Introduction: D.
Allen Pattillo, USAS Board Member
and NCRAC Extension Coordinator
Introduction: D. Allen Pattillo, USAS Board Member
and NCRAC Extension Coordinator
Indoor Shrimp
Aquaculture
Andrew J. Ray, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor – Aquaculture Production
Aquaculture Division, Kentucky State University
Why Grow Shrimp in the US?
• #1 Most Popular Seafood Item in the US
• > 85% is Imported
– Trade Deficit
– Food Security?
– Food Safety?
• Hard to Get Fresh Shrimp
• Inconsistent Domestic Supply
Why Grow Shrimp Indoors?
• Can be Located Anywhere… Warm, Salt Water Animal
• Markets
• Away from the Coast
• Reused Infrastructure
• Control
• Predictable Conditions = Predictable Results
• Fresh, Never-Frozen
• Large Shrimp = Higher Sale Price
• Any Time of the Year
How do I Grow Shrimp Indoors?
• Use Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)
• Defined as < 1% Water Exchange per Day... Much Less in Most Cases
• Must Filter Solids and Nitrogen (Ammonia)
• Biosecurity
• Heat Retention
• There are a Variety of Systems
• Clear-Water RAS
• Biofloc
• Hybrids of These
Clear-Water RAS Biofilter = Nitrogen Conversion
• Remove Nearly All Solids
• Bead Filters
• Foam Fractionators
• Screens, Rotating Drums
• Combination of Filters
• External Biofilter
• Add Surface Area for Bacteria
• Aerobic Container with Small, Plastic Beads
Temperature Control
• Sterilization Techniques Can be Used
Bead Filter = Solids Removal
• UV, ozone
Biofloc Systems
• Allow Solids Accumulation
• Still Must Control the Concentration
• Biofloc Particles Develop
• Dense Microbial Assemblages
• Held Together with Microbial Excretions
• This is the Biofilter (Internal Biofiltration)
• Also a Food Source for Animals Like Shrimp
100x
Clear Water RAS Biofloc
• More Equipment… Expense • Less Filtration… Lower Upfront $
• No Supplemental Food • Supplemental Food
• Greater Control • Less Control
• Better Water Quality • More Attention to Water Quality
• Disease Potential? • Bacterial Abundance
Hybrid Systems
• Not Clear Water
• Do Not Try to Get All Solids Out
• Simple Settling Chamber Possibly
• Add Biofilter
• Potential for Good Water
Quality, Along with Some
Supplemental Food
What is Bio-filtration? Biomedia in an External Biofilter
• It is How We Deal with Ammonia
• Ammonia = Metabolite Excreted by Animals
• Two Primary Pathways for
Ammonia in Indoor Systems
• Nitrification = Autotrophic
• Assimilation = Heterotrophic
• Both Processes Occur in Most Systems… Bacteria
Nitrification 3.0 45
Ammonia/Nitrite-nitrogen (mg/L)
40
• External Biofilters
2.5
Nitrate-nitrogen (mg/L)
35
2.0 30 Ammonia-
nitrogen
• Lower C:N Ratio (< ~9.5:1)
25
1.5 Nitrite-
20
nitrogen
• 35% Protein Feed ≈ 8.5:1
1.0 15
Nitrate-
10
0.5 nitrogen
• Ammonia to Nitrite to Nitrate
5
0.0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
• Two Groups of Microbes Week
• Build up nitrate!
• Usually Reliable Once Established
• Long Establishment Time Though
Assimilation
• Higher C:N Ratio (> ~12:1)
• Carbon = Energy
• Nitrogen = Protein
• Low Protein Feeds?
• Additional Carbon Sources… Sucrose is Good
• Add sugar during start up versus continually
• Increase of Biomass
• Must be Removed = More Solid Waste
• High Oxygen Demand, CO2 Production
• Nitrate
What We Do at Kentucky State University
• Aquaculture Production
Technologies Lab (APT)
• Sustainable Aquaculture
Development Lab (SADL)
Nurseries
• Biofilters and Settling Chambers… Hybrid Systems
• Shrimp (~PL 10) from Florida Hatchery
• 30-45 days
• Sample Shrimp at the End… Number and Weight
Settling
Chamber
Biofilter
Production System
• 20 m3 Fiberglass Tank
• Scale-Up Research
• 1 HP Pump
• A3 aeration system
• Dividing Wall in Center
• Water is Pumped Around This
• Electric heat
• Is what’s available
• Insulated Building (~74° F)
• 3 hand feedings, feeders at night
(~30% of Daily Ration)
Foam Fractionator
Foam Overflow
• Effective Solids
• Foam with Removal
Particulates
• Home-Made Units
are Inexpensive
• Can “Fine-Tune”
Valve
• Controls Water • Moved to Using
Level in Chamber this Almost
Exclusively
Injection Nozzle
• Water with Very
Fine Bubbles
Settling Chamber
• Effective at Removing Especially
Larger Solids
KSU Production Example
• Shrimp Nursed to 0.55g
• Moved to Production Tank
• Stocked at 250 Shrimp/m3
• 20 ppt. Salinity
• 98 Days
• Nitrification-Based System
• No Added Sugar
Production and Marketing
Parameter Value
Final Weight (g) 24.3
Growth Rate (g/wk.) 1.7
Biomass (kg/m3) 4.6
FCR 1.3
Survival (%) 69.1
• Produced about 200 Pounds
• Gave them to KY chefs, seafood
distributors, and sold 83 pounds at
the Franklin County Farmers’
Market in 1.5 hours
Farmers Markets
Do People Like the Product? Can $$$ be Made?
• Sold for $12/pound ($26.40/kg)
• Recurring Costs of Production ≈ $5.50/pound ($12.10/kg)
Question (range of options) Chefs (n = 5) Consumers (n = 27)
What is your opinion of the KY-grown shrimp?
Taste (1-5, where 1 is the best) 2.0 ± 0.0 1.3 ± 0.1
Texture (1-5, where 1 is the best) 2.2 ± 0.5 1.3 ± 0.1
Freshness (1-5, where 1 is the best) 1.0 ± 0.0 1.0 ± 0.0
Size (1-5, where 1 is the best) 2.2 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.1
Overall (1-5, where 1 is the best) 2.2 ± 0.2 1.1 ± 0.1
Appearance (1-5, where 1 is the best) 1.8 ± 0.2 1.1 ± 0.1
What would you expect to pay? (open question) - USD/Kg 21.6 ± 2.4 25.9 ± 2.3
What is the maximum you would pay? (set selections) - USD/Kg 26.0 ± 2.5 28.6 ± 1.5
Issue: System Startup
• Tough With Biofloc
• No Substrate Naturally at First
• Bacteria Need it
• Add Artificial Substrate
• Remove?
• Leave it in?
• Use Conditioned Substrate or Biomedia
• Shrimp Generally Improved With Substrate
• Harvest Issues
• Circulation Issues
System Startup
• Nitrification
• Guide the Startup Period With Sugar Additions
• Careful… too much will crash the DO
• Probiotics… maybe
• Reuse Biofloc Water (possibly as little as 10%)
• Use Tilapia to Cycle the Tank… Less Expensive and
Tougher (at Least With Ammonia)
• Heterotrophic
• Start With High C:N Ratio
Issue: Nitrate
• Problem after 3 or 4 crops
• ~400 mg/L
• Plants… need to be salt tolerant
• KSU Exploring Several Species
• Denitrification
• Anaerobic Process
• Nitrification in Reverse
• Raise the C:N
• Internally… Externally
How to Learn More
• Visit KSU
• YouTube Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwbDqB0C_-Y
• KSU Aquaculture on Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/ksuaquaculture/
• KSU Website: http://www.ksuaquaculture.org/
• Contact Me: andrew.ray@kysu.edu
This webinar series is presented by the USAS, NCRAC, NAA and
USDA grant #2012-38500-19550
with additional support from the
Questions about this webinar series should be directed to
brentoncontact@iastate.edu
Recorded webinars are available at:
• The National Aquaculture Association www.thenaa.net/industry
• The North Central Regional Aquaculture Center www.ncrac.org/video
• United States Aquaculture Society http://usaquaculture.org/webinars
