Rachel Wright

-International-
Steering and Sailing Rules
Rule 7
Risk of Collision
(a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and
conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed
to exist.
(b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range
scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic
observation of detected objects.
(c0 Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar
information.
(d) In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those
taken into account:
(i) such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel
does not appreciably change;
(ii) such risk may sometimes exist even when an approaching bearing change is evident,
particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel
at close range.

Rule 8
(a) Any action to avoid collision shall be taken in accordance with the Rules of this Part and
shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and with due regard
to the observance of good seamanship.
(b) Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case
admit, be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar; a
succession of small alterations of course and/or speed should be avoided.
(c0 If there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to
avoid a close-quarters situation provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does not
result in another close-quarters situation.
(d) Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at safe
distance. The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is
finally past and clear.
(e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to assess the situation, a vessel shall
slacken her speed or take all the way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.
(f) (i) A vessel which, by any of these rules, is required not to impede the passage or safe
passage of another vessel shall, when required by the circumstances of the case, take
early action to allow sufficient sea room for the safe passage of the other vessel.
(ii) A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is not
relieved of this obligation if approaching the other vessel so as to involve risk of collision
and shall, when taking action, have full regard to the action which may be required by the
rules of this part.
(iii) A vessel, the passage of which is not to be impeded remains fully obliged to comply
with the rules of this part when the two vessels are approaching one another so as to
involve risk of collision.

-Inland-
Steering and Sailing Rules
Rule 7
Risk of Collision
(a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and
conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed
to exist.
(b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range
scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic
observation of detected objects.
(c0 Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar
information.
(d) In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those
taken into account:
(i) such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel
does not appreciably change; and
(ii) such risk may sometimes exist even when an approaching bearing change is evident,
particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel
at close range.
 Rule 8
(a) Any action to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made
in ample time and with due regard to the observance of good seamanship.
(b) Any alteration of course or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case
admit, be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar; a
succession of small alterations of course and/or speed should be avoided.
(c0 If there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to
avoid a close-quarters situation provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does not
result in another close-quarters situation.
(d) Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at safe
distance. The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is
finally past and clear.
(e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to assess the situation, a vessel shall
slacken her speed or take all the way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.
(f) (i) A vessel which, by any of these rules, is required not to impede the passage or safe
passage of another vessel shall, when required by the circumstances of the case, take
early action to allow sufficient sea room for the safe passage of the other vessel.
(ii) A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is not
relieved of this obligation if approaching the other vessel so as to involve risk of collision
and shall, when taking action, have full regard to the action which may be required by the
rules of this part.
(iii) A vessel, the passage of which is not to be impeded remains fully obliged to comply
with the rules of this part when the two vessels are approaching one another so as to
involve risk of collision.