DRILL
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The hand drill is held vertically. One hand
holds the handle at the top whilst the second
hand rotates the other handle in a clockwise
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direction. This turns the chuck and drill bit.

Only light pressure should be used to push
down on the hand drill
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 BACK SAWS - TENON SAWS AND
DOVETAIL SAWS
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Back Saws get their name from the steel or

brass back (labelled on the diagram). The
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heavy back gives the saw its weight which is

useful when sawing wood. The two main types
are the tenon saw and the dovetail saw.
TENON SAW : for general sawing and cutting
mortise and tenon joints.
DOVETAIL SAW : for cutting joints such as
dovetails

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 THE COPING SAW
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Coping saws are used for cutting a range of

woods and are very useful for cutting
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unusual shapes or curves. In a modern

workshop these shapes are normally cut
using machine fretsaws. However, there are
times when these machines are not
available. Also, using a coping saw is a test
of skill as it can be difficult to control and
requires practice.

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 HAND FILES
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Hand files are used in the workshop to smooth

rough edges. They can be used to smooth a
range of materials including metals such as
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brass and steel to plastic based materials and

also woods. They are made from high carbon
steel and they are heat treated so that they are
tough and durable.
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 THE DISK SANDER
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The Disk Sander is used to smooth materials

such as woods and plastics. It is also used to
remove small amounts of waste material. It is
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a dangerous machine if safety is ignored.

Goggles must be worn at all times. Hands and
fingers must be kept as far away from the
rotating disk as possible. A guard, making it
impossible to use the wrong portion of the
rotating disk must be in permanent position.

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 TYPES OF PLANE
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A large range of planes are available and

they are used for different purposes. The
earliest known examples of planes are from
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the Roman era but even today they are used

for the same purposes - to smooth rough
surfaces or the plane down the thickness of a
piece of wood to the required size.
WOOD BLOCK PLANE: Although this is a very
old design they are still used today to remove a
large amount of wood. This is due to the fact
that they are lighter than steel planes and
therefore they can be used comfortably for
longer periods.

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JACK PLANE: It is used to plane longer

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pieces of wood.

SMOOTHING PLANE: A shorter version of

the steel jack plane. Used for general work
such as smoothing short pieces of wood

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 HOW TO USE
A JACK PLANE AND SMOOTHING
PLANE
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The plane is placed at the end of a piece of

wood. It is pushed along the surface and
removes a ‘chipping’. The plane is placed
back at the end of the wood and the same
process is repeated, until enough material
has been removed.

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 TYPES OF CHISELS
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BEVEL edged chisels are undercut making

them easy to push into corners - used for
finishing dovetail joints.
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FIRMER chisels have a blade with a

rectangular cross-section - used for
tougher/heavier work.
A PARING chisel is a longer, thinner chisel
which can be pushed into long joints such as
housing joints.

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 SANDING / GLASS PAPERING
NATURAL WOOD
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To finally prepare natural wood and most
boards for a suitable finish, different grades of
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glass paper are used, to produce a blemish

free and smooth finish. Although most people
refer to sand paper as an abrasive, it no
longer exists. Glass paper is often referred to
as sand paper, but there are other similar
abrasive sheets including aluminium oxide,
silicon carbide and garnet. Abrasives have a
paper or cloth backing, that holds the
particles of abrasive in place.
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Glass paper / abrasive sheets are supplied in

a number of grades, sometimes referred to by
grit size or the density of grit, as seen in the
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table below. It is worth noting, that

manufacturers vary slightly in their
description of grit size and density, but the
table below is a general outline of the grades,
available at retailers and suppliers.

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 THE WOODWORKING LATHE
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Wood turning is one of the most interesting

ways. Numerous traditional examples of wood
turning can be found in most homes and work
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places. These include, table lamps, table legs,

and bowls

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 INTRODUCTION TO WOOD TURNING
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Typical turning between the tailstock and drive
centres can be seen below. The wood to be
turned, is held securely between the centres. A
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drive centre is used at the headstock side of the

lathe (left). This rotates, powered by the motor.
A dead centre or a live centre (preferred), is
used at the tailstock side (right).

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FOR DETAIL ON WOOD

TURNING – TAP THE
LINK BUTTON BELOW

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 LAMINATED VENEER
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When thin layers of veneer are glued together,

forming one part, they are called laminates.
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Complex shapes can be achieved with one

piece of laminated material. A former is
normally used to hold the layers of veneers to
the correct shape.
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 VENEERS AND STEAM BENDING
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Thicker layers of veneer are steam treated

first, before bending. They are placed in
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steam chamber. Steam is introduced at one

end and excess steam / pressure escapes at
the opposite end. Condensed steam (water)
drains away. As the steam flows from one
end of the tube to the other end, moisture is
absorbed by the veneer. After a period of
time, the veneers are removed. They are now
pliable and it is possible to bend them to the
required shape, using a former.

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 EXAMPLE OF A STEAM BENDING - A
PLYWOOD PRODUCT
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LOUNGE CHAIR BY CHARLES AND

RAY EAMES - 1956
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The classic chair seen below, was designed

by Charles and Ray Eames in the 1950s. It
was first manufactured for sale in 1956 by the
Herman Miller Furniture Company of
Michigan, USA.

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 MACHINE PLANERS
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When the width or thickness of a piece of

wood needs reducing by a small amount, a
plane is normally used. However, if a large
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amount of wood needs removing or the piece

is very long, using a smoothing plane or jack
plane is time consuming and can be
inaccurate. The best option is to use a
machine plane. These are relatively cheap
and save time and effort. PLEASE NOTE -
machine planers are not normally used in
schools, due to Health and Safety Laws.

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 SHEET SANDERS
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Sheet sanders are used to sand / smooth

wood surfaces. When sanding wood,
glasspaper is ‘clipped’ into the sheet sander. If
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the surface requires a lot of sanding then start

with ‘coarse’ glasspaper rather than fine - as
this will reduce the amount of time required.
When in use the rectangular base vibrates at
1200 rpm (revolutions per minute). This
‘sands’ the surface of any material beneath it.

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 PALM SANDERS
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Palm sanders are extremely useful tools and

they fit into the palm of one hand comfortably.
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They are relatively light, easy to control and

cheap. The glasspaper sheet is normally fixed
to the pad with velcro and this means that it
can be replaced easily. Because they are quite
small and have a ‘triangular’ shape to the pad,
they can be used to sand into corners.

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 MACHINE ROUTERS
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Machine routers are generally used to cut

grooves and profiles in natural wood and
manmade boards. They have a cutter that
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rotates at high speed - as the operator

pushes the router forwards the cutter
removes the wood in its path.

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 ROUTER BITS and PROFILES
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 JIGSAWS
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Jigsaws are general cutting and shaping tools.
They are provided with a selection of blades
suitable for cutting and shaping a range of
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materials. They are ideal for cutting thin

manmade boards such as plywood and MDF
and they are capable of cutting detailed curves.
Thin material (4mm to 6mm) can be cut quite
quickly, but great care must be taken when
cutting thicker material.
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 USING A JIGSAW
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If the wood to be cut and a wood guide is G
Cramped to a work bench it will be possible to
cut in a straight and accurate line. The jigsaw is
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pressed against the guide whilst been pushed

in the direction of the cut. Wood guides are
very useful and they are safe if used properly.

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 TABLE - CIRCULAR SAWS
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Table circular saws are used for cutting woods

to size . They are extremely powerful and
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dangerous if used incorrectly. They are ideal

for cutting manmade boards such as plywood
and MDF and natural woods up to a size of
approximately 50mm thickness. They can be
used to cut materials for joinery, furniture and
windows.

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 HAND HELD CIRCULAR SAWS
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These are powerful electric saws, capable of

cutting through wood very quickly, even
V.Ryan © www.technologystudent.com 2019

thicker sections. They are not normally used

in school. Ideal when ‘lots’ of cutting is
required

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exercises

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