SECTION 3 Necessity, duty and advice 1 NECESSITY ‘We use must and mustn't when we decide for ‘ourselves what's necessary: You musta’t keep asking for my help all the time. (= 1 don’t want you to) I really must be going: it’s getting late. (= I think I must) + We can also use must'and mustn’t for impersonal necessity: The lead must be connected properly or it won't work. + The strength of necessity varies with the situati All questions must be answered. (= order) You must see the film — it’s really good. (= advice) We must get together sometime and talk this over. (= suggestion) have to Although not a modal verb, we often use have to and have got to (more informal) before verbs to talk about necessity. Have to usually suggests that someone else decides what's necessary: The notice says we have to report to the manager's office. Pve got to go or my boss will wonder where I am. ‘+ Because have to isn't a modal, it has a past form, -ing form, infinitive form, etc. This means we can use it in more situations than must: We had to break in because we'd forgotten our key. They'll have to hurry if they're not going to be late. I don’t like having to wear a suit and tie. He pretended to have to leave early. 2 DUTY AND ADVICE We use should and ought to to express our opinion about what's right and wrong: Drivers ought to be more considerate to other road users. (= it's their duty) You should take this responsibitity very seriously. (= it’s your duty) You really shouldn’t Be lifting heavy furniture at your age. (= strong advice / criticism) + To talk about the past, we use should have and ought to have. They suggest what happened in the past ‘was wrong or unfortunate The Government ought to have listened. (= they didn’t) You shouldn’t have worked so hard. (= you did) * We use shall as well as should and ought to to,ask for advice: What shall I do? Do you think I should tell her? 54 3 NOT NECESSARY To say there is no obligation to do something we use needn't, don’t need to or don’t have to. In many instances there is little or no change in meaning, but: * We generally use needn’t when the authority comes from the speaker: You needn’t come this evening if you don’t want to. * We generally use don’t need to and don’t have to when the authority doesn’t come from the speaker: You don’t need to / don’t have to carry an identity card. * To talk about the past, we use needn’t have or didn’t need to / didn’t have to. Needn’t have means ‘you did, but it wasn’t necessary’: You needn’t have cooked so much food. + With didn’t need to / didn’t have to only the context, tells us whether it actually happened: I didn’t need to go shopping, but I did, just for fun. I didn’t have to do any extra shopping, so I didn’t. 4 OTHER VERBS FOR EXPRESSING NECESSITY AND ADVICE Other verbs express necessity or advice: Hard hats are to be worn on this site. (= necessity) All guests will vacate their room before eleven o'clock. (© necessity) Iwouldn’t do that if I were you. (= advice) You'd better phone home — they have news of your sister (= advice) + We use had better for advice in a particular situation. Should and ought to can be more general: 3 7 Employees should give three months? notice, You'd better give in your notice if you plan to leave. For other ways of expressing necessity, see Section 5. Gs Which one of these sentences does not contain the idea of necessity, duty or advice? 1 You'd better have a good excuse or you're in trouble. 2. This film should be really good: it’s had great reviews. 3. You must try harder than that if you're going to make the team. 4 You should have got up earlier ~ then you wouldn't be late. 5 We may not need to give in to their demands.x= 8= @ Tick (/) the sentences below which express necessity, duty or advice. Example: It must be hard work on an oil rig, mustn't it? X I must be on my way if you don't mind. / 1 The filler must be hard before you can paint over it. 2. You must be joking. 3 Itmust have been offside because the goal was disallowed, 4 Having to get up so early every morning is really getting me down. 5 A bike is sometimes worth having to beat traffic jams in towns 6 Do you think I ought to give Dad a ring? 7 Should you have any problems with your computer, give me a call. 8 Doctors should respect their patients’ wishes. 9 Are you saying we needn't have gone to all this trouble anyway? 10. He'd better not be late again! © Tick () each of the sentences in which didn’t need to can be replaced with needn’t have + -ed. 1 It’s sweet of you, but you really didn’t need to buy me flowers. “x 2. It’s a good job we didn't need to be here earlier. 3 It-was strange that we didn’t need to show our passports. 4 You didn’t need to come and pick me up: I could have got a taxi “ 5 There was a sofa in the Z other room: you didn't need to sleep on the floor. 6 I didn't need to use cash as I had my credit card with me. @ Finish cach of the following sentences in two different ways so that they are as similar in meaning as possible to the sentence printed before them, Example: If were you, I'd have the lobster. aI think you ought to have the lobster. You really should have the lobster. 1 [really must be going now. a I've absolutely b I really must NECESSITY, DUTY AND ADVICE 2. It may be possible for you to go there without a visa after all a It may not b You might not 3 She should take some form of identification with her, shouldn't she? a She'd b It might be 4 Don't you think it’s time we made our excuses and left? a Hadn't b Oughtn't 5 Why ever did you go to so much trouble with the refreshments? a You really needn't b It really 6 There is to be no talking whatsoever during the examination. a Candidates will not b Silence is to © complete the second sentence so os that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. Example: | don't foresee there being any major problems. think I don’t think there will be any major problems. 1 Just recently, there has been a need for us to reduce our spending. cut Just recently we on our spending. 2. Why have I never met your partner? introduce You really 3. There is growing pressure on the government to break their promise on health spending, back ‘The government may find promise on health spending. 4 didn't take the job because it would have meant doing a 50-hour week. put I didn’t take the job because I would in 50 hours a week. 5 You don't need to take out this insurance. under to your partner. on their to take out this insurance. ssi Unit three Vocabulary SECTION 4 Possibility, probability and certainty Instead of using modals (see Section 2), we can express ideas of possibility, probability and certainty in other ways. 1 LIKELIHOOD We can use a number of words and phrases to say how likely it is that something will happen. Here are examples: + verbs and verbal phrases: Tet you never write to her. I'd stake my life on his honesty. I don’t doubt that he could do the job. Lean’t see the situation changing much in the {foreseeable future. I assume he knows what he’s doing. + adjectives and adjectival phrases: He's highly unlikely to arrive before nine. He's bound / certain / sure to arrive at some point. + noun phrases: The chances are that interest rates wil fall in the near future. There’s every chance /likelihood of interest rates coming down. There’s a strong/a distinct possibility that interest rates will be reduced. It’s ‘odds on / the odds are that she'll succeed. + adverbs and adverbial phrases: Presumably, he'll be back. In all probability, today. ‘Maybe even this morning — conceivably within the next half an hour. Doubtless he'll ring frst. 1 Which of these sentences suggest that something is likely to happen? a She's hardly likely to tell us what really happened, is she? b There's an outside chance of a tornado hitting this region. [presume we'll be having our weekly meeting on Friday. 4 I can’t see why they shouldn't all pass. 2 IMPROBABILITY We use a number of words and phrases to say how unlikely it is that something will happen. Here are some examples: + verbs and verbal phrases: Twouldn’t bet on her coming first. I doubt if we'll ‘ect again. In situations like that, climbers don’t stand 4 chance of surviving. He hasn’t got a cat in hell’s chance of winning, (= informal) * adjectives and adjectival phrases: She’s highly unlikely to have survived the earthquake. * noun phrases: The prospects of them surviving are slim. I have my doubts. There’s very little / no chance / likelihood that the exchange rate will improve. There’s a slight / slim possibility of her coming back. Hopes are fading / Fears are growing as to their chances of survival. The odds are against them coming out of their comas. 2 Which of these sentences suggest that something. is unlikely to happen? a It seems odds-on they'll be married before the end of the year. b There's not much chance of us catching a bus at this time of night. © There's every likelihood of the Government doing a U-turn, d Don't bet on him staying until the end of the week. x= tt—~— @ Tick (/) the sentences in which the speakers are optimistic that the project will go ahead. 1 Thave little doubt that the project has great potential. 2 I must confess to a few reservations concerning the ultimate success of the project. 3 Thave my doubts as to the wisdom of going ahead with such a project. 4 There's every chance that the doubts being expressed about the project will be unfounded, 5 The odds are against such a project getting off the ground. 6 It’s odds on that the project will fall flat on its face 7 Ido believe that, contrary to public opinion, the project has every chance of success. 8 There's no way this project is going to see the light of day, I assure you.9 I wouldn't bet against this project being the best thing to happen to us since the Euro. 10 Barring a miracle, this project is bound to hit the dust almost immediately. © Tick () which two options in each item are possible to complete the sentences. Example: | reckon there's a good possibility V / chance 7 [likelihood / odds the match will be cancelled 1 You'll have the chance / possiblity / occasion / ‘opportunity to look over the house tomorrow. 2 The chances / odds / possibilities / probabilities are she will reject him. 3. There's a distant / remote / far / distinct possibility that I'l be able to help after al. 4 have my doubts / uncertainties / belies / reservations as to this applicant's suitability. 5 I'd stake / offer / bet / invest my mortgage on the fact that she’s honest. 6 Our new gardener’s bound / convinced / hoped / certain to make a good job of cutting the hedge. 7 The new student's bound / likely /sure/ confident of passing the initial test. 8 She's in any /little/no//full doubt as to the identity of the intruder. 9 It doesn’t look as whether / though / how / if the meeting's going to take place. 10 There will almost inevitably / probably / certainly / inconceivably be some teething troubles initially © Write full sentences from the prompt words, adding any necessary words and putting the verbs into a suitable form. (All the sentences contain the word chance(s),) Example: I/ never / chance / go / university / I/your age. I never had the chance to go to university when | was your age. 1 He/no chance / ever/ persuade /her / marry /him. 2 They / stand / much chance / grade A/as/1/ become / Prime Minister. 3. There /a chance / that / my company / send / United States / for a year. 4. There / little chance / of / management / agree / employees’ demands. 5 No one /have /a chance / yet / predict / outcome / this dispute / certainty. 6 Is/there / chance / of my borrow / your bicycle / half an hour? 7 The chances / that / the match / cancel. 8 you/a chance / speak / the personnel manager / yesterday? © Rewrite the four sentences in six different ways, each time using one of the words listed below it. Do not change the given word in any way. More than one answer may be possible. Example: in item 1: The odds are against him passing. 1 I don't think he'll 2 I'm pretty confident pass. of her passing. (odds) odds probably probability unlikely doubt likelihood bound doubt prospects doubts surprised 3 I doubt if we'll ever see 4 No one can be at all him again. sure of the outcome. likely far surprise uncertainty chances unpredictable chance certainty Prospects lap of the gods well tell @ Fill cach of the numbered blanks with one suitable word. This will now almost (1) ........ prove to have been the driest April since the calamitous drought of 1924 and forecasters say the current spell is very (2) 10 continue well into next week and quite (3) beyond. A Met. Office spokesman suggested there was a slight (4) . of rain just after the weekend but admitted there is every (5) that rain heading across the Atlantic (6) .. miss Britain completely. If it does, (7) .. of further rain within the next {fortnight are thought to be slim. John Field of the ‘National Farmers’ Union said that there was a distinet (6) .-..-e that many farmers Were heading for the bankruptcy courts and didn’t (9) . 2 chance of staying in business another year. ‘Here in the north, its been without (10)... the Worst time anyone can remember. I haven't got the oficial figures but losses (11) sss um into tens of milions of pounds. And thats (12)... t0 affect prices in the supermarkets very soon.’ A ban on hose-pipes in all gardens now looks virtually (13) and the supply of general household water may very (14) ....... have to be rationed In some areas. The Government will, in all (15) , Issue an official statement sometime in the next twenty-four hours. 37VOCABULARY SECTION 5 Obligations 1 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL OBLIGATIONS, ‘We can express legal and institutional obligations with verbs. Note that we often use the passive: Visitors are not allowed / permitted to picnic on the grass. Smoking on these premises is strictly forbidden. Chewing gum has been banned from the canteen area. José has now been barred from five different clubs. Guests are required to vacate their rooms by midday. Entry is restricted to authorised personnel. + We can express obligation or permission with adjectives: Military service is still compulsory in many countries. Is her evidence permissible in court? Joining the union is not obligatory. * We also use many prepositional phrases to express legal obligation: Is this within or outside the law? Some people think they are above the law. You're under no obligation to say anything if arrested. It’s in your contract. 2 MORAL OBLIGATION + We can express obligation using nouns: It’s your duty to help them. You have an obligation to support your family. The onus is on you to carry out the research. * We can also express moral obligation using adjectives: 1 felt duty-bound to go to her assistance. There has been talk of an illicit liaison. The agreement is morally binding. * We can also use verbs: You should always honour your promises. I was supposed to let them know, but I didn't bother. You shouldn't try to wriggle out of your obligations. 3 PERSONAL OBLIGATION AND FREEDOM OF CHOICE + We use many common phrases to express personal obligation: It’s your job to make sure they all get back safely. Isn’t it your turn to cook? It’s up to you to tell him; afier all, he’s your brother. It’s all down to you to decide if you're going. (= you must decide) 58 * We also use a number of common phrases to suggest we have freedom of choice: It’s up to you what you wear. You choose. Do as you wish, It’s your choice. Nobody’s forcing you. No one’s telling you what to do. 1 Which point above — 1, 2 or 3 ~ do these sentences relate to? a She takes a dim view of disloyalty. b Do as you think fit. € You needn't feel obliged to stay more than a few minutes. He was sued for criminal negligence € Parking outside this exit is prohibited at all times. f It's your life. k= =—ti(‘“™S™S @ Fill in each of the following sentences with an appropriate adjective from the list. compulsory obligatory duty-bound permissible illicit permitted illegal forbidden 1 Psychologists maintain we are all tempted by the concept of... fut 2 Lfelt to stop and offer to help. 3 It's for children to buy cigarettes. 4 The driver was found to have above the level of alcohol in his blood. 5) Were ......0. affairs more or less common centuries ago than they are now, do you think? 6 There are three... questions in the exam. 7 Do you think ‘I didn’t see him yet’ would be in a composition? 8 Is the use of hyphens in ‘two-year-old child”... © Tick (V) the underlined words or phrases that can complete each of the following sentences. Sometimes one will be possible, sometimes both. 1 This sort of behaviour is not acceptable / unacceptable. 2. It’s always dangerous to take on unqualified / disqualified staff. 3 The goal was disallowed / not allowed because of handball. 4 Contributions to the pension scheme are voluntary / not obligatory. 5 Smoking is disallowed / not permitted in the school. 6 This song has been barred / banned by several radio stations.7 The evening activities are entirely optional / compulsory. 8 Iti extremely unwise / forbidden to touch these wires. 9 He was disqualified / banned from driving for two years. 10 If you did but know it, you're breaking the law / the rules. © Rewrite each of the following sentences using the two prompts that follow them so that it is as, similar in meaning as possible to the sentence printed above it. Example: You are responsible for ensuring that your equipment is in full working order. down / make It's down to you to make sure your equipment is in full ‘working order. 1 No one is going to force you to do anything you don't feel capable of. compelled / up 2 Ifhe's broken the law, he can expect to be punished. something / punishment 3 You don’t have to pay now if you would rather not. under / prefer 4 ‘You mustn't pick things up and you really shouldn't touch anything at all,’ the curator told us. allowed / supposed 5 The choice of restaurant for tonight's meal is entirely yours. which /up 6 Nobody's going to push you to decide here and now which college to go to pressure / choice 7 One hundred per cent attendance on the course is not something we ask of you. expect /all 8 There are several bars that Richard is not allowed into any more number / barred 9 The entertaining of guests in private rooms is strictly prohibited. you /allowed 10 Because you're the senior member of staff here, you should make the presentation being / up — © Write a prefix that makes the following words negative. Then write the negative word. (See Unit 6, Section 6 for more information on prefixes.) Example: legal il = illegal a lawful g rational m essential b permissible h consistent acceptable ¢ reasonable i manageable loyal d reliable j_pardonable natural moral k necessary f legitimate 1 ethical © The differences between the following adjectives are often based on collocation as much as meaning. Match each of the adjectives on the left with a collocating noun on the right. 1 illegitimate a killing 2 illegal b child 3 illicit © advice 4 unlawful d_ pleasures 5 legal € substances Yy, oe oO Referees must find i hard 40 decide what is and ist legitimate use of the elbow @ Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. Many salespeople in electrical stores will tell you that, you are under no (1) to buy their extended warranty for your new washing machine. It is entirely an (2) extra, and nobody is going to (3) down the law and (4) you to buy anything you don’t want. Nevertheless, itis strongly implied that you have a (5) to yourself to make sure that you are covered for every possible eventuality. You are even made to feel slightly stupid if you don't buy the cover, and I think it is unreasonable, if not immoral, to put customers under such (6) 1 Acompulsion B permission C option — D obligation 2 Additional Boptional Cessential_D ethical 3 Aput Boset Chy D write 4 A force Binsist. Cpermit let 5 Acontract — Bjob Crile — Daduty 6 A force B pressure C choice D law 39Exam practice 3 1 Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word. How can you criticise somebody constructively to make sure that they (1) do as you ask in future? The (2) are that yelling at them is never going to work while constant complaining, on the other hand, (3) very (4) sound like a victim-like, poor-me moan that gives no incentive for change. Of course, if you do feel (5) to have a go at someone, go ahead, but itis rarely productive. Not only is it more or less (6) to end in a row or a sulk, there's also the (7) possibilty it (8) be ignored. Constructive criticism really (9) to be adult, rational and reasonable. No wonder so many of us struggle with it: there's no (10) it's much easier being unreasonable. But even if you (11) manage to give criticism like an adult, it (12) mean the recipient will feel under any (13) to take it in the same way. In all (14) you will be met by hurt eyes, slumped shoulders and a sad face, and you (15) as well get used to the fact. cm 2 Use the words given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). (0) CONSIST Many people seem to have (0) inconsistent attitudes towards drink driving. On the one (16) ACCEPT hand, they view it as totally (16) that anyone should through their own (17) PARDON selfishness be a danger to other road users. To kill somebody while driving under the influence is surely (17) | however accidental it may be, and is technically defined _ (18) LAW as (18) killing (19) RATIONAL Yet at the same time people (19) seem to assume that the same laws do not (20) REASON apply to themselves. Taking to the wheel having had a few glasses over the limit doesn't seem (20) when you do it yourself. Surely only a couple of extra drinks is (21) PERMIT perfectly (21) , you reason. Yet when other people commit the offence, it is (22) ETHICS condemned as (22) and downright (23) . Why these double standards? (23) MORAL Surely it makes perfect sense that such a potentially lethal practice be declared (24) ? And yet the die-hards continue to flout the law, continuing to drive even (24) LEGAL when (25) (25) QUALIFY one a 3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do net change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. Example: \ doubt well ever improve on that score. chance There's not much chance welll ever improve on that score 26 There is no way he got the news from me as we haven't spoken. passed It the news to him as we haven't spoken. 27 The only explanation for him being so late is that there was a lot of traffic. held . He or he wouldn't be so late: omEXAM PRACTICE 3 28 It's not impossible that the looming crisis won't ever actually materialise. bounds It's not beyond the looming crisis won't ever actually materialise. 29 You can't escape your responsibilities so easily, you know. wriggle You can't .......:: Your responsibilities so easily, you know. 30 Nobody is forcing you to take up the offer. obligation You are take up the offer 31 You cant just tell people what to do. lay You can't just to people. 32 You don't have to have the leather seating if you don't want to. option: Leather seating extra. 33 Only people who have been given authority are allowed in. restricted Entry personnel 34 They think it's more than likely the comet will be visible to the naked eye. distinct SWE They think the comet will be visible to the naked eye. & 4 Decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. Hopes are (35) of finding the boat which was reported missing in the channel last weekend. No survivors have been found and the chances of picking up any now are (36) , though people leading the search and rescue operation say there could just (37) be a chance that some of the crew could have survived by clinging to wreckage. The missing crew themselves have meanwhile come in for some public criticism, They exhibited a (38) disregard of the coastguard's warnings about adverse weather conditions. He expressed strong (39) about whether it was permissible for small boats to ignore such advice and said there ought to be more stringent (40) on the use of such a busy stretch of international water. 35 A darkening —B_ going C fading D draining 36 A thin B narrow C slim D restricted 37 A conceivably B credibly C imaginatively D believably 38 A required B glaring C forbidden D flagrant 39 A scruples B reservations hesitation D proviso 40 A controls B terms C qualifications D requirements aSECTION 3. check 2 ss iv av (tick) 14 5 oe Ta got to gonow. b stay any longer. 2. be impossible for you to go there without a visa afterall. (or: be necessary for you to have a visa to go there afer all.) bb have to have / get a visa to go there after al. 3-a better take some form of {identification with her, hadn't she? ’b best (or: a good idea) if she took some form of identification with her, might’ it? 42 we better make our excuses and leave? b we to make our excuses and leave? 5-a have gone to so much trouble, bb wasn't necessary (for you) to go to so much trouble. 6 a be allowed to talk (at all) during the examination. bb be observed during / throughout the examination. ° 1 have had to / needed to cut back 2 must / ought to / should introduce me 5 they are / themselves being pressurised into going back / themselves under pressure to go back 4 have had to put 5 are under no obligation SECTION 4 Pre-practice leandd abd (fick) 1 e (Gick) 1 chance / opportunity 2 chances / ‘odds 3 remote / distinct 4 doubts / reservations 5 stake / bet 6 bound / certain 7 sure confident 8 litte / no 9 though / if 10 inevitably / certainly 2K 3K av ov Ov 5K of 7K 4) 729, ANSWER KEY. 1 He has / had no chance of ever persuading her to marry him. 2. They stand as much chance of getting a grade A as | do of becoming Prime Minister, 43 There is a chance that my company will / might send me to the United States for a year. 4 There is litle chance of management agreeing to the / their employees’ demands. 5 No one has had a chance yet of predicting / to predict the outcome of this dispute with any certainty. 6 Is there any chance of my borrowing your bicycle for half an hour? 7 ‘The chances are that the match will be cancelled. 8 Did you have a chance to speak to the personnel manager yesterday? ° He probably won't pass. It's unlikely (that) he'll pass. (or: He's unlikely to pass) There's little / no likelihood of him / his passing. I doubt (if / whether) he'll pass. I have my doubts as to whether he'll pass. 2 The odds are on her passing, (or: The odds are that she'll pass. or: I's odds-on (that) she'll pass.) In all probability, she'll pass. (or: The probability of her passing is high.) I have little (or: no) doubt she'll pass / 1 don't doubt that she ‘will pass. (I feel) she’s bound to pass. Her prospects of passing are very ‘good. (or: The prospects of her passing are very good. or: She has good prospects of passing.) I would be surprised if she didn't pass. 3. We are not likely to see him again. 1 would be a surprise (or: come as a surprise) if we saw him again. The chances are we won't see him again. ‘There's little / not much chance ‘that we'll see him (or: of our / us seeing him) again. There are few prospects of our (ever) seeing him again. (or: The prospects of us / our seeing him again are slim.) We may (very) well never see him again. 4 We are all far from sure of the outcome. (or: The outcome is far from certain.) ‘There is (general) uncertainty about the outcome. The outcome is unpredictable. There is / can be no certainty about the outcome. (or: The ‘outcome is far from being a certainty.) The outcome isin the lap of the gods. No one can tell what the outcome will be. 261ANSWER KEY e () certainly @) likely @) possibly (4) chance /possibilty (6) likelihood / chance / possi © will (2) chances / prospects (8) possibility (@) stand (20)doube (11)could / may / might / will / must (12)bound / certain / sure / likely (13)eertain / unavoidable / inevitable (14) well (15) probability SECTION 5 Pre-practice 1az b3 2 di e1 f3 Practi [p56] e 1 forbidden 2 duty-bound 4 illegal 4 permitted 5 ilicit 6 compulsory 7 permissible 8 obligatory e (Gick) 1 not acceptable / unacceptable 2 unqualified 3 disllowed / not allowed 4 voluntary / not obligatory 5 notpermitted 6 banned 7 optional 8 unwise 9 disqualified / banned 10 thelaw / the rules e You won't be compelled to do anything you don't fee! up to. 2. Ifhe’s done something wrong, he can expect punishment. 3. You're under no obligation to pay now if you'd prefer not to. 4. The curator told us (or: said) we ‘weren't allowed to pick anything up and that we weren't supposed to touch anything at all. 5 Which restaurant we go to for tonight's meal is entirely up to you. 6 Nobody's going to put pressure on ‘you / put you under pressure now regarding your choice of college. 7 We don’t expect you to attend all of the components of (or: the lessons fon) the course. 8 There are a number of bars that Richard has been barred from. 9 You are not allowed to entertain guests in private rooms. 10. Being the senior member of staff here, it’s up to you to make the presentation. 262 a un = unlawful b im = impermissible un = unreasonable d un = unreliable unethical inessential (or: non-essential) nun = unacceptable 0 dis = disloyal pun = unnatural 1b 2e3d4a5c 1D 2B 3C 4A SD 6B Exam practice 3 1 (1) will (2) chances / odds (3) may (4) well (or: (3) will (4) likely) (6) tempted / indined / obliged / compelled / driven (6) certain / sure / bound. (7) distinct / definite / strong (8) may / will (9) has / needs / ‘ought (10) doubt / question (11) do / ‘can (12) needn't / won't / doesn't (13) obligation (14) probability (15) may / might 2 16 unacceptable 17 unpardonable 18 unlawiul 19 irationally 20 unreasonable 21. permissible 22 unethical 23 immoral 24 itegal 25 disqualified 3 26 can't have been me who passed on 27. must have been held up in trafic 28 the bounds of possibilty that 29° wriggle out of 30 under no obligation to 31 lay down the law 32 Is an optional 33 is restricted to authorised 34 there is a distinct possibilty that ° 35 36 37 38 39 40