LLB–Par t2

Musl
im PersonalLaw
(Paper-V)
Pr
eface

Q#1Thel
egi
slat
ivef
unct
ionsoft
heHol
yQur
anandHol
ySunnah2

Q#2I
jt
ehaadandQual
if
icat
ionsofamuj
tahi
d6

Q#3Mar
ri
ageandi
tsessent
ial
s9

Q#4Val
id,
irr
egul
arandvoi
dmar
ri
age12

Q#5I
mpedi
ment
stoaval
idmar
ri
ageunderI
slami
claw15

Q#6Whati
skhul
a?Whocanexer
cisei
tandonwhatgr
ounds18

Q#7Definedi
vor
ce?Whatar
ethedi
ff
erentmodesofdi
vor
ceandwhatar
eit
svar
ious
ki
nds21

Q#8sal
ientf
eat
uresoft
heMusl
im Fami
lyLawOr
dinance196124

Q#9Def
inedoweranddi
scussi
tsi
mpor
tancei
nIsl
ami
claw?Descr
ibei
tsvar
ious
ki
nds.
27

Q#10Thepr omptanddeferr
eddower
sandwhatr
emedi
esar
eavai
labl
etot
hewi
fei
f
doweri
snotpaidbyhusband.30

Q#11Obj
ect
sandessent
ial
sofval
idwaqf33

Q#12Def
inewhocanmakeawi
ll
?Def
ineessent
ial
sandl
imi
tat
ionsuponwi
l
l36

Q#13whati
sgi
ftandi
tsi
ngr
edi
ent
s?Underwhatci
rcumst
ancesadonorcanr
evokea
gi
ft39

Q#14St
atemat
ter
stobeconsi
der
edbyacour
tinappoi
ntmentofguar
dianofmi
nor
42

Q#15Gener
alpr
inci
plesofi
nher
it
ance45

Page1of1
Q01:Def
ineanddiscusst
hel
egi
slat
ivef
unct
ionsoft
heHol
yQur
an
andHolySunnah.
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Qur
an is Pri
mary sour
ce ofLaw and i
tisin very Words of
ALMIGHTYALLAH. Thehol
yQurani
sbasi
call
ydi
rectr
evel
ati
onson
Hol
yProphet(P.
B.U.
H)byALMIGHTALLAH.

 SunnahistheSecondpri
mar ysourceofLaw.Ifanyjur
isti
sunable
tofi
ndaHukm f r
om Quran,hehast orecourset
oSunnahbecause
Sunnahi sSpeci
albondbet weenQur anandSunnah.Sunnahi s
expl
anati
onofHolyQuranwithoutHolySunnahitisver
ydiffi
cul
tto
underst
andthegeneralrul
esoft heIslamiclaw l
aiddowni nthe
Quran

2)Meani
ngofQur
anandSunnah

 ThewordQur
ander
ivedf
rom Ar
abi
cwor
dQur
a’awhi
chmeans“
TO
READ”

 Sunnahmeans“Wel
lknownpat
h”i
sbei
ng whi
chi
sbei
ngf
oll
owed
agai
nandagai
n

3)Def
ini
ti
onofQur
anbyAlBazdawi

 Qur an isrevealed on Hol

y Prophet(P.
B.U.
H)and i
thas been
t
r ansmitt
edtousbyHol yProphet(P.
B.U.
H).Qur
ani
sanauthenti
c
revelat
ionwithoutdoubt
.

4)Def
ini
ti
onofSunnah

 Sunnah ar
ethe Sayi
ngs ,
act
s and appr
oval
s ofHol
y Pr
ophet
(P.
B.U.
H)

5)Revel
ati
onoft
heHol
yQur
an

 Qur
anr
eveal
edonHol
yPr
ophet(
P.B.
U.H)
.Fi
rstr
evel
ati
onwason
Page2of2
 Hol
yProphet(
P.B.
U.H) i
nageof40.
Sur
ahAlAl
aq wasr
eveal
ed
f
ir
stl
yuponHol
yProphetP.
B.U.
H

Fol
lowi
ngi
sthever
seofHol
yQur
an:

”READI
NTHENAMEOFTHYLORD,
WHOCREATTHE
MANFROM ACLOT”

6)Const
it
uti
onalst
atusofHol
yQur
anandHol
ySunnah

 Inwest,consti
tut
ionall
awissupremelawbuti
nPaki
stanasiti
s
anIslamicstat
ethereisinI
slamicj
uri
spr
udenceQur
anis
constit
uti
onall
aw.Qur anpr
ovidesal
lnor
ms(Namonay,Misal
en)
forl
iveli
hood

 Sunnahperformedpivot
alr
oleinmakingconsti
tuti
onal.God
delegat
edpower stoHol
yProphet(
P.B.U.
H)forlegisl
ati
on.Holy
Prophet(P.
B.U.H)gaveapr
acti
calshapetoinj
unctionsofQuran

7)Qur
anasasour
ceofLaw

 Quraniscomplet
ecodeofcr eed(
mazhab)becauseI sl
amicl
aws
basedonHolyQuranandQuranGui
dest
hemani nallaspect
sofl
if
e
anditi
samajorsourceofl
aw

8)Di
visi
onofVer
sesofHol
yQur
an

Ver
sesoft
heHol
yQur
anar
edi
videdi
ntot
hreepor
ti
ons.

i
. Fi
rstpor
ti
on

 Thefi
rstpor
tionofthever
sesoft
heHol
yQurandeal
swithRel
igi
ous
dut
iessuchasBeliefi
noneALLAH,Hol
ypr
ophet(P.
B.U.
H)ist
he
l
astprophet

i
i. Secondpor
ti
on

 Secondport
ionofthever
sesoftheHolyQur
andeal
swithQur
ani
c
et
hicsli
kebehavi
orwithnei
ghbors,
deali
ngwit
hpar
ent
setc.
Page3of3
 i
ii
. Thi
rdpor
ti
on

 Thi
rdpor
ti
onoftheHolyQur
andealswit
hi ndivi
dualr
elat
ionshi
ps
wit
honeanot
her(Pur
chase,
Sal
e,Lease,Evidence)

 I
tdevel
opsrelat
ionshi
pamongpeopl
e,f
urt
her
mor
e,deal
swi
thot
her
Soci
aldut
ies.

9)Sunnahasasour
ceofLaw

 ALLAHALMI GHTYdel egat

edpowerst
oHol yPr
ophet(P.
B.U.
H)for
l
awmaki ng.Sunnahisobli
gat
oryonMuslimsBecauseSunnahis
sourceofLaw.HolySunnahalsowasreveal
edonHolyProphet
(P.
B.U.H

10)
Legi
slat
ivef
unct
ionsofSunnah

 Sunnahis2ndprimarysour
ceofl aw.Jur
istcan’tmovet oSunnah
unl
ess the search fr
om Quran compl eted. Jur
ist unabl
et o
comprehendthetextofQuranunlessher ecour
set othesunnah.
Sunnahisexpl
anati
onofQurani
tself

I
.Or
igi
nall
awmaki
ng

 Whennohukam isfoundi
nQur
anforcommissi
onoromi ssi
onof
cer
tainactatt
hatt
ime,Hol
yPr
ophet
’sowndecisi
onbecomesan
ori
ginall
aw

I
I.Pr
ovi
siont
hedet
ail
sofGener
alr
ules

 AhkamsinQur
anar
eundet
ermi
ned butSunnahexpl
ainst
hese
Ahkams

 Exampl
e

AsQur
ansays,
themal
etwoshar
esoft
hef
emal
e,

Sunnahexpl
ainsmur
der
erwi
llnoti
nher
it

Page4of4
I
II
.Expl
anat
ionoft
heI
mpl
ici
t

 SomeQuranicver
sesareuncl
earbutbutSunnahmakest hem cl
ear
and wi
thoutsunnah al
lofus are unabl
et o under
stand these
ahkams

 Exampl
e

Qur
ansays.
handofeacht
hieft
obecut

Sunnahexpl
ainsi
t,thethi
efwhost
eal
sweal
thequal
entt
o
Nisabf
rom t
heprotecti
vecust
ody

I
V.El
abor
ati
onofAhkams

 Ahkamsi
nQur
anar
eunel
abor
ated.Sunnahexpl
ainst
heseAhkams

 Exampl
e

Quranor
derpr
ayer,Sunnahpr
ovi
desi
tst
imi
ngs,
number
s
andRak’
asofprayer.

V.Li
nkageofcase

 Sunnahl
inkst
hecasewi
thwel
l-
knownpr
inci
pleofQur
an

 Exampl
e

Qur
anper
mit
stoeatgoodt
hings,
For
bidt
oeatkhabai
th,

Sunnahcat
egori
esofani
malwi
thMol
ars(
Peesnekdaant
)
andbir
dswithCl
aw(Panj
ay)

VI
.Gener
alpr
inci
plel
aiddownbySunnah

 SometimeSunnahlaysdownageneralpr
inci
plebutsunnahexpl
ain
them f
ort
hebenefi
tofthehumani
ty

Page5of5
  Exampl
e

“
NOInj
uryi
stobecausedort
obebor
ne”whi
leQur
ansays,
”I
NJURYTOOTHERSHASBEENPROHI BI
TED”

11)
KindsofSunnah

Fol
l
owi
ngar
etheki
ndsofsunnah.

i
. SunnahAlQaul
iyah

 TheseareSayi
ngornar
rat
ionoft
heHol
yProphet(
P.B.U.
H)and
themainobj
ectoft
hesunnahist
oexpl
anat
ionofAhkams

i
i. SunnahAlFai
li
yah

 Thesearedeedsandpr
act
icesoftheHolyProphet(
P.B.
U.H)such
ashisprayers,
fast
set
c.t
hesekindofsunnaharepurel
ybased
onpract
ical

i
ii
. SunnahAlTaqr
ir
iyah

 Thesear eCommi ssi

onofcertai
nactsbywordsordeedoft he
HolyProphet(P.B.U.
H).
IfsomethingwasdonebeforeHol
y
Prophet(P.B.
U.H)butHolyProphet(P.
B.U.
H)remainedsi
lentand
SuchsilencealsowouldbeconsideredasSunnah

12)
Rel
ati
onofQur
anwi
thSunnah

 Sunnahismodeofi nt
erpr
etati
on&elaborat
ionofQuran.Sunnah
doesnotgoagainstQuranandQurandoesnotgoagai nstSunnah.
Someti
mesi tbecomesdiff
icul
ttomaint
ainthatt
hesearetwo
separ
atesources

13)
Concl
usi
on

 Quranmajorandpr
imarysour
ceofIsl
amiclawandHolySunnah
hel
psjur
istsi
nthi
sregar
d.Aswellasval
idat
ionofot
hersour
ces

Page6of6
i
sbyQur an.Oneofthebiggestf
eatureofHolyQuranisthatit
doesn’thasdet ai
lsi
nitformulti
plegeneralr
ulel
aiddowni nitand
i
nt hi
sr egardjuri
sthastorecoursethesunnahforexplanat
ionof
theserules.Quranisnotabookofl awbutbookofgui dancefor
humani ty.

Page7of7
Q02:I
jt
ehaadplayssi
gni
ficantr
oleinIsl
amiclegi
slat
ionexpl
ainand
i
ll
ust
rat
e.Alsohi
ghl
ightthequal
if
icat
ionsofamuj t
ahi
d.
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Ij
tehaadi sonethesour cesofI sl
ami cl aw whenj uri
stmakesan
effort
sorwor khardin ordertof i
nd outanswer soft hesome
questionswhichisnotf oundf r
om Hol yQur an,HolySunnahand
Ij
maundert heli
ghtofIslamicinjunctions.Becausej uri
stscannot
l
eave t he matt
erunresolved. Itsr esults should notcontradi
ct
the Quran,andHolySunnahandi tshoul dnotbeusedi ncases
wher ei j
ma has been perfor
med,accor di
ng t o many scholar
s.
Isl
ami crefor
merscallforar evi
tali
zationofi j
ti
hadi nthemoder n
wor l
d

2)Meani
ngofi
jt
ehaad

 Thewordij
tehaadi
sderivedf
rom anArabi
cword“Ji
haad”which
meansto“
Stri
vehar
dtof i
ndoutsol
uti
onofani
ssueundert
hel
ight
ofHol
yQuranandSunnah.

3)Def
ini
ti
onofI
jt
ehaad

 Ij
ti
had 
isthepr ocedurewhichisconductedbyt hejur
istsofIsl
am
anditi
sat echni
calterm ofI
slamiclawthatdescr
ibestheprocess
ofmakingal egaldecisi
onbyi nter
pret
ati
onoft helegalsources
whicharetheQur ’
anandt heSunnah

4)Ar
gument
sinsuppor
tofI
jt
ehaad

 All
ahAlmightycompletedIsl
amicrel
igionandHolyPr ophet
P.B.
U.Hislastoft
hepr ophet
.Ifanyruleofl
awi snotfoundin
QuranandbyHol yProphet(P.B.
H.U)thenij
tehaadispermit
tedt
o
Musli
mj ur
istsandtheycanf i
ndoutthelawsf orr
isi
ngissuesof
themodernage

i
. Qur
ainsuppor
tofI
jt
ehaad

Page8of8
 “
OBEYGODANDOBEYPROPHET(
P.B.
U.H)ANDTHOSEAMONGST
YOUWHOHAVEAUTHORI
TY”

i
i. Hadi
thi
nsuppor
tofi
jt
ehaad

“
MYFOLLOWERSWI
LLNEVERAGREEUPONWHATI
SWRONG”

5)Ki
ndsofMuj
tahi
ds

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheki
ndsofMuj
tahi
ds.

I
. Muj
tahi
dinFi
sh-
Shar
ayee

 Thesear
et hosemuj tahidi
nswhodon’ tfol
lowanyothermuj
tahi
ds
andhaveabsol uteauthori
tytoexpl
aintheIsl
am suchasAbu
Hanif
ah,I
mam Mal ikibnAns,Imam,Imam Ahmadbi nHanbal
comesundert hiscategory.

I
I. Muj
tahi
dinFi
lMazhab

 Thesearethosemujt
ahi
dinswhof ol
lowothermujt
ahidsbutare
notboundtofoll
owthem andhaveabsol
uteauthor
itytoexpl
ain
theI
slam suchasAbuYousufcomesundert hi
scategory.

I
II
. Muj
tahi
dinFi
lMasai
l

 Thesearethosemujtahi
dinswhohaveabsoluteauthor
it
yto
expl
ainthepart
icul
arquestionsofIsl
amicl
awwhi chhadal
ready
notbeensett
ledbytheotherjurist
ssuchasKhassafandQadi
Khancomesundert hiscategory.

I
V. Muj
tahi
dinMuqal
li
d

 Thesearet
hosemujt
ahi
dinscannotdeductanl
awbuthave
author
it
ytoexpl
aint
hepart
icul
arquesti
onsofI
slami
candcan
provi
desol
uti
onsoft
heisl
amicprobl
ems.

6)Qual
if
icat
ionsofMuj
tahi
d

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethequal
if
icat
ionsofMuj
tahi
dwhocanper
for
mij
tehaad.

Page9of9
  Muj
tahi
dshoul
dbeschol
arofQur
anandSunnah

 Mustexper
tofAr
abi
cLanguage

 Mustknowt
hepr
ici
plesofNaskh

 Mustknowt
hepr
inci
pleofQi
yas

 Musthaveani
mpar
ti
alt
hinki
ng

 Fami
li
arwi
tht
het
radi
ti
onal
sci
ence

 Compet
entt
oexpl
ainl
awaswel
lasquest
ionsofI
slami
claws

 Upt
odat
ewi
thknowl
edgeofsoci
ety

7)Val
idi
tyofI
jt
ehaad

Fol
lowi
ngar
ether
easonsofval
idi
tyofi
jt
ehaad.

i
.Ij
tehaadbyMuj
tahi
d

 Ij
tehaadisvali
difi
tisper
fomedbyMuj
tahi
dwhohasat
tai
nedt
he
statusofI
jt
ihad

i
i. Per
for
medbyMusl
ims

 I
jt
ehaadisval
idi
fal
lpar
ti
cipat
ingj
uri
stsar
eMusl
imsorf
rom
Ummat-e-
Muhammadi

i
ii
. Unani
mousopi
nion

 Ij
tehaadi
svali
dwhereal
ljuri
storMusl
im schol
arsmusthave
unanimousopi
niononareli
giousi
ssue

i
v. Af
tert
hedeat
hofHol
yPr
ophet(
P.B.
U.H)

 I
jt
ehaadisval
idifi
tisperf
ormedaftert
hedeat
hofHol
yPr
ophet
(
P.B.
U.H)ifi
thasbeenperformedwithi
nthel
if
eofHol
yPr
ophet
(
P.B.
U.H)thenitwi
llnotbeaccept
edasvali
d

v. Uponr
uleofLaw

 Ij
tehaadi
sval
idifiti
suponar
uleofl
awbecausei
tcan’
tbe
appli
edonnon-
legalmat
ter
s
Page10of10
 vi
. Rel
ianceuponaSanad(
Evi
dence)

 Ij
tehaadisvali
difi
trel
iesuponsomesanadot
her
wisei
twi
llnot
beconsideredasval
idi
jtehaad

8)I
jt
ehaadasasour
ceofl
aw

Schol
arsofmoder
nagecanper
for
mij
tehaadi
ftheyar
eel
igi
bleorqual
if
y
asMujtahi
d

I
. Enf
orcementofAhkamsofQur
anandSunnah

 Theactofi
jt
ehaaddi
scover
sthenewLawsandenf
orcest
he
AhkamsofQuranandSunnah

I
I. I
nter
pret
ati
onofShar
ias

 Theactofi
jt
ehaadhel
pst
heMusli
msschol
arsi
ninter
pret
ati
onof
Lawsofshari
alai
ddowni
ntheHolyQur
anandHolySunnah

I
II
. Newl
egi
slat
ioncanbemade

 Aft
erQur
anandSunnah,newl
egi
slat
ioncanonl
ybemadewi
th
t
hehelpoft
heactofi
jt
ehaadwhi
chispermit
tedinI
slam

9)Posi
ti
oni
nPaki
stan

 Thef ederalShar
iatcour
tofPakist
anusest heformul
aofi
jt
ehaadi
n
hisjudgmentf orthequesti
onsofl aw asithasbeenper
mitt
edby
theIslamiclawsinordertoresol
vedthedisputesamongt
hepeopl
e
ofIsl
ami cRepublicofPaki
stan.

10)
Concl
usi
on

 ToconcludeIcansayt hat,theactofijt
ehaadi
spermit
tedin
Isl
amicinj
unct
ionsand al
loft hoseMusl
imsJuri
stsorMusli
m
schol
arsareal
lowedt
operfor
mt hiswhoqual
if
yasmujt
ahi
d.They
Page11of11
 canfindoutt hesolut
ionsoftheprobl
emswhichhadalreadynot
been sett
led bef
ore.There ar
e some li
mit
ati
ons on t
he jur
ist
s
regar
dingperf
ormanceofijt
ehaad

Q#03:Def
ineMar
ri
age.Whatar
etheessent
ial
sofmar
ri
age?
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 In 
Isl
am,  
marr
iage 
isal egal
 andcivi
lcontract
 betweentwopeopl e.
Botht hegroom andt hebridegivet hei
rownf r
eeconsentt othe
mar r
iage.Thi
scontractdefi
nesr i
ghtsanddut i
esoft hegroom and
bri
de.Ther e mustbe t wo Muslim witnesses oft he marri
age
contract
. 
Andcontractofmar ri
agecomest oanendaf t
erdeathof
anypar t
nerorbyactofdivorcebetweenthepartners.

2)Meani
ngofMar
ri
age

 Itmeans the union oft

wo peopl
e as par
tner
sin a per
sonal
rel
ati
onshi
pspecifi
call
yauni
onbetweenamanandawomanf or
procr
eati
onofchi
ldren.

3)Def
ini
ti
onofMar
ri
age

 Marri
ageisthephysi
calrelat
ionshi
pbetweenmanandwomanbya
contr
actofmarri
agewhichmakest hatr
elat
ionshi
plawf
ulandbot
h
part
nersphysi
call
yenjoyingeachot heri
nt hemannerall
owedby
theShari
a’
s.

4)Essent
ial
sofmar
ri
age

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheessent
ial
sofaval
idmar
ri
age.

i
.Of
ferandAccept
ance

Page12of12
  Foravalidcontractofmar
riage,t
hereshoul
dbeanof f
erbyone
par
tyandi tmustbeacceptedbyt heot
herpart
y.I
tiscal
ledof
fer
andacceptance.

i
i.Of
ferandaccept
ancemusti
nsamemeet
ing

 Foravali
dcont r
actofmarri
age,off
erandacceptanceshouldbei
n
samemeet ing,i
fanof f
erismadei nanothermeet i
ngandi ti
s
accept
edinanot hermeet
ingint hi
scaseitwillnotconsider
eda
val
idmarri
age.

i
ii
.Fr
eeconsent

 Foravalidcont ractofmarri
age,consentofbothoft hepar t
ies
shoul
dbef reefrom anysoci
alpressur
e,misr
epresent
ati
onorf ree
fr
om fr
aud.Iftheconsenti
stakenbyundueinf
luence,i
nthiscaseit
i
snotavalidmar ri
age.

i
v.Maj
ori
ty

 Foravalidcontr
actofmar
riage,bothofthebr
ideandthegroom
haveatt
ainedt
heageofmajori
tyandmustbeanadultatt
het
imeof
marri
gaeandnooneshoul
dbemi norbyage.

v.Fost
erage

 Foravali
dcontractofmarr
iage,bot
hoft hebri
deandt hegr
oom
shoul
dnotbef oster
age(
Mehr am) foreachotherandtheydon’
t
havebl
oodrel
ati
onsuchasbrothersi
ster
,Uncl
eaunti
eetc.

vi
.Dower(
Amountofmehar
)

 Foravali
dcont r
actofmar r
iage,t
hef
ixat
ionoft
heamountofthe
mehar(dower)isnecessaryatt het
imeofmar ri
agebecausea
marri
agewithoutthef
ixat
ionofamountofmehar(dower
)isnota
val
idmarr
iage.

vi
i.Opposi
tegender

 Foraval
idcont
ractofmar
ri
age,
themar
ri
ageshoul
dbebet
weent
he
Page13of13
 twopersonofopposi
tegendersuchasmanandwoman.Because
Isl
am doesnotal
low t
osignthecontr
actofmar
ri
aget
othesame
gender
.

vi
ii
.Wi
tnesses

 Fora vali
d cont
ractofmar
riage,t
hereshould beavai
labl
etwo
wit
nessesattheti
meofmarr
iagebutthewi
tnessmustbeofsound
mindaswellasanadult
.

i
x.MustbeMusl
ims

 Foravali
dcontractofmarr
iage,bot
hofthebr
ideandthegroom
shoul
dbeMusl i
msbyf ai
thifanyoneoft
hepar
tneri
snon-Musli
m
sother
eisnovali
dmarri
age.

5)Obj
ect
sofmar
ri
age

Fol
lowi
ngar
eobj
ect
sofamar
ri
age.

I
.Legal
izat
ionofsexuali
ntercour
se.

 UndertheIsl
am,themai nobj
ectofthemarr
iageisl
egal
izat
ionof
sexuali
nter
courseoft hehusbandandthewifei
nordert
opr otect
bothofthem f
rom evi
lsofthesoci
ety.

I
I.Br
eedi
ngofchi
ldr
en.

 Underthe I
slam,anotherobjectofthe cont
ractofmar
ri
age i
s
br
eedingofchil
drenbythehusbandandt
hewi f
e.

I
II
.Pr
eser
vat
ionofhumanr
ace

 Underthe I
slam,anot
herobjectoft he cont
ractofmar
ri
age i
s
pr
otect
ionofthehumanbei
ngsfrom commi t
ti
nganevi
l.

I
V.Regul
ati
onofsoci
all
if
e.

 Undert he Isl
am,anotherobj ectofthe cont
ractofmarri
age i
s
regulati
on ofthesocialli
fein ordertorun t
hebusinessofthe
societywit
houtsexualof
fenses.
Page14of14
6)NumberofWi
ves

 UndertheIsl
ami
crul
esofl aw,apersonwhoi sMusl i
m canhave
fourwi
vesatasamet
imeandi ti
spermit
tedbyIslam,butnotmore.
Ifhemarri
esafi
ft
hwifebecausehehasalreadyfourwives,i
nthis
casesuchkindofmarri
agewoul dbeconsideredasi rr
egularor
i
nvali
d.

7)Di
ff
erentbenef
it
sofMar
ri
age

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethedi
ff
erentbenef
it
sofmar
ri
age.

i
.Soci
albenef
it
s

 TheHolyPr ophet(P.
B. U.
H)encour agesthecontractofmar
ri
age
because Isl
am gives high respectt o a marr
ied woman and
prot
ectsherfrom socialevi
lsandsuchmar r
iagebecomescause
ofstabi
li
tyofthesocialli
feofmanandwoman.

i
i.Rel
igi
ousbenef
it
s

 Aft
eracont ractofmarri
ageaMuslim manandaMusl im woman
cansavet hem from commit
ti
ngill
egalsexuali
nter
cour
sewhich
i
ssinint heeyeofI sl
am sothatmarri
agesavesthem become
gui
lt
yintheeyeofI sl
am.

i
ii
.Legalbenef
it
s

 Afteracont ractofmar
ri
age,t
hesexuali
nter
courseandbr eedi
ng
oft hechi l
drenbecomelegalintheeyeoft heIsl
am because
Isl
am l egal
lyallowst
heseactaft
ercont
ractofmarriage.Anda
mar ri
edwomancannotmakeanot hermarr
iage.

8)Concl
usi
on

 ToconcludeIcansaythatmarri
agei
snotasocialceremonybuta
ci
vilcont
ractbetweent
wopersonsofopposit
esex.EveryMuslim
manandwomanofsoundmi ndwhohaveatt
ainedtheageofsexual
maturi
ty can ent
erint
o cont
ractofmarri
age.There are some

Page15of15
 essent
ial
s ofmarr
iage such as of
ferand accept
ance,age of
majori
ty,
non-
mehr
am, f
reeconset
,numberofwit
nesses,
.

Q04:Def
inemarr
iage.Andexpl
aini
tski
ndssuchasval
id,i
rr
egul
ar
andvoidmar
riage?
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 In 
Isl
am,  
marr
iage 
isal egal
 andcivi
lcontract
 betweentwopeopl e.
Botht hegroom andt hebridegivet hei
rownf r
eeconsentt othe
mar r
iage.Thi
scontractdefi
nesr i
ghtsanddut i
esoft hegroom and
bri
de.Ther e mustbe t wo Muslim witnesses oft he marri
age
contract
. 
Andcontractofmar ri
agecomest oanendaf t
erdeathof
anypar t
nerorbyactofdivorcebetweenthepartners.

2)Meani
ngofMar
ri
age

 Itmeans the union oft

wo peopl
e as par
tner
sin a per
sonal
rel
ati
onshi
pspecifi
call
yauni
onbetweenamanandawomanf or
procr
eati
onofchi
ldren.

3)Def
ini
ti
onofMar
ri
age

 Marri
ageisthephysi
calrelat
ionshi
pbetweenmanandwomanbya
contr
actofmarri
agewhichmakest hatr
elat
ionshi
plawf
ulandbot
h
part
nersphysi
call
yenjoyingeachot heri
nt hemannerall
owedby
Page16of16
 t
heShar
ia’
s.

4)Ki
ndsofMar
ri
age

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheki
ndsofmar
ri
age.

I
.Val
idMar
ri
age

Accordi
ng totheIsl
amicrul
esofl aw,such marri
ageisaval id
marri
agewhichisfr
eefr
om al
ldefect
sandil
lnessandcompletesal
l
therequi
rementsofaval
idmarri
age,isper
fecti
nallaspect
ssuch
as:

 Theexi
stenceofof
ferandaccept
ance

 Of
ferandaccept
anceshoul
dbebywi
ll
fulconsent

 Bot
hoft
hebr
ideandgr
oom shoul
dbemaj
ori
nage

 Bot
hofshoul
dbenon-
mehr
am f
oreachot
her

 Fi
xat
ionoft
heamountoft
hedower(
Mehar
)

 Gendershoul
dbeopposi
te

 Exi
stenceofwi
tness

 Theyshoul
dbeMusl
imsbyf
ait
h

I
I.Voi
dmar
ri
age

Accordi
ng tot heI sl
amicr ul
esofl aw,such mar r
iagei sa voi
d
marri
agewhi chisi nit
selfanunl awf
ulmar ri
ageandf ullofdef
ect
s
andil
lnessanddoesnotcompl eteallther equi
rementsofaval i
d
marri
agei scal l
ed void marr
iage.Thi st ypeofmar ri
agecan be
ter
minated by eitherparty wit
houtobt aini
ng a divorce,and i
s
i
mperfectinallaspectssuchas:

 Thenon-
exi
stenceofof
ferandaccept
ance

 Wher
etheconsenti
stakenbyunduei
nfl
uence

 Mar
ri
ageonbasedofsympat
hy

 Exi
stenceoff
ost
erage

Page17of17
  Mar
ri
agewi
tht
hewi
feofanot
herper
son

I
II
.Ir
regul
armar
ri
age

Accordi
ngtotheIsl
amicrul
esofl
aw,suchmarr
iageisnotunl
awful
i
ni t
selfbutther
ear esomeotherreasonsofir
regul
ari
tyofthis
marri
agesuchas:

 Mar
ri
agewi
thoutwi
tnesses

 Mar
ri
agewi
thawomanwhoi
sint
heper
iodofI
DDAT

 Mar
ri
agewi
thawomanwhoi
snotaMusl
im byf
ait
h

 Mar
ri
agewi
tht
wowomenwhoar
esi
ster
,atasamet
ime

 Andf
if
thmar
ri
age

5)Ki
ndsofmar
ri
ageunderShi
alaw

Foll
owi
ngarethetwokindsofmar
ri
ageasunder
.Theshi
alawonl
y
r
ecogni
zesonl
yfoll
owing.

i
.Val
idmar
ri
age

Val
idmarri
ageissuchmarri
agewhichisl
awf
uli
ntheeyeofl
awand
compl
etesall
therequi
rementoft
helaw.

i
i.Voi
dmar
ri
age

Voi
dmarr
iageissuchmarri
agewhichisanunlawfulintheeyeof
l
awanddoesnotcompl
eteal
lther
equir
ementofthelaw.

6)Di
ff
erencebet
weenvoi
dandi
rr
egul
armar
ri
age

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethedi
ff
erencesbet
weenvoi
dandi
rr
egul
armar
ri
ages.

I
.Ast
orest
ri
cti
on

Page18of18
  Ther
est
ri
cti
onsonvoi
dmar
ri
agear
ecompl
eteandabsol
ute

 Ther
est
ri
cti
onsofi
rr
egul
armar
ri
agear
etempor
ary

I
I.Ast
oenf
orceabi
li
ty

 Voi
dmar
ri
agei
snotenf
orceabl
ebyl
aw

 I
rr
egul
armar r
iageisenf
orceabl
ebyl aw aft
err
emovalofsome
r
est
ri
cti
onswhichmaybemadei ti
rr
egul
ar.

I
II
.Ast
olegalst
atus

 Voi
dmar
ri
agei
scompl
etel
yunl
awf
ulmar
ri
age

 I
rr
egul
armar
ri
agei
snotanunl
awf
ulmar
ri
age

I
V.Ast
oChi
ldr
enl
egi
ti
macy

 I
nvoi
dmar
ri
age,
thechi
ldbor
nisnotal
egi
ti
mat
e

 I
nir
regul
armar
ri
age,
thechi
ldbor
nisal
egi
ti
mat
e

V.Ast
oconver
sion

 Voi
dmar
ri
agecannotbeconver
tedi
ntoval
idmar
ri
age

 I
rr
egul
armar
ri
agecanbeconver
tedi
ntoval
idmar
ri
age

VI
.Ast
ori
ght
sandobl
igat
ion

 Voi
dmar
ri
agedoesnotcr
eat
eanyci
vilr
ightandobl
igat
ions

 I
rr
egul
armar
ri
agemaycr
eat
eanyci
vilr
ightandobl
igat
ion

7)Waysofavoi
dingi
rr
egul
armar
ri
age

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethet
hreewayst
oavoi
dir
regul
armar
ri
age.

i
. ByHusband
Page19of19
 Ahusbandcanavoi
dhi
sir
regul
armar
ri
agebyr
eject
inghi
scont
ract
ofmarr
iage.

i
i. Bywi
fe

Awif
ecanavoi
dheri
rr
egul
armar
ri
agebyr
eject
inghercont
ractof
mar
ri
age.

i
ii
. Bycour
tofl
aw

Thecourtoflawcanavoidthecont
ractofi
rregul
armar
ri
agei
fiti
s
broughtundert
heconsi
derat
ionoft
hecourt
.

8)Concl
usi
on

 ToconcludeIcansayt hatmarri
ageisnotasocialceremonybuta
ci
vilcont
ractbetweentwopersonsofopposi t
esex.EveryMusl i
m
manandwomanofsoundmi ndwhohaveat tai
nedtheageofsexual
maturi
tycanent erint
ocontractofmar r
iage.Therearedi f
fer
ent
ki
nds ofmar ri
ages such as val
id mar
riage,voi
d mar r
iage and
i
rr
egularmarri
age.

Q#05:Whatar
eimpedi
ment
stoaval
idmar
ri
ageunderI
slami
claw?
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 In 
Isl
am,  
marr
iage i
salegal 
andcivilcont
ract
 betweent
wopeopl e.
Botht hegroom andthebr i
degivet hei
rownf r
eeconsentt
ot he
mar r
iage.Muslim per
sonallaw prohibi
tsaval i
d marr
iageunder
someci rcumstancesbecauseMusl i
msar eallowedtomarrywith

Page20of20
 whom wher
emarri
ageisal
lowed underI
slami
crul
esoflaw.I t
meanst
hatt
her
eshoul
dbenoimpedimentt
omakeavali
dmarr
iage.

2)Def
ini
ti
onofI
mpedi
mentt
omar
ri
age

 UnderIsl
amicl
aw,tostopsomeonetomar
ryawomanoramanon
thegroundsoffost
erage,orsympat
hyi
scall
edi
mpedi
mentt
oa
val
idmarri
age.

3)Ki
ndsofi
mpedi
ment

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheki
ndsofi
mpedi
ment
stoaval
idmar
ri
age.

I
.Per
manenti
mpedi
ment

 Permanent impediment i s such impediment whi

ch creat
es a
permanentrest
ricti
ononaval i
dmar r
iageduetosomever yvali
d
reasons,
incaseofbl oodrelati
ons,
fost
erageoraff
ini
tyorpol
yandr
y
(awomenmar ryingmor et hanoneper sonatasamet i
me).Iti
s
permanentl
yHar am i
nI sl
am.

I
I.Tempor
aryi
mpedi
ment

 Temporar
y i mpediment is such i mpedi
ment which creat
es
tempor
aryrestr
ict
iononaval i
dreasonbutsuchkindofrest
ri
cti
on
canberemovedbyel i
minat
ingthereasonofr
est
ri
cti
on.

4)Gr
oundsofi
mpedi
ment
s

i
.Impedi
mentduet
oconsangui
nit
y(Bl
oodr
elat
ion)

Fol
lowi
ngar
etherest
ri
cti
onsofaval
idmar
ri
agewi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ng
per
sonduet
obloodrel
ati
ons.

 Thef
ather
’swi
fe,
whet
herdi
vor
cedorwi
dowed

 Themot
her
,incl
udi
ngt
hegr
andmot
her
s

 Thesi
ster
,incl
udi
ngst
ep-
sist
ers.
Page21of21
   
Thedaught
er,
incl
udi
ngt
hegr
anddaught
ers

 Thepat
ernalaunt

  
Themat
ernalaunt

 Thebr
other
’sdaught
ere.
g.hi
sni
ece

 Thesi
ster
’sdaught
er,
i.
e.,
hisni
ece.

i
i.I
mpedi
mentduet
oaf
fi
nit
y(I
nLawRel
ati
on)

Fol
lowi
ngarether
estri
cti
onsofaval
idmar
ri
agewi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ng
per
sonsduetorel
ati
oninlaw.

1.Wi
thhi
smot
heri
nlaworgr
andmot
heri
nlaw

2.Wi
thhi
sdaught
eri
nlaworgr
anddaught
eri
nlaw

3.Hi
swi
fe,
sdaught
erbyapr
evi
ousmar
ri
age

i
ii
.Impedi
mentduet
ofost
erage

Foll
owi
ngaret
herestri
cti
onst
oavali
dmarr
iagewi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ng
per
sonsduet
ofost
erage.Amancannotmar
ryto:

1.Hi
sfost
ermot
her

2.Hi
sfost
ersi
ster

3.Hi
sfost
ermot
her
’ssi
ster

 Except
ions

Fol
lowingaretheexcept
ionswher
eamancanmar
ryt
othe
f
oll
owingperson.

1.Si
ster
'sf
ost
er-
mot
her
.

Page22of22
 2.Fost
ersi
ster
'smot
her
.

3.Fost
erson'
sist
er.

4.Fost
erbr
other
'ssi
ster
s

i
v.I
mpedi
mentduet
opol
yandr
y

 UndertheI sl
amiclaw,i
tisanunlawfulforawomant ohavemor e
than one husband ata same t
ime.Because a marri
ed woman
cannotcont r
acta second marr
iage duri
ng t
he l
if
e ofherf i
rst
husband.

v.I
mpedi
mentduet
opol
ygamy

 UndertheI sl
amiclaw,itisanunlawf
ulforamantohavemor et
han
fourwivesatasamet i
me.I fhemarri
esafif
thwifewherehehas
alr
eadyf ourwives,i
nthiscasethemarri
agei
snotvoidbuti
rr
egular
,
i
nt hissit
uati
onhecanr emoveimpedi
mentbydivor
cingoneoffour
wives.Ifshemar ri
eswithsecondpersonint
hiscaseshewouldbe
punishedasperr ul
esofcr i
minall
aw.

vi
.Impedi
mentduet
odi
ff
erenceofr
eli
gion

 UndertheIsl
amiclaw,iti
sanunlawful(
Haram)forawomant o
marryanon-Musl
im manwhet
herhei
speopleoft
hebookornot
.

 Qur
ansays

“
Itis notper
missi
blef
orMusl
im women t
o mar
ry non-
Musl
im men.
”

vi
i.I
mpedi
mentduet
ounl
awf
ulconj
unct
ion

 Further
more,aMusli
m cannotmar
ryatthesamet i
mewi thtwo
sist
erswhoaresor
elat
edtoeachot
herbyconsangui
nit
y,af
fi
nit
yor
fost
erage,

vi
ii
.Impedi
mentduet
oiddat

 Undert
heI
slami
claw,i
tisunl
awf
ulf
oramant
oawomanwhoi
s
Page23of23
 spendi
ngt
heper
iodofi
ddataf
tert
hedeat
hofhi
shusband.

i
x.I
mpedi
mentduet
odi
ff
erenceofr
eli
gion

 Undert heIsl
amiclaw,accor
dingtotheSunnischooloft
houghtifa
personwhoi sinPilgr
imagecannotmar ryawomanandi ti
san
absoluteimpedi
ment .I
fhedoesinthissi
tuat
ionhi
smar r
iagewi
llbe
consideredasinvali
d.

5)Ef
fect
sofi
mpedi
ment
s

Eff
ectoftheper
manentimpedi
mentcannotbeavoi
dedinanycase.
Buttheef f
ectofthetemporar
yimpedimentcan beaddr
essed or
removed.

a)Legalef
fectonchi
ldr
en

 I
N PERMANENT I
MPEDI
MENT,t
he chi
ldr
en ar
e consi
der
ed as
i
ll
egi
ti
mat
e

 I
N TEMPORARYI
MPEDI
MENT,t
hechi
ldr
enar
enotconsi
der
edas
i
ll
egi
ti
mat
e.

b) Legalef
fectonmar
ri
age

 INPERMANENTI
MPEDI
MENT,t
hemar
ri
agei
snotl
egali
ntheeye
ofl
aw

 I
NTEMPORARYI
MPEDI
MENT,
themar
ri
agei
slegalbuti
rr
egul
ar.

6)Concl
usi
on

 To concludeIcan sayt hatthemar r

iageamong Musl i
m isnot
cer
emonybuti tpurel
yisaci vi
lcont
ract.Inordertoconsti
tutea
mar r
iageasvali
dt her
eshoul dbenoimpedi mentstothemarriage.
BecauseI sl
amiclaw enforcessomer estr
ict
ionsont heri
ghtofa
persontoenteri
ntomar t
ialrel
ati
onwit
haper sonofopposi
tesex.

Page24of24
Q#06:Whati
skhul
a?Whocanexer
cisei
tandonwhatgr
ounds?
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 UnderIsl
amiclaw,khulaisapr ocedurethroughwhichawomancan
divor
ceherhusband,af t
erret
ur ni
ngt he dower 
(mahr
)thatshehad
recei
vedfrom herhusband.I nt hi
scaset hehusbandtakesthe
paymentbackandl etshiswifego.Bef or epromul
gati
onofIsl
am a
womanhadnor ightstodivorceherhusbandbypayi ngthedower
backtohim butI
slam hasint
roducedt his.

2)Meani
ngofKhul
a

 Khul
aisanAr
abi
cwor
dwhi
chmeanst
o“Putof
f”

3)Def
ini
ti
onofKhul
a

 Rightofdivor
cewhi chisgrantedt
oawomanf orsepar
ati
onf r
om
herhusbandwi thouthisconsentaf
terpayi
ngbackthedower,
whi l
e
herefusedtodivorcehiswife

4)Essent
ial
sofKhul
a

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheessent
ial
sofkhul
a.

a)Wi
fe’
sconsent

Undert
heIsl
amiclaw,i
nordertogetsepar
ati
onf
rom herhusband,
wif
ewil
lhavetoshowherconsenti
nthi
sregar
d

b)Husband’
sconsent

Undert
heI
slami
claw,i
nor
dert
ogetsepar
ati
onf
rom hi
swi
fe,
Page25of25
 husbandwi
llhavet
oshowhi
sconsenti
nthi
sregar
d

c)Dower

UnderIsl
amiclawasperrul
esinor
dertogetsepar
ationthewi
fewil
l
havetogiveorwil
lhavet
oshowheri nt
ent
iontogivetheamountof
dowertoherhusbandbef
oresepar
ati
on

5)Gr
oundsf
orKhul
a

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethej
udi
cialgr
oundsf
orkhul
a.

1.Di
sappear
anceofhusbandf
or4year
s

2.Fai
lur
etomai
ntai
nhi
ssoci
alobl
igat
ionsf
or2year
s

3.Husbandhasbeeni
mpr
isonedf
or7year
s

4.Husbandhasbeenf
ail
edt
oper
for
m hi
smar
it
alobl
igat
ionsf
rom 3
year
s

5.Husbandbecamei
nsane

6.Husbandgetsexualser
iousi
ll
ness

7.Anyot
herr
easonr
ecogni
zedbyt
hecour
tofl
awf
orkhul
a

8.Husbandcont
ract
ingpol
ygami
es

 Hadi
thSays

 InthetimeofTheHolyPr ophet(S.A.
W) ,t
hewi f
eofThabi tbinQais
requestedt
heHolyProphet(S.A.
W)f oradivorcefrom herhusband.
TheHoyPr ophet(
P.B.U.
H)askedhert oretur
nt heamountgi vent
o
heratt heti
meofmar ri
ageasdower( Mahr).Sheaccept edthis
condit
ionandthemarri
agewer edissol
ved.

6)Revocat
ionofkhul
a

 Undert
heIsl
amicper sonlaw,Islam gi
vespermissi
ont oawoman
whohasmadear equestforkhulacanberevoked(cancell
ed)atany
t
imebefor
etheacceptanceoftheofferbyherhusband.

Page26of26
7)Khul
aundercompul
sion

Khul
aundercompul
sionbysunniandshi
aper
spect
ive.

a)UnderSunnil
aw

Accordi
ngtotheSunnilaw khul
aisval
idi
fanywomanwhohas
request
edi
tundercompulsi
on

b)UnderShi
alaw

Accordi
ngt
ot heShial
awkhulai
snotval
idi
fanywomanwhohas
request
edi
tundercompul
sion

8)Legaleff
ect
sofKhula
Foll
owingaret
helegalef
fect
sofKhul
a.

I
. Ri
ghtofmar
ri
agewi
thanot
her

Undert
heIslami
cl aw,af
tertaki
ngkhula,awomancanmar
rywi
th
anot
herper
sonwithoutanylegalr
est
ri
ctiononher

I
I. Ri
ghtofr
emar
ri
age

Undert
heIsl
amiclaw,
aftert
aki
ngkhula,awomancanremar
rywi
th
hi
sprevi
oushusbandwit
houtanyl
egalrest
ri
cti
ononher

I
II
. Ri
ghtofi
nher
it
ance

Underthe Isl
ami
claw,af
tertaki
ng the khul
a,wif
e’sri
ght
s of
i
nheri
tancecomet
oanendoncethedi
vorceiscompl
eted

I
V. Per
iodofi
ddat

Undert
heIsl
amicl
aw,
aft
ert
aki
ngkhul
a,wi
fewi
llhavet
ospendt
he
per
iodofi
ddat.

Page27of27
 V.  
Sexuali
nter
cour
sebecomesunl
awf
ul

Undert
heI sl
amiclaw,aftertaki
ngthekhul
a,thesexuali
nter
course
bet
ween the divorced husband and wif
e orl i
ving t
ogetheris
unl
awfuloncethedivorcehasbeencompleted

VI
. Paymentofdower

Undert
heIsl
amicl
aw, af
tert
aki
ngt
hekhul
a,wi
fei
slegal
lyboundt
o
gi
veorshowsheri
ntenti
ontogi
vet
hedowert
oherhusband.

9)Whatmaybegi
venasdower

 UndertheIslamiclaw,ever
ythi
ngcanbegi venast hepaymentof
dowertothehusband,t
hedowermaybei ni
mmoveabl eort
hefor
m of
cur
rency,
propert
ywhethermoveabl
eoranyothert
hing.

10)
Howkhul
aisgr
ant
ed

Fol
lowi
ngoft
het
wowaysofgr
ant
ingkhul
a.

 Bymut
ualagr
eement

 Byt
heor
deroft
hecour
t

11)
Dut
yoft
hecour
t

 Courtisunderanobli
gat
iontodet
erminethecasewhichi
sfil
edonthe
basisofkhulaandtr
ytofindoutt
hereasonsonwhichkhulahasbeen
requested by t
he woman befor
et he cour
tordi ssol
uti
on ofthe
mar r
iage.

12)
Concl
usi
on

 Toconcl udeIcansayt hatI sl

am hasgi
venther
ighttowomenwho
canr equestfordi
ssolut
ionofmar ri
agei
ntheshapeofkhulabefore
thecourtoflawbutshewi l
lhavetopayt
hedowerforthi
sseparat
ion
whichshehadt akenatt het i
meofcont
ractofmarr
iageinorderto
proceedherrequest.
Page28of28
Q07:Def
inedi
vorce?Whatarethedi
ff
erentmodesofdi
vor
ceand
whatarei
tsvari
ouski
nds?
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Undert heIslamiclaw,di
vorceisoneofthemodesofdi ssolut
ionof
mar ri
age.Bot hwifeandhusbandhavel egalandreli
giousr i
ghtsto
dissolveamar ri
agebydi vorceorkhula.A verbaldivorcei snot
recognizedbyl aw andthehusband’sfail
uretosendwr itt
ennot i
ce
tot hewi f
emakest hedivorceinef
fect
ive.Divor
ceisper mi t
tedin
Isl
am buti tis al astoptionifitisnotpossibletocont i
nuea
mar ri
age

2)Def
ini
ti
onofdi
vor
ce

 Divorcei sdi ssol

uti
on ofmar r
iage,t
erminat
ion ofamar r
iageor
mar i
talunion,andi ti
sthewayofcancel i
ngofthelegaldut
iesand
responsibi
lit
iesofmar r
iageundertheI
slamicl
aw.

3)Modesofdi
vor
ce

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethemodesofdi
vor
ce.

i
.Deat
hofanyspouse

 UndertheIsl
amiclaw,deat
hofanyspouseisanaut
omati
cmodeof
divor
cebetweenthehusbandandthewife.Al
lthemar
it
alli
abi
li
ti
es
comet oanendbyt hi
sway.
Page29of29
 i
i.Di
vor
ce

 UndertheIsl
amiclaw,pronouncementoft hewor
dsofdivor
ceby
husbandi
salsomodedi ssol
ut i
onofmar r
iagebet
weent
hehusband
andthewif
e.Allt
hemaritall
iabil
it
iescometoanendbythi
sway

i
ii
.Khul
a

 Undert he I
slami
claw,khulai s mode dissol
uti
on ofmar r
iage
betweenhusbandandt hewi f
ewher eawi f
eputsar equestfor
separat
ionfr
om herhusband.Allt
hemaritalli
abi
li
ti
escomet oan
endoncekhulaiscompl
eted.

i
v.Annul
mentofi
rr
egul
armar
ri
age

 UndertheI sl
ami
claw,anannulmentofi
rregul
armarri
ageisamode
ofdissoluti
onofmarr
iagebetweenhusbandandt hewifeandi tis
happens when contract of marr
iage does not complet
et he
requi
rementofavali
dmar r
iage.Al
lthemarit
alli
abi
li
ti
escomet oan
endbyt hisway.

4)Ki
ndsofdi
vor
ces

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheki
ndsofdi
vor
ces.Det
ail
sar
easunder
.

I
.Tal
aq-
e-Ahsan

 Tal
aq-e-
Ahsanissucht alaqwhereahusbandpr onouncestal
aqto
hi
swi feinasinglesentenceandwai tsforthecompleti
onofthe
per
iodofiddat
.Thistypeoftalaqcanbecancell
edduri
ngtheperi
od
ofi
ddatbutaft
eriddat,i
tcannotbecancel
led.

I
I. Tal
aq-
e-Hassan

 Tal
aq-e-
Hassani ssuchtal
aqwhereahusbandpr onouncest
alaqto
hi
swi febyt hreetimesconsecuti
velyaft
erabr eakof30 days
bet
weeneacht alaq.Thi
stypeoftalaqcanbecancel leddur
ingthe
per
iodofiddatbutaft
eri
ddat,
itcannotbecancel
led.

Page30of30
I
II
.Tal
aq-
e-Bi
ddat

 Talaq-
e-Bi
ddatissuchtal
aqwher eahusbandpr onouncest al
aqt o
hiswifethri
ceinasi ngl
esentence.Thist ypeoftal aqcannotbe
cancel
ledonceithasbeenstat
edatt hri
ce.Inthi
ssituation,
inorder
toremarri
agethehusbandandwifewillhavetodo“Ni kahHalal
a.

I
V.Khul
a

 Khulaisakindofdivorcewhereawomancandivorceherhusband,
aft
erretur
ning the 
dower 
(mahr)t
hatshehad recei
ved fr
om her
husband.I
nt hi
scasethehusbandtakest
hepaymentbackandl et
s
hi
swi f
ego.

V.Mubar
rat

 Mubar r
atissuch divor
cewher ehusband and wif
edi ssol
vethe
contr
act of marri
age by their mutualagreement and wants
separat
ionf
rom oneanother
.Iti
scall
edmubarrat.

VI
.Judi
cialdi
vor
ce

 Underthemarri
ageact1939,judici
aldi
vorceissuchdivorcewher e
awomancanf il
eacasei nthecourtinordert
ogetdivorcefrom her
husbandonthegroundoffalsechargeofadul
ter
y.Courtgivesorder
fordi
vorcei
nthi
sregard.

 Appeal

Appealcannotbefil
edagainstt
hedecreeofthecour
tont
his
gr
oundoffal
selyaccusat
ionofsexuali
nter
course.

VI
I.Di
vor
cei
nabsence

 Thisis such ki
nd ofdi vor
ce which can be pronounced bythe
husband even i
nt he absence ofwife.Butiti s necessar
ythat
husbandmustpr onouncet henameofhi swi fe.Suchi savalid
di
vorceandiscall
eddivorceinabsence.

Page31of31
VI
II
.Il
a

Il
aissuchdi vorcewhereawomancanf i
leacaseinthecourti
n
ordertogetdi vor
cefrom herhusbandwherehei sofunsound
minded,orhasbecomei mpot
enttohavesexuali
nter
cour
sefrom
fourmont hs,orheswear sofGodt hathewillnothavesexual
i
ntercour
sewi t
hhiswif
e.

I
X.Zi
har

Ifahusbandcompar eshiswifewithhi
smot heroranyot herf
emal e
whoar ehisbloodr
elat
ives,i
nthi
scaset hewifehasarighttorefuse
to have sexualinter
course with hi
m unt i
lhe does notseek
for
giveness.Thewifehasther i
ghttotakejudici
aldi
vorcewhi chis
knownasZi har

5)Whocanpr
onouncedi
vor
ce?

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheper
sonswhocanpr
onouncet
hedi
vor
ce.

1.Aper
sonofsoundmi
nd

2.Aper
sonwhohasat
tai
nedt
heageofmaj
ori
ty

6)Whocannotpr
onouncedi
vor
ce?

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheper
sonwhocanpr
onouncet
hedi
vor
ce

1.Aper
sonwhoi
smi
nor

2.Aper
sonwhoi
sunsoundofmi
nd

7)Di
vor
ceundercompul
sion

Di
vor
ceundercompul
sionbysunniandshi
alaw.

c)UnderSunnil
aw

Page32of32
 Accordi
ngtot
heSunnil
awdi
vor
cei
sval
idi
fithasbeenpr
onounced
undercompul
sion

d)UnderShi
alaw

Accordi
ng tothe Shialaw divor
ce is notval
idi
fithas been
pronouncedundercompul
sionorinint
oxi
cati
on

8)Concl
usi
on

 Toconcl udeIcansayt hat,

undert heIsl
amiclawamanhasapower
todi vor
cehi swi featanyt imewi t
hherconsentorwi thouther
consentand wi t
houtanyr eason,thedivorceisthea modeof
dissolut
ionoft hemar ri
age.Ther earedif
ferentmodesofdi vorce
suchasdi vor
ce,khul
a,deathofanyspouseaswel lasannulmentof
i
rregularmar ri
age.Furt
hermor etherearealotofki
ndsofdi vorces
arement ionedintheIsl
amicl aw.

Q#08:Di
scusssal
ientf
eat
uresoft
heMusl
im Fami
lyLawOr
dinance
1961.
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Law,whet
herdivi
neormanmade, isal
waysf orthewell
-bei
ngofthe
humanbeings.TheMuslimf amil
ylawsor dinance1961camei nto
for
ceon15t hJuly1961.Itappli
estoal lCiti
zensofthePakistan
whoareli
vingi
nthiscount
ry.Alotofchangeshavebeenmadeand
i
mposeduponMusl i
msoft hewholePakistan.Someoft hechanges
madeunderthi
sactareopposit
etotheMusl i
m’ slaw.

2)Def
ini
ti
ons

i
.Ar
bit
rat
ionCounci
l

Arbi
trat
ion councilmeans a body whi
ch is consi
sted oft
he
Chair
man and r epr
esent
ati
veofeach oftheparti
esto amatter
undertheOrdinance

i
i. Chai
rman

Chai
rmani
saper
sonwhoi
saut
hor
izedbyt
hegover
nmentand
Page33of33
 r
esponsi
blet
oresol
vet
hedi
sput
esoft
hepeopl
eofuni
oncounci
l.

3)Appl
icat
ionoft
hisor
dinance

 TheMusl i
m Fami l
yOr di
nance1961appl i
estoallMusli
msciti
zens
ofthePakist
anwher evertheyli
ve.I
tisnotappl
icabl
etomusli
msof
othercountr
ies.Andi ti
sappl i
edonlyonMusl i
msoft hecount
ry
becausenon-musli
mshavet hei
rownlawsinthi
scountry.

4)Changesbr
oughti
nMusl
imf
ami
lyl
awor
dinance

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethechangesar
emadei
nMFLOar
easunder
.

i
ii
.Successi
on

Beforepromulgat
ionoft heMuslimf amilylawsordinance1961,t
he
grandson/gr
anddaughterhadnoshar esi nthepropertywhichwas
l
eftbyt hegrandf
ather.Butnowundert heprovi
sionofsec4oft he
ordi
nance,grandson/granddaughterhavebeenent it
ledtogetthe
sharesfrom t
heproperti
esoftheirdeceasedgrandfather.

i
v.Regi
str
ati
onofmar
ri
age

Undert heprovisi
onoft hisordinance,itwasdeci dedthatevery
marriageunderMusl i
m Lawshal lberegist
ered.Forthepurposeof
regi
strationofmar riageundert hi
sOr dinance,theUnionCouncil
shal
lgr antl i
cense to one ormor e persons known as Nikah
Registrars.Butoneregist
rarwi
llbehiredforonewar donl
y.

 Recor
dofNi
kahNama

Ther ecordt henikahnamawi llbemai nt

ainedbyt heNi kah
regi
strarandi twil
lbekeptinunioncouncil
sf urt
hermor ethe
copi
esofni kahnamashallbehandedovert ot heparti
es.too
andfeeoft hesecopiesal
sowillbechargedaspr escr
ibed.

Page34of34
  FeeofNi
kahNama

Undert
hepr ovi
sionofthisor
dinance,part
iesshal
lpayf
ees
forr
egi
str
ati
onofmar r
iageasprescr
ibed.

v.Pol
ygamy

Undert heprovi
sionofsec6ofMusl im Famil
yLaw ordi
nancea
marri
edmancannotcont ractanot
hermarri
agewit
houtthewrit
ten
permissionofhi
sexist
ingwifeaswellper
missi
onfrom ar
bit
rat
ion
council
.

 Mar
ri
agewi
thoutper
missi
on

Undertheprovisi
onoft hisor
dinancei
famanwhocont racts
anothermarri
agewi thouttheper mi
ssi
on oftheArbit
rati
on
Councilorhi
swi f
e,shal
limmediatel
ypaytheenti
reamountof
dowerorshal lbepuni shedtosimpleimpri
sonmentfort he
ter
m ofonemont h.

vi
.Di
vor
ce

Underthepr ovi
sionofsec.7oft hisor dinanceanyper sonwho
wantstodivorceherwifeandpr onouncest hewor dsofdivorce,i
s
underanobligati
ontogi veawr i
tt
ennot i
cet othechairmanofhi s
i
ntenti
onaswel lastoprovideacopyofdi vor cetohiswif
e.Andi ti
s
st
atedinthi
ssect hatt
hedi vor
ceshallnotef fect
iveunt
ilcompleti
on
ofninet
ydays.

I
ncasewi
fe’
spr
egnancy

Undertheprovi
sionofsecti
on7ofthi
sor di
nanceifthewif
eis
pregnantatt
hetime 
ofpronouncementofdivor
ce,inthi
scase
i
tshallnotbeeff
ectunti
ltheperi
odofpregnancycomest oan
end.

vi
i.Di
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
agebyagr
eement

Undertheprovi
sionofsecti
on7oft hi
sordi
nance,awomanhas
beendelegat
edt
her i
ghtofdi
vorceandshecanexerci
sethi
sri
ghtat
anyti
meandshecandi ssol
vet hemarri
ageotherthantal
aqby

Page35of35
 mut
ualagr
eement
.

vi
ii
.Mai
ntenance

Undert he provi
sion oft hi
s ordi
nance,Ifany husband f ai
lsto
maintai
nhiswi feorwi vesoranyofthewives,inthissit
uati
onwi f
e
wil
lsubmitanappl icati
ontothechairmaninordertoseekanyl egal
remedyand Chai rman shal lconst
it
utean Ar bi
tr
ation Counci
lto
deter
minet hemat ter,andsuchcouncilwil
ldecidethathow much
amountwi l
lbepaidbyt hehusbandasmaintenance.

i
x.Dower

Underthepr
ovisi
onofthisordinance,ifnodet
aili
sgi
venaboutthe
paymentofdowerint
he nikahnama  orthemar
ri
agecont
ract
,inthi
s
casetheamountofthedowershal lbesupposedtobepayableon
demand.

x.Powert
omaker
ules

Underthepr ovisi
onoft hisordinance,
theGovernmentisauthori
zed
tomaker ulesi nor dertof orcet herulesofthi
sor di
nance;itis
provi
dedthatabr eachofanyoft herulesshal
lbepunishablewith
simpl
eimprisonmentwhi chcanext endtoonemont h,
orwithfineof
twohundredr upees,orwithbot h.

 Of
fi
cialGazet
te

Underthisprovi
sioniti
sprescr
ibedthattherulesmadeunder
thi
ssectionshal
lbepubl i
shedintheoffi
cialGazet
teandshal
l
haveeffecti
fenactedinthi
sOrdinance.

5) Concl
usi
on

Toconcludeicansayt hattheMusl i
msf amilylaw ordi
nancehas
broughtchangesinthebasicI sl
amicpersonall
awofMusl i
ms.Itis
unisl
amicandagai nstt
hearticle20oftheconsti
tuti
onofPakistan.
Butsomeoft hechangesmadear egoodandbenef i
cialtoposi
ti
vely
runthebusinessofthesoci
ety.

Page36of36
Q 09:Defi
ne dowerand discuss i
tsi
mpor
tance i
nIsl
ami
claw?
Descr
ibei
tsvar
iouski
nds.
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Undert heMusl i
m Per sonalLaw,dowermeansmoneywhi cht hewife
i
s ent i
tled toreceive from herhusband i n consi deration oft he
mar r
iage.Doweri sanobl igati
onwhichimposedupont hehusbandi n
favorofhi swife.Thedowercanbet akenbef orethemar riage,aft
er
themar riageorevenatt het imeofmarriage.Themaj orobj ectofthe
doweri st oprovidef i
nancialsuppor
ttowi feaf terthedi ssoluti
onof
hermar riagesot hatshemaynotbecomehel plessaf t
ert hedeat hof
thehusbandort erminati
onofmar ri
agebydi vorce.

2)Def
ini
ti
ons

 UnderIsl
amiclaw,dowerisan amountwhich i
spayabl
ebythe
husbandtoherwif
ewhetherbef
oret
hemarr
iage,aft
ert
hemar
ri
age
oratthet
imeofmarri
age.

3)I
mpor
tanceofdower

 Themainobjectoftheamountofdowerisprotect
ionoft
hewi f
eeven
aft
erdeat
hofherhusbandoraf t
erdissol
uti
onoft hemarr
iage.Iti
sa
fi
nanci
alsupportofawidowordi
vorcedwife.Furt
hermor
e,amountof
dowerisacheckont hepowersofahusbandt opronouncet he
Page37of37
 di
vor
cet
oherwi
fe.

4)Ki
ndsofdower

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheki
ndsofdower
.

I
.Speci
fi
eddower

 Speci
fi
ed doweri ssuch dowerwhi ch i
sfixed even befor
et he
marri
ageoratt heti
meofmar ri
ageorevenaf t
ermar r
iage.Under
Sunnilaw,speci
fi
eddowermustnotbel essthant hevalueof10
dir
hams.Thewi f
eisentit
ledtoreceivethi
samounteveni fthe
speci
fi
eddoweri sless.ButundertheShialaw,therei snofixed
amountofdower

A.Pr
omptdower

 Promptdowerissuchdowerwhichi
spayableondemandandit
i
spaidimmedi at
elyontheeventofmarri
agebythehusband.
Andwifecanrefusetoli
vewit
hherhusbandevenhehaspaid
theamountofdower.

B.Def
err
eddower

 Defer
red dower is such dower whi ch i
s payable on the
di
ssoluti
onofthemar r
iageevenbyt hedeathofeit
herofeit
her
part
ner,orbydivor
ce.Ifthemarri
agewasdi ssol
vedbydivorce,
i
nt hi
scaset hewifeisentit
ledt
or ecei
vetheamountofwhol e
unpaiddowerimmediatel
y.

I
I.Unspeci
fi
eddower

 Unspeci
fi
eddowerissuchdowerwhichisnotfi
xedevenbeforet
he
marri
ageorattheti
meofmar ri
ageorevenaft
ermarri
age.Inthi
s
casethewif
ei sent
it
ledtorecei
veaproperdowerthati
sfixedby
thecour
tsbasedonIslami
crules

A.
Properdower

 Theamountforproperdowerisfixedkeepi
ngi
nvi
ewt
hewi
fe’
s
soci
alst
atusorherqual
if
icat
ion.

Page38of38
 B.
Fixat
ionofpr
operdower

 Dur
ingthef
ixat
ionoftheamountofdower
,fol
lowi
ngf
act
orsar
e
t
akenint
oconsi
derat
ion.

1.Qual
i
ficat
ionoft
hewi
fe

2.Soci
alposi
ti
onoft
hewi
feorherf
ather

3.Local
cust
omsoft
hewi
fe’
sfami
ly

4.Soci
alposi
ti
onoft
hehusband

5)Mi
nimum amountofdower

 UndertheI
slami
claw,AccordingtoFi
qaheHanfi,t
hedowerofwi f
e
shoul
dnotlessthan10dirhams,andaccordi
ngtoFi qaheMali
k,it
shoul
dnotlessthan33di rhams.ButUndershialaw ther
eisno
mini
mum dowerisfi
xed

6)Maxi
mum amountofdower
:

 UndertheIsl
amiclaw,themaxi
mum amountofdowerhasnotbeen
fi
xedhere.ButunderShial
awamountofdowercan’
tbeexceededt
o
500dir
hams

7)Remi
ssi
onofdower

 Undert
heIslami
claw,wi
thherconsentawif
ehasar i
ghttoremital
l
oranypor
ti
onofdowerbutaccept
ancebythehusbandinnotneeded
i
nthisr
egard.

8)Recover
yofdower

 UndertheIslamicl
aw, byther
ulesofl
aw,awomanisenti
tl
edt ofil
ea
ci
vilcaseinordertogettheamountofdowerfr
om herhusbandwho
hasnotpai ddowersof ar
.Thereisnoobj
ect
iononherifshef i
lesa
caseagainstherhusband.

Page39of39
9)Whenwi
feget
sent
it
ledofdower

Wi
feget
sent
it
ledt
orecei
vet
hedowerduet
hef
oll
owi
nggr
ounds.

1.Ondi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
agebydi
vor
ce

2.Ondeat
hofherhusband

3.Onval
idr
eti
rement

10)
Dif
fer
encesbet
weenShi
aandSunniLawonDower

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethedi
ff
erencesbet
weensunnil
awandshi
alawondower
.

i
.Ast
omi
nimum amount

 Undersunnil
aw,
mini
mum amountofdoweri
s10di
rhams

 UnderShi
alaw,
nomi
nimum amounti
sfi
xed

i
i.Ast
omaxi
mum amount

 Undersunnil
aw,
nomaxi
mum amountofdoweri
sfi
xed

 UnderShi
alaw,
maxi
mum amountofdoweri
s500di
rhams

i
ii
.Ast
opayment

 Undersunnil
aw,dowershal
lbepayabl
eatanyt
imebef
oreor
af
terdi
ssolut
ionofmarr
iage

 UnderShial
aw,
doweronl
yshal
lbepayabl
eifmar
ri
agei
s
di
ssolved

i
v.Ast
oagr
eementnott
opaydower

v.Undersunnil
aw,
agr
eementbet
weent
hepar
ti
esnott
opayt
hedower
i
snotvali
d

vi
.UnderShi
alaw,
agr
eementbet
weent
hepar
ti
esnott
opayt
hedower
i
svali
d

Page40of40
 11)
Concl
usi
on

 ToconcludeIcansaythatunderI sl
amicl
aw,thepurposeofdoweri s
prot
ecti
onoft hewif
eaf t
erdi ssol
uti
onofmarri
ageoraf t
erdeathof
herhusband.A wifecanf il
et hecaseinor
dert ogetdoweri fitis
unpaidbecausedowerist her i
ghtofwif
ewhoi sentit
ledtoreceive
thi
samountf r
om herhusband

Q10:Whatarethepr
omptanddeferr
eddowersandwhatremedi
es
areavai
labl
etot
hewi
feifdoweri
snotpai
dbyhusband.
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Ifahusbanddoesnotpayt hemountofdower ,multi

pleremedi esare
existinthelawandawi f
ecant akelegalact
ioninordertor ecoverthe
dower .UndertheMusl im PersonalLaw,dowermeansmoneywhi ch
thewi f
eisentit
ledtorecei
vef rom herhusbandi nconsiderati
onoft he
mar ri
age.Dowerisanobl igationwhi chimposedupont hehusbandi n
favorofhi swi
fe.Themaj orobj ectofthedoweri stoprovidefinancial
suppor ttowif
eaf t
erthedi ssoluti
onofhermar r
iagesot hatshemay
notbecomehel plessafterthedeat hoft hehusbandort erminationof
mar ri
agebydivorce.

2)Def
ini
ti
onofunpai
ddower

 UnderIsl
amiclaw,dowerisan amountwhich i
spayabl
ebythe
husbandtoherwif
ewhetherbef
oret
hemarr
iage,aft
ert
hemar
ri
age

Page41of41
 oratt
het
imeofmar
ri
age.

3)I
mpor
tanceofdower

 Themainobjectoftheamountofdowerisprotect
ionoft
hewi f
eeven
aft
erdeathofherhusbandoraft
erdissol
uti
onoft hemarr
iage.Iti
sa
fi
nanci
alsupportofawidowordi
vorcedwife.Furt
hermor
e,amountof
dowerisacheckont hepowersofahusbandt opronouncet he
di
vorcetoherwife.

4) Remedi
esf
orunpai
ddower

Fol
lowi
ngar
ether
emedi
esavai
labl
etot
hewi
fei
ndowerar
enotpai
dby
herhusband

I
.Ref
uset
ocohabi
t

 UnderIsl
amicLaw,t hewi f
ei senti
tl
edtor ef
useherselft
ohave
sexuali
nter
cour
seunt i
lthepromptdowerispaid.Awi f
eandaft
er
herdeat
h,herl
egalheir
scanf i
lesui
tforr
ecover
yofdower.

I
I.Legalact
ionagai
nsthusband

 UnderIsl
ami
claw,t
hewi
feisent
it
ledt
otakej
udi
cialact
iont
hrough
thecourtoflaw f
orr
ecover
yoft heunpai
d Doweragainsther
husband.

I
II
.Legalact
ionagai
nsthei
rsofhusband

 UnderIsl
amiclaw,ift
hehusbanddies,t
hewi
dowi sent
it
ledtotake
j
udici
alacti
ont hr
oughthecourtoflaw f
orr
ecoveryoftheunpaid
Doweragainsthei
rsofherhusband.

 Not
e:Hei
rswil
lnotbeper
sonal
lyl
iablebuttheywi
llbel
iabl
etopay
t
hedowerfr
om thepr
oper
ti
esofdeceased.

I
V.Ri
ghtofr
etent
ionofpr
oper
ty(
Hol
ding)

Page42of42
  UndertheIsl
amiclaw,awidowi sent i
tl
edtoret
ainthepr
opert
iesof
herdeceasedhusbandi nl i
euofunpai ddower.Andthi
srightis
avai
labl
et obothawi dow andadi vorcedwoman.Butpossession
shouldhavebeenatt
ainedduringthelif
eti
meofthehusbandorwith
theconsentoft
helegalhei
rsafterthedeathoft
hehusband.

V.Ri
ghtofpossessi
onofpr
oper
ty

 UndertheIsl
amicl
aw,awidowisenti
tl
edtopossesst
hepropert
ies
ofherdeceasedhusbandi
nli
euofunpaiddower.Andthi
srightis
avai
labl
etobothawidowandadivor
cedwoman.

 Pr
oper
tyi
snon-
tr
ansf
erabl
e.

Under the I
slami
cl aw,she cannotgiftor transf
er t
he
pr
opert
iespossessedinlieuofunpaidDowerbecauset he
widowisnottheownerandthet
ransf
ereewi
llgetnogoodti
tl
e

 I
nit
iat
ionofsui
t

Awomancanf
il
eacasef
orr
ecover
yofunpai
ddower
.

1.Wi
thi
nthr
eeyear
sfr
om t
hedat
ewhent
hedemandwas
made

2.Fr
om t
hedat
ewhent
hemar
ri
agewasdi
ssol
ved

Not
e:Thet i
mestar
tsfrom t
heti
mewhent hewi
fe/
widowrecei
ves
not
iceoft
hedivorceor newsoft
hedeat
hofherhusband.

5)Mi
nimum amountofdower

 UndertheI
slami
claw,AccordingtoFi
qaheHanfi,t
hedowerofwi f
e
shoul
dnotlessthan10dirhams,andaccordi
ngtoFi qaheMali
k,it
shoul
dnotlessthan33di rhams.ButUndershialaw ther
eisno
mini
mum dowerisfi
xed

6)Maxi
mum amountofdower
:
Page43of43
  UndertheIsl
amiclaw,themaxi
mum amountofdowerhasnotbeen
fi
xedhere.ButunderShial
awamountofdowercan’
tbeexceededt
o
500dir
hams

7)Remi
ssi
onofdower

 Undert
heIslami
claw,wi
thherconsentawif
ehasar i
ghttoremital
l
oranypor
ti
onofdowerbutaccept
ancebythehusbandinnotneeded
i
nthisr
egard.

8)Recover
yofdower

 UndertheIslamicl
aw, byther
ulesofl
aw,awomanisenti
tl
edt ofil
ea
ci
vilcaseinordertogettheamountofdowerfr
om herhusbandwho
hasnotpai ddowersof ar
.Thereisnoobj
ect
iononherifshef i
lesa
caseagainstherhusband.

9)Whenwi
feget
sent
it
ledofdower

Wi
feget
sent
it
ledt
orecei
vet
hedowerduet
hef
oll
owi
nggr
ounds.

4.Ondi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
agebydi
vor
ce

5.Ondeat
hofherhusband

6.Onval
idr
eti
rement

10)
Dif
fer
encesbet
weenShi
aandSunniLawonDower

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethedi
ff
erencesbet
weensunnil
awandshi
alawondower
.

vi
i.Ast
omi
nimum amount

 Undersunnil
aw,
mini
mum amountofdoweri
s10di
rhams

 UnderShi
alaw,
nomi
nimum amounti
sfi
xed

vi
ii
.Ast
omaxi
mum amount

 Undersunnil
aw,
nomaxi
mum amountofdoweri
sfi
xed

Page44of44
  UnderShi
alaw,
maxi
mum amountofdoweri
s500di
rhams

i
x.Ast
opayment

 Undersunnil
aw,dowershal
lbepayabl
eatanyt
imebef
oreor
af
terdi
ssolut
ionofmarr
iage

 UnderShial
aw,
doweronl
yshal
lbepayabl
eifmar
ri
agei
s
di
ssolved

x.Ast
oagr
eementnott
opaydower

 Undersunnil
aw,agr
eementbet
weent
hepar
ti
esnott
opayt
he
dowerisnotval
id

 UnderShial
aw,agr
eementbet
weent
hepar
ti
esnott
opayt
he
dowerisval
id

11)
Concl
usi
on

 ToconcludeIcansaythatunderI sl
amicl
aw,thepurposeofdoweri s
prot
ecti
onoft hewif
eaf t
erdi ssol
uti
onofmarri
ageoraf t
erdeathof
herhusband.A wifecanf il
et hecaseinor
dert ogetdoweri fitis
unpaidbecausedowerist her i
ghtofwif
ewhoi sentit
ledtoreceive
thi
samountf r
om herhusband

Q#11:Def
inewaqf
.Whatar
eit
sobj
ect
sandessent
ial
sofval
idwaqf
?
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 AdonationmadebyaMusl i
mt oareli
gious,educati
onal
,orchari
tabl
e
cause.Waqfi s an import
antconcepti nI sl
am.Wher e a Muslim
donateshisallproper
tyoranypartofit,forrel
igi
ouspurposeasan
actofworship.EveryMusli
m ofsoundmi ndcandonat ehispropert
y

Page45of45
 bywayofwaqf .I
tmaybemadeverbal
lyorinwri
ti
ng.Aft
erdonati
ng
theproper
tyaswaqft
heprof
itoft
heproper
tycannotbeacqui
redby
theownerbutt
hechar
it
y.

2)Def
ini
ti
onsofwaqf

 Waqfi saper manentdedicat

ionbyaper sonsuppor t
ingI
slam by
gi
vinganymoveabl eori mmoveabl
epropertyforrel
igi
ouspurpose
whichi srecogni
zedbyt heMuslimlaw aspious,andsuchproper
ty
i
tselfcannotbesoldiscall
edwaqf.

3)Meani
ngofwaqf

 Thewordwaqfi
sanAr
abi
cwor
dwhi
chmeans“det
ent
ion,st
oppage,
ort
yingup”

4) Par
ti
esoft
heWaqf

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethepar
ti
esofwaqf
.Det
ail
sar
easunder
:

VI
.Waqi
f

 Waqifi
sapersonwhodonat
eshi
spr
oper
tyf
orr
eli
giouspur
posei
s
cal
ledwaqi
f.

VI
I.Mut
awal
li

 Mutawal
liistheper
sonwhomanagest heproper
tyofwaqfand
r
esponsi
blefort
hedi
str
ibut
ionoft
hepr
oper
ty.

VI
II
.Benef
ici
ary

 Benef
ici
aryi
saper
soni
nwhosef
avort
hepr
oper
tyi
sdonat
ed

5)Essent
ial
sofVal
idWaqf

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheessent
ial
sofval
i
dwaqf
.

Page46of46
 i
.Per
manentdonat
ion

 UndertheIsl
ami
cl aw,per
manentdonat
ionisanessent
ialel
ement
ofwaqfanddonat
ionofthepr
opert
yshouldbeper
manentinnat ur
e,
andshouldbeinthenameofGod.I fi
tisatemporar
ydonation,in
thi
scaseiti
snotavali
dwaqf.

i
i.Donat
ionbyacompet
entMusl
im

 UndertheIsl
amicl
aw,Pr oper
tymustbedonatedbyonlyaMusl
im
per
sonwhohasat t
ainedtheageofmajori
tyandi
sofsoundmi
nd.If
i
tisdonatedbyaminor,i
nthiscasei
tisnotaval
idwaqf
.

i
ii
.Tr
ansf
erabl
epr
oper
ty

 UndertheIsl
amiclaw,Proper
tymustbet r
ansferabl
etoother
ssuch
astransf
erofbuil
dings,money,j
ewelr
yetc.Thesear et
hosethi
ngs
whicharehavi
ngphysicalobj
ectsandaretr
ansferabl
e.

i
v.Rel
igi
ouspur
pose

 UndertheIsl
ami claw,rel
igi
ouspurposei
sal soanessenti
alofa
val
idwaqf,pr
opertymustbedonatedonlyf
ortherel
igi
ouspurposes
andactsandt hoseactswhichhavebeenr ecogni
zedbyIsl
am as
rel
igi
ousorpi
ousact s.

v.Uncondi
ti
onal

 Undert he I
slami
cl aw,pr oper
ty mustbe donat
ed forr
eli
gious
purposesuncondit
ional
ly.Ifther
eisaconditi
onf orwaqf
,int hi
s
caseitisnotaval
idwaqf .

6)Obj
ect
sofwaqf

Fol
lowi
ngaret
heobject
sofwaqfwhicharer
ecogni
zedbytheI
slamic
r
ulesoflawandar
epurelybasedonpi
etyandchar
it
y.Waqfcanbegrant
ed
t
o:

Page47of47
  Forconst
ruct
ionofEi
dgahswher
eNamazeEi
disof
fer
ed

 Formai
ntenanceofmosquesandbur
ningl
ampsi
nthem

 Forconst
ruct
ionofhospi
tal
sanddi
spensar
ies

 Forconst
ruct
ionofBr
idges

 Mosquesandt
heI
mamst
oconductwor
shi
ps

 School
sandt
eacher
swhoar
eteachi
ngI
slami
cst
udi
es

 Amongpoort
ofeedt
hem

 Keepi
ngTazi
asi
nthemont
hofMuhar
ram

 Cel
ebr
ati
ngt
hedeat
hanni
ver
sar
iesofset
tl
ororhi
sfami
ly

7)Ki
ndsofwaqf

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheki
ndsofwaqf
.

I
.Cont
ingentwaqf
.

 Contingentwaqfissuchwaqfwhi
chisdependentuponthepossibl
e
occurrenceofaf utur
ehappeni
ng,t
hehappeni ngofwhi chisnot
guaranteedthati
tmayhappenornot
. 
Iti
scall
edcontingentwaqf
.

I
I.Condi
ti
onalwaqf

 Condi
tionalwaqfi ssuchwaqfwher eacondit
ioni
simposedthat
whent hepr oper
tywillbemismanaged,i
twi
llbedi
videdamongst
benef
iciar
ies.Iti
scal
ledcondi
ti
onalwaqf.

I
II
.Pr
ivat
ewaqf

 Pr
ivat
ewaqfi
ssuchwaqfwhi
chi
smadef
orcompl
eti
onofr
eli
gious
Page48of48
 dut
iesofapar
ti
cul
ari
ndi
vidualoraf
ami
ly.I
tiscal
ledpr
ivat
ewaqf
.

I
V.Publ
icwaqf

 Pri
vat
ewaqfi ssuchwaqfwhi chismadeforcompl
eti
onofr
eli
gious
dut
iesofgeneralpubl
ic.I
tiscal
ledpubl
icwaqf
.

V.Quasiwaqf

 Quasiwaqfissuchwaqfwhichispar
tl
ymadef orthebenefi
tsof
part
icul
ari
ndivi
dual
s,andpart
lymadefort
hebenef i
tsofgener
al
publ
ic.Iti
scalledquasiwaqfwhi
chispartl
yprivat
eandpar t
ly
publ
icwaqf.

8)Revocat
ionofwaqf

 Undert
heI sl
amicrul
esofl
aw,theproper
tywhichisdonat
edas
waqfbywill
,thewaqi
fhasari
ghtt
orevoketheactofwaqtatany
t
imebefor
ehisdeath.

9)Concl
usi
on

 Waqfi sthedonat i
onoft hepr
opert
ytosomeonef orcompleti
onof
rel
igious duti
es f ora long t
erm and such ki
nd ofdonation is
permi ssi
bleinIslam.Itisanactofwor shi
pandwaqi fcandonat e
hispr opert
ybyhi sownconsentduringhisl
if
etimeandbywi llaf
ter
hisdeat h.Therear ealotofobject
sofwaqfandmul t
ipl
ekindsof
waqf .Theper sonwhoi sdonati
nghispropert
ytowaqf,mustbe
maj or,musli
m, orisofsoundmind.

Page49of49
Q12:Def
inewil
l?Defi
newhocanmakeawi
ll
?Def
ineessent
ial
sand
l
imi
tat
ionsuponwil
l.
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 UndertheI
slamicr ulesoflaw,wil
lmeant helegaldeclar
ati
onofthe
i
ntenti
onofaper sont owardshisproperty,whichhewant stobe
handedovert owhom af t
erhisdeath.Itisaone- si
deddocument
andtakeseffectafterthedeathofthet estat
or.Duet oanyreason
thi
sdocumentcanbecancel ledoralteredbyt het est
atoratany
ti
meashehaspowert odisposeofhi
spr opert
y.

2)Meani
ngofwi
ll

 Awil
lmeansisdi
sposit
ionoft
hepr
oper
tywhi
cht
akesef
fectaf
ter
t
hedeat
hofthet
estat
or.

3)Def
ini
ti
onofWi
ll

 Wil
lisalegaldocumentinwhi chapersonshowshisint
ent
iont
hat
whoshouldr ecei
vepossessi
onofhisproper
tyaf
terhi
sdeathsuch
t
ypeofaper son'schoi
ceinaparti
cul
arsit
uat
ioni
scall
edwil
l

4)Par
ti
esofwi
ll

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethepar
ti
esofawi
ll
.

i
.Test
ator

 Test
atori
saper
sonwhomakesawi
lli
sknownast
est
ator

i
i.Legat
ee

 Legateei
saper
soni
nwhosef
avort
hewi
lli
smadei
sknownas
l
egatee.

i
ii
.Execut
or

Page50of50
  Execut
ori
saper sonwhoexecut
est
hewi
lli
nfavorofl
egat
eei
s
knownasexecut
or

5)Essent
ial
sofaval
idwi
ll

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheessent
ial
sofaval
idwi
ll
.

i
.Exi
stenceofpr
oper
ty

I
tisaval
idwi
lli
fthepr
oper
tyi
sexi
statt
het
imeofdeat
hoft
est
ator

i
i.Exi
stenceofi
ntent
iont
ogi
ve

Iti
saval
idwi
lli
fthet
est
atorhasani
ntent
iont
ogi
vet
hepr
oper
tyt
o
other
.

i
ii
.Exi
stenceofphysi
calobj
ect

Iti
savalidwil
lifthethingi
sexistattheti
meoftr
ansf
erandmust
havephysi
calobjectsuchascar
,buil
ding,
moneyet
c.

i
v.Owner
shi
poft
est
ator

Iti
savalidwil
lifthetest
atorisowneroftheproper
tyandhasa
compl
etecont
roloverpr
opertybyexcl
udi
ngall
other
s.

v.Doesnotef
fecthei
rs

Iti
savalidwil
lifitdoesnotaf
fectt
hel
egalshar
esofhei
rs.i
fit
eff
ect
sthehei
riti
snotavali
dwil
l.

vi
.Noti
nfavorofl
egalhei
r

I
tisavali
dwi
lli
fithasnotbeenmadei
nfavorofl
egalhei
rsoft
he
t
estat
or.

vi
i.1/
3oft
otalpr
oper
ty

Itisavali
dwil
liftheproper
tyi
slesst
hanf
rom 1/
3oft
het
otal
proper
tyoft
het
estat
or.

Page51of51
6)Li
mit
ati
onsonwi
ll

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethel
imi
tat
ionswhi
char
eimposedonwi
llbyI
slami
crul
es
ofl
aw.

a)I
ncaseofl
egalhei
rs

 Anytest
atorcannotmakeawi lli
nf avorofhislegalhei
rs,i
fhe
makesawilli
nfavorofhi
slegalhei
rs;i
tisnotaval
idwill
.

b)I
ncaseofunbor
nbaby

 Anytest
atorcannotmakeawilli
nfavorofunbornbabywhoisin
t
hewombofhermot her
,ifhemakesawil
linfavorofunbor
nbaby;
i
tisnotavali
dwill
.

c)I
ncaseofanycondi
ti
on

 Anytest
atorcannotmakeacondi
ti
onalwilli
nfavorofot
her
s,i
fhe
makesacondi t
ional(
mashr
oot)wi
lli
nf avorofother
s;i
tisnota
val
idwil
l.

d)Ast
opr
oper
ty

 Anytest
atorcannotmakeawi l
lmorethan1/3ofhispr
oper
ty,i
fhe
makesawi l
lmorethan1/3ofhispr
opert
y;i
tisnotaval
idwi
ll
.

7)Whocanmakewi
ll

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheper
sonwhocanmakewi
ll
.Det
ail
sar
easunder
.

a)Soundmi
nd

 UndertheI sl
amicr
ulesofl
aw,eachandever ypersonwhoi sof
soundmi ndandownerofacer
tainproper
tycanmakeawi l
lrelat
ed
tohispropertyi
nor
dertoappointsomeonetocol
lecthi
spr opert
y
aft
erhi
sdeat h.
Page52of52
 b)Maj
or

 UndertheI
slamicrul
esofl aw,eachandeveryper
sonwhoi smajor
and ownerofacer tai
n pr oper
tycan makeawi llr
elat
ed t
o his
proper
tyi
nordertoappointsomeonetocoll
ecthi
spropert
yaft
erhis
death.

c)Deaf
,DumborBl
ind

 UndertheIslami
crulesoflaw,eachandeveryper
sonwhoisdeaf,
dumborbl indandownerofacer t
ainproper
tycanmakeawi ll
rel
atedtohispropertyinordertoappoi
ntsomeonetocol
lecthi
s
proper
tyaf
terhisdeath.

d)Or
dinar
yinsaneper
son

 Undert he I
slamicrules oflaw,each and everyperson who i
s
ordi
naryinsaneandownerofacer tai
npr oper
tycanmakeawi ll
rel
atedtohi sproper
tydur i
nganintervalinwhichhei sofsound
mindinor dertoappointsomeonet ocollecthi
spropert
yafterhi
s
death.

8) Whocannotmakeawi
ll

 Underthesuccessi
onact1925,noonecanmakeawi llwhenhei s
i
nsuchast at
eofmi nd,whetherari
singfr
om from i
ll
nessorfrom
i
ntoxi
cati
onorfrom anyother
 si
tuat
ionthat
 hedoesnotknowabout
t
hegoodnessorbadnessofhi sdeed.Minorandinsanealsocannot
makewi l
l.

9) Revocat
ionofwi
ll

Willi
srevocable,
anditcanberevokedatanyti
mebytest
atoreven
bef
orehisdeath.Fol
lowi
ngarethewaysofrevocati
on.

I
.Expr
ess
Page53of53
  Testat
orcanr
evoket
hewi l
latanyti
meeitheri
nexpr
esst
ermsor
oral
lyori
nwri
ti
ngiscal
ledexpressr
evocati
on.

I
I.I
mpl
ied

 Testat
orcanrevokethewil
latanyti
mewithoutanyexpr
esst
erms
ei
theroral
lyori
nwr i
ti
ngiscall
edimpli
edr
evocati
on

10)Concl
usi
on

 ToconcludeIcansaythatawil
listhedi
spositi
onofpr opert
ywhi ch
takeseffectattheti
meoft hedeathofthet estat
or.i tdoesnot
operatebeforethedeathoftest
atorandt estat
orinhi sl i
fecan
revokethewillatanyti
meduet oanyreasonorevenwi t
houtany
reason.Ithasalotofki
ndssuchasconditi
onalwi l
l,unconditi
onal
etc.

Q13:Whatisgi
ftandit
singredi
ent
s?Underwhatci
rcumst
ancesa
donorcanr
evokeagif
t?
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Gif
tisatransf
erofapr opert
yandi sdefinedi
nundert heI
slamicrules
oflaw.Thistransferissucht r
ansferinwhichnoconsi derati
oni s
i
nvolvedandbasi celementofthegiftisanabsenceofconsiderati
on.
Youcant r
ansfermoveableorimmovabl eproper
tythroughagiftdeed.
Li
keasal edeed,agi f
tdeed containsdetai
lsoft heproperty,the
tr
ansfer
orandr eci
pient
.Agiftcanalsobecanceled.

2)Def
ini
ti
onofgi
ft

 Gif
tistransf
erofany moveable orimmoveabl
e pr
opert
y made
vol
unt
ari
lyandwi
thoutconsi
der
ati
onbyoneper
sontoanot
herper
son
i
scall
edgif
t

3)Par
ti
esofGi
ft

Page54of54
 Fol
lowi
ngar
ethet
wopar
ti
esoft
hegi
ft
.Det
ail
sar
easunder
.

a)Donor

Donori
saper
sonwhodonat
eshi
spr
oper
tyasagi
ftt
oot
her

b)Donee

Doneei
saper
sont
owhom pr
oper
tyi
sdonat
edbydonor

4)Essent
ialcondi
ti
onsofaval
idgi
ft

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheessent
ial
sofagi
ft
.

i
.Numberofpar
ti
es

 Pr
esenceofthetwopart
iesisnecessaryf
orvali
dit
yofgi
ftdeed
whereonepar
tyi
scal
leddonorandotheri
scal
leddone.

i
i. Subj
ectmat
terofgi
ft

 Thesubjectmat
teroft
hegi
ftshoul
dbemovabl
eori
mmovabl
e
proper
ty.

i
ii
. Exi
stenceoft
hing

Thethingshoul
dbeexi
statt
het
imewheni
twi
llbegi
vingt
othe
ot
herpart
y.

i
v. NoConsi
der
ati
on

Thegiftshoul
dbegivenwit
houtconsi
der
ati
onifgi
fti
sbei
nggi
ven
foranyamount,i
nthi
scasei
twil
lnotbeaval
idgi
ft

Page55of55
 v. Vol
unt
ari
ly

Thepr
ovisi
onofagi f
tshoul
dbevolunt
ari
lyi
fthedonorhasgif
ted
somet
hingunderanunduei
nfl
uencei
nthi
scase,i
twi
llnotbeavali
d
gif
t

vi
. Accept
ance

Thegiftmustbeaccepteddur
ingthel
if
etimeofdonori
fthegif
tis
bei
ngacceptedaf
terthedeat
hofthedonorint
hiscasei
twil
lnotbe
avali
dgift

vi
i. Del
iver
yofgi
ft

Deli
ver
yoft
hepossessi
onoft
hegi
fti
snecessar
ybyt
hedonort
othe
done,

5)Revocat
ionofgi
ft

UnderIsl
amicr
ulesoflawthegi
ftcanberevokedduetomanyr
easons.
Foll
owingaret
hesomer easonswheredonorcanrevoket
hegif
teven
aft
erdeli
ver
yofpossessi
onoftheproper
ty.

 Whent
hegi
fti
sgi
venunderunduei
nfl
ue

 Whent
hegi
fti
sgi
venbyt
hemi
srepr
esent
ati
on

 Whent
hegi
fti
stakenf
raudul
ent
ly

 Whent
het
hinggi
veni
slostordest
royed

 Whent
hedonorhasr
ecei
vedsomet
hingi
ntheexchangeofa
gi
ft

 Whent
hedoneei
sdead

 Whent hegi
fti
smadebyahusbandt
ohi
swi
feorbyawi
fet
o
herhusband

Page56of56
6)Per
sonsi
nwhosef
avorgi
ftcanbemade

Foll
owingaretheper
sonsi
nwhosef
avoragi
ftcanbemadeandt
her
eis
notlegalr
estr
ict
iononit
.

1. Legalhei
rs

2. I
nsaneper
sons

3. Anyot
herper
sons

4. Ar
ti
fi
cial
per
sons

5. Nat
uralper
sons

7)Per
sonsi
nwhosef
avorgi
ftcannotbemade

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheper
sonsi
nwhosef
avoragi
ftcanbemade.

1.Unbor
nbaby

2.Al
ienenemy

3.Deadper
sons

8)Per
sonswhocanmakegi
ft

Fol
lowi
ngaret
heper
sonswhocanmaket
hegi
ftandt
her
eisnotl
egal
r
est
ri
cti
ononit
.

a)MustbeaMusl
im

 AMusli
m personcanmakeagi
ftandt
her
eisnol
egalr
est
ri
cti
on
onhi
minthisregar
d

Page57of57
 b)Mustbemaj
or

 AmajorMusli
m canmakeagi
ftandt
her
eisnol
egalr
est
ri
cti
on
onhi
mi nt
hisregar
d.

c)Mustbeofsoundmi
nd

 Amaj
orMusli
m personofsoundmindcanmakeagi
ftandt
her
e
i
snol
egalr
est
rict
iononhiminthi
sregar
d.

9)Per
sonwhocannotmakegi
ft

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheper
sonswhocannotmakeagi
ftand.

a)Non-
Musl
im

 Anon-
Musli
m cannotmakeagi
ftdeed,
ifhemakesagi
ftdeed;i
t
i
snotaval
idgi
ft.

b)Mi
nor

 Aminorcannotmakeagi
ftdeed,
ifhemakesagi
ftdeed;i
tisnot
aval
idgi
ft.

c)I
nsane

 Aninsanecannotmakeagi
ftdeed,i
fhemakesagi
ftdeed;i
tis
notavali
dgif
t.

d)Bankr
upt

 Abankruptcannotmakeagi
ftdeed,
ifhemakesagi
ftdeed;i
tis
notavali
dgift
.

10)
Concl
usi
on

 ToconcludeIcansayt hat,gif
tisaformtransf
erofpropert
ywi thout
anyconsiderat
ionbyoneper sontoanot
herperson.Theprocedureof
gi
ftundertransferofpr
opertyandunderIsl
amiclaw i
sdiff
erent.Any
Page58of58
 personwhoi st hel
egalownerofapropert
ycanalonemakeagiftof
hispr oper
ty. Basi
cal
ly,agif
tisthetransferofsomet
hingwi
thout
considerat
ionbutsuchtr
ansf
ershoul
dbevoluntar
il
y.

Q14:St
atematt
erstobeconsi
der
edbyacour
tinappoi
ntmentof
guardi
anofminor
?
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Accordingto TheGuar diansandWar dsAct,1890;ami nori

saperson
whohasnotat t
ainedt heageof18.Ther i
ghtofguardianshi
poft he
minorpr i
mar i
lybelongst othef at
herbutinhi sabsence,thi
sright
bel
ongst othecour t."Guardian"meansaper sonwhoi scari
ngt he
minorandhi spropertyand" war d"meansami norwhoi sbei
ngcared.
Thecour thasauthoritytoappointtheguar
dianofami nororremoving
anotherasaguar dian.

2)Def
ini
ti
onofguar
dian

 Guardi
anisaper sonwhoisl egal
lyappoi
ntedbythecourtofl
aw to
car
eofmi norswhoareunabletomanagetheiraf
fai
rssuchaschi
ldor
mental
lydist
urbedminor
setc.

3)Mat
ter
stobeconsi
der
edf
orappoi
ntmentofguar
dian

 
Fol
lowi
ngarethematt
erswhi
chneedt
obeconsi
der
edf
orappoi
ntment
ofaguardi
anofaminor

i
.Wel
far
eofmi
nor

Underthi
sact,duri
ngtheappoi
ntmentofaguardi
an,t
hecour
tis
underanobl
igat
iontoconsi
dert
hewelf
areofmi
nor.

i
i. Wi
shesoft
hemi
nor

Underthi
sact,duri
ngtheappoi
ntmentofaguardi
an,thecour
tis
underanobl
igat
iontoconsi
dert
hewishesofmi
northatwit
hwhom
hewantstol
ive

i
ii
. Wi
shesoft
hedeceasedpar
ent
s
Page59of59
 Underthisact,dur
ingtheappointmentofaguar di
an,thecourtis
underanobl i
gati
ont oconsiderthewi shesofdeceasedparents
and pref
erence wil
lbe given to him who was wished by the
deceasedtobecomeguardianoftheirchil
d.

i
v. Rel
igi
onofmi
nor

Underthi
sact ,duringtheappoint
mentofaguar di
an,thecour
tis
underan obligati
on to consi
derthe rel
igion ofminorbecause
chil
drenofMusl i
mf at
hershal
lfol
low t
her eli
gionofhi
sf at
herso
thatMusl
im guardiantobeappoint
edbycour t
.

v. Ageofmi
nor

Undert hi
sact ,dur
ingt
heappointmentofaguar di
an,thecourti
s
underanobl igati
ontoconsidertheageofmi nor,minorswil
lbe
caredbyguar diansunt
ilt
heyattai
nedtheageofmaj ori
tywhi
chis
18f ormaleand17f orf
emaleundertheIsl
ami
claw

vi
. Sexofmi
nor

Underthisact
,duri
ngtheappoi nt
mentofaguardi
an,t
hecourti
s
underanobli
gati
ontoconsiderthesexofmi
nor
,femal
eminor
swill
notbegivenundert
heguardianshi
pofamale

vi
i. Char
act
erandcapaci
tyofpr
oposedguar
dian

Underthi
sact,duri
ngtheappoi ntmentofaguar dian,t
hecourtis
underanobli
gati
ont oconsiderthecharacterandcapacityofthe
guardi
anwhetherheisbeingcapabletotakecareofmi norandhis
proper
tyornotandmusthasgoodchar acterbecausecharact
er
di
rectl
yef
fect
smor al
it
y.

vi
ii
. Rel
ati
onshi
pofguar
dianwi
thmi
nor

Underthi
sact,duringtheappoint
mentofaguar di
an,thecourtis
underanobligati
ont oconsidert
her elat
ionshipoft heguardian
wit
hmi nor
,ifmi norisagi r
l,motherorot herfemalewi l
lbet he
guardi
anandifthemi nori
saboy,fatherandot hermalewillbethe
guardi
an

i
x. Wi
shofmi
norf
orappoi
ntment

Undert
hisact
,dur
ingt
heappoi
ntmentofaguar
dian,t
hecour
tis
Page60of60
 underanobligat
iont
oconsidert
hewi shofminorforappointment
ofguardi
an,iftheminorcanexpresshispref
erence,int
hiscase
courtwil
lgiveimport
ancetohisexpr essi
onbutaf t
erobligat
ory
deter
minati
on.

4)Ri
ght
sanddut
iesofguar
dian

Foll
owingaretheri
ght
sanddut i
esofalegalguardianandhecanmake
multi
pledeci
sionsoft
hebehalfofthechil
dsuchaswher etoli
ve,
inwhi
ch
schoolthechi
ldwil
lbesentaswellasotherdeci
sionsrel
atedt
othewel
far
e
ofthechil
d.

1. Welf
ar eofthemi nori sthemaj ordutyoft
heguardi
an
2. Pr
ovisionoffoodandheal thcaretotheminor
3. Pr
ovisiontheprot ectiontothemi norandhispr
opert
y
4. Pr
ovisionofclothingt othemi nor
5. Pr
ovisionshelt
ert ot hemi nor
6. Pr
ovisionphysicalpr otect
iont otheminor
7. Supervisi
onofasset soft hemi nor
8. Pr
ovisionofeducat ionandpr ovi
siontosuppor
tinspor
tsact
ivi
ti
es

5)Whocanappl
yforguar
dianshi
p

Fol
lowi
ngper
sonscanappl
yfort
heappoi
ntmentoft
heguar
dianofa
mi
nor.

1. Mot
heroft
hemi
nor

2. Fatheroft hemi nor

3. Paternalrelati
vesofmi nor
4. Mat er
nalrel at
iveofminor
5. Ot
herr elativesofminor
6. Fr
iendoft hemi nor
7. Personwhowi shedtobeappoi nt
edasguardi
an
8. Superioraut hori
tyofthelocalgover
nmentwheremi
norl
ivesorwher
e
hi
spr
oper
tyexi
sts

6)Howguar
dianshi
pcomest
oanend?

Ther
ear
esever
alr
easonsduet
othem t
heguar
dianshi
pcomest
oanend.

1. Wi
tht
hedeathofchi
ld
2. Wi
tht
hedeathofguardi
an
3. Wi
tht
heresi
gnati
onofguardian
4. Wi
tht
heremovalofguardi
anbyt hecourt
5. Wi
tht
heunfi
tnessofguardi
anwhet herment
all
yorphysical
ly
6. Wi
tht
heappoint
mentofnewguar di
anonthepersonalr
equestof
mi
nor
Page61of61
 7. Whenmi
norat
tai
nst
heageofmaj
ori
tysuchas18year
sinmul
ti
ple
st
ates
8. Wi t
hthemar ri
ageofmi norincaseoffemal
eminor
9. Afterdel
iveri
ngthepropertytotheminor
10. Af
terabusiveuseofhispower suponthepr
oper
tyofmi
nor
11. Uponfai
luretoper
form hisduti
es
12. Bankr
uptcyoftheguardian

7)Remuner
ati
onofguar
dian

 Underthi
sact,t
heguardi
anisenti
tl
edtogetthesal
aryfr
om the
proper
tyofmi
norandcour
tfi
xeshi
ssalar
yascour
tthi
nksf
itfort
he
same.

8)Concl
usi
on

 Toconcl udeIcansayt hattheappointmentofguardianshi

pispurely
basedont hewelf
areoft hemi noranditisuniver
sall
yrecogni
zedrule
ofl awandcour tper f
ormst hefuncti
onofappoi nt
mentoftheguarding
byconsi deri
ngmul tipl
ef act
orssuchasbyconsi deri
ngt heageof
mi nor,sexofmi nor,rel
igi
onofmi nor,charact
erandcapacityofminor
etc.

Q#15:Whatar
ethegener
alpr
inci
plesofi
nher
it
ance?
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion
Page62of62
  Undert heIsl
ami crulesofl aw t
heconceptofi nheri
tanceismeant
whereal egalhei rofthedeceasedper sonisent i
tl
edt orecei
vet he
propert
yofdeceasedwhi chhehasl ef
tbehindhi m eitherbywillorby
operati
onofl aw.AfterthedeathofaMusl i
m hi sproperti
esareused
forthe paymentoff uner
alexpenses,r et
urning ofdebt s and the
l
egacies,aftert hese paymentst he remaining pr opert
yi s call
ed
heri
tablepropert
y"

2)Def
ini
ti
onofguar
dian

 The term i
nher
it
ance i
sref
err
ed,when someone lawf
ull
yrecei
ves
propert
yuponthedeat
hofhi
srelat
iveashi
slegalhei
revenwi
thouta
will

3)I
mpor
tanceofi
nher
it
ancei
nIsl
am

Fol
lowi
ngHadi
thshowst
hei
mpor
tanceofi
nher
it
ancei
ntheI
slam.

HazratAnas (R.
A)relat
ed t
hatt he Prophet(P.B.U.
H)said:
“I f
anyonedepri
vesanhei
rofhisinheri
tance,Al
lahwil
ldepri
vehim of
hi
si nher
it
anceinPar
adiseont heDayofRest or
ation.
” (
SunaIbn
Majah)

4)Obj
ect
sofi
nher
it
ance

 
Fol
lowi
ngaretheobject
softheinheri
tanceunderI
slamicl
aw.Whena
Musli
m di
esther
earefourdut
ieswhichneedtobeperfor
medbyhei
rs.

i
. Funer
alandbur
ialexpenses

Iti
sthemainobj
ectoftheinheri
tancei
sthatexpensesoff
uner
al
andburi
alt
obepai
dfrom t
hepr opert
yoft
hedeceased

i
i. Cl
ear
anceofdebt
s

Iti
st hesecondobj
ectofthei
nheri
tanceisthatalldebt
soft
he
deceasedt
obepaidfr
om t
heproper
tyofthedeceased

i
ii
. Det
ermi
nat
ionofwi
ll

Iti
sthir
dandi
mport
antobj
ectoft
hei
nherit
ancei
sthatawil
ltobe
deter
minedi
fitwasmadebyt hedeceasedduri
nghisli
fetime
Page63of63
 (
whi
chcanonl
ybeamaxi
mum ofonet
hir
doft
hepr
oper
ty)
.

i
v. Di
str
ibut
ionofr
emai
nderpr
oper
ty

Iti
sfourt
handl astobjectoft
heinheri
tancei
sthatr
emai
nderofthe
proper
tyofthedeceasedt obedist
ri
buted amongther
elat
ivesof
thedeceasedaccordingtoShari
ahLaw

5)Pr
inci
plesofi
nher
it
ance

WheneveraMusl i
m dies,al
lhisproper
tywi
llbeinher
it
edbyhi slegal
heir
s.Subsequent
ly,onthedeathofever
ysuchl
egalheir
,fol
lowi
ngare
somepr i
nci
plesofinher
it
ance.

i
. Bi
rt
hri
ght

Newlybornchil
disnotentit
ledtogetrightofinher
it
anceonhi s
bir
th.Hecannotgett
hisr
ightunti
lthedeathofhisancest
or.Aft
er
thedeat
hofancestor
,hecanbecomeal egalhei
randi sent
it
ledto
getasharei
npropert
yofdeceased.

i
i. Doct
ri
neofRepr
esent
ati
on

Underthi
sdoctrine,ifduri
ngtheli
feti
meofanancest or
,hislegal
hei
rdiesbutleavesl at
terhei
rsbehindhim;inthi
scasesuchhei r
wil
lgetenti
tl
edtor ecei
vetheshareofthepropert
yofdeceasedas
heisrepr
esenti
nghi simmediat
egenerati
on.

i
ii
. Percapi
tadi
str
ibut
ion

Met hodofpercapi t
adi st
ribut
ionofpr oper
tyisusedunderthe
Sunnilaw,according t
ot hismet hod;theproper
tyofdeceased
person i
sequallydistr
ibuted among thehei r
s.That
’swhy;the
sharesofeachpersondependont henumberofheirs.

i
v. Perst
ri
pdi
str
ibut
ion

Page64of64
 Methodofperstri
pdi st
ri
buti
onofproper
tyisusedundertheShia
l
aw,accordingtothi
smet hod,t
heproper
tyofdeceasedpersonis
notequall
ydist
ri
butedamongt heheir
s.That’
swhy;thesharesof
eachpersonarenotequal.

v. Femal
e’
sri
ghtofi
nher
it
ance

Undert heMusl i
ml aw,ther
ei snodiff
erencebetweent heinheri
ted
ri
ghts ofmenandwomenont hedeathoft hei
rancestor.However,
thereisagener alr
ulethattheamountofshar eoffemal eheiris
halfoft hemal eheir.Thejusti
fi
cat
ionoft hi
srulethatthef emale
shallreceive 
dower andmai nt
enancef r
om herhusbandaf terher
mar r
iage.

vi
. Ri
ght
sofachi
ldl
esswi
dowandwi
dow

Undert he Shialaw,a Muslim wi

dow who does nothave any
chi
ldrenshallbeenti
tl
edtoi
nheri
tone–f our
thshareofpr
opert
yof
deceasedhusband.But,awidowwhohaschi l
dreni
senti
tl
edtoone
–eighthofthedeceasedhusband’
spropert
y.

Not
e:ifaMuslim manwhogetmar riedduringaperiodof
hisi
ll
nessanddieswit
houthavi
ngsexuali
ntercour
se,insuchcase
the widow shal
lnotbe enti
tl
ed t
oi nher
iton t he pr
operty of
deceasedhusband.

vi
i. Chi
ld’
sri
ghtofi
nher
it
ancei
nwomb

UndertheMusl
im Law,achildinthewombcanonl ybeenti
tl
edto
thesharei
npropert
yofdeceasedi fheisbornal
ive.Buti
fheis
borndeadint
hiscasehisr i
ghtwillbeabol
ishwi
thhim anditwi
ll
bepresumedt
hatthisr
ightneverexist
ed.

Page65of65
 vi
ii
. St
epchi
ldr
en’
sri
ghtofi
nher
it
ance

UndertheIslamiclaw,thestepchi
ldr
enarenotentit
ledtogetthe
ri
ghtofinher
itanceaft
erthedeat
hofthei
rdeceasedsteppar
ents.

 
Exampl
e:Ifa Muslim who marri
eswi t
h a wi
dow and a
wi
dowhasasonfrom herprevi
oushusband,i
nthi
scasesonofa
wi
dowi
sastepsonforherhusband

i
x. Escheat

UndertheIslamicrul
esoflaw,ifapersondi
eswithoutleavi
ngany
hei
rsbehindhi mi nthi
scasethepr oper
tyofsuchpersonwi l
lgo
undert
hecont rolofexi
sti
nggovernmentandstat
ewillbecomethe
l
egalheirofdeceasedproper
ty.

6)Shar
erofi
nher
it
ance

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheshar
ersofi
nher
it
ance

1.Husband,

2.Wi
fe,

3.Daught
er,

4.Son

5.Fat
her
,

6.Fat
heroff
ather

7.Mot
her
,

8.Mot
herofmot
her

9.Ful
lsi
ster

10.
Consangui
nesi
ster

11.
Uter
inesi
ster

12.
Uter
inebr
other
.

Page66of66
7)Concl
usi
on

 Toconcl udeIcansayt hatIsl

ami cr
ulesofl aw pr
ovidedrul
esfor
i
nher i
tanceandprinci
pleswhichhelpsdist
ributi
onandusageoft he
propertyofadeceasedpersonafterhi
sdeath.Alsotel
lsusaboutthe
sharersthatwhomaybeshar esuchpr oper
tyorwhomaybenot .And
throwsl i
ghtontheobject
sofdistri
but
ionofsuchpr opert
yaccordi
ng
torulesandregul
ati
onsoflaw.

Page67of67