Jordan Fiedor
SER 311 01 Testing and Exercise Prescription Lab
Module 3: Body Composition
April 14, 2020
Dr. Brian Larouere
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B. Background
There are five components of fitness we evaluate to assess general fitness of an individual
or client. One of the five components is body composition which can be defined as the
percentage of fat, bone, muscle, and other fat free masses within the body such as water and
oxygen make up within the lungs. We are able to measure all of these metrics through different
techniques and all tests will be valid and provide valuable information. But some of the tests
provide more validity than others due to their accuracy and how they measure someone’s body
composition. The main make up most medical professionals are concerned with is body fat
percentage, but body fat percentage is not the only assessment professionals will perform. Body
mass index (BMI) and waist circumference are two other body composition metrics can be
performed to assess one’s physical build.
Assessing body composition of an individual is important for a number of reasons and
everyone should know their make-up to some degree. Performing body composition tests that
produce body fat percentages and body mass indexes above normal levels can be risk factors for
heart disease which is the biggest cause of death in the United States. There are other chronic
diseases such as diabetes or hypertension that could develop from high levels of body fat or
BMI. Outside of heart diseases, obesity has become a growing problem in today’s world and
people seem to not understand the severity of it. So, assessing the body composition of an obese
individual and explaining what their results mean in a language they understand can be eye
opening and hopefully encourage them to make positive and healthy lifestyle choices. The
explanation of results should include any risk factors they have and their standardized percentile
according to the America College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) standards or another associations
standard that is recognized by professionals. Along with the risk factors, body composition like
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all of the other components of fitness, can be utilized as a baseline at the beginning of an
exercise regimen. Continual reassessment of their data can assess an individual’s progress
towards their goals, as well as evaluate the effectiveness of the exercise regimen. Lastly, data
that comes from the Tanita BIA such as muscle and bone mass, can be important measurements
to keep track of in the post-menopausal and geriatric populations since they are more prone to
osteoporosis, weakening of the bones, due to their conditions.
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C. Data
Body Composition Test Results
Name of Test Test Score Interpretation of Score
BMI 1.83 meters, 122.7 kgs = Obese II,
36.64 kg/m2 (Table 4.1, p. 70)
BMI 1.83 meters, 70.5 kgs = Normal
21.05 kg/m2 (Table 4.1, p. 70)
BMI 1.63 meters, 62.7 kgs = Overweight
25.60 kg/m2 (Table 4.1, p. 70)
BMI 1.73 meters, 89.1 kgs = Overweight
29.8 kg/m2 (Table 4.1, p. 70)
BMI 1.73 meters, 66.4 kgs = Normal
22.19 kg/m2 (Table 4.1, p. 70)
Waist Circumference 73 + 74 = 73.5 cm Low Risk
(Female) (Table 4.2, p. 73)
Waist Circumference 69 + 69.25 = 69.13 cm Very Low Risk
(Female) (Table 4.2, p. 73)
Waist Circumference (Male) 85 + 86 = 85.5 cm Low Risk
(Table 4.2, p. 73)
Waist Circumference (Male) 102 + 102 = 102 cm High Risk
(Table 4.2, p. 73)
Waist Circumference 77 + 76.5 = 76.75 cm Low Risk
(Female) (Table 4.2, p. 73)
BMI is a weight-to-height ratio calculated by dividing one's weight in kilograms by the square of
one's height in meters and used as an indicator of obesity and underweight. It helps determines
someone’s overall health risk and what treatment may be appropriate. BMI = (kg)/(m2)
Sources Used in Data Table:
1. American College of Sports Medicine. (2018). ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing
and Prescription (10th ed.). Wolters Kluwer
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SER 311 Testing & Exercise Prescription - Spring 2020
Skinfold Assessment - Data Collection Form
Student: All Observer: No one
Client: Melissa H. ES Major? ___Yes ___ No Date: 4/5/2020
Client Info: Age: 21 Sex: Female Weight: 135 lbs Weight: 61.36 kg
Site Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Average
Triceps 14 13 13.5
Subscapular 16 19 17 17.3
Chest 20 21 20.5
Midaxillary 13 12 12.5
Suprailiac 15 19 18 17.3
Abdomen 22 24 23
Thigh 27 25 26
Sum of skinfolds: 130.1 Sum of skinfolds squared: 16926.01
Males: Body Density = 1.112 - 0.00043499(X 1) + 0.00000055(X12) - 0.00028826(X2)
Where X1 = sum of seven skinfolds and X2 = age in years
Body Density (Db): ________________ (Do not round value)
Females: Body Density = 1.097 - 0.00046971(X 1) + 0.00000056(X12) - 0.00012828(X2)
Where X1 = sum of seven skinfolds and X2 = age in years
Body Density (Db): 1.042675415 (Do not round value)
% Fat = [(4.95 / Db) - 4.50] x 100 Caucasian males 18-59 years old
% Fat = [(4.96 / Db) – 4.51] x 100 Caucasian females 18-59 years old
% Fat = [(4.86 / Db) – 4.39] x 100 African American males 19-45 years old
% Fat = [(4.86 / Db) – 4.39] x 100 African American females 24-79 years old
Body Fat Percent: 25% (Caucasian female); 27% (African American females) (Round to nearest whole
percent)
Percentile ranking and classification for age and sex: 30% poor, for 25% body fat; 20% poor, for 27%
body (ACSM p. 79-80)
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SER 311 Testing & Exercise Prescription - Spring 2020
Skinfold Assessment - Data Collection Form
Student: All Observer: None
Client: Chad D. ES Major? ___Yes ___ No Date: 4/6/2020
Client Info: Age: 23 Sex: Male Weight: 196 lbs Weight: 89.09 kg
Site Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Average
Triceps 19 18 18.5
Subscapular 21 17 19 19
Chest 27 25 26
Midaxillary 20 18 19
Suprailiac 24 24 24
Abdomen 28 28 28
Thigh 24 18 20 20.7
Sum of skinfolds: 155.2 Sum of skinfolds squared: 24087.04
Males: Body Density = 1.112 - 0.00043499(X 1) + 0.00000055(X12) - 0.00028826(X2)
Where X1 = sum of seven skinfolds and X2 = age in years
Body Density (Db): 1.051107444 (Do not round value)
Females: Body Density = 1.097 - 0.00046971(X 1) + 0.00000056(X12) - 0.00012828(X2)
Where X1 = sum of seven skinfolds and X2 = age in years
Body Density (Db): ________________ (Do not round value)
% Fat = [(4.95 / Db) - 4.50] x 100 Caucasian males 18-59 years old
% Fat = [(4.96 / Db) – 4.51] x 100 Caucasian females 18-59 years old
% Fat = [(4.86 / Db) – 4.39] x 100 African American males 19-45 years old
% Fat = [(4.86 / Db) – 4.39] x 100 African American females 24-79 years old
Body Fat Percent: 21% (Caucasian male); 23% (African American male) (Round to nearest whole
percent)
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Percentile ranking and classification for age and sex: 25% poor, for 21% body fat; 20% poor, for 23%
body fat (ACSM p. 79-80)
D. Discussion
By only having to complete the waist circumference test, there was not a lot of variability
throughout this module. They only way the results could have varied during my measurements of
waist circumference would be by not measuring between the xiphoid process and umbilicus at
the narrowest part with a horizontal alignment. Or by taking a measurement before expiration of
participate which would create a higher waist circumference number. The BMI was not a test but
a calculation alone using the height and weight of the individual. The only variability there
would not be assessing the correct height or weight of the client, creating a mathematical error
during calculation of BMI.
With all the different tests there are to assess body composition, there are still certain
tests to perform depending on the type of individual. And using the proper technique or the
proper test will increase the accuracy of the individual’s body composition. When administrating
a test on an obese individual, it would be hard to have a proper skinfold pinch and hold. So, the
accuracy of this test would be low. Instead of a skinfold test, the Tanita BIA analyzer would
provide more accurate results if each guideline is met. If the guidelines are not met before the
Tanita BIA analyzer test, then the results will not be as accurate even if they seem more
beneficial to the client. Even a simple waist circumference test would help this type of individual
because it would be able to give more information about their risk factors and help with a
baseline for an exercise regimen. When testing a leaner or lean client, the skinfold test would be
highly more accurate than a Tanita BIA analyzer. We would be able to separate the fat from the
muscle, creating a more accurate pinch which would allow the best results.
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E Learning
While only being able to have one peer review about my performance on waist
circumference I was able to recognize one main mistake from not communicating properly with
my client. During my video, I forgot to instruct my client to relax and put their arms to their side
because they were already in that position. Also, I should have instructed my client to breathe out
and hold it for a second, so I was able to get the measurement after expiration. After the video I
did perform the calculations for my client and presented my calculations for him, since it was a
simple sum of two numbers. Throughout this module and other labs in the past I have noticed
communicating with my clients seem to be the main issue when performing tests.
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SER 311 Testing & Exercise Prescription – Spring 2020
Student Peer Evaluation Form for Body Composition Testing Practice
Student: Kamille Ward Observer: Jordan Fiedor
Client: Adria Williams ES Major? ___Yes X No Date: 4/11/20
Instructions: 1. For each criterion indicate whether it was met by the student (Yes or No).
2. Provide helpful comments/suggestions for improvement wherever possible
Criterion Y/N Comments/Suggestions for Improvement
Client Interaction
Greets the client in a friendly yet N Did not introduce herself to her client.
professional manner
Maintains professional demeanor Y
throughout testing session
Explanation of Test Purpose and Testing Procedures
Uses professional communication that Y
enhances client comfort and
confidence
Uses language and terminology Y Used words the client was able to understand
appropriate to the client’s level of the entire time
understanding
Provides clear explanations and Y Instructs the client throughout the whole test
instructions before, during, and after
testing
Height/Weight Measurement
Scale properly calibrated prior to use N/A
Shoes off during height and weight N/A
measurements
Subject facing outward during height N/A
measurement; head properly aligned
Waist Circumference
Correctly measures waist (smallest Y Between xiphoid and umbilicus, smallest part
circumference between xiphoid process
and umbilicus) circumference at end
expiration
Positions Gulick tape measure Y Tape was horizontally across the body
horizontally
Uses appropriate tension on Gulick Y/N Did not use Gulick tape measure but used
tape measure tape measure that allowed proper
measurements
Administer 2 trials within 1 cm Y Measured waist using inches but got equal
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results
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)
Assesses hydration status of the subject N/A
(e.g. caffeine/alcohol use, exercise,
medications, diet, menstrual cycle, etc.)
Uses Tanita BIA device properly N/A
7-Site Skinfold Analysis
Correctly identifies all seven skinfold sites N/A
Lifts fold and places Lange caliper correctly N/A
(perpendicular to skinfold and body
surface)
Measures fold after 1-2 second pause N/A
Reads caliper correctly N/A
Measures skinfolds on right side of the N/A
body
Administer 2 trials within 2 mm at each N/A
site
Measures skinfolds in rotational order N/A
Calculation/Explanation of Test Results (this evaluation is completed at the time the student
returns test results to his/her client
Calculates BMI correctly from height and N/A
weight measures
Calculates BF% correctly from skinfold N/A
values
Explains test results to client at an N No explanation
appropriate level of understanding using
correct terminology
Provides adequate explanation for N No explanation
differences in measures
Client understanding of results assessed N No explanation
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SER 311 Testing & Exercise Prescription – Spring 2020
Student Peer Evaluation Form for Body Composition Testing Practice
Student: Jordan Fiedor Observer: Kamille Ward
Client: Ben Vicini ES Major? X Yes ___ No Date: 4/11/2020
Instructions: 1. For each criterion indicate whether it was met by the student (Yes or No).
2. Provide helpful comments/suggestions for improvement wherever possible
Criterion Y/N Comments/Suggestions for Improvement
Client Interaction
Greets the client in a friendly yet Y Shook his hand
professional manner
Maintains professional demeanor Y /N Don’t have client hold tape measure
throughout testing session
Explanation of Test Purpose and Testing Procedures
Uses professional communication that Y Make client feel comfortable
enhances client comfort and
confidence
Uses language and terminology Y
appropriate to the client’s level of
understanding
Provides clear explanations and Y Explained what he was doing
instructions before, during, and after
testing
Height/Weight Measurement
Scale properly calibrated prior to use N/A
Shoes off during height and weight N/A
measurements
Subject facing outward during height N/A
measurement; head properly aligned
Waist Circumference
Correctly measures waist (smallest Y/N Make sure clients arms are relaxed at sides
circumference between xiphoid process and abdomen is relaxed
and umbilicus) circumference at end
expiration
Positions Gulick tape measure Y Positioned tape measure properly on client
horizontally
Uses appropriate tension on Gulick N/A No Gulick Tape Measure
tape measure
Administer 2 trials within 1 cm Y Took two measurements
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Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)
Assesses hydration status of the subject N/A
(e.g. caffeine/alcohol use, exercise,
medications, diet, menstrual cycle, etc.)
Uses Tanita BIA device properly N/A
7-Site Skinfold Analysis
Correctly identifies all seven skinfold sites N/A
Lifts fold and places Lange caliper correctly N/A
(perpendicular to skinfold and body
surface)
Measures fold after 1-2 second pause N/A
Reads caliper correctly N/A
Measures skinfolds on right side of the N/A
body
Administer 2 trials within 2 mm at each N/A
site
Measures skinfolds in rotational order N/A
Calculation/Explanation of Test Results (this evaluation is completed at the time the student
returns test results to his/her client
Calculates BMI correctly from height and N/A
weight measures
Calculates BF% correctly from skinfold N/A
values
Explains test results to client at an Y/N Told client results will be available after
appropriate level of understanding using calculated.
correct terminology
Provides adequate explanation for N Did not explain why there was a difference
differences in measures in measurements.
Client understanding of results assessed N
Name: Jordan Fiedor Contents: / 38
SER 311 Testing & Exercise Prescription Writing: / 12
Grading Rubric Lab Report 3 Total: / 50
Your
Criterion
Points
Appearance/Format Lab report is turned in on time, is typed, Lab report is turned in on time. One Lab report is late or two or more aspects
properly formatted, neat and well aspect of appearance/formatting is of appearance/ formatting are missing or
organized. Cover page is complete. missing or not properly done. Grading not properly done or grading rubric is not
Grading rubric is included. rubric is included. included
(2 pts) (1 pt) (0 pts)
Definition of body Definition and explanation are well Definition and explanation are written to Definition and explanation are not written
comp and explanation written in lay terms to a client and are a client mostly in lay terms or may to a client or in lay terms or contain
of why we assess body technically accurate contain minor inaccuracies significant inaccuracies
comp. (4 reasons) (4 pts) (3/2 pts) (1/0 pts)
Data table: contents Tables are complete. All data are Some data are not properly entered, are A significant amount of data are not
and references correctly and neatly entered. All missing, or data are not neatly entered in properly entered, are missing or table is
references are complete and listed under tables. All references are complete and sloppy. Reference information is
table. listed under table. incomplete or missing
(2 pts) (1 pt) (0 pts)
Data table: All test results are clearly, accurately and Most test results are clearly, accurately Some test results are not clearly,
interpretation of correctly interpreted; appropriate sources and correctly interpreted; most sources accurately or correctly interpreted,
results are used to evaluate all scores and are used to evaluate scores are appropriate several sources used to evaluate scores
properly cited and properly cited are inappropriate or not properly cited
(2 pts) (1 pt) (0 pts)
Confidence in accuracy Estimation and explanation of confidence Estimation and explanation of confidence Estimation and explanation of confidence
of test results of all test scores are accurate, reasonable, of one or two test scores are inaccurate, of more than two test scores are
and scientifically valid unreasonable or scientifically invalid inaccurate, unreasonable or scientifically
invalid
(4 pts) (3/2 pts) (1/0 pts)
Discussion: variability in Answer show depth of thought and are Answer show some thought and show Answer shows little thought or is not
scores and most clearly based on physiological principles some basis in physiological principles based on physiological principles
accurate tests (5/4 pts) (3/2 pts) (1/0 pts)
Discussion: most Answer shows depth of thought and Answer is reasonable, shows some Answer is missing or shows little thought
appropriate tests for insight and is based on anatomy and thought and insight and is somewhat or insight or not based on anatomy and
lean/muscular or obese physiology based on anatomy and physiology physiology
clients (3 pts) (2 pts) (1/0 pts)
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Learning: self and peer Peer evaluations are compared and Comparison/contrast of peer and self- Peer evaluations are not compared and
evaluations; testing contrasted with self-evaluation. Answer evaluations shows some thought. Answer contrasted with self-evaluation or are
non-ES majors. to questions show depth of thought and to questions are adequate done so poorly. Answer to question are
insight. missing or are poorly written
(5/4 pts) (3/2 pts) (1/0 pts)
Your
Criterion
Points
Appendix: health All components are included, neatly and All components are included; work is Any component is missing; forms are
screening tool, data accurately completed sloppy or has minor errors or omissions incomplete, sloppy or have major
sheets, etc. (4 pts) (3/2 pts) omissions (1/0 pts)
Peer Observation Number of observations documented Minimum required number of Less than minimum required number of
Tracking Form(s) meets or exceeds minimum required; observations documented; forms may not observations documented; forms are
forms are neatly and properly completed be neat but are legible; forms may have incomplete and/or sloppy in appearance
minor omissions.
(3/2 pts) (1 pt) (0 pts)
Peer observations Number of observations included meets Minimum number of observations is Less than required number of
or exceeds minimum required. included. Observations are completed but observations is included or observations
Observations are completed with detailed feedback lacks sufficient detail or is lack detail or are generally appropriate.
and appropriate comments. inappropriate in places.
(4 pts) (3/2 pts) (1/0 pts)
SER 311 – Writing Evaluation for Lab Reports – Spring 2020
Your
Criteria 3 POINTS 2 POINTS 1 POINT 0 POINTS Points
Sentence Consistently well-formed Few awkwardly formed Some awkward wording, errors Enough awkward wording,
structure, sentences and/or paragraphs sentences and/or paragraphs, in sentence and/or paragraph errors in sentence and/or
grammar, and throughout the assignment. No grammar and/or spelling errors formation, grammar and/or paragraph formation, grammar
spelling poorly written or awkward relative to the length of the spelling errors that begin to and/or spelling errors to notably
sentences and/or paragraphs assignment, but not enough to interfere with communication. interfere with communication.
and no errors in grammar interfere with communication.
and/or spelling.
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Word choice/ No instances of poor word Few instances (relative to the Some instances of not choosing Enough instances of poor word
precision choice. length of the assignment) of not the best word such that it choices that it notably interferes
choosing the best word, but not begins to interfere with with communication
enough to interfere with communication.
communication.
Clarity of Ideas are consistently clear and Only a few ideas (relative to the Some ideas are not clearly Enough ideas are unclear
thought well communicated. Transitions length of the assignment) are communicated and/or lack and/or lack transition and flow
are seamless with a definitive not clearly communicated transition and flow such that it such that it notably interferes
flow of ideas. and/or lack transition and flow begins to interfere with the with communication
but not enough to meaningfully assignment.
detract from the assignment.
Audience Consistently written at the Only a few instances (relative to Some instances of the ideas Several instances of the ideas
appropriate appropriate level for the the length of the assignment) of expressed not being not being communicated at an
intended audience. the ideas expressed not being at communicated at the appropriate level for the
the appropriate level for the appropriate level for the audience.
audience. audience.
