Chapter 8: SALT / GARAM 8.1 Salt / Garam: Salts Uses
Chapter 8: SALT / GARAM 8.1 Salt / Garam: Salts Uses
Salts Uses
Garam Kegunaan
Barium sulphate Fungicide
Barium sulfat Racun serangga
BaSO4
Calsium sulphate Bleaching agent
Kalsium sulfat Agen peluntur
CaSO4
Iron sulphate Paint for yellow line
Ferum(II) sulfat on road
FeSO4 Cat untuk garisan
kuning di atas jalan
raya
Ammonium nitrate X-ray ‘meals’ in
Ammonium nitrat hospital
NH4NO3 Pemeriksaan X-ray di
hospital
Copper(II) sulphate Nitrogenous fertilizer
Kuprum(II) sulfat Baja nitrogen
CuSO4
Sodium chloride Toothpaste
Natrium klorida Ubat gigi
NaCl
Sodium hydrogen Iron tablets, for
carbonate anaemia patient
Natrium hydrogen Tablet iron untuk
karbonat pesakit anemia
NaHCO3
Sodium nitrite Baking powder
Natrium nitrit Serbuk penaik
NaNO2
Sodium hypochlorite Preserve food
NaOCl Mengawet makanan
Natrium hipoklorit
Tin(II) fluoride A flavouring
Hg+
PAPER 2: STRUCTURE
KERTAS 2: STRUKTUR
1 Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set up for the preparation of zinc sulphate from
zinc carbonate and acid
Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk penyediaan zink sulfat daripada zink
karbonat dengan suatu asid
Rajah 1
Diagram 1
(a) What is the meaning of salt?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan garam?
……………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark / 1 markah]
(b) (i) Draw the diagram for step II in the box provided
Lukis gambar rajah untuk langkah II dalam kotak yang disediakan
[2 mark / 2 markah]
(ii) What is the purpose of carrying out step II?
Apakah tujuan melakukan langkah II?
…………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark / 1 markah]
…………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark / 1 markah]
…………………………………………………………………………
[2 mark / 2 markah]
…………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark / 1 markah]
…………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark / 1 markah]
(iii) If 15 cm3 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid react with excess magnesium
oxide, calculate the mass of salt A produced
15 cm3 asid sulfurik dengan kemolaran 0.5 mol dm-3 bertindak balas
dengan magnesium oksida berlebihan, hitungkan jisim garam A
[3 mark / 3 markah]
………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark / 1 markah ]
………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark/1 markah]
( c) When 15 cm3 of sodium carbonate 0.8 mol dm-3 is added to lead(II) nitrate
in excess, white precipitate is produced
Apabila 15 cm3 larutan natrium karbonat 0.8 mol dm-3 dicampurkan
kepada larutan plumbum(II) nitrat berlebihan, suatu mendakan putih
terbentuk
(i) Write the ionic equation for the formation of white precipitate.
Tuliskan persamaan ion untuk pembentukan mendakan putih.
…………………………………………………………………………………
[ 2 mark/2 markah]
…………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark/1 markah]
(d) State the type of reaction in the preparation of lead(II) chloride salt.
Nyatakan jenis tindak balas dalam penyediaan garam plumbum(II) klorida.
………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark/ markah]
(e) State two uses of salt in daily life.
Nyatakan dua kegunaan garam dalam kehidupan harian.
………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 2 mark/ 2 markah]
(f) Shells of snails , cockles and oysters contain a chemical substance called
………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark/ markah]
…………………………………………………………………………
[2 mark/ 2markah]
3 The following are three examples of sulphate salts that can be prepared in the
laboratory.
Berikut adalah contoh-contoh garam sulfat yang boleh disediakan di dalam
makmal.
• Sodium sulphate, Na2SO4
Natrium sulfat, Na2SO4
• Barium sulphate, BaSO4
Barium sulfat, BaSO4
• Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4
Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4
(a) From these examples, identify the soluble and insoluble salts.
Dari contoh-contoh tersebut, kenalpasti garam larut dan garam tak larut.
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
[ 2 mark/ 2 markah]
(b) State the reactants for the preparation of the insoluble salt in (a).
Nyatakan bahan-bahan tindak balas bagi penyediaan garam tak larut
terlarutkan di (a).
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
[ 2 mark/ 2 markah]
Precipitate X
Mendakan X
Diagram 3
Rajah 3
Based on experiment 1
Berdasarkan eksperimen 1
(c) State the name for the reaction
Nyatakan nama bagi tindak balas berikut
………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark/ 1 markah]
(d) Write the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs in the conical flask
Tuliskan persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di dalam kelalang kon
…………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 2 mark/ 2 markah]
(e) Based on experiment II
Berdasarkan eksperimen II
(i) State the name of the reaction
Nyatakan nama bagi tindak balas itu
…………………………………………………………………………
[ [2 mark/ 2 markah]
…………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark/ 1 markah]
…………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark/ 1 markah]
[ 2 mark/ 2 markah]
……………………………………………………………………………
[ I mark / 1 markah]
………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark/ markah]
(ii) State how the excess copper(II) oxide powder can be separated
from the products
Nyatakan bagaimana serbuk kuprum(II) oksida yang berlebihan itu
boleh diasingkan daripada hasil tindak balas itu?
………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark/ markah]
(iii) State the chemical equation for the reaction that takes place in
Experiment II?
Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam
Eksperimen II?
………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark/ markah]
………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark/ markah]
5 (a) The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus to prepare soluble salt Y
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi menyediakan garam larut Y
Nitric acid
Asid nitrik
25 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution +
phenolphthalein
25 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 1 mol dm-3 +
fenolftalein
(i) Describe briefly how a crystal of salt Y is obtained from salt solution
Huraikan secara ringkas bagaimana hablur garam Y diperolehi
daripada larutan garamnya
…………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
[3 mark / 3 markah]
PAPER 2: ESSAY
KERTAS 2 : ESEI
6 (a) The equation shows the reaction between zinc and acid X. Acid X is a
monoprotic acid.
Persamaan menunjukkan tindak balas antara zink dengan asid X. Asid X
adalah asid monoprotik.
Based on the equation,
Berdasarkan persamaan itu,
(i) Suggest acid X and identify salt Y
Cadangkan asid X dan kenalpasti garam Y
…………………………………………………………………………
[ 2 mark/ 2 markah]
(ii) From your answer in 6(a)(i), write a chemical equation for the reaction
Daripada jawapan anda di 6 (a) (i), tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak
balas itu
…………………………………………………………………………
[2 mark/ 2 markah]
(b) Diagram 5 shows a a flow chart of zinc salts
Rajah 5 menunjukkan carta alir bagi garam zink
ZnSO4 Solution X
+
Larutan X
ZnCl2 ZnCO3 Salt
+
Garam
Reaction 1
Zn(NO3)2
Tindak balas 1
Reaction II +Acid W
Tindak balas II + Asid
W
Zinc salt
Garam zink
Diagram 5
Rajah 5
All the three salts, ZnSO4, ZnCl2, and Zn(NO3)2. In diagram 5 can be
converted to ZnCO3 by reaction 1, then ZnCO3 reacts with acid W to form a
zinc salt through reaction II.
Ketiga-tiga garam ZnSO4, ZnCl2, dan Zn(NO3)2. Dalam Rajah 6 boleh
ditukarkan kepada ZnCO3, melalui tindak balas I, kemudian ZnCO3 bertindak
balas dengan asid W untuk membentuk satu garam zink melaui tidak balas II
[ 8 mark/ 8 markah]
(ii) Suggest acid W to prepare any one of the three zinc salt in Diagram 5.
Write a chemical equation involved and describe a laboratory
experiment to prepare the salt
Cadangkan asid W untuk menyediakan salah satu daripada tiga garam
zink di Rajah 5. Tulis persamaan kimia yang terlibat dan huraikan
eksperimen makmal untuk menyediakan garam itu.
Answer:
Jawapan:
Use……………..to prepare zinc sulphate, ZnSO4
Prosedur:
Langkah-langkah
3
) -………………the filtrate into an……………..
-………………….hasil turasan ke
dalam…………………….
-Heat the solution until it is saturated
-Panaskan larutan sehingga tepu
[8 mark/ 8 markah]
PAPER 3 (STRUCTURE)
KERTAS 3(STRUKTUR)
7 Diagram 1 shows Step 1and Step II in an experiment to construct an ionic
equation for the formation of barium chromate(VI)
Rajah 1 menunjukkan langkah 1 dan II bagi eksperimen untuk membina
persamaan ion bagi pembentukan barium kromat(VI).
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
0.5 mol dm-3 barium chloride. BaCl2 solution was added to each test-tube
containing 5.0 cm3 potassium chromate (VI), K2CrO4 solution according to the
volumes shown in step II. Each test tube is stopped and shaken well. Yellow
precipitate of barium chromate(VII) is formed
Larutan barium klorida, BaCl2 , 0.5 mol dm-3 ditambah ke dalam setiap tabung
uji yang mengandungi 5.0 cm3 larutan kalium kromat(VI), K2CrO4 0.5 mol dm-3
mengikut isipadu seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam langkah II. Setiap tabung uji
ditutup dan digoncang. Mendakan kuning barium kromat(VI) terbentuk
(a) Using a ruler, measure the height of yellow precipitate in test tube 1 to 7
and record the height of the precipitate in Table 1
Dengan menggunakan pembaris, ukur tinggi bagi mendakan kuning yang
terdapat dalam tabung uji 1 hingga7 dan rekodkan tinggi mendakan dalam
Jadual 1.
[3 markah / 3 marks]
(b Draw a graph of height of precipitate against volume of barium chloride on
the
) graph paper
Lukiskan graf tinggi mendakan lawan isipadu larutan barium klorida pada
kertas graf
[3 markah / 3 marks]
(c ) Based on the graph above, state the volume of 0.5 mol dm-3barium chloride
solution to react completely with 5 cm3 of potassium chromate(VI) solution
and calculate the number of mole of barium chloride solution that is needed
to react completely with 1 mole of potassium chromate(VI) solution.
Berdasarkan jadual di atas, berapakah isipadu larutan barium klorida 0.5
mol dm-3 yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas lengkap dengan 5 cm3
larutan kalium kromat(VI) 0.5 mol dm-3 dan hitungkan bilangan mol larutan
barium klorida yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas dengan 1 mol larutan
kalium kromat(VI).
[3 markah / 3 marks]
(d) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between potassium chromate(VI)
solution and barium chloride solution
Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas antara larutan kalium kromat(VI)
dengan larutan barium klorida
………………………………………………………………………………
[3 markah / 3 marks]
[3 markah / 3 marks]
(f) Classify the following salts into soluble salts and insoluble salts
Kelaskan garam-garam berikut kepada garam terlarutkan dan garam tak
terlarutkan
[3 markah / 3 marks]
(8) An experiment was carried out to construct an ionic equation for the
precipitation of silver chloride according to the following steps :
Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk membina persamaan ion bagi
pemendakan argentum klorida mengikut langkah berikut:
Step 1: 5.00 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium chloride solution was poured into 7
test tubes labelled P,Q,R,S,T,U and V
Langkah 1: 5.00 cm3 larutan kalium klorida 1.0 moldm-3 dimasukkan ke dalam 7
tabung uji berlabel P,Q,R,S,T,U and V
Step II: 1.00 cm3 of 1.0 moldm-3 silver nitrate solution was added to test tube P
from a burette
Langkah 2: 1.00 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat 1.0 moldm-3 ditambah ke dalam
tabung uji P
Step III: Step II was repeated for test tubes Q, R, S, T, U and V using different
volumes of silver nitrate solution. Diagram 1 shows the initial and final burette
readings
Step IV: All the test tubes were put in the rack to allow silver chloride precipitate
to settle. Height of precipitate formed is recorded in Table 1
Langkah IV: Semua tabung uji diletakkan di atas rak supaya argentum klorida
termendak. Ketinggian mendakan dicatat dalam Jadual 1
Manipulated variable:…………………………………………………….
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan:……………………………………………..
Responding variable:……………………………………………………..
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas:………………………………………….
Constant variable:………………………………………………………..
Pemboleh ubah
dimalarkan:………………………………………………
[3 markah / 3 marks]
(ii) State the hypothesis for the experiment
Nyatakan hipotesis untuk eksperimen ini
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
[3 markah / 3 marks]
(d) Based on Table 1, plot a graph of height of precipitate against volume of
silver nitrate solution on the graph paper
Berdasarkan Jadual 1, plot graf ketinggian mendakan melawan isi padu
larutan argentum nitrat yang digunakan pada kertas graf.
[3 markah / 3 marks]
(e) State what is observed regarding the height of the precipitate
Nyatakan apa yang diperhatikan tentang ketinggian mendakan
……………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………….
[3 markah / 3 marks]
(f) (i) On the graph in(d), mark and write the minimum volume of silver
nitrate solution needed for complete reaction with 5.00 cm3 of 1.0 mol
dm-3 potassium chloride solution
Pada graf di (d), tanda dan tuliskan isipadu larutan argentum nitrat
yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas lengkap dengan 5.00 cm3 larutan
kalium klorida 1.0 mol dm-3
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
.
……………………………………………………………………………
[3 markah / 3 marks]
(ii) Using the volume obtained in (f)(i), calculate the number of moles of
silver ions and chloride ions used. Then calculate the number of moles
of chloride ions that will react with 1.0 mole of silver ions.
Denga menggunakan isipadu di (f)(i), hitung bilangan mol ion
argentum dan ion klorida yang digunakan. Kemudian, hitungkan
bilangan mol ion klorida yang akan bertindak balas dengan 1.0 mol
ion argentum
[3 markah / 3 marks]
(iii) Write the ionic equation for the precipitation of silver chloride
Tuliskan persamaan ion untuk pemendakan argentum klorida
………………………………………………………………………….
.
[3 markah / 3 marks]
(g) Give the operational definition for double decomposition reaction
Berikan definisi secara operasi bagi tindak balas penguraian ganda dua
………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………
[3 markah / 3 marks]
(h) Classify the ions found in silver nitrate solution and potassium chloride
solution into anions and cations
Kelaskan ion-ion yang terdapat dalam larutan argentum nitrat dan kalium
klorida kepada anion dan kation
[3 markah / 3 marks]
Diagram 2
Rajah 2
Plan a laboratory experiments to differentiate both of the salts by using heating
process or any suitable chemicals
Rancangkan satu eksperimen makmal untuk membezakan kedua-dua garam
tersebut dengan menggunakan proses pemanasan atau bahan kimia yang sesuai
[17 marks/17markah]
(10)
Aqueous
Solid Salts / Metal oxide
solution
pepejal Garam / oksida logam
larutan akues
Colourless
White
Tidak
Putih
berwarna
Green Insoluble
Hijau Tidak larut
Light Green Pale Green
Hjau tua Hijau pudar
Blue Blue
biru biru
Brown Brown
perang perang
Black Insoluble
hitam Tidak larut
Yellow when hot
Kuning apabila
panas Insoluble
White when cold Tidak larut
Putih apabila
sejuk
Brown when hot
Perang apabila
panas
Insoluble
Yellow when cold Tidak larut
Kuning apabila
sejuk
(b) Test for gases
Ujian gas
Na+
(ii) Decompose into metal oxide, NO2 Decompose into metal oxide
gas and O2 gas and CO2 gas
Terurai kepada oksida logam, gas Terurai kepada logam oksida
NO2 dan gas O2 dan gas karbon dioksida
Ca2+ 2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO + 4NO2 CaCO3 CaO + CO2
+ O2
Observation : White solid
Observation: white solid formed, formed. Gas liberated turn lime
Brown gas which turns moist blue water chalky
litmus red released. Another gas Pemerhatian: Pepejal putih.
released relighted glowing splinter Gas yang dihasilkan menukar
Pemerhatian: air kapur menjadi keruh
Pepejal putih terhasil, gas warna
perang menukarkan kertas litmus
biru lembap kepada merah
terhasil. Gas lain yang terhasil
menyalakan kayu uji berbara
Zn2+
Pb2+
Cu2+
2 Confirmatory Test
Ujian Pengesahan
(a) Chemical tests should be conducted for the confirmation of anions and
cations in aqueous form.
Ujian kimia perlu dijalankan untuk pengesahan anion dan kation dalam
bentuk akues
(b) Cation confirmation It is done by adding a small amount of sodium
hydroxide solution, NaOH(aq) / aqueous ammonia solution, NH3(aq)
followed by excess sodium hydroxide / aqueous ammonia solution.
Conclusion / Ionic
equations
Anion Tests /ujian
Keputusan / persamaan
ionik
2 cm3 of dilute ………. is added to 2
cm3 of aqueous solution of carbonate
ions.
……….. occurs and the gas
released…………
2 cm3 …………. cair ditambah kepada
CO32-
2 cm3 kepada larutan akues ion
karbonat
………… berlaku dan gas yang terbebas
disalurkan ke
………………….menjadi…………
+ NaOH(aq)
+ excess NaOH(aq)
No Precipitate Yes
dissolve?
Sodium hydroxide
Larutan natrium
kation
hidroksida
+ NaOH(aq)
Larutan dengan
Larutan dengan
kation
kkation
Mendakan Ya
terbentuk?
+ NaOH(aq)
berlebihan
No Mendakan Yes
larut?
+ NH3 (aq)
No Precipitate Ye
formed? s
Colour of White
precipitate
+ excess NH3(aq)
+ excess NH3(aq)
Precipitate
dissolve in excess
NH3 (aq) to form
blue solution
Ammonia solution
Kation
+ NH3 (aq)
Solution with
cation
No Mendakan Yes
terbentuk?
Warna putih
mendakan
+ NH3(aq)
No Mendakan Yes
larut?
Mendakan larut
dalam larutan
ammonia akues
berlebihan untuk
membentuk
larutan biru
(b) Heat
Haba
sodium hydroxide solution is added to a small amount of solution
contains NH4+
Larutan natrium hidroksida ditambah ke dalam sedikit larutan yang
mengandungi NH4+
the solution is heated
Larutan dipanaskan
A piece of moist red litmus paper is placed. Red moist litmus paper
turns blue.
Sekeping kertas litmus merah lembab diletakkan. Kertas litmus merah
lembap bertukar warna biru
Al3+ // Pb2+
+ H2SO4 / Na2SO4
+ KI
+ HCl / NaCl
No changes Yellow precipitate
No changes White precipitate No changes White precipitate (c)
(a) (b) Al3+ Pb2+
Al3+ Pb2+ Al3+ Pb2+
3)
Reagent Observation Conclusion
2+
Potassium Dark blue precipitate Fe ion is present
hexacyanoferrate(III) Mendakan biru tua
solution
Larutan Kalium Greenish-brown
heksasioanoferat(III) solution …………………………
Larutan hijau
keperangan
PAPER 1
KERTAS 1
1 Table 1 shows the observations in three tests on solution X.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi tiga ujian ke atas larutan X.
Test Observation
I Add sodium hydroxide solution White precipitate which dissolves
until in excess in excess sodium hydroxide
Tambah larutan natrium solution
hidroksida sehingga berlebihan Mendakan putih larut dalam
larutan natrium hidroksida
berlebihan
II Add ammonia solution until in White precipitate which dissolves
excess in excess sodium ammonia
Tambah larutan ammonia solution
sehingga berlebihan Mendakan putih larut dalam
larutan ammonia berlebihan
IIIAdd 2 cm3 of dilute nitric acid White precipitate formed
and few drops of silver nitrate Mendakan putih terbentuk
solution
Tambah 2 cm3 asid nitrik cair dan
beberapa titik larutan argentum
nitrat
Table 1
Jadual 1
What is X?
Apakah X?
A Zinc chloride
Zink klorida
B Zinc sulphate
Zink sulfat
C Aluminium chloride
Aluminium klorida
D Aluminium sulphate
Aluminium sulfat
2 A student wants to identify cation that present in a salt solution. When sodium
hydroxide solution is added into the salt solution, brown precipitate is formed.
What is the method that need to be done next and the observation expected to
confirm the presence of the cation?
Seorang murid ingin mengenalpasti kation yang hadir dalam suatu larutan
garam.Apabila larutan natrium hidroksida ditambah ke dalam larutan garam
itu, mendakan perang terbentuk.Apakah kaedah yang perlu dilakukan seterusnya
dan apakah pemerhatian yang dijangkakan untuk mengesahkan kehadiran kation
itu?
Method / Kaedah Observation / Pemerhatian
A Warm up the solution Gas released turns red litmus paper into
Panaskan larutan blue
Gas yang terbebas menukarkan kertas
litmus merah kepada biru
3 The following equation shows the reaction to obtain soluble sulphate salt.
Persamaan berikut menunjukkan tindak balas untuk mendapatkan garam
sulfat terlarutkan.
What is substance X?
Apakah bahan X?
A Calcium oxide
Kalsium oksida
B Lead(II) oxide
Plumbum(II) oksida
C Barium hydroxide
Barium hidroksida
D Potassium hydroxide
Kalium hidroksida.
5 The reaction between barium chloride solution and lead(II) nitrate solution
produces lead(II) chloride and barium nitrate. Which ionic equation
represents the reaction?
Tindak balas antara larutan barium klorida dan larutan plumbum(II) nitrat
menghasilkan plumbum(II) klorida dan barium nitrat. Persamaan ion yang
manakah mewakili tindak balas itu?
A Pb²⁺ + NO3⁻ Pb(NO3)2
B Pb²⁺ + 2C1⁻ PbCl₂
C Ba²⁺ + 2Cl⁻ BaCl₂
D Ba2+ + 2NO3- Ba(NO3)2
Salt Use
Garam Kegunaan
A Ammonium Anti-acids
sulphate Anti-asid
Ammonium
sulfat
B Sodium chloride Food
Natrium klorida preservative
Pengawet
makanan
C Sodium nitrate Food flavouring
Natrium nitrat Perisa makanan
11 Which of the following is true about the soluble and insoluble salt?
Antara yang berikut, manakah benar tentang garam larut dan garam tidak
larut?
B Ammonium
Lead (II) sulphate
sulphate
Plumbum (II) sulfat
Ammonium sulfat
12 Which of the following mixture will react to produce an aqueous zinc nitrate
solution?
Antara campuran yang berikut, manakah akan bertindak balas untuk
menghasilkan larutan akueus zink nitrat?
A I and II only
I dan II sahaja
B II and III only
II dan III sahaja
C III and IV only
III dan IV sahaja
D I and IV only
I dan IV sahaja
13 Which of the following substances can be used to prepare copper (II) chloride by
reaction with hydrochloric acid?
Antara bahan yang berikut, manakah boleh bertindak balas dengan asid
hidroklorik untuk menyediakan kuprum (II) klorida?
I Copper (II) oxide
Kuprum (II) oksida
II Copper (II) nitrate
Kuprum (II) nitrat
III Copper (II) carbonate
Kuprum (II) karbonat
IV Copper (II) hydroxide
Kuprum (II) hidroksida
A I, II and III only
I, II dan III sahaja
B I, II and IV only
I, II dan IV sahaja
C I, III and IV only
I, III dan IV sahaja
D II, III and IV only
II, III dan IV sahaja