Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

UNIVERSITYOF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES END

VETERINARY MEDICINE CLUJ–NAPOCA
DOCTORAL SCHOOL
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

Ing. PETRU BOLOŞ

PHD THESIS

INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION REGIME AND THE

PRODUCTION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL ELEMENTS AT
GRAPEVINE IN CONDITIONS FROM MURFATLAR
(Summary of PhD Thesis)

SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR:
Prof. univ. dr. EMIL LUCA

CLUJ – NAPOCA
2011

47
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

CHAPTER I

IMPORTANCE AND SPREAD OF VINES

1.1. IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE OF VINES AND WINE

Since antiquity, the vine was seen as a symbol of fertility and health, (TEODORESCU et al.,
1966). Evidence of this are the many archaeological and paleontological discoveries, ancient
inscriptions and writings of PLINIUS THE ELDER, HERODOTUS, STRABO etc. and not
least, the recommendations of the Greek and Roman physicians DIOSCORIDE, CELSO,
GALENUS others who have provided testimony in the most remote times of the value and
benefits of vine products (OPREA and MOLDOVAN, 2007).
Significantly, Williams 1951 (cited by OPREA and MOLDOVAN, 2007) stated that
agriculture production with its many branches, between which viticulture, are designed to
produce organic matter that incorporates life-giving energy, both human and society as a whole.
Imagination amplified by people in ancient times mysticism led to the creation of deities of
wine, the Egyptian Osiris, Dionysus and Bacchus the Greeks to the Romans.
Grape juice, wine and other derivatives to humans is an important source of food rich in sugars,
organic acids, minerals, amino acids, micronutrients, alcohol, vitamins etc., which promoted
energy metabolic processes exerts a relaxing effect, and reactivated mineralizing, especially to
restore and increase working capacity of those who consume them (OPREA and MOLDOVAN,
2007). Rich in sugar content (15 to 25%), grapes and wine can help meet needs for
carbohydrates and an important part of providing energy for the body (MONZO and
colab.1967).
Fruit of the vine may represent an important source for the body covering part of the
necessary vitamins, it is known that grapes contain between 0.43 to 12.3 mg vitamin C per 100 g
fresh pulp, 0.25 to 1, 25 mg vitamin B2, and 0.02 to 0.12 mg vitamin A/ kg of grapes
(ENACHESCU GEORGETA, 1962).
Through its rich and complex content, wine grapes contribute directly or indirectly to the
prevention and cure of diseases which affect the liver, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular diseases
and nutrition by increasing urine output, respiratory disease and diabetes (Alexan et al. 1983
VALNET, 1987, quoted by OPREA and MOLDOVAN, 2007).

48
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

Therapeutic value of the wine has been discovered since antiquity. In a Sumerian tablet from
the ancient city of Nippur, near Babylon, dating from the same period, were found precise
indications on the use of wine, so are detailed more than 800 medical prescriptions (Popa, 2009).
The wine obtained by fermentation is the only drink that contains abundant catechin
derivatives, known as condensed tannins procianidine or with beneficial role on human health
stations (OPREA and MOLDOVAN, 2007).
Marc remaining from the preparation of picket or distilling wine mixed with mineral
fertilizers can get a close organomineral fertilizer value of manure (MERJANIAN, 1951 cited by
OPREA and MOLDOVAN, 2007).

1.2. GROWTH OF VINES ON THE WORLD

Taking the culture of the vine originated in the southern provinces of Caspic Sea, 7000-
9000 years ago. Prehistoric man used it more as ornament, and for food.
In Mesopotamia (now Iraq), vine is dating from the fourth millennium BC, Sumerian era
respectively. Strabo (63 BC - 19 AD) recorded blockvines here so thick that only two people
were to surround them with their arms outstretched (OPREA, 1995).
Babylonians used as food and as a landscape. The Egyptians created the goddess Osiris -
and were kept from them data on large brand wines - wine "Margatis" which itself Cleopatra and
Mark Antony served.
A very important role in spreading a culture of vines had Phoenicians (ancient inhabitants
of Syria). They grew grapes and olives. They were the ones who introduced vines in the
countries of North Africa, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia (OPREA, 1995; POP NASTASIA, 2001).
Romans, and Greeks, have perfected technologies, practicing: the organization of land (the
main and secondary roads), land reclamation measures (irrigation, drainage); sloppy at 70-120
cm without overthrowing the furrows, planting different distances (for the usual culture and
support on trees); fertilization (organic fertilizers, green liquid) etc. (OPREA, 1995).
In XVIII - XIX formed and strengthened wine as a science. The major event was the
appearance of phylloxera in Europe (1863, France).
Phylloxera emergence marked the three distinct phases in the evolution of European
viticulture: prephylloxera stage, phylloxera and postphylloxera (OPREA, 1995; POP
NASTASIA, 2001; OPREA and MOLDOVAN, 2007).
The twentieth century brought viticulture to its highest level of development. In most
countries growing culture system was dropped down classic in favor of high or semihigh.

49
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

Plantations are specialized in production lines (varieties for table grapes, wine, raisins etc.).
Improved agrotechnical level was made by: using herbicides, fertilizers, green, grassing
alternate rows, simplification cuts (practicing at all wine CEPI system short cut trees - Speroni)
etc. We have made progress in combating diseases and pests by introducing synthetic organic
insecticides and fungicides (OPREA, 1995; POP NASTASIA, 2001; OPREA and
MOLDOVAN, 2007).

1.3. VINES IN ROMANIA

Vines is mentioned among the first crops on the territory of ancient Dacia. There is the
evidence that the first signs of growing activity on the present territory of Romania dates back to
Neolithic times, when tribes of hunter gatherers have become stable, practicing agriculture and
animal husbandry (TUDOR, 1979).
Some researchers believe that in some parts of Transylvania Oltenia and Wallachia are
those that date from the Bronze Age (BULENCEA, 1975).
In the modern era and the period after unification, wine properties have expanded
considerably, reaching 1884 - 300000 acres.
Thus, in 1925, in addition to those referred to here, there were experimental nurseries and
vineyards in Seini-Maramureş, Satu-Mare-Tăşnad, Drăgăneşti-Olt, Barlad, and in Bessarabia
Bucovăţ-Orhei Codrului Hill and Costugeni-Lapusna Ismail and New Caragagi-Cetatea Alba. In
the year 1927 there were about 30 state nurseries growing and still another 400 smaller private
(COTEA and GRIGORESCU, 2002).
Vineyards of Romania in the twentieth century fluctuated, wide enough range from 82 960
ha, as there was in 1907 in the Old Kingdom, at 325 000 ha, maximum area reached in 1968. By
World War I, the area under the transition was influenced by the noble vineyards in the grafted
roots. During the interwar period, the area under the country ranged from 210 034 ha (1927) and
277 100 ha (1938). After 1950, increased area under the country reaching a maximum of 325
000 ha in 1968. Average yield of grapes per unit area varied widely from 2120 kg / ha to 1948-
4240 kg / ha in 1990 (COTEA and GRIGORESCU, 2002).
Performance obtained in the wine were so great that, in the second half of the twentieth
century, Romania was among the world's great wine country, being continually in the top ten.
Romanian wines in international competitions and popular demand on foreign markets, increased
activity halo in wine and put it on a first class place in the world hierarchy (OPREA, 1995,
COTEA and GRIGORESCU, 2002).

50
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

CHAPTER II
CULTIVATING GRAPEVINE IN MURFATLAR WINEYARD. CURENT
STATUS OF RESEARCHES REGARDING IRRIGATE
GRAPEVINE CROP

2.1. BRIEF HISTORY OF MURFATLAR VINEYARDS

Tradition ancestral lands of the vine Murfatlar is evidenced by numerous pots, amphorae,
winery rudimentary tools (punches etc..) Reliefs, coins, pruning, seeds of grapes discovered in
nearby (Valul lui Traian, Castelu) and the fortifications of land known as Valul lui Traian or
quarries from Mission, and can be identified both at the National Archaeological Museum in
Constanta and subsidiary at the Murfatlar Romania Sotycie - joint stock company.
The Romanian Academy Annals tom. XXXIV, Vasile Parvan, states that on numerous secular
and religious monuments found in the area appear crowned with mythical shoots and grapes,
most showing the cult of Dionysus (Bacchus).
Against this background of ancient and glorious tradition seems to have appeared
Murfatlar vineyard (COTEA DV and collaborators, 2000).
Name of Murfatlar, the most plausible version, comes from mürüvetli (being generous),
then mürüvet (brave man with an open heart, high quality, that a man of humanity), words of the
old Ottoman language, which they occupied and lived temporarily on these lands, words that
have transformed over time into "murfat", then Murfatlar - ie descendants of Murfat.
(MUJDABA F. and collaborators, 1977).
From the age of Ottoman domination (1877) and the consequences of phylloxera attack,
Murfatlar vineyard continued in 1907 its development. Thus continuous increase in areas under
10 ha in 1907 to 42 ha in 1939 to 68 ha to 256 ha in 1948 and 1950.
A milestone in the development of viticulture in Romania was the establishment since
1929, the Agricultural Research Institute of Romania and later organizing the country,
subordinated experimental stations of the network, including Murfatlar resort. Also an important
contribution to the development of viticulture in the vineyard had Murfatlar and vocational wine
school from Basarabi, that formed many growers between 1936 and 1948 and then by turning it
in agricultural high school technicians (1948-1951).
Within a relatively short period, Murfatlar vineyard as a whole entered into competition
with the most representative vineyards of the country and the European Centre.
Authenticity and originality Murfatlar wines were particularly evident in the last five decades on

51
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

the occasion of the annual participation in international competitions and scoring over 500
medals.
Some varieties have found conditions to their potential oenological express the vineyard
include: Chardonnay, Pinot Gris, Muscat Ottonel technology presented alone or in combination
with Pinot Gris and Riesling Italian and red varieties: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Pinot
Noir.

2.2. CHARACTERIZATION OF MURFATLAR VINEYARD VINE CENTRES

Murfatlar vineyard development happened in a very dynamic pace. Starting from the initial
nucleus of the living from Basarabi, plantations have expanded every year, along the valley
Carasu (today the Danube-Black Sea) to Cernavoda. It included after the official record at the
county Department of Agriculture and Rural Development and Land Survey Office (OCPI)
Constanta, 5471 at the beginning of 2005 ha (7160 ha in 1990) and includes three large and
important wine centers: Murfatlar, Medgidia and Cernavoda, somewhat similar in terms of
natural conditions, the ranges of varieties and quality wines, whose quality is undisputed
provided primarily by climate and soil of the area.
Mentioned is that of the total 11,065 ha plantations with vines as held in late 2005,
Constanta county, 5471 ha (49.1%) belonged to Murfatlar vineyard, of which 2785 ha (50.9%) to
Murfatlar wine center , 1705 ha (31.2%) and 981 ha to Medgidia wine center (17.9%) Cernavoda
wine center.
The first studies and conduct research on varieties of wine in the vineyard was initiated in
1937 as the paper reports experimental vineyards in Romania, authors Prof. IC Teodorescu,
Acad. prof. Dr. GH. Constantinescu, Dr. S. and Dr. CV Oprea Gogalniceanu released under the
Agronomic Research Institute of Romania in 1943.
More extensive research results on the behavior of great value in the range of basic
varieties of vineyard Murfatlar about technological aspects they addressed in the last four
decades of the doctoral thesis of the prominent and leading researchers in Dobrogea, and from
growing resort Murfatlar.
All the research carried out with great rigor and honesty revealed scientific and practical
value, conclusions and recommendations are implemented and productive researchers in the area
of influence, evidenced by the results obtained over the years.

52
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

2.4. CURRENT STATUS OF RESEARCH ON IRRIGATION VINES AT MURFATLAR

Continuous rise in production of grapes is done by applying rational complex of all agro-
technical measures, including an important role irrigation of vines. Research undertaken for
irrigation of vines in our country were organized on a scientific experimental stations network
only wine from 1959 that coordinates to the level by ASAS Bucharest Baneasa-ICHV first and
then ICVV Valea Calugareasca.

CHAPTER III
PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH, BIOLOGICAL
MATERIAL USED AND CONDITIONS FOR EXPERIENCE

3.1. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

Rarefied protective layer of ozone and greenhouse effect currently growing year by year is
already felt by increasing water scarcity, animal and indispensable plant life.
If you reached the stage in which the vine - a moderate water-consuming than many other
agricultural plant species (especially annual) to feel the lack of water has definitely pulled an
urgent wake-up call both for rational management of resources and to develop and apply new
technologies of culture on the concept of fighting drought to restrict evapotranspiration to a
minimum and unproductive consumption of water and increase its specific consumption and
production for synthesizing dry crops.
As a result, it was considered appropriate, particularly current and stringent
implementation of the present study to specify the conditions of irrigation and non-irrigation
using loads of different fruit and fertilization variants to determine the behavior of two varieties
of wine important guideline range with great view of the vineyard, that created Columna variety
(at the station) and Cabernet Sauvignon. This is actually the goal of the research undertaken at
Murfatlar and are at the basis of this thesis.

3.2. THE BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL USED IN RESEARCH

Presentation of the main characters and features and technological agrobiological of the
two valuable varieties of wine with designation of origin perfectly adapted to the Murfatlar eco-
pedo-climatic conditions, respectively Columna for white wines and Cabernet Sauvignon for red
wines IS clone 4 were based on data results ampelographic research laboratories of the "Biology
- selection and improvement of the vine" of research stations over the years.

53
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

3.3. RESEARCH METHOD

For the study, based on experimental and technical standards in the field of real conditions,
were selected and materialized the following devices - research site which includes (cover) by 18
variables for each variety arranged in two blocks and six experimental plots (Table 3.1.).
Table 3.1.
The placement of experiences, Murfatlar, 2007 – 2009

Dispozitiv experimental Columna Cabernet Sauvignon

Experimental device Columna Cabernet Sauvignon
- nr. parcele experimentale: 3 3
- nr. of experimental plots
- nr. variante: 18 18
- nr. variants:
- nr. repetiţii (pe variantă): 5 5
- nr. repetitions (on the
variant)
Nr. but. experimentali:
Nr. of experimental blockvines
- pe repetiţie:
- on repetition 5 5
- pe variantă:
- on variant 25 25
- pe experienţă:
- on experience 450 450
- experienţa este polifactorială dispusă în 2 parcele distincte cu 3 factori respectiv: met.
irigare x fertiliz. x încărcătură de rod
- suprafaţa efectivă mp: 1125 1080

Factor A - Method of irrigation with three graduations:

a1. irrigated
a2. Sprinkler irrigation providing between 50-75% of IUA applying the last decade, wine
varieties 800-1200 m water per hectare (depending on weather conditions);
a3. drip irrigation (localized) with standard irrigation IUA keeping to a minimum of 50%
and DC at its best)
Factor B - The method of fertilization with 2 graduations:
b1. unfertilized
b2. mineral fertilized with N50, P50, K50 per hectare with annual tillage autumn.
Factor C - load the rod with three graduations:

54
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

Table 3.2.
Factor C graduations experiences, Murfatlar, 2007 – 2009

Graduări Columna Cabernet Sauvignon

Graduations Columna Cabernet Sauvignon
- C1 – sarcină redusă (75%) 27 ochi/ butuc 24 ochi/ butuc
- C1 – reduced load (75%) 27 buds/ blockvine 27 buds/ blockvine
- C2 – sarcină normală (100%) 36 ochi/ butuc 32 ochi/ butuc
- C2 – normal load (100%) 36 buds/ blockvine 32 buds/ blockvine
- C3 – sarcină amplificată (125%) 45 ochi/ butuc 40 ochi/ butuc
- C3 – amplified load (125%) 45 buds/ blockvine 40 buds/ blockvine

Both varieties have been located and studied in Latin rectangle type experimental blocks
with linear arrangement of the 18 variants, each with 5 repetitions.
Number of studied blockvines (review) effective annual variations in observations,
measurements and analysis focused on 25 stocks that many 5 of each repetition in their linear
arrangement.
Determination of water consumption was directly in the field by taking samples and their
analysis using the gravimetric method and indirectly with class A- BAC evaporimeter (with
SCDI Valul lui Traian).
To establish reasonable annual irrigation rules in cm / ha were considered features and
multi-annual rainfall during the experimental plots studied in blocks and averages for both
species during the study (research) as follows (Table 3.4 .)
Table 3.4.
Precipitation characteristics at Murfatlar, between 2007 and 2009 and the irrigation norm
calculated in cm/ha
Precipitaţii Norma de irigare calculată
Rainfall mc/ha
Anul Totale În perioada de vegetaţie Irrigation norm calculated
Year Total In the vegetation period cm / ha
Multianuale* Anuale Multianuale* Anuale Aspersiune Localizată
% %
Multiannual Annual Multiannual Annual Sprinkler Located
2006/20 114,
464,0 98,2 356,0 5
1200 800
07
2007/20
373,0 789 275,0 88,5 1200 800
08
2008/20 119, 120,
565,0 373,0 0
900 600
09 4
MEDIA
107,
AVERA 472,5 467,3 98,9 310,8 334,7 7
1100 750
GE

*În perioada 1986-2005 (20 ani)

*Between 1986-2005 (20 years)

55
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

Standard annual irrigation administered ranged between 2006-2009 in sprinkler irrigation

between 900-1200 m and 600-800 m in located between / ha administered in 3-4 waterings
(standard watering) usually applied during the vegetation the May-August (15.VI - 25.VIII) both
in method and a spray irrigation of localized drip irrigation annual rules for those located being
smaller (more economical) ranging between 600 and 800 m / ha.
Referring to the irrigation methods used to conduct "on the combined effect of irrigation,
fertilization and fruit load on the Columna and Cabernet Sauvignon varieties for quality wine in
the vineyard Murfatlar" were chosen two of the most frequently used area - wetting sprinkler and
located drip.
The localized distribution of water soaking was done slowly by drops over the rows of
grape-vine in the root zone of plants using plant type HDPE adduction 80D 50 mm as the
distance of 230 m, supplied from a hydrant 110 mm within 3 atm. provided with tap and plug the
drain separation of the water column during the season.
To characterize the behavior agrobiological, technological and oenological for the
Cabernet Sauvignon and Columna varieties, we organized and executed the following
observations and laboratory plantations and determinations were made according to ICVV Valea
Calugareasca methodology presented in Bulletin No. 7 (2) of 1988 established by making rules
agreed with IBPGR, OIV and UPOV internationally.
Final annual assessments on the quality wines produced in the two species studied were
made based on organoleptic appreciation by tasting their respective averages of the grades
awarded by five tasters (researchers authorized or winemaking) in January and June of next year,
a support real organoleptic and olfactory assessments and physico-chemical characteristics of
wines determined annually.

CHAPTER IV
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NATURAL
HABITAT OF THE AREA WHERE THE
RESEARCH WAS MADE, MURFATLAR VINE
CENTER

4.1. GEOGRAPHICAL
Murfatlar wine center is located in the central part of Dobrogea platform, along the slope
line that guards Black Sea Danube channel. To Greenwich meridian and Ecuator, vineyard is
located between 44 degrees 11 minutes north latitude and 20 degrees 23 minutes east longitude,
on Carasu valley. The altitude varies between 48 and 66 m.

56
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

4.2. THE CLIMATE

Annual heat is that balance, the average temperature of 3710 degrees Celsius and 1613
degrees Celsius active effective temperature, compared with the minimum of vine culture
established in 2100 to 2500 degrees Celsius (the active amount) of Marin T ., in 1968 and allows
a variety of economic culture can be established with both varieties semitimpurii and even some
medium and late varieties it corresponding to these requirements.

4.3. EDAPHIC FACTORS

In the vineyard soil types are found, mostly molisoils and are made almost in the same
eco-pedo-genetical conditions.
Soil type is present in an experimental field area Kastaniozom (typical balan).
Edaphic volume is high enough and values in that root system a large amount of ground
penetrating up to 100 cm. About 58.8% of the root system is determined by the range 10-70 cm
depth profile, and 74.4% of total assets is presented by the - beam sizes between 1-5 mm.

4.4. OROGRAPHIC FACTORS

Murfatlar wine vineyards of the Center are located mostly on the alignment Carasu
valley, with hills and plateaus that separate and divide them into Tortoman and Cobadin
plateaus, is considered geologically, a hollow trough, whose bottom was formed as a result of
drainage river was lost in a swampy area.
Characteristic for this area is however the total lack of landslides, which can not form
because of lithologic substrate (loess and limestone).
Groundwater have little influence because it is located at great depths (Oancea C. and
others, 1978). Plantations located in Dobrogea platform geomorphological unit were usually
beveled side on the right side of Carasu Valley.

4.4. OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING THE VINES AT MURFATLAR

Danube-Black Sea Channel exerts a favorable influence in the last two decades of
putting it into operation on the vine, reflected by a higher hygroscopicity and reducing air and
daily variation in annual temperature.
Black Sea, at an average distance of approx. 20-25 km, carries the role of thermal
regulator, which is manifested in spring and late autumns and summers less hot.

57
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

Danube River in the west to approx. 40-45 km away, has a positive impact on the climate
of the wine center of Cernavoda, near Cochirleni, Rasova, Cernavoda-Seimeni favorable variety
of mass culture.

4.5. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CLIMATE OF THE PERIOD BEFORE

ORGANIZING AND REALISING THE RESEARCH (2001-2005)
Under the global heat ratio in the range wine throughout the years 2001-2005, the period
preceding the research underlying in this paper, the main eco-climatical indicators of the
Murfatlar Center were relatively similar, but with some obvious features ranges of vegetation.

CHAPTER V
RESEARCHES RESULTS REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF
TEHNOLOGICAL ELEMENTS – IRRIGATION, FERTILIZATION AND
BUD LOAD, UPON YIELDS, AT COLUMNA AND CABERNET
SAUVIGNON, IN MURFATLAR CONDITIONS

5.1. THE EVOLUTION OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL STUDIED DURING THE

ACTIVE VEGETATION SEASON
Bud breaking. At the level of varieties, was launched earlier that bud breaking at Cabernet
Sauvignon was of 5 days (19.IV.) averaged from variety Columna (24.IV.). In the three years
studying the earliest bud breaking was made in 2008 to 17.IV. the Cabernet Sauvignon and
22.IV. the variety Columna.
Flowering. Phenophase was triggered on average annual total experimental variations in
9.VI. variety Columna and the Cabernet Sauvignon from 8.VI. The blocks under neirigare at
8.VI. (The column) and 5.VI. (Cabernet Sauvignon) in the sprinkler irrigated to 10.VI.
(Columna) and 9.VI. (Cabernet Sauvignon) and located in the irrigated 9.VI. (Columna) and
10.VI. (From Cabernet Sauvignon).
Veraison. The data presented show that the phenophase of vegetation is carried out on the
same date assemblies 15.VIII respectively. For both varieties, a situation that is common and
variant groups both within blocks in non-irrigation experimental conditions, sprinkler irrigation
and localized at the respectively 15.VIII calendar data. (Irrigated), 16.VIII. (Sprinkler) and
14.VIII. the same for both varieties.

58
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

Full ripening grain. In this regard, full maturity in the two varieties of beans during the
survey period was conducted differently. The whole experimental device it was made at 12.IX.
for Columna variety and 14.IX. at Cabernet Sauvignon variety, 7 days earlier, stating the
situation both in analysis and interpretation calendar blocks and experimental plots.
Leaf fall. This can also occur due to forcibly frost in early autumn, a situation that may
occur in some years and which results in ongoing (restriction) and the accidental recording
duration. In normal biological ecosystem leaf fall in Murfatlar wine is held annually, usually
after 30 October, in which one could better appreciate the achievement of this phenophase on
varieties and experimental variations.

5.2. IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZATION INFLUENCE ON GROWTH VIGOR AT

COLUMNA AND CABERNET SAUVIGNON VARIETIES
On experimental plots and blocks most effective grow is presented by the blockvines
sprinkler irrigated and fertilized at both Columna and Cabernet Sauvignon (V7-13), the smallest
force recorded in the blocks that were not irrigated and not fertilized (V16).

5.3. INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZATION ON THE GROWTH

VIGOR AT CABERNET SAUVIGNON AND COLUMNA VARIETIES UNDER THE
CONDITIONS OF MURFATLAR, 2007 – 2009
Columna variety
- The largest absolute and relative fertility factors are registered by the experimental
variations of the irrigation block was located, decreasing the average values (intermediate),
followed by those with sprinkler irrigation, and the most small block variants irrigated;
- In the experimental plots fertility factor was absolutely the greatest recorded at the versions that
were not fertilized, and the fertility rate of inverse relationship, at variants that were fertilized;
- The experimental variants are shown the best results in variations in the load of fruit on the
block was attributed to reduced (CFA - 1.29, CFR - 0.93) compared with normal (100% = 1.14
and 0, 82) and the enhanced (125% = 0.95 CFA CFR 0.77 respectively). It is necessary to note
that best results are obtained by variants V1, V4, V7, V10, V13 and V16 all that load of fruit was
reduced whether or not fertilized and irrigated. Of the 18 variables in terms of fertility emerges
as valuable V16 fertilized, irrigated by drip and localized fruit load reduced.
Cabernet Sauvignon variety
The analysis and interpretation of experimental data presented in blocks are highlighted in
the case of localized irrigation sprinkler and the experimental plots that ar fertilized, so opposite

59
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

to the variety column, and on the experimental variations in the load of fruit was reduced (75%)
as well as for the Columna variety.
Overall the Cabernet Sauvignon of the 18 most valuable experimental versions to version
V16 is detached, the same as in Columna variety blockvine located irrigation, fertilized plot and
low fruit load.
A low fertility is considered when the coefficients have a value below 0.5 in the relative
and absolute as the 0.8 (the minimum being 0.3 and 0.6). A good fertility is considered when the
values of these coefficients (sizes with constant characteristic varieties of grape-vine) are not
quite over 0.7 and over 1.0 at absolute peaks may exceed in some varieties coefficient values of
1.0 and 2 relative to the absolute.
Therefore, experimental values obtained in the three years studied in both species are
relatively good, their biological characteristics particular feature in the description and
presentation of their ampelographic.
Fertility as a genetic trait that marks (defines) the potential of fructification of each variety
is, in normal biological sequence, a basic element, namely primary, in anticipation of initial
productivity, for the production of varieties.
Most types of results are valuable in terms of productivity that was used with drip located
irrigation. Thus of 25 variants highlighted the valuable results which 17 are located irrigation
was used, 7 who used sprinkler irrigation and only one variant that was done under non-
irrigation conditions. Also most valuable options are in the plots on which fertilizer was used and
low fruit load (75% of the normal).
The worst results were noted for the Columna variety V6 (77 IPA) under non-irrigation,
with fertilization and fruit load enhanced to 125% and V3 (72 RPM) under non-irrigation
conditions, not fertilized and fruit load enhanced to 125% and Cabernet Sauvignon at V3 (IPA
81 and 59 RPM) under non-irrigation conditions, not fertilized and fruit load enhanced (125%)
than normal (100%).

5.4. INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION, FERTILIZATION AND THE FRUIT LOAD ON

GRAPES RIPENING, FULL MATURITY AND HARVESTING AT CABERNET
SAUVIGNON AND COLUMNA VARIETIES
The achievement of full maturity of grapes at Cabernet Sauvignon and Columna
varieties
Columna variety. The average full maturity was made from 17-26.IX and harvesting was
carried out between 24.IX. and 3.X. earlier, this taking place in irrigated block (19.IX.) and at the

60
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

latest irrigation block (24.IX.) by sprinklers. On the unfertilized plots in the earliest (20.IX.) than
those fertilized (23.IX.), the earliest experimental variants in V3 (irrigated + fertilized and
enhanced load bearing) on 16.IX. and no later than the V11 to 26.IX. (Sprinkler irrigation,
fertilization and normal fruit load).
Cabernet Sauvignon variety. Reached full maturity between 14-16 IX., and harvesting was
done between 20-23.IX.; the earliest experimental block sprinkler irrigation (14.IX.) and no later
than irrigated block (16.IX .) plots at the same time (14.IX.), whether or not fertilized, and on
earlier versions from V12 (sprinkler irrigation + fertilization and enhanced fruit load) and later to
3 variants V2 (irrigated + fertilized and normal fruit load), V5 (irrigated + fertilized and normal
fruit load) and V17 (irrigated + fertilized located and normal fruit load).
Sugar content and total acidity of must (beans) to full maturity and harvest
Columna variety. The blocks, plots and experimental variants largest accumulation of
sugar are produced in localized irrigation fertilized plot (V16-V18) averaged respectively 189.5
g / l and 203.8 g full maturity / harvest it. They highlighted the following: V16 with low fruit
load, and a content of 184.0 g at full maturity, that is 208.5 g / l at harvest, followed by the V18
with 203.4 and 205.9 amplified load g / l and V17 with normal load of 181.1 g / l respectively at
full maturity of 200.1 g / l at harvest.
The largest accumulation of sugar within the 7 days of full maturation at harvest, that the
best diurnal rhythm of growth and stored sugar in beans was recorded in V16 = 3.5 g / l,
following the V17 with 2.71 g / l, V5 with 2.34 g / l, V10 with 2.30 g / l and V11 with 2.27, the
other 13 variants not registering rate values below 1.90 g / l. The average rate of accumulation
on all 18 experimental variants studied were 1.40 g / l.
With regard to total acid content of grape berries at harvest, the average stood at 5.01
average g / L H2SO4 with amplitude of 4.53 g / l and 5.23 g minimum V5 / l H2SO4 maximum
acidity is always somewhat higher in irrigated variants. Overall they can categorize normal,
respectively according to sugar content and characteristic of the variety and ecosystem of
Murfatlar.
Cabernet Sauvignon variety. The best results on the accumulation of sugar in the
polifactorial research on the 18 variables studied, with loads of different fruit, arranged in three
blocks and six experimental plots (3 with and 3 without fertilization) were obtained by
experimental block variants irrigated and unfertilized (V1-V3) averaged respectively 200.2 g / l
and 210.2 g full maturity / harvest it. They highlighted the following: V2 with normal fruit load
and content 201.1 g / l and 212.1 full maturity g / L at harvest, followed by V1 with low load and
containing 196.2 g / l and 211.6 g full maturity / harvest it with loads of fruit and V3 amplified

61
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

with 203.2 g / l and 206.9 g full maturity / harvest it. Results similar (almost identical) variants
were obtained and fertilized plot V4-6 V13-V18 and variants of the block and the two parcels
located irrigation (fertilized and not fertilized), the results of block irrigation sprinkler and they
are also good in near the above.
The largest accumulation of sugar in beans from full maturity until harvest expressed
synthesized by the diurnal rhythm of growth and its accumulation was achieved at V7 = 2.47 g /
l, following V1 with 2.20 g / l, V13 and V16 with 1.95 g / l and V10 with 1.91 g / l, the other 13
variants achieving values below 1.75 g / l. The average rate of accumulation of sugar in the
Cabernet Sauvignon on all 18 experimental studied variants were 1.42 g / l, almost identical to
that carried out the Columna variety (1.40 g / l).
From the data presented, processing and interpretation can synthesize some partial
conclusions:
- The achievements of the full maturity as an early phenophase is at Cabernet Sauvignon,
compared to Columna variety, which, genetically speaking, has a vegetation, a full maturity and
even a harvesting that starts later;
- The highest diurnal rate of sugar accumulation in over-maturing was shown mainly in
irrigated variants in the fertilized and low fruit load;
- In terms of total acidity of the grape berries, this variety was higher at the Columna
variety than at Cabernet Sauvignon variety and for the irrigated and unfertilized variants and and
with a normal and amplified fruit load.

5.5. INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION, FERTILIZATION AND THE FRUIT LOAD ON

THE PRODUCTION OF GRAPES AND ITS QUALITY FOR CABERNET SAUVIGNON
AND COLUMNA VARIETIES UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF MURFATLAR
Production, namely the final harvest, is based on the processes of fertility and productivity
at the Columna and Cabernet Sauvignon varieties that were initially determined as an average in
kg / vine grape berries full maturity by weighing each of the 18 variables, based statistics and
elements of fruit ripening walking, according to the methodology of experimental techniques.
For good and edifying comparative analysis between varieties, blocks, plots and
experimental variants, the average yield of grapes per vine was extrapolated by calculation per
hectare for each of the two varieties, depending on planting distances, namely the number of logs
per hectare for Columna variety to 4000 but. / ha and for the 4630 Cabernet Sauvignon but. / ha.

62
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

Data are presented separately on blockvines / non-irrigated, irrigated by sprinkler and drip
irrigation located), the plots (unfertilized and fertilized) and variants by combining the five
factors mentioned by 3 loads of different fruit (normal, low and amplified).
The data presented can be analyzed in comparison (as average annual for the period
studied) both between blockvines, parcels and especially between variables.
The data presented for the two largest varieties of grape production averaged over the
period investigated (2007-2009) is achieved by localized drip irrigation block variant (9388 kg /
ha and 6939 kg Columna / ha for Cabernet Sauvignon) block follows the sprinkler irrigation
(8100 kg / ha and 6212 kg Columna / ha Cabernet Sauvignon), and the last place the irrigated,
7056 kg / ha and 5534 kg Columna / ha to Cabernet Sauvignon.
The highest yields plots are made by the fertilized (8518 kg / ha and 6626 kg Columna
variety / ha for Cabernet Sauvignon) from those fertilized (7818 kg / ha and 5831 kg Columna
variety / ha for Cabernet Sauvignon).
The experimental variations in amplitude grape production is between 6420 and 10700 kg /
ha between 4537 and variety Columna and 7852 kg / ha for Cabernet Sauvignon.
Of the 18 experimental variations in the production of grapes made, the higher was the first 5
variants (in increasing order) as follows: the variety Columna by V18 (10700 kg / ha), V17
(10212 kg / ha), v15 (9660 kg / ha), V14 (9592 kg / ha) and V11 (9120 kg / ha), Cabernet
Sauvignon and the V18 variants (7852 g / ha), V17 (7584 kg / ha), V14 (6741 kg / ha), v15
(6676kg / ha) and V11 (6667 kg / ha).
Combination of factors investigated in terms of the above options as valuable points in
both varieties, the production level achieved decisive influence on the use of irrigation,
fertilization and rational distribution of a fruit load (normal), an aspect which is stressed in size,
including the number of grapes on the block and their average weight.
Attest to the authenticity and safety data obtained from statistical-mathematical point of
view we have done for each year separately and averaged over the three years of
experimentation, 2007 - 2009, to apply the results by performing hypothesis testing on the
differences between types of production and obtaining significance by general estimation error,
according to analysis of variance, and differences with the calculation limit of 5%, 1% and 0.1%
respectively.

63
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

Table 5.21.
Determining the variance analysis for the average grape production at Columna variety (t / ha)
(Murfatlar, average data 2007-2009)

Cauza
variabilităţii
SP GL SP/GL Proba F
Cause of
variance
0 1 2 3 4
TOTAL 7,08 17 0,39
Variante
5,84 8 0,73 6,71 (4,17)
Variants
Repetiţii
0,44 4 0,11
Repetitions
Eroare
0,80 5 0,16
Error

Producţia
obţinută
Diferenţe + (-)
(calculată) la Producţia
t/ha
Varianta hectar/ tone relativă % Semnificaţia
Differences +
Variant Obtained Relative Significance
(-) t/ha
production production %
(calculated) for
hectar/ tones
0 1 2 3 4
V18 10,70 139,10 3,01 xxx
V17 10,21 132,76 2,52 xxx
V15 9,66 125,58 1,97 xx
V14 9,59 124,70 1,90 xx
V11 9,12 118,55 1,43 xx
V16 8,82 114,66 1,13 -
V12 8,50 110,50 0,81 -
V8 8,06 104,8 0,37 -
V10 7,93 100,07 0,24 -
V9 7,82 101,66 0,13 -
MEDIA
7,69 100,00 - mt
AVERAGE
V5 7,60 98,83 -0,09 -
V13 7,34 95,47 -0,35 -
V2 7,20 93,60 -0,49 -
V7 7,17 93,24 -0,52 -
V6 7,14 92,87 -0,55 -
V3 7,06 91,73 -0,63 -
V4 0,66 86,58 -1,03 -
V1 6,46 83,98 -1,23 -
DL 1% = DL 0,1% =
DL 5% = 0,82
1,40 2,51

64
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

Table 5.25.
Determining the variance analysis for the average grape production at Cabernet Sauvignon
variety (t / ha) (Murfatlar, average data 2007-2009)
Cauza
variabilităţii
SP GL SP/GL Proba F
Cause of
variance
0 1 2 3 4
TOTAL
6,45 17 0,28
TOTAL
Variante
4,72 8 0,59 5,67 (3,97)
Variants
Repetiţii
0,68 4 0,17
Repetitions
Eroare
1,05 5 0,21
Error

Producţia obţinută
(calculată) la Producţia Diferenţe + (-)
hectar/ tone relativă % t/ha
Varianta Semnificaţia
Obtained Relative Differences +
Variant Significance
production production % (-) t/ha
(calculated) for
hectar/ tones

0 1 2 3 4
V18 7,85 126,07 1,62 xxx
V17 7,58 121,77 1,35 xx
V14 6,74 108,24 0,51 -
V16 6,72 108,00 0,49 -
V15 6,68 107,19 0,45 -
V11 6,67 107,05 0,44 -
V12 6,56 105,26 0,33 -
V6 6,55 105,12 0,32 -
V5 6,50 104,36 0,27 -
V8 6,28 100,80 0,05 -
MEDIA
6,23 100,00 - Mt
AVERAGE
V9 6,11 98,14 -0,12 -
V13 6,06 97,24 -0,17 -
V10 6,01 96,48 -0,22 -
V7 5,65 90,76 -0,58 -
V2 5,33 85,64 -0,90 -
V4 5,19 83,41 -1,04 -
V3 5,09 81,77 -1,14 -
V1 4,54 72,85 -1,69 -
DL 0,1% =
DL 5% = 0,53 DL 1% = 1,32
1,60

65
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

The data presented show that only yields obtained following are clearly statistically, as
follows: Columna variety, V18 and V17 variants and Cabernet Sauvignon, variant V18 have
made very significant gains from options blank column for the variety, V14 and V11 and v15
variants and Cabernet Sauvignon, variant V17 have made significant gains distinct variants to
witness.
All other 13 variants for Column variety and 16 for Cabernet Sauvignon that were not
provided in the statistical-mathematical terms, the difference threshold (DL) is below 5%.
Production quality. In terms of raw material quality grapes expressed primarily through
the sugar content and total acidity of grape berries to full maturity phenophase, variance analysis,
the average results shown for the period 2007 - 2009, only statistical assurance parts as follows:
for the Columna variety, variant V18 and Cabernet Sauvignon, distinctive variant V3 achieved
significant gains from options blank column for the species, variants V12 and v15 and Cabernet
Sauvignon, variant V2 have made significant gains variants to witness. The remaining variants
had no insurance statistics.
Since the production quality of wine grapes as raw material for assessing and terms of
technological characteristics, we performed for this purpose, the annual determinations. These
physical analysis consisted of 1 kg grapes to determine the weight of bunches, the number and
weight of grains, the amount by weight and volume must also marc weight, seed and peel and the
remaining core.
Simultaneously analysis also was performed at 100 grains were determined that the total
weight, weight of skin, the pulp (core), seeds and their number and weight of 100 seeds.
Knowing the parameters of these technological elements that deepens the quality of
grapes for wine production were used to calculate the main technological indices, namely: index
= mass composition of grape berries / bunch mass, index composition is the mass of the grain
core / skin mass; grain index = no. grains per 100 g grapes yield index = weight of the grape
must / marc weight (skin + seed + cluster).

66
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

Table 5.29.
Determining the variance analysis for the grape sugar concentration at Columna variety (g/l)
(Murfatlar, average data 2007-2009)

Cauza
variabilităţii
SP GL SP/GL Proba F
Cause of
variance
0 1 2 3 4
TOTAL
5,98 17 0,35
TOTAL
Variante
5,11 8 0,64 5,74 (4,87)
Variants
Repetiţii
0,32 4 0,08
Repetitions
Eroare
0,55 5 0,11
Error

Producţia obţinută
(calculată) la Diferenţe + (-)
Producţia
hectar/ tone t/ha
Varianta relativă % Semnificaţia
Obtained Differences + (-
Variant Relative Significance
production ) t/ha
production %
(calculated) for
hectar/ tones
0 1 2 3 4
V18 203,4 108,65 16,2 xx
V12 194,6 103,95 7,4 x
V15 193,9 103,58 6,7 x
V9 191,7 102,40 4,5 -
V6 191,5 102,29 4,3 -
V8 188,7 100,80 1,5 -
V4 188,3 100,58 1,1 -
V3 187,6 100,21 0,4 -
MEDIA
187,2 100,00 - Mt
AVERAGE
V11 186,7 99,73 -0,5 -
V1 184,8 98,72 -2,4 -
V5 184,7 98,66 -2,5 -
V16 184,0 98,29 -3,2 -
V10 183,5 98,02 -3,7 -
V14 183,5 98,02 -3,7 -
V2 182,0 97,22 -5,2 -
V17 181,1 96,74 -6,1 -
V13 180,9 96,63 -6,3 -
V7 179,0 95,62 -8,2 -
DL 1% = 10,7 DL 0,1% = 16,8
DL 5% = 5,2 g/l
g/l g/l

67
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

Table 5.33.
Determining the variance analysis for the grape sugar concentration at Cabernet Sauvignon
variety (g/l) (Murfatlar, average data 2007- 2009)

Cauza
variabilităţii
SP GL SP/GL Proba F
Cause of
variance
0 1 2 3 4
TOTAL
5,44 17 0,32
TOTAL
Variante
4,20 8 0,52 4,48 /3,78)
Variants
Repetiţii
0,49 4 0,12
Repetitions
Eroare
0,75 5 0,15
Error

Producţia obţinută
(calculată) la Diferenţe + (-)
Producţia
hectar/ tone t/ha
Varianta relativă % Semnificaţia
Production Differences +
Variant Relative Significance
obtained (-) t/ha
production %
(calculated) for
hectar/ tones
0 1 2 3 4
V3 203,2 103,09 6,1 xx
V2 201,1 102,03 4,0 x
V15 199,8 101,36 2,7 -
V8 199,3 101,12 2,2 -
V6 199,1 101,01 2,0 -
V14 198,6 100,76 1,5 -
V4 198,3 100,60 1,2 -
V5 197,5 100,20 0,4 -
MEDIA
197,1 100,00 - Mt
AVERAGE
V17 196,9 99,89 -0,2 -
V12 196,8 99,85 -0,3 -
V1 196,2 99,54 -0,9 -
V18 196,0 99,44 -1,1 -
V16 195,6 99,24 -1,5 -
V11 195,5 99,19 -1,6 -
V13 195,1 98,98 -2,0 -
V10 194,5 98,68 -2,6 -
V9 194,2 98,53 -2,9 -
V7 190,6 96,70 -6,5 0
DL 1% = 4,5 DL 0,1% = 8,3
DL 5% = 3,2 g/l
g/l g/l

68
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

CHAPTER VI
THE EFFICIENCY OF APPLYING THE IRRIGATION IN ORDER TO
OBTAIN THE GRAPE PRODUCTION AS RAW MATERIAL FOR WINE
AT COLUMNA AND CABERNET SAUVIGNON VARIETIES

6. 1. DETERMINATION OF WATER, IRRIGATION RULES, AND ESTABLISHING A

SCHEME RULES WATERING WATERING VARIETIES THE COLUMNA AND
CABERNET SAUVIGNON, MURFATLAR, 2007 – 2009
The research carried out under irrigation using sprinkler irrigation methods and localized
drip interested us: irrigation system, its influence on ecosystem wine and cultural particularities
Column and Cabernet Sauvignon varieties under irrigation.
The average length of active growing season (dezmugurit - full maturity of the grapes) of
the two varieties, according to research conducted during the 2007-2009 study was 163 days and
at Columna variety and 159 days for Cabernet Sauvignon (Table 14 pp. 112-113) including
intervals from dezmugurit to full maturity until harvest.
In this total average consumption of vegetation between the two varieties studied was:
- Variety Columna 8.88 mm x 163 days = 1447.44 mm, and the
- Cabernet Sauvignon 9.01 x 159 days = 1432.59 mm, consumption close intervals.

6.2. THE EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATION AT THE COLUMNA AND CABERNET

SAUVIGNON VARIETIES, MURFATLAR, 2007 – 2009
To assess the use of irrigation water by Columna and Cabernet Sauvignon varieties in
achieving production and its quality was necessary to calculate the "recovery coefficient of
irrigation water" and its productivity index.
Reporting yields from the time we set the productivity of irrigation water used for
irrigation or "efficiency unit" and "index of efficiency of irrigation water recovery" or simply
"water efficiency".
The data presented results in superior recovery and productivity of irrigation water from
both varieties for experimental variants V11 and V18 in irrigation sprinkler irrigation to
localized variations in the consumption of water per kg of grape is the lowest and the grape that
is the greatest mc of water. Between the two irrigation methods are most valuable results

69
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

obtained in localized versions drip irrigated, regardless of whether or not the plot was fertilized,
but the results are always better in variants fertilized plot.
The first two options can be classified in each variety recommended to be introduced,
tested and then generalized in large-scale production. Efficacy of combined application of
irrigation, fertilization and fruit load conditions established and applied technology in the three
years of research for Cabernet Sauvignon and Columna varieties consists in the practice of wine
as a basis for assessing the rings results in terms of quality and quantity of grape production.
This refers only to the determination to achieve full maturity on the vine and grapes grain
per hectare, directly, the production of grapes, the amount of must that resulted, return it and
indirectly the amount of sugar (deduced by calculation) would actually result.
The amount is expressed as an index expressing the synthetic whole, in this case, the four
elements mentioned above (grapes / wine, and sugar yield) which binds to a whole through their
interdependence and deduct the amount of sugar expressed obtained per hectare.
In interpreting the data presented to show that the values in terms of increasing the index,
in particular, the value obtained from experimental variants V18, v15, V17, V14, V11, V12 and
V16, respectively for the Columna variety by V18, V17, V14, V16, v15, V12, V6, V5 and V8
for Cabernet Sauvignon, exceeding the average value of the item types that express the amount
of sugar produced per hectare experimental whole body of the Columna variety 1107 days and
903 kg / ha the Cabernet Sauvignon.
In the first three places, in order of size of this very important value that defines the
complete and efficient technologies applied on the combined effect of irrigation, fertilization and
fruit load, stands variants V18, v15 and V17 and V18 the Columna variety, V17 and V14 to
Cabernet Sauvignon. As V18 variant is found in both varieties, are at first, she owned localized
drip irrigation technology, fertilization and fruit load enhanced (125%). Index value of sugar
production per hectare is 1586 kg / ha to 1139 kg and Columna variety / ha Cabernet Sauvignon.
As a result, the whole experimental, in this respect, it highlights the positive in terms of
technology on the combined effect of irrigation, fertilization and fruit load both differentiated
varieties, technological measures on the application of localized irrigation drip fertilization and
division by cutting the fruit in the spring of the rod loads expressed in the eyes (buds) on the
block normal or amplified. This technology applied in the two experimental plantations resulted
in the end - we can conclude - get the best results.
Larger amounts of sugar per hectare achieved by the variety Columna are solely due to
better biological productivity, ie higher yields per hectare obtained (8181 kg / ha) than Cabernet

70
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

Sauvignon (6228 kg / ha) but attenuates in large part, this difference through its potential to have
a higher sugar accumulation and achieve a yield grapes / must it higher.
Together with the evidence presented and analyzed previously, that the coefficient of
recovery of irrigation water and irrigation water productivity, production index expressed by the
four elements that grape / must / yield / sugar complete analytical picture of the elements of
synthesis and evaluation effectiveness of technological measures applied to research conducted
at the same time and give security and certainty the possibility of extrapolation of results in the
production of wine.

CHAPTER VII
CHARACTERIZATION AND SENSORY ANALYSIS OF WINES
OBTAINED AT COLUMNA AND CABERNET SAUVIGNON VARIETIES
ACCORDING TO THE REGIME OF IRRIGATION, FERTILIZATION
AND FRUIT LOAD IN THE MURFATLAR CONDITIONS

7.1. CONSIDERATIONS ON THE QUALITY OF MURFATLAR WINE, 2007 -

2009
In the research conducted on "Influence of irrigation regime and technological elements of
production from the vine," was used a classical wine technology at the beginning of the work
presented in the subchapter 2.3/2.3.2. (Page 91) entitled "Observations, measurements and
analysis performed in the research."
Characteristics of wines produced. Wine must be distinguished from (fermented juice of
the grape) not only in flavor, taste and density but also by its chemical composition.
Of the 500 components that make up the wine associated in a highly complex and
inconsistent, some from grapes unchanged, others are formed during alcoholic fermentation, or
other fermentation processes, and another part is formed based on the reactions taking place
between substances on non established or existing ones (VD COTEA, 1985).
Since the results of experimental variants differ vinification small, very close together,
insignificant in terms of their statistical assurance, it was considered more appropriate that sum
and average presentation, grouped by plot and experimental blocks.
Looking at averages of the 11 investigated elements can synthesize it in terms of alcohol
content, the rest remaining sugar, extract nereducător and in terms of staining intensity (Is) from

71
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

Cabernet Sauvignon, all wines produced in all three years researching all options fall production
standards wines with designation of origin (DOC).
It also features compositions made during research on glycerol content in total polyphenols
(PFT), tartaric acid, categories presented normal quality wines with designation of origin and
content values in free and total sulfur dioxide stresses their correct wine.
Sensory analysis, characterization and taste appreciation of wines produced Development
control purposes wine by tasting it periodically materializes, preceded by a physical-chemical
control. Normally a monthly check, but if the research was addressed to two months.
Organoleptic appreciation of wine obtained was performed twice a year in late January and
June by a team of five tasters, two and three experienced researchers allowed the research resort.
Assessment of systems to use "positive method of scoring scale range of 20 points" and
color 0-2 points, 0-2 points for clarity (appearance), 0-4 points for aroma, bouquet, 0 - 10 points
and 0-2 points for typical taste. According to this method wines labeled with less than 14 points
are considered rejected, they are unworthy.
Appreciation of wines produced in the three years refers to years of inquiry, and scoring
itself was made in the following calendar year ie for 2007 in 2008 and for 2008, 2009, 2009 and
2010.
Interpreting the data averages both in terms of physico-chemical characteristics and
organoleptic research during the experimental plots within blocks and between blocks in both
varieties, stands out positively in terms of plots fertilized variants oenological under localized
irrigation drip and low fruit load (75%) and normal (100%), results are more favorable because
of its potential Cabernet Sauvignon is oenological better.

CHAPTER VIII
CONCLUSIONS

After completing the research on the influence of irrigation regime and technological
elements of the vine production, made at Murfatlar, during 2007 - 2009, the following
conclusions can be drawn:

8.1. COMPLETION AND DURATION OF ACTIVE VEGETATION

1. Bud breaking was achieved for an average annual level of varieties, the total
experimental variants, the variety in 9.VI. Columna and the Cabernet Sauvignon to 8.VI.

72
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

difference is 3 days in the irrigated block and 1 day to the irrigation sprinkler for Cabernet
Sauvignon and irrigation located at 1 day but also for the variety Columna. For fertilized and
unfertilized plots the differences are between 1-3 days, but only for Cabernet Sauvignon;
2. Flourishing for both varieties occurred annually between 14 and 16.VIII. At 14.VIII.
the irrigation block located at 15.VIII. at irrigated and 16.VIII. to block sprinkler irrigation and
the average 14.VIII parcels. in the unfertilized and 16.VIII. for the fertilized. We speak, for the
two varieties, a biological-calendar equalization outbreak and browsing vegetation from bud
breaking to the first fruits;
3. Full maturity of grape seeds, averaged over all experimental research during both
varieties was done differently in 21.X. for the variety Columna and 14.IX. Cabernet Sauvignon,
7 days earlier, the situation preserving both the blocks (irrigated) and plots (fertilized or not).
4. Leaf fall occurred earlier in the annual average during the two days to research
Cabernet Sauvignon variety to the whole experimental column. Plots it was done at the same
time, 15.X. in the unfertilized in both varieties later in 20.X. for the volumna and 16.X. for the
Cabernet Sauvignon;
5. Duration of actual vegetation (bud breaking- full grain- maturity grapes) was, on
average, the experimental blocks, during the research, the variety of 151 days and 147 days
Columna from Cabernet Sauvignon, , and over 145 days in the irrigation sprinkler, irrigation
located 148 days and 149 days to block the irrigated Cabernet Sauvignon. On the 18 variants,
however, data are insignificant and do not reveal any differences that exert positive or negative
influence in assessing the combined effect of investigated factors on production and quality.

8.2. FORCE OF GROWTH

On the whole, Columna confirms a variety of growth medium-high force and Cabernet
Sauvignon middle inconsistent with their biological characteristics. The experimental blocks and
parcels largest effect is achieved through sprinkler irrigation blocks and fertilized plot (V7-13) in
both varieties, and the lower block irrigated and fertilized plot (V16). The largest force variants
was performed in all blocks and parcels of fruit that was amplified load and lowest in those with
low load.

8.3. FERTILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY

1. Fertility hubs, respectively coefficient between absolute and relative fertility research
period both varieties were relatively good, characteristic of the particular biological
characteristics as described and their presentation ampelographic;

73
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

2. Vine productivity achieved and expressed through the value of both absolute and
relative productivity indices performed on 18 variables grouped into three experimental blocks
and six plots in 2007-2009, was generally good, better results are obtained variants that localized
irrigation was used to drop, which were fertilized and were attributed to low fruit load (75%), the
worst results were recorded in variants irrigated, fertilized and the fruit load enhanced (125%);

8.4. BAKING GRAPES, FULL MATURITY AND HARVESTING PRODUCTION

ACHIEVEMENT
1. Grape berries full maturity was reached between 17-26.IX. at the variety Columna and
between 14-16.IX at Cabernet Sauvignon. Sprinkler irrigated variants, fertilized with normal
fruit load caused a delay and amplified to achieve full maturity and harvesting the grapes;
2. Acidity of grape berries was greater in variety than Cabernet Sauvignon Column and
variants irrigated and fertilized normal fruit load and amplified.

8.5. GRAPE PRODUCTION AND QUALITY

1. Grape production, as an average, the period of inquiry, is made of variants localized
drip irrigation block, the block is irrigated by sprinklers, and the block last fall irrigated variants.
The highest yields plots are made of the fertilized, and on 18 variations of the experimental load
of fruit with normal or enhanced;
2. Testing statistical and mathematical assumptions on production differences between
the versions, in terms of experimental method "variance" has shown that only five variants have
statistical assurance that the V18 and V17 variants variety Columna for noting that "very
significant" and v15 , V14 and V11 with the notation "distinctively significant" and the Cabernet
Sauvignon, V18 as "very significant" and V17 as "distinctly significant" part of these variants
irrigated blocks, all other variables being provided statistical and mathematical;
3. Mechanical analysis of the sample 1 kg grapes and berries to full maturity 100 to
determine the technological indices of the structure (composition) of the grape, grain
composition, the yield of grain and the grape with grape sugar content and total acidity revealed
that two very good suitability for wine Souri to obtain higher quality wines psr.

8.6. RELATIONSHIP PRODUCTION, QUALITY AND FOLIAR SURFACE HUB

1. Data on leaf surface that is on average on the block (m / hub) and what is required to
obtain one kilogram grapes show dimensions and characteristic values experimentally
determined optimal threshold for high-quality varieties of wine;

74
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

2. Reports are better because of the variety Columna its biological characteristics
compared with Cabernet Sauvignon showing a greater increase unnecessary. The best results in
the three years investigated were obtained from both varieties in the block located drip irrigation
by variants 17, 18 and 16 which are found within the optimal values for the wine production and
ecosystem conditions Murfatlar.

8.7. RESISTANCE OF VARIETIES AT LOW TEMPERATURES, DROUGHT AND

MAIN DISEASES
1. In the winter time Columna variety demonstrated a good and very good strength and
Cabernet Sauvignon a very good one in all experimental variants;
2. To drought resistance was good to very good in all the variety Columna irrigated
variants and good for Cabernet Sauvignon;
3. Resistance to mildew, powdery mildew and gray mold in the same production plant
was good block variants fertilized and irrigated plot of block located entirely irrigated, and
weighs the smallest (middle / good, medium, satisfactory / unsatisfactory and even middle) on
hand to block the sprinkler irrigation due to higher standard irrigation and water dispersion that
creates and maintains a moist atmosphere more persistent in the environment and on plants.

8.8. OBTAINING IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY OF GRAPE PRODUCTION

1. Average annual water consumption during the active growing season was
approximately equal to the two varieties studied, namely 1447 mm to 1433 mm variety Columna
and Cabernet Sauvignon;
2. Calculated annual irrigation norm applied to the three years in both varieties, taking
into consideration consumption, rainfall and the ratio of actual and potential evapotranspiration
was 1100 m / ha sprinkler irrigation and 750 m / ha in the localized drip with some differences
by year: 1200 m / ha in 2007-2008, ie 900 m / ha in 2009 to sprinkler irrigation and 800 cm / h to
600 m³ / ha located in irrigation;
3. Established and built irrigation scheme included a number of 4 waterings in 2007 and
2008 in April-July and 3 waterings in 2009, two waterings in June and one in July with the
watering rules 200 m / ha sprinkler irrigation and 200 m / ha drip irrigation located;
4. Irrigation efficiency in both varieties was followed and expressed by analyzing the
recovery of water for irrigation and its productivity. Utilization coefficient of irrigation water
each variant determined experimental years between studies indicate a more efficient net (top)
recovery in irrigated variants located compared to sprinkler and especially to those of fertilized

75
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

plot, highlighting best rezultaltele the V17 and V18 variants with the consumption of 0.07 m / ha
Columna variety grapes and 0.10 0.09 m / ha for Cabernet Sauvignon;
5. Irrigation efficiency and irrigation water productivity index determined, he also
recorded, the highest values expressed in kg grapes consumed cubic meters of water back to the
same blocks irrigation and localized versions, at which it rises to 14 27 kg / cm at V18 and 13.62
kg grapes / cm of water column and that the variety consumed 10.11 kg / cm and 10.47 kg m of
water consumed grapes;
6. Regarding the allocation of fruit load on the block that best results are obtained with
normal load variations.
7. In the first three places, in order of size of production index value determined as the
cumulative expression of the quantity and quality of production made synthetically expressed
ultimately by the amount of sugar per hectare possible to obtain lies variants V18, v15 and V17
and V18 the variety Columna , V17 and V14 to Cabernet Sauvignon, all belonging to the
experimental block with localized drip irrigation, both fertilized plots (V17, V18) or not (V14-
V15) and only normal fruit load variants (V14, V17) and amplified (V15, V18). Along with
other indicators of recovery and productivity of irrigation water production index expressed by
four elements that grape / must / yield / sugar complete analytical picture of the elements of
synthesis and evaluation of the effectiveness of technological measures applied.

8.9. CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF WINE SENSORY

1. In terms of quality wines produced in all experimental variants according to the
characteristics of composition and sensory analysis performed by tasting the biannual. Lots
performed on the interval (to obtain-storage-analysis) 2007-2009, all they were both popular as
they were complied with the rules for producing quality wines with designation of origin;
2. Differences in characteristics of composition, physico-chemical and organoleptic
appreciation between variables, blocks and plots are so small that experiments are not significant
so that we can tie and highlight some variants. The only difference would be less obvious but the
organoleptic appreciation by tasting which generally results in conditions that were noted
neirigare something more, but that final note, did not exceed 0.38 points, something completely
insignificant.

76
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Alexandrescu I., 1972, Fertilizarea plantaţiilor viticole cu soiuri de struguri pentru vin,
Editura Redacţia Revistelor Agricole, Bucureşti;
2. Antoce Oana Arina, 2007, Oenologie şi analiză senzorială. Asociaţia degustătorilor
autorizaţi din România, Editura Universitaria, Craiova;
3. Ardelean M., 2009, Metodologia elaborării tezelor de doctorat, Ed. Academicpress, Cluj-
Napoca;
4. Balliere J.M., P. Benard, 1986, Exemple d’interpretation des rezultats de degustation.
Conaisance de la vigne edu vin, no. 10, Bordeaux;
5. Bechet Şt., 1972, Influenţa irigaţiei şi îngrăşămintelor asupra soiului Afuz Ali, Revista
„Horticultura şi Viticultura” nr. 5, Bucureşti;
6. Botzan M., 1972, Bilanţul apei în solurile irigate, Editura Academiei RS România,
Bucureşti;
7. Bulencea A., 1953, Raportul între vigoare şi cantitatea-calitatea producţiei în cultura viţei
de vie. Revista „Grădina, via şi livada” nr. 2, Bucureşti;
8. Constantinescu Gh., V. Juncu, 1967, Viticultura şi vinificaţia, Editura Didactică şi
Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1967;
9. Cotea D.V., V.V. Cotea, M. Macici, R. Macici, 1995, Principaux facteurs naturels et
technologiques pour l’obtention des vins types. Lucrări ştiinţifice, Univ. Agronomică,
Iaşi, vol. 38, Seria Agronomie;
10. Cotea Victoria, V.V. Cotea, 1996, Viticultură, ampelografie şi oenologie, Editura
Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti;
11. Cotea D.V., C. Grigorescu, 2002, Performanţe româneşti în viticultură şi enologie în
secolul XX, în Secolul XX – performanţe în agricultură (sub red. Davidescu D. şi
Velicica Davidescu), Editura Ceres, Bucureşti;
12. Grumeza N., O. Drăgănescu, 1983, Irigaţii prin picurare, Editura Ceres, Bucureşti;
13. Hera Cr., Z. Borlan, 1980, Ghid pentru alcătuirea planurilor de fertilizare, Editura Ceres;
14. Ionescu Adolf, 1982, Viticultura Dobrogei şi a judeţului Constanţa în pragul veacului al
XX-lea. Comunicare Simpozionul Naţional de Istorie şi Retrologie Agrară al României,
vol. Lucrări prezentate, Arad;
15. Ionescu Adolf, 1984, Viile experimentale de la Murfatlar, Simpozinul Naţional de Istorie
şi Retrologie Agrară al României, vol. Lucrări prezentate, Constanţa;
16. Ionescu-Siseşti Vl.,1982, Irigarea culturilor, Editura Ceres, Bucureşti;

77
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

17. Luca E., şi colab., 2004, Tehnologii ecologice pentru cultura plantelor, Editura Risoprint,
Cluj-Napoca;
18. Luca E., şi colab., 2008, Exploatarea sistemelor de îmbunătăţiri funciare, Editura
Risoprint, Cluj-Napoca ;
19. Luca E., Z. Nagy, 1999, Irigarea culturilor, Editura Genesis Tipo, Cluj-Napoca;
20. Macici M., şi colab., 1996, Tipuri de vinuri roşii cu denumire de origine şi arealele pentru
producerea acestora în România. Analele ICVV. Lucrări ştiinţifice, vol. V.;
21. Martin T., 1972, Viticultură generală, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti;
22. Metaxa Gh., 1974, Unele aspecte ale relaţiei cantitate-calitate sub influenţa factorilor
agrotehnici de micro şi fotoclimat la viţa de vie. Analele ICVV, Lucrări şt., vol. V;
23. Mihalache L., şi colab., 1994, Cercetarea efectului combinat al unor verigi tehnologice
asupra soiurilor Vinifera pentru vinuri de calitate superioară în principalele podgorii şi
centre viticole din România. (Studiu sinteză 1986-1992). Analele ICVV, vol. XIV;
24. Mujdaba F., 1972, Studiu privind comportarea soiurilor negre pentru vinuri roşii în
condiţiile de cultură din podgoria Murfatlar. Teză de doctorat, Biblioteca I.A.N.B.,
Bucureşti;
25. Mureşan D., şi colab., 1992, Irigaţii, desecări şi combaterea eroziunii solului, Ed.
Diactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti;
26. Nagy Z., 1982, Curs de irigarea culturilor, Tipo Agronomia, Cluj-Napoca;
27. Nagy Z., E. Luca, 1994, Irigarea culturilor, curs, Tipo Agronomia, Cluj-Napoca;
28. Oprea A., Indreas Adriana, 2000, Viticultura, Editura Ceres, Bucureşti;
29. Oprea Ş., S. D. Moldovan, 2007, Ameliorarea viţei de vie în România, Editura Poliam,
Cluj-Napoca;
30. Oslobeanu M., şi colab., 1980, Viticultura generală şi specială, Editura Didactică şi
Pedagogică, Bucureşti;
31. Păltineanu Gr. şi colab., 2000, Dobrogea, condiţiile pedoclimatice, Editura Ex Ponto,
Constanţa;
32. Pintilie C. şi colab., 1980, Agrotehnica şi tehnica experimentală, Editura Didactică şi
Pedagogică, Bucureşti;
33. Pleşa I. şi colab., 1974, Irigarea cuturilor, Editura Ceres, Bucureşti;
34. Pomohaci N. şi colab., 2000, Oenologie, vol. I. Prelucrarea strugurilor şi producerea
vinurilor. Editura Ceres, Bucureşti;
35. Pop Nastasia, 2001, Viticultura, Editura AcademicPres, Cluj-Napoca

78
Petru BOLOŞ TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT

36. Popa Cr., N. Grumeza, I. Alexandrescu, 1976, Cercetări privind consumul de apă la viţa
de vie prin diferite metode şi aplicarea rezultatelor în prognoza şi avertizarea udărilor.
Analele ICVV, vol. VII;
37. Popescu I.C., 1975, Culturi irigate. Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti;
38. Ranca Aurora, I. Toncea, 2011, Cultura viţei de vie şi vinificaţia în sistem ecologic,
Editura Totol Publishing, Bucureşti;
39. Rădulescu E., A. Săvescu, 1986, Îndrumător de protecţia plantelor, Editura Agrosilvică
Bucureşti;
40. Sălăgeanu N., 1972, Fiziologia plantelor, Editura Agrosilvică;
41. Săulescu N.A., N.N. Săulescu, 1963, Câmpul de experienţă, Ediţia a II-a, Editura
Agrosilvică, Bucureşti;
42. Sipoş Gh. şi colab., 1977, Consumul de apă şi regimul de irigare la principalele culturi
agricole. Revista „Producţia vegetală” nr. 5, Bucureşti;
43. Sonea V. şi colab., 1983, Mică enciclopedie de horticultură, Editura Ştiinţifică şi
Enciclopedică, Bucureşti;
44. Stoev K., 1979, Fiziologia viţei de vie, Editura Ceres, Bucureşti;
45. Stoian V., 2001, Marea carte a degustării vinurilor – degustarea pe înţelesul tuturor.
Editura Artprint, Bucureşti;
46. Tudosie A., A.L. Tudosie, 1997, Dicţionar vitivinicol, Editura Semne, Bucureşti;
47. Ţâra G., P. Ionescu P., Gh. Metaxa, 1980, Aspecte biochimice în cadrul relaţiei dintre
mărimea suprafeţei foliare a butucului, cantitatea şi calitatea recoltei de struguri. Analele
ICVV, Lucrări ştiinţifice, vol. IX;
48. Ţârdea C., G. Sârbu, Angela Ţârdea, 2001, Tratat de vinificaţie, Editura Ion Ionescu dela
Brad, Iaşi;
49. XXX – Buletinele ICVV nr. 1-3/1986, 4-5/1987, 6-8/1988, Valea Călugărească
50. XXX – Analele ICVI, Valea Călugărească 1980-2001;
51. XXX – Jurnale, fişe centralizate şi registre de observaţii meteorologice de la staţia
SCDVV Murfatlar şi SC Murfatlar – România SA (Staţie automatizată AgroExpert) pe
perioada 1950-2009;
52. XXX – 2005 – Strategia dezvoltării şi adaptării viticulturiii din România pentru perioada
2005-2015 elaborată de O.N.I.V.;
53. XXX – Vinurile cu denumire de origine – Cadrul reglementar de producere, Editura
Ager, Oficiul Naţional al denumirilor de origine – ICDVV Valea Călugărească 2005.

79