ORAL COMM

LESSON 01: COMMUNICATION DEFINED Concepts:

1. Sender (information source)
Communication 2. Encoder (transmitter)
- Is the transmission and reception of information 3. Channel
between a human source (encoder) and receiver 4. Decoder (receiver)
(decoder) using a signaling system. 5. Receiver (destination)
Source & Receiver — Humans 6. Noise
Signaling System — Language
- In theory, communication is said to have taken place if
the information received is the same as that sent.

The Communication Process

• The sender encodes the message and sends it to the

receiver through a technological channel like telephone
and telegraph. The sender converts the message into
codes understandable to the machine. The message is
sent in codes through a medium.
• The receiver has to decode the message before
LESSON 02: ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION understanding it and interpreting it. The receptor
machine can also act as a decoder in some cases. The
1. Senders & Receivers channel can have noise and the receiver might not have
- Senders convey messages by converting their the capacity to decode which might cause problems in
thoughts into symbols or observable signals such as communication process.
words
- CODIFICATION refers to converting their thoughts into II. Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication
whatever it is you send; usually done through the use - He described factors affecting the individual
of language components in the communication making the
- Receivers hear the signals and converts the signals communication more efficient.
into their thoughts - The model also focuses on encoding and decoding
- DECODING, DECIPHERING, AND which happens before sender sends the message and
INTERPRETATION converts signals into thoughts before receiver receives the message respectively.
2. Messages - Berlo’s Model has mainly, four components to describe
- Ideas or thoughts are transmitted from sender to the communication process.
receiver
- What affects the message? Correct interpretation of
the symbols are greatly affected bu the similarity
between the culture and experience of the sender and
receiver. The culture and experience together are
called schema.
3. Verbal & Non-Verbal Symbols
- Symbols have no meaning but we give meaning
- They are observable signals transmitted from sender to
receiver have no meaning in themselves
- Spoken words, sign language, printed words, braille
writing
4. Channels • The source encodes the message for a channel to a
- Refer to the medium through which the message was receiver who decodes the message.
sent
- Usually, it is the air around the sender and receiver. Sender
When a microphone or any other device us used, these - Source of the message or the person who originates
become part of the channel. the message.
- The quality of the channel depends on how free it is of - The person or source sends the message to the
noise. Noise is anything that reduces the quality signal receiver.
sent thru the channels. It anything that disrupts the - Factors related to sender and is also the same in the
channel. case of receiver:
5. Feedback • Communication Skills
- Refers to the message transmitted by the receiver in • Attitude
response to the message of the speaker • Knowledge
- If there is no feedback, the communication isn’t • Social Systems
ongoing • Culture

LESSON 03: MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Message

- Substance that is being sent by the sender to the
I. Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication receiver.
- Created in 1948 by Claude Elwood Shannon and - It might be in the form of voice, audio, text, video or
Warren Weaver other media.
- “Mother of All Models” - Key factors affecting the messages are:
• Content
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• Elements Criticisms:
• Treatment • No concept of feedback.
• Structure • It is one way from speaker to audience.
• Code • No concept of communication failure like noise and
barriers.
Channel • Only used in public speaking.
- Medium used to send the message
- In mass communication and other forms of V. Barnlund’s Model of Communication
communication, technical machines might be used as a - Dean Barnlund proposed a communication model in
channel. 1970 for basic interpersonal communication which
- In general communication, the five sense of a human articulates that sending and receiving of messages
being is the channel for the communication flow which happens simultaneously between people.
affects the effectiveness of the channel: - The model has been further adapted and reformed by
• Hearing other theorists as “General Transactional Model.”
• Seeing - The model shifted from trend and linear model to
• Touching dynamic and two way communication model.
• Smelling
• Tasting

Receiver
- Person who gets the message sent in the process
- This model believes that the thinking pattern and all
other factors mentioned above must be in sync to that
of the sender for the communication to be effective.
- The message might not have the same effect as
intended if the receiver and sender are not similar.
- The receiver must also have a very good listening skill.
- Other factors that are similar to that of the sender:
• Communication skills
• Attitude
• Knowledge Advantages:
• Social Systems • Shows a shared field experience of the sender and
• Culture receiver.
• Talks about simultaneous sending, noise and feedback.
Criticisms: • Most systematic model of communication.
• There is no concept of feedback. • Very complexed.
• There is no concept of noise. • Both the sender and receiver must understand the
• It is a linear model of communication. codes sent by the other. So they must each possess a
• Both of the people must be similar. similar “code book.”

III. Laswell’s Model of Communication VI. Schramm’s Model of Communication

- Developed by communication theorist Harold D.
Laswell (1902-1978) in 1948.
- “Action Model,” “Linear Model,” “One Way Model of
Communication”
- Regarded as one of the most influential communication
models

Components:
1. Sender (who)
2. Message (says what)
3. Channel (medium)
4. Receiver (to whom)
5. Feedback (with what effect) What is Field of Experience?
- Are the things that influence the understanding and
interpretation of the message like culture, social
background, beliefs, experiences, values and rules.

Advantages:
• Circular communication gives opportunity to both
parties to give their opinion.
• As it is dynamic in ever changing, it is helpful in general
practice.
IV. Aristotle’s Model of Communication • Sender and receiver interchanges and both are equally
- The first and earliest model of communication created active.
by Aristotle, who was a teacher of Rhetoric and put up • Semantic noise included as a concept as it helps in
an academy of good speakers. understanding problems that can occur during the
interpretation of the model.
Message Listener • Feedback makes it easier to know if the message is
interpreted by the receiver as intended or not.
• Concept of interpretation makes the communication
effective.
• Field of experience (psychological effect) helps to
understand the communication process in many other
ways than the traditional ones.
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• Concept of context makes the environmental factor be himself from his audience in order to adjust to the
included in interpretation of message and brings particular situation
change in the message.
Sequence of the Model:
Disadvantages: • The complete act of communication is an interacting
• Can not deal with multiple levels of communication and pattern of stimulus and response.
complex communication processes. • The listener must react in an observable manner and by
• There can only be two sources of communicating, many some direct or indirect means and must become aware
sources complicates the process and the model can not of this response.
be implemented.
• Message sent and received might be interpreted LESSON 04: VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL
differently than intended. COMMUNICATION

VII.Eugene Whites Model of Communication Verbal Communication

- This model implies a step-by-step sequence that starts - Is the communication in which the sender uses words,
with thinking in the part of the speaker and ends with whether spoken or written, to send the message to the
monitoring the speaker. receiver
- The speaker is the originator of the communication
process and the listener is the passive reactor who Elements of Verbal Communication:
does not initiate communication. 1. Juncture
- The most important important contribution from Eugene - Refers to the pauses we use in order differentiate
White’s model is the concept of feedback. words that may have the same pronunciation
Short Train Shore Train
Eight Oral Stages: A Name An Aim
Four Met Form It
Former For Mer
- An experienced speaker knows to PAUSE periodically
to give the audience time to “catch up,” and to let the
meaning of what he or she is saying sink in.
1. Pauses separate thoughts
2. Pauses build anticipation
- Pausing for most speakers is tough to do. We tend to
want to fill that “dead space” with noise. Often, a
speaker will fill the silence with filler words like “ah,”
“you know”, “ok”, “like” and others.
- If you find yourself using these fillers, it’s a perfect time
to catch yourself and say - nothing!
2. Volume
- Loudness and softness also play a great role when
communicating.
Thinking - Volume can range from a whisper to a scream and
- A desire, feeling, or an emotion provides a speaker a everything in between. A very quiet voice can represent
stimulus to communicate a need. that you are sharing something you don’t want
overheard, that you are being mischievous or that you
Symbolizing are depressed. A very loud voice can express great joy
- Before he can utter sounds, a speaker has to know the or terror.
code of oral language with which to represent his ideas 3. Rhythm
and in order to make his selection - When most people think of rhythm, they immediately
think about music. What they may not realise is that
Expressing language is inherently musical; at least it can be.
- The speaker then uses his vocal mechanism to - Rhythm refers to the patterned, recurring variance of
produce the sounds of language accompanied by facial elements of sound or speech. Whether someone is
expressions, gestures, and body stance. striking a drum with a stick or standing in front of a
group speaking, rhythm is an important aspect of
Transmitting human communication.
- Carries the speaker’s message to the listeners 4. Pitch
- Refers to the degree of highness or lowness of the
Receiving tone in our voice.
- Listeners receive the message 5. Stress
- Allows you to clarify the meaning of the word by giving
Decoding emphasis to the syllable
- The listener interprets the language symbols he - Stress is “emphasis”
receives and thinks further
Some tips when communicating verbally:
Feedbacking 1. Strive to achieve clarity
- May manifest overt behaviour like a nod, smile, or 2. Respect individual differences
yawn, or he may not show any behaviour (convert 3. Avoid stereotyping
behaviour like faster heartbeat) 4. Aspire to use words that are comprehensible to your
oftener or target audience
Monitoring
- While the speaker watches for signs of receptions of Non-Verbal Communication strategies are equally
the understanding of his message among his listeners, important in any form of communication.
he is also attuned to what’s going inside him, the
speaker is receiving and decoding message about Elements of Non-Verbal Communication:
1. Gestures
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- Reinforce what you mean when you deliver your - Humans need to express their emotions verbally and
speech. Gestures reflect your personality as well as non-verbally. Emotions are a central part of who we
your current state. are.
- Help the lessen the misinterpretations and - Emotional expression through interjections: yes!, oh
misunderstandings. no!, ouch!, really? (expletives)
2. Posture - Aside from being expressed through language and
- Complements your gestures. To help make your verbal communication, expression is the function of
gestures natural, stand up straight and relax your communication most commonly expressed non-
shoulders. Never sway back and forth. verbally.
3. Eye Contact 5. *Expressing Opinions
- Makes your speech personal. It send the message that - The function to which expressing an opinion belongs
you are communicating directly to your audience. depends on the purpose and setting in which it is done.
4. Facial Expressions - Bonus function
- Project your emotion. It communicates how you feel.
- So make sure the ideas you are trying to convey and
the expressions you show are consistent.
5. Proxemics
- The distance maintained by a person while
communicating with others, communicates about the
relationship of the person with others like intimate,
personal, social and public.
Public Space
Social Space
Personal Space
Intimate Space
- Be cautious of personal space when communicating
with others especially when it is not in public speech.

LESSON 05: FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication as a human activity always serves as a

function.

5 Common Functions of Communication:

1. Regulation or Control
- Communication can be used to control the behaviour of
human beings. It can be used to regulate the nature
and amount of activities humans engage in.
- Example: Doctor’s prescriptions, parents giving
instructions to their kid, friends giving friends advice,
scolding, employers instructing employees, customers
making orders
- Come in a form of commands, questions, or
statements
- Command: please come in, get a chair, run, stop
- Questions: why don’t you just leave? Do you have a
pen? Can you pass the salt?
- Statements: I want to be alone, it’s hot in here, you
need to hurry, that’s not what you should do
- Humans need to have a sense of control over their
lives and the world around them. Without this, they
would be powerless.
2. Social Interaction
- In their daily source of living, human beings develop
and maintain bonds, intimacy, relations and
associations.
- Example: pick-up lines, invitations, greetings
appreciation, let’s be friends, will you marry me?, be
my group partner, I like you, I love you
- By simply interacting through communicating, humans
already form relationships even without direct
invitations to do so.
3. Motivation
- A person also uses language to express desires,
needs, wants, likes, dislikes, inclinations, choices, and
aspirations.
- Example: ordering in a restaurant, making a petition,
picketing, expressing a need, sharing desires and
aspirations
4. Information
- Giving of information can come in the form of:
statements of facts, declaratives, rhetorical questions,
interrogatives, commands (imperatives)
5. Emotional Expression

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