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Title: The Works of Edgar Allan Poe

Volume 1 (of 5) of the Raven Edition

Author: Edgar Allan Poe

Release Date: May 19, 2008 [EBook #2147]

Last Updated: October 6, 2016

Language: English

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WORKS OF EDGAR ALLAN POE ***

Produced by David Widger and Carlo Traverso

THE WORKS OF EDGAR ALLAN
POE
IN FIVE VOLUMES
 The Raven Edition

CONTENTS

EDGAR ALLAN POE

DEATH OF EDGAR A. POE
THE UNPARALLELED ADVENTURES OF ONE HANS PFAALL
THE GOLD-BUG
FOUR BEASTS IN ONE—THE HOMO-CAMELEOPARD
THE MURDERS IN THE RUE MORGUE
THE MYSTERY OF MARIE ROGET.(*1)
THE BALLOON-HOAX
MS. FOUND IN A BOTTLE
THE OVAL PORTRAIT
 EDGAR ALLAN POE
AN APPRECIATION
Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster
Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore—
Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden bore
Of “never—never more!”

THIS stanza from “The Raven” was recommended by James Russell Lowell
as an inscription upon the Baltimore monument which marks the resting place of
Edgar Allan Poe, the most interesting and original figure in American letters.
And, to signify that peculiar musical quality of Poe’s genius which inthralls
every reader, Mr. Lowell suggested this additional verse, from the “Haunted
Palace”:
And all with pearl and ruby glowing
Was the fair palace door,
Through which came flowing, flowing, flowing,
And sparkling ever more,
A troop of Echoes, whose sweet duty
Was but to sing,
In voices of surpassing beauty,
The wit and wisdom of their king.

Born in poverty at Boston, January 19, 1809, dying under painful

circumstances at Baltimore, October 7, 1849, his whole literary career of
scarcely fifteen years a pitiful struggle for mere subsistence, his memory
malignantly misrepresented by his earliest biographer, Griswold, how
completely has truth at last routed falsehood and how magnificently has Poe
come into his own. For “The Raven,” first published in 1845, and, within a few
months, read, recited and parodied wherever the English language was spoken,
the half-starved poet received $10! Less than a year later his brother poet, N. P.
Willis, issued this touching appeal to the admirers of genius on behalf of the
neglected author, his dying wife and her devoted mother, then living under very
straitened circumstances in a little cottage at Fordham, N. Y.:
“Here is one of the finest scholars, one of the most original men of genius, and
one of the most industrious of the literary profession of our country, whose
temporary suspension of labor, from bodily illness, drops him immediately to a
level with the common objects of public charity. There is no intermediate
stopping-place, no respectful shelter, where, with the delicacy due to genius and
culture, he might secure aid, till, with returning health, he would resume his
labors, and his unmortified sense of independence.”
 And this was the tribute paid by the American public to the master who had
given to it such tales of conjuring charm, of witchery and mystery as “The Fall
of the House of Usher” and “Ligeia”; such fascinating hoaxes as “The
Unparalleled Adventure of Hans Pfaall,” “MSS. Found in a Bottle,” “A Descent
Into a Maelstrom” and “The Balloon-Hoax”; such tales of conscience as
“William Wilson,” “The Black Cat” and “The Tell-tale Heart,” wherein the
retributions of remorse are portrayed with an awful fidelity; such tales of natural
beauty as “The Island of the Fay” and “The Domain of Arnheim”; such
marvellous studies in ratiocination as the “Gold-bug,” “The Murders in the Rue
Morgue,” “The Purloined Letter” and “The Mystery of Marie Roget,” the latter,
a recital of fact, demonstrating the author’s wonderful capability of correctly
analyzing the mysteries of the human mind; such tales of illusion and banter as
“The Premature Burial” and “The System of Dr. Tarr and Professor Fether”; such
bits of extravaganza as “The Devil in the Belfry” and “The Angel of the Odd”;
such tales of adventure as “The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym”; such papers
of keen criticism and review as won for Poe the enthusiastic admiration of
Charles Dickens, although they made him many enemies among the over-puffed
minor American writers so mercilessly exposed by him; such poems of beauty
and melody as “The Bells,” “The Haunted Palace,” “Tamerlane,” “The City in
the Sea” and “The Raven.” What delight for the jaded senses of the reader is this
enchanted domain of wonder-pieces! What an atmosphere of beauty, music,
color! What resources of imagination, construction, analysis and absolute art!
One might almost sympathize with Sarah Helen Whitman, who, confessing to a
half faith in the old superstition of the significance of anagrams, found, in the
transposed letters of Edgar Poe’s name, the words “a God-peer.” His mind, she
says, was indeed a “Haunted Palace,” echoing to the footfalls of angels and
demons.
“No man,” Poe himself wrote, “has recorded, no man has dared to record, the
wonders of his inner life.”
In these twentieth century days—of lavish recognition—artistic, popular and
material—of genius, what rewards might not a Poe claim!
Edgar’s father, a son of General David Poe, the American revolutionary
patriot and friend of Lafayette, had married Mrs. Hopkins, an English actress,
and, the match meeting with parental disapproval, had himself taken to the stage
as a profession. Notwithstanding Mrs. Poe’s beauty and talent the young couple
had a sorry struggle for existence. When Edgar, at the age of two years, was
orphaned, the family was in the utmost destitution. Apparently the future poet
was to be cast upon the world homeless and friendless. But fate decreed that a
few glimmers of sunshine were to illumine his life, for the little fellow was
adopted by John Allan, a wealthy merchant of Richmond, Va. A brother and
sister, the remaining children, were cared for by others.
In his new home Edgar found all the luxury and advantages money could
provide. He was petted, spoiled and shown off to strangers. In Mrs. Allan he
found all the affection a childless wife could bestow. Mr. Allan took much pride
in the captivating, precocious lad. At the age of five the boy recited, with fine
effect, passages of English poetry to the visitors at the Allan house.
From his eighth to his thirteenth year he attended the Manor House school, at
Stoke-Newington, a suburb of London. It was the Rev. Dr. Bransby, head of the
school, whom Poe so quaintly portrayed in “William Wilson.” Returning to
Richmond in 1820 Edgar was sent to the school of Professor Joseph H. Clarke.
He proved an apt pupil. Years afterward Professor Clarke thus wrote:
“While the other boys wrote mere mechanical verses, Poe wrote genuine
poetry; the boy was a born poet. As a scholar he was ambitious to excel. He was
remarkable for self-respect, without haughtiness. He had a sensitive and tender
heart and would do anything for a friend. His nature was entirely free from
selfishness.”
At the age of seventeen Poe entered the University of Virginia at
Charlottesville. He left that institution after one session. Official records prove
that he was not expelled. On the contrary, he gained a creditable record as a
student, although it is admitted that he contracted debts and had “an
ungovernable passion for card-playing.” These debts may have led to his quarrel
with Mr. Allan which eventually compelled him to make his own way in the
world.
Early in 1827 Poe made his first literary venture. He induced Calvin Thomas,
a poor and youthful printer, to publish a small volume of his verses under the
title “Tamerlane and Other Poems.” In 1829 we find Poe in Baltimore with
another manuscript volume of verses, which was soon published. Its title was
“Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Other Poems.” Neither of these ventures seems to
have attracted much attention.
Soon after Mrs. Allan’s death, which occurred in 1829, Poe, through the aid of
Mr. Allan, secured admission to the United States Military Academy at West
Point. Any glamour which may have attached to cadet life in Poe’s eyes was
speedily lost, for discipline at West Point was never so severe nor were the
accommodations ever so poor. Poe’s bent was more and more toward literature.
Life at the academy daily became increasingly distasteful. Soon he began to
purposely neglect his studies and to disregard his duties, his aim being to secure
his dismissal from the United States service. In this he succeeded. On March 7,
1831, Poe found himself free. Mr. Allan’s second marriage had thrown the lad on
his own resources. His literary career was to begin.
Poe’s first genuine victory was won in 1833, when he was the successful
competitor for a prize of $100 offered by a Baltimore periodical for the best
prose story. “A MSS. Found in a Bottle” was the winning tale. Poe had
submitted six stories in a volume. “Our only difficulty,” says Mr. Latrobe, one of
the judges, “was in selecting from the rich contents of the volume.”
During the fifteen years of his literary life Poe was connected with various
newspapers and magazines in Richmond, Philadelphia and New York. He was
faithful, punctual, industrious, thorough. N. P. Willis, who for some time
employed Poe as critic and sub-editor on the “Evening Mirror,” wrote thus:
“With the highest admiration for Poe’s genius, and a willingness to let it alone
for more than ordinary irregularity, we were led by common report to expect a
very capricious attention to his duties, and occasionally a scene of violence and
difficulty. Time went on, however, and he was invariably punctual and
industrious. We saw but one presentiment of the man-a quiet, patient, industrious
and most gentlemanly person.
“We heard, from one who knew him well (what should be stated in all
mention of his lamentable irregularities), that with a single glass of wine his
whole nature was reversed, the demon became uppermost, and, though none of
the usual signs of intoxication were visible, his will was palpably insane. In this
reversed character, we repeat, it was never our chance to meet him.”
On September 22, 1835, Poe married his cousin, Virginia Clemm, in
Baltimore. She had barely turned thirteen years, Poe himself was but twenty-six.
He then was a resident of Richmond and a regular contributor to the “Southern
Literary Messenger.” It was not until a year later that the bride and her widowed
mother followed him thither.
Poe’s devotion to his child-wife was one of the most beautiful features of his
life. Many of his famous poetic productions were inspired by her beauty and
charm. Consumption had marked her for its victim, and the constant efforts of
husband and mother were to secure for her all the comfort and happiness their
slender means permitted. Virginia died January 30, 1847, when but twenty-five
years of age. A friend of the family pictures the death-bed scene—mother and
husband trying to impart warmth to her by chafing her hands and her feet, while
her pet cat was suffered to nestle upon her bosom for the sake of added warmth.
 These verses from “Annabel Lee,” written by Poe in 1849, the last year of his
life, tell of his sorrow at the loss of his child-wife:
I was a child and she was a child,
In a kingdom by the sea;

But we loved with a love that was more than love—

I and my Annabel Lee;

With a love that the winged seraphs of heaven

Coveted her and me.
And this was the reason that, long ago;
In this kingdom by the sea.
A wind blew out of a cloud, chilling
My beautiful Annabel Lee;

So that her high-born kinsmen came

And bore her away from me,
To shut her up in a sepulchre
In this kingdom by the sea,

Poe was connected at various times and in various capacities with the
“Southern Literary Messenger” in Richmond, Va.; “Graham’s Magazine” and the
“Gentleman’s Magazine” in Philadelphia; the “Evening Mirror,” the “Broadway
Journal,” and “Godey’s Lady’s Book” in New York. Everywhere Poe’s life was
one of unremitting toil. No tales and poems were ever produced at a greater cost
of brain and spirit.
Poe’s initial salary with the “Southern Literary Messenger,” to which he
contributed the first drafts of a number of his best-known tales, was $10 a week!
Two years later his salary was but $600 a year. Even in 1844, when his literary
reputation was established securely, he wrote to a friend expressing his pleasure
because a magazine to which he was to contribute had agreed to pay him $20
monthly for two pages of criticism.
Those were discouraging times in American literature, but Poe never lost
faith. He was finally to triumph wherever pre-eminent talents win admirers. His
genius has had no better description than in this stanza from William Winter’s
poem, read at the dedication exercises of the Actors’ Monument to Poe, May 4,
1885, in New York:
He was the voice of beauty and of woe,
Passion and mystery and the dread unknown;
Pure as the mountains of perpetual snow,
Cold as the icy winds that round them moan,
Dark as the caves wherein earth’s thunders groan,
Wild as the tempests of the upper sky,
Sweet as the faint, far-off celestial tone of angel
whispers, fluttering from on high,
And tender as love’s tear when youth and beauty die.

In the two and a half score years that have elapsed since Poe’s death he has
come fully into his own. For a while Griswold’s malignant misrepresentations
colored the public estimate of Poe as man and as writer. But, thanks to J. H.
Ingram, W. F. Gill, Eugene Didier, Sarah Helen Whitman and others these
scandals have been dispelled and Poe is seen as he actually was-not as a man
without failings, it is true, but as the finest and most original genius in American
letters. As the years go on his fame increases. His works have been translated
into many foreign languages. His is a household name in France and England-in
fact, the latter nation has often uttered the reproach that Poe’s own country has
been slow to appreciate him. But that reproach, if it ever was warranted,
certainly is untrue.
W. H. R.
 EDGAR ALLAN POE
By James Russell Lowell

THE situation of American literature is anomalous. It has no centre, or, if it

have, it is like that of the sphere of Hermes. It is divided into many systems,
each revolving round its several suns, and often presenting to the rest only the
faint glimmer of a milk-and-water way. Our capital city, unlike London or Paris,
is not a great central heart from which life and vigor radiate to the extremities,
but resembles more an isolated umbilicus stuck down as near as may be to the
centre of the land, and seeming rather to tell a legend of former usefulness than
to serve any present need. Boston, New York, Philadelphia, each has its literature
almost more distinct than those of the different dialects of Germany; and the
Young Queen of the West has also one of her own, of which some articulate
rumor barely has reached us dwellers by the Atlantic.
Perhaps there is no task more difficult than the just criticism of contemporary
literature. It is even more grateful to give praise where it is needed than where it
is deserved, and friendship so often seduces the iron stylus of justice into a
vague flourish, that she writes what seems rather like an epitaph than a criticism.
Yet if praise be given as an alms, we could not drop so poisonous a one into any
man’s hat. The critic’s ink may suffer equally from too large an infusion of
nutgalls or of sugar. But it is easier to be generous than to be just, and we might
readily put faith in that fabulous direction to the hiding place of truth, did we
judge from the amount of water which we usually find mixed with it.
Remarkable experiences are usually confined to the inner life of imaginative
men, but Mr. Poe’s biography displays a vicissitude and peculiarity of interest
such as is rarely met with. The offspring of a romantic marriage, and left an
orphan at an early age, he was adopted by Mr. Allan, a wealthy Virginian, whose
barren marriage-bed seemed the warranty of a large estate to the young poet.
Having received a classical education in England, he returned home and
entered the University of Virginia, where, after an extravagant course, followed
by reformation at the last extremity, he was graduated with the highest honors of
his class. Then came a boyish attempt to join the fortunes of the insurgent
Greeks, which ended at St. Petersburg, where he got into difficulties through
want of a passport, from which he was rescued by the American consul and sent
home. He now entered the military academy at West Point, from which he
obtained a dismissal on hearing of the birth of a son to his adopted father, by a
second marriage, an event which cut off his expectations as an heir. The death of
Mr. Allan, in whose will his name was not mentioned, soon after relieved him of
all doubt in this regard, and he committed himself at once to authorship for a
support. Previously to this, however, he had published (in 1827) a small volume
of poems, which soon ran through three editions, and excited high expectations
of its author’s future distinction in the minds of many competent judges.
That no certain augury can be drawn from a poet’s earliest lispings there are
instances enough to prove. Shakespeare’s first poems, though brimful of vigor
and youth and picturesqueness, give but a very faint promise of the directness,
condensation and overflowing moral of his maturer works. Perhaps, however,
Shakespeare is hardly a case in point, his “Venus and Adonis” having been
published, we believe, in his twenty-sixth year. Milton’s Latin verses show
tenderness, a fine eye for nature, and a delicate appreciation of classic models,
but give no hint of the author of a new style in poetry. Pope’s youthful pieces
have all the sing-song, wholly unrelieved by the glittering malignity and
eloquent irreligion of his later productions. Collins’ callow namby-pamby died
and gave no sign of the vigorous and original genius which he afterward
displayed. We have never thought that the world lost more in the “marvellous
boy,” Chatterton, than a very ingenious imitator of obscure and antiquated
dulness. Where he becomes original (as it is called), the interest of ingenuity
ceases and he becomes stupid. Kirke White’s promises were indorsed by the
respectable name of Mr. Southey, but surely with no authority from Apollo. They
have the merit of a traditional piety, which to our mind, if uttered at all, had been
less objectionable in the retired closet of a diary, and in the sober raiment of
prose. They do not clutch hold of the memory with the drowning pertinacity of
Watts; neither have they the interest of his occasional simple, lucky beauty.
Burns having fortunately been rescued by his humble station from the
contaminating society of the “Best models,” wrote well and naturally from the
first. Had he been unfortunate enough to have had an educated taste, we should
have had a series of poems from which, as from his letters, we could sift here
and there a kernel from the mass of chaff. Coleridge’s youthful efforts give no
promise whatever of that poetical genius which produced at once the wildest,
tenderest, most original and most purely imaginative poems of modern times.
Byron’s “Hours of Idleness” would never find a reader except from an intrepid
and indefatigable curiosity. In Wordsworth’s first preludings there is but a dim
foreboding of the creator of an era. From Southey’s early poems, a safer augury
might have been drawn. They show the patient investigator, the close student of
history, and the unwearied explorer of the beauties of predecessors, but they give
no assurances of a man who should add aught to stock of household words, or to
the rarer and more sacred delights of the fireside or the arbor. The earliest
specimens of Shelley’s poetic mind already, also, give tokens of that ethereal
sublimation in which the spirit seems to soar above the regions of words, but
leaves its body, the verse, to be entombed, without hope of resurrection, in a
mass of them. Cowley is generally instanced as a wonder of precocity. But his
early insipidities show only a capacity for rhyming and for the metrical
arrangement of certain conventional combinations of words, a capacity wholly
dependent on a delicate physical organization, and an unhappy memory. An
early poem is only remarkable when it displays an effort of reason, and the
rudest verses in which we can trace some conception of the ends of poetry, are
worth all the miracles of smooth juvenile versification. A school-boy, one would
say, might acquire the regular see-saw of Pope merely by an association with the
motion of the play-ground tilt.
Mr. Poe’s early productions show that he could see through the verse to the
spirit beneath, and that he already had a feeling that all the life and grace of the
one must depend on and be modulated by the will of the other. We call them the
most remarkable boyish poems that we have ever read. We know of none that
can compare with them for maturity of purpose, and a nice understanding of the
effects of language and metre. Such pieces are only valuable when they display
what we can only express by the contradictory phrase of innate experience. We
copy one of the shorter poems, written when the author was only fourteen. There
is a little dimness in the filling up, but the grace and symmetry of the outline are
such as few poets ever attain. There is a smack of ambrosia about it.
TO HELEN

Helen, thy beauty is to me

Like those Nicean barks of yore,
That gently, o’er a perfumed sea,
The weary, way-worn wanderer bore
To his own native shore.

On desperate seas long wont to roam,

Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,
Thy Naiad airs have brought me home
To the glory that was Greece
And the grandeur that was Rome.

Lo! in yon brilliant window-niche

How statue-like I see thee stand!
The agate lamp within thy hand,
Ah! Psyche, from the regions which
Are Holy Land!
 It is the tendency of the young poet that impresses us. Here is no “withering
scorn,” no heart “blighted” ere it has safely got into its teens, none of the
drawing-room sansculottism which Byron had brought into vogue. All is limpid
and serene, with a pleasant dash of the Greek Helicon in it. The melody of the
whole, too, is remarkable. It is not of that kind which can be demonstrated
arithmetically upon the tips of the fingers. It is of that finer sort which the inner
ear alone can estimate. It seems simple, like a Greek column, because of its
perfection. In a poem named “Ligeia,” under which title he intended to personify
the music of nature, our boy-poet gives us the following exquisite picture:
Ligeia! Ligeia!
My beautiful one,
Whose harshest idea
Will to melody run,
Say, is it thy will,
On the breezes to toss,
Or, capriciously still,
Like the lone albatross,
Incumbent on night,
As she on the air,
To keep watch with delight
On the harmony there?

John Neal, himself a man of genius, and whose lyre has been too long
capriciously silent, appreciated the high merit of these and similar passages, and
drew a proud horoscope for their author.
Mr. Poe had that indescribable something which men have agreed to call
genius. No man could ever tell us precisely what it is, and yet there is none who
is not inevitably aware of its presence and its power. Let talent writhe and
contort itself as it may, it has no such magnetism. Larger of bone and sinew it
may be, but the wings are wanting. Talent sticks fast to earth, and its most
perfect works have still one foot of clay. Genius claims kindred with the very
workings of Nature herself, so that a sunset shall seem like a quotation from
Dante, and if Shakespeare be read in the very presence of the sea itself, his
verses shall but seem nobler for the sublime criticism of ocean. Talent may make
friends for itself, but only genius can give to its creations the divine power of
winning love and veneration. Enthusiasm cannot cling to what itself is
unenthusiastic, nor will he ever have disciples who has not himself impulsive
zeal enough to be a disciple. Great wits are allied to madness only inasmuch as
they are possessed and carried away by their demon, while talent keeps him, as
Paracelsus did, securely prisoned in the pommel of his sword. To the eye of
genius, the veil of the spiritual world is ever rent asunder that it may perceive the
ministers of good and evil who throng continually around it. No man of mere
talent ever flung his inkstand at the devil.
 When we say that Mr. Poe had genius, we do not mean to say that he has
produced evidence of the highest. But to say that he possesses it at all is to say
that he needs only zeal, industry, and a reverence for the trust reposed in him, to
achieve the proudest triumphs and the greenest laurels. If we may believe the
Longinuses and Aristotles of our newspapers, we have quite too many geniuses
of the loftiest order to render a place among them at all desirable, whether for its
hardness of attainment or its seclusion. The highest peak of our Parnassus is,
according to these gentlemen, by far the most thickly settled portion of the
country, a circumstance which must make it an uncomfortable residence for
individuals of a poetical temperament, if love of solitude be, as immemorial
tradition asserts, a necessary part of their idiosyncrasy.
Mr. Poe has two of the prime qualities of genius, a faculty of vigorous yet
minute analysis, and a wonderful fecundity of imagination. The first of these
faculties is as needful to the artist in words, as a knowledge of anatomy is to the
artist in colors or in stone. This enables him to conceive truly, to maintain a
proper relation of parts, and to draw a correct outline, while the second groups,
fills up and colors. Both of these Mr. Poe has displayed with singular
distinctness in his prose works, the last predominating in his earlier tales, and the
first in his later ones. In judging of the merit of an author, and assigning him his
niche among our household gods, we have a right to regard him from our own
point of view, and to measure him by our own standard. But, in estimating the
amount of power displayed in his works, we must be governed by his own
design, and placing them by the side of his own ideal, find how much is wanting.
We differ from Mr. Poe in his opinions of the objects of art. He esteems that
object to be the creation of Beauty, and perhaps it is only in the definition of that
word that we disagree with him. But in what we shall say of his writings, we
shall take his own standard as our guide. The temple of the god of song is
equally accessible from every side, and there is room enough in it for all who
bring offerings, or seek in oracle.
In his tales, Mr. Poe has chosen to exhibit his power chiefly in that dim region
which stretches from the very utmost limits of the probable into the weird
confines of superstition and unreality. He combines in a very remarkable manner
two faculties which are seldom found united; a power of influencing the mind of
the reader by the impalpable shadows of mystery, and a minuteness of detail
which does not leave a pin or a button unnoticed. Both are, in truth, the natural
results of the predominating quality of his mind, to which we have before
alluded, analysis. It is this which distinguishes the artist. His mind at once
reaches forward to the effect to be produced. Having resolved to bring about
certain emotions in the reader, he makes all subordinate parts tend strictly to the
common centre. Even his mystery is mathematical to his own mind. To him X is
a known quantity all along. In any picture that he paints he understands the
chemical properties of all his colors. However vague some of his figures may
seem, however formless the shadows, to him the outline is as clear and distinct
as that of a geometrical diagram. For this reason Mr. Poe has no sympathy with
Mysticism. The Mystic dwells in the mystery, is enveloped with it; it colors all
his thoughts; it affects his optic nerve especially, and the commonest things get a
rainbow edging from it. Mr. Poe, on the other hand, is a spectator ab extra. He
analyzes, he dissects, he watches
“with an eye serene,
The very pulse of the machine,”

for such it practically is to him, with wheels and cogs and piston-rods, all
working to produce a certain end.
This analyzing tendency of his mind balances the poetical, and by giving him
the patience to be minute, enables him to throw a wonderful reality into his most
unreal fancies. A monomania he paints with great power. He loves to dissect one
of these cancers of the mind, and to trace all the subtle ramifications of its roots.
In raising images of horror, also, he has strange success, conveying to us
sometimes by a dusky hint some terrible doubt which is the secret of all horror.
He leaves to imagination the task of finishing the picture, a task to which only
she is competent.
“For much imaginary work was there;
Conceit deceitful, so compact, so kind,
That for Achilles’ image stood his spear
Grasped in an armed hand; himself behind
Was left unseen, save to the eye of mind.”

Besides the merit of conception, Mr. Poe’s writings have also that of form.
His style is highly finished, graceful and truly classical. It would be hard to
find a living author who had displayed such varied powers. As an example of his
style we would refer to one of his tales, “The House of Usher,” in the first
volume of his “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque.” It has a singular charm
for us, and we think that no one could read it without being strongly moved by
its serene and sombre beauty. Had its author written nothing else, it would alone
have been enough to stamp him as a man of genius, and the master of a classic
style. In this tale occurs, perhaps, the most beautiful of his poems.
The great masters of imagination have seldom resorted to the vague and the
unreal as sources of effect. They have not used dread and horror alone, but only
in combination with other qualities, as means of subjugating the fancies of their
readers. The loftiest muse has ever a household and fireside charm about her. Mr.
Poe’s secret lies mainly in the skill with which he has employed the strange
fascination of mystery and terror. In this his success is so great and striking as to
deserve the name of art, not artifice. We cannot call his materials the noblest or
purest, but we must concede to him the highest merit of construction.
As a critic, Mr. Poe was aesthetically deficient. Unerring in his analysis of
dictions, metres and plots, he seemed wanting in the faculty of perceiving the
profounder ethics of art. His criticisms are, however, distinguished for scientific
precision and coherence of logic. They have the exactness, and at the same time,
the coldness of mathematical demonstrations. Yet they stand in strikingly
refreshing contrast with the vague generalisms and sharp personalities of the day.
If deficient in warmth, they are also without the heat of partisanship. They are
especially valuable as illustrating the great truth, too generally overlooked, that
analytic power is a subordinate quality of the critic.
On the whole, it may be considered certain that Mr. Poe has attained an
individual eminence in our literature which he will keep. He has given proof of
power and originality. He has done that which could only be done once with
success or safety, and the imitation or repetition of which would produce
weariness.
 DEATH OF EDGAR A. POE
By N. P. Willis

THE ancient fable of two antagonistic spirits imprisoned in one body, equally
powerful and having the complete mastery by turns-of one man, that is to say,
inhabited by both a devil and an angel seems to have been realized, if all we hear
is true, in the character of the extraordinary man whose name we have written
above. Our own impression of the nature of Edgar A. Poe, differs in some
important degree, however, from that which has been generally conveyed in the
notices of his death. Let us, before telling what we personally know of him, copy
a graphic and highly finished portraiture, from the pen of Dr. Rufus W.
Griswold, which appeared in a recent number of the “Tribune”:
“Edgar Allen Poe is dead. He died in Baltimore on Sunday, October 7th. This
announcement will startle many, but few will be grieved by it. The poet was
known, personally or by reputation, in all this country; he had readers in England
and in several of the states of Continental Europe; but he had few or no friends;
and the regrets for his death will be suggested principally by the consideration
that in him literary art has lost one of its most brilliant but erratic stars.
“His conversation was at times almost supramortal in its eloquence. His voice
was modulated with astonishing skill, and his large and variably expressive eyes
looked repose or shot fiery tumult into theirs who listened, while his own face
glowed, or was changeless in pallor, as his imagination quickened his blood or
drew it back frozen to his heart. His imagery was from the worlds which no
mortals can see but with the vision of genius. Suddenly starting from a
proposition, exactly and sharply defined, in terms of utmost simplicity and
clearness, he rejected the forms of customary logic, and by a crystalline process
of accretion, built up his ocular demonstrations in forms of gloomiest and
ghastliest grandeur, or in those of the most airy and delicious beauty, so minutely
and distinctly, yet so rapidly, that the attention which was yielded to him was
chained till it stood among his wonderful creations, till he himself dissolved the
spell, and brought his hearers back to common and base existence, by vulgar
fancies or exhibitions of the ignoblest passion.
“He was at all times a dreamer dwelling in ideal realms in heaven or hell
peopled with the creatures and the accidents of his brain. He walked the streets,
in madness or melancholy, with lips moving in indistinct curses, or with eyes
upturned in passionate prayer (never for himself, for he felt, or professed to feel,
that he was already damned, but) for their happiness who at the moment were
objects of his idolatry; or with his glances introverted to a heart gnawed with
anguish, and with a face shrouded in gloom, he would brave the wildest storms,
and all night, with drenched garments and arms beating the winds and rains,
would speak as if the spirits that at such times only could be evoked by him from
the Aidenn, close by whose portals his disturbed soul sought to forget the ills to
which his constitution subjected him—close by the Aidenn where were those he
loved—the Aidenn which he might never see, but in fitful glimpses, as its gates
opened to receive the less fiery and more happy natures whose destiny to sin did
not involve the doom of death.
“He seemed, except when some fitful pursuit subjugated his will and
engrossed his faculties, always to bear the memory of some controlling sorrow.
The remarkable poem of ‘The Raven’ was probably much more nearly than has
been supposed, even by those who were very intimate with him, a reflection and
an echo of his own history. He was that bird’s
“‘Unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster
Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore—
Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden bore
Of ‘Never-never more.’

“Every genuine author in a greater or less degree leaves in his works,

whatever their design, traces of his personal character: elements of his immortal
being, in which the individual survives the person. While we read the pages of
the ‘Fall of the House of Usher,’ or of ‘Mesmeric Revelations,’ we see in the
solemn and stately gloom which invests one, and in the subtle metaphysical
analysis of both, indications of the idiosyncrasies of what was most remarkable
and peculiar in the author’s intellectual nature. But we see here only the better
phases of his nature, only the symbols of his juster action, for his harsh
experience had deprived him of all faith in man or woman. He had made up his
mind upon the numberless complexities of the social world, and the whole
system with him was an imposture. This conviction gave a direction to his
shrewd and naturally unamiable character. Still, though he regarded society as
composed altogether of villains, the sharpness of his intellect was not of that
kind which enabled him to cope with villany, while it continually caused him by
overshots to fail of the success of honesty. He was in many respects like Francis
Vivian in Bulwer’s novel of ‘The Caxtons.’ Passion, in him, comprehended—
many of the worst emotions which militate against human happiness. You could
not contradict him, but you raised quick choler; you could not speak of wealth,
but his cheek paled with gnawing envy. The astonishing natural advantages of
this poor boy—his beauty, his readiness, the daring spirit that breathed around
him like a fiery atmosphere—had raised his constitutional self-confidence into
an arrogance that turned his very claims to admiration into prejudices against
him. Irascible, envious—bad enough, but not the worst, for these salient angles
were all varnished over with a cold, repellant cynicism, his passions vented
themselves in sneers. There seemed to him no moral susceptibility; and, what
was more remarkable in a proud nature, little or nothing of the true point of
honor. He had, to a morbid excess, that, desire to rise which is vulgarly called
ambition, but no wish for the esteem or the love of his species; only the hard
wish to succeed-not shine, not serve—succeed, that he might have the right to
despise a world which galled his self-conceit.
“We have suggested the influence of his aims and vicissitudes upon his
literature. It was more conspicuous in his later than in his earlier writings. Nearly
all that he wrote in the last two or three years-including much of his best poetry-
was in some sense biographical; in draperies of his imagination, those who had
taken the trouble to trace his steps, could perceive, but slightly concealed, the
figure of himself.”
Apropos of the disparaging portion of the above well-written sketch, let us
truthfully say:
Some four or five years since, when editing a daily paper in this city, Mr. Poe
was employed by us, for several months, as critic and sub-editor. This was our
first personal acquaintance with him. He resided with his wife and mother at
Fordham, a few miles out of town, but was at his desk in the office, from nine in
the morning till the evening paper went to press. With the highest admiration for
his genius, and a willingness to let it atone for more than ordinary irregularity,
we were led by common report to expect a very capricious attention to his
duties, and occasionally a scene of violence and difficulty. Time went on,
however, and he was invariably punctual and industrious. With his pale,
beautiful, and intellectual face, as a reminder of what genius was in him, it was
impossible, of course, not to treat him always with deferential courtesy, and, to
our occasional request that he would not probe too deep in a criticism, or that he
would erase a passage colored too highly with his resentments against society
and mankind, he readily and courteously assented-far more yielding than most
men, we thought, on points so excusably sensitive. With a prospect of taking the
lead in another periodical, he, at last, voluntarily gave up his employment with
us, and, through all this considerable period, we had seen but one presentment of
the man-a quiet, patient, industrious, and most gentlemanly person, commanding
the utmost respect and good feeling by his unvarying deportment and ability.
 Residing as he did in the country, we never met Mr. Poe in hours of leisure;
but he frequently called on us afterward at our place of business, and we met him
often in the street-invariably the same sad mannered, winning and refined
gentleman, such as we had always known him. It was by rumor only, up to the
day of his death, that we knew of any other development of manner or character.
We heard, from one who knew him well (what should be stated in all mention of
his lamentable irregularities), that, with a single glass of wine, his whole nature
was reversed, the demon became uppermost, and, though none of the usual signs
of intoxication were visible, his will was palpably insane. Possessing his
reasoning faculties in excited activity, at such times, and seeking his
acquaintances with his wonted look and memory, he easily seemed personating
only another phase of his natural character, and was accused, accordingly, of
insulting arrogance and bad-heartedness. In this reversed character, we repeat, it
was never our chance to see him. We know it from hearsay, and we mention it in
connection with this sad infirmity of physical constitution; which puts it upon
very nearly the ground of a temporary and almost irresponsible insanity.
The arrogance, vanity, and depravity of heart, of which Mr. Poe was generally
accused, seem to us referable altogether to this reversed phase of his character.
Under that degree of intoxication which only acted upon him by demonizing his
sense of truth and right, he doubtless said and did much that was wholly
irreconcilable with his better nature; but, when himself, and as we knew him
only, his modesty and unaffected humility, as to his own deservings, were a
constant charm to his character. His letters, of which the constant application for
autographs has taken from us, we are sorry to confess, the greater portion,
exhibited this quality very strongly. In one of the carelessly written notes of
which we chance still to retain possession, for instance, he speaks of “The
Raven”—that extraordinary poem which electrified the world of imaginative
readers, and has become the type of a school of poetry of its own-and, in evident
earnest, attributes its success to the few words of commendation with which we
had prefaced it in this paper.—It will throw light on his sane character to give a
literal copy of the note:
“FORDHAM, April 20, 1849

“My DEAR WILLIS—The poem which I inclose, and which I am so vain as

to hope you will like, in some respects, has been just published in a paper for
which sheer necessity compels me to write, now and then. It pays well as times
go-but unquestionably it ought to pay ten prices; for whatever I send it I feel I
am consigning to the tomb of the Capulets. The verses accompanying this, may I
beg you to take out of the tomb, and bring them to light in the ‘Home journal?’ If
you can oblige me so far as to copy them, I do not think it will be necessary to
say ‘From the ——, that would be too bad; and, perhaps, ‘From a late ——
paper,’ would do.
“I have not forgotten how a ‘good word in season’ from you made ‘The
Raven,’ and made ‘Ulalume’ (which by-the-way, people have done me the honor
of attributing to you), therefore, I would ask you (if I dared) to say something of
these lines if they please you.
 “Truly yours ever,

“EDGAR A. POE.”

In double proof of his earnest disposition to do the best for himself, and of the
trustful and grateful nature which has been denied him, we give another of the
only three of his notes which we chance to retain:
“FORDHAM, January 22, 1848.

“My DEAR MR. WILLIS—I am about to make an effort at re-establishing

myself in the literary world, and feel that I may depend upon your aid.
“My general aim is to start a Magazine, to be called ‘The Stylus,’ but it would
be useless to me, even when established, if not entirely out of the control of a
publisher. I mean, therefore, to get up a journal which shall be my own at all
points. With this end in view, I must get a list of at least five hundred subscribers
to begin with; nearly two hundred I have already. I propose, however, to go
South and West, among my personal and literary friends—old college and West
Point acquaintances—and see what I can do. In order to get the means of taking
the first step, I propose to lecture at the Society Library, on Thursday, the 3d of
February, and, that there may be no cause of squabbling, my subject shall not be
literary at all. I have chosen a broad text: ‘The Universe.’
“Having thus given you the facts of the case, I leave all the rest to the
suggestions of your own tact and generosity. Gratefully, most gratefully,
“Your friend always,
“EDGAR A. POE.”

Brief and chance-taken as these letters are, we think they sufficiently prove
the existence of the very qualities denied to Mr. Poe-humility, willingness to
persevere, belief in another’s friendship, and capability of cordial and grateful
friendship! Such he assuredly was when sane. Such only he has invariably
seemed to us, in all we have happened personally to know of him, through a
friendship of five or six years. And so much easier is it to believe what we have
seen and known, than what we hear of only, that we remember him but with
admiration and respect; these descriptions of him, when morally insane, seeming
to us like portraits, painted in sickness, of a man we have only known in health.
But there is another, more touching, and far more forcible evidence that there
was goodness in Edgar A. Poe. To reveal it we are obliged to venture upon the
lifting of the veil which sacredly covers grief and refinement in poverty; but we
think it may be excused, if so we can brighten the memory of the poet, even
were there not a more needed and immediate service which it may render to the
nearest link broken by his death.
Our first knowledge of Mr. Poe’s removal to this city was by a call which we
received from a lady who introduced herself to us as the mother of his wife. She
was in search of employment for him, and she excused her errand by mentioning
that he was ill, that her daughter was a confirmed invalid, and that their
circumstances were such as compelled her taking it upon herself. The
countenance of this lady, made beautiful and saintly with an evidently complete
giving up of her life to privation and sorrowful tenderness, her gentle and
mournful voice urging its plea, her long-forgotten but habitually and
unconsciously refined manners, and her appealing and yet appreciative mention
of the claims and abilities of her son, disclosed at once the presence of one of
those angels upon earth that women in adversity can be. It was a hard fate that
she was watching over. Mr. Poe wrote with fastidious difficulty, and in a style
too much above the popular level to be well paid. He was always in pecuniary
difficulty, and, with his sick wife, frequently in want of the merest necessaries of
life. Winter after winter, for years, the most touching sight to us, in this whole
city, has been that tireless minister to genius, thinly and insufficiently clad, going
from office to office with a poem, or an article on some literary subject, to sell,
sometimes simply pleading in a broken voice that he was ill, and begging for
him, mentioning nothing but that “he was ill,” whatever might be the reason for
his writing nothing, and never, amid all her tears and recitals of distress,
suffering one syllable to escape her lips that could convey a doubt of him, or a
complaint, or a lessening of pride in his genius and good intentions. Her
daughter died a year and a half since, but she did not desert him. She continued
his ministering angel—living with him, caring for him, guarding him against
exposure, and when he was carried away by temptation, amid grief and the
loneliness of feelings unreplied to, and awoke from his self abandonment
prostrated in destitution and suffering, begging for him still. If woman’s
devotion, born with a first love, and fed with human passion, hallow its object,
as it is allowed to do, what does not a devotion like this-pure, disinterested and
holy as the watch of an invisible spirit-say for him who inspired it?
We have a letter before us, written by this lady, Mrs. Clemm, on the morning
in which she heard of the death of this object of her untiring care. It is merely a
request that we would call upon her, but we will copy a few of its words—sacred
as its privacy is—to warrant the truth of the picture we have drawn above, and
add force to the appeal we wish to make for her:
“I have this morning heard of the death of my darling Eddie.... Can you give
me any circumstances or particulars?... Oh! do not desert your poor friend in his
bitter affliction!... Ask Mr. —— to come, as I must deliver a message to him
from my poor Eddie.... I need not ask you to notice his death and to speak well
of him. I know you will. But say what an affectionate son he was to me, his poor
desolate mother...”
To hedge round a grave with respect, what choice is there, between the
relinquished wealth and honors of the world, and the story of such a woman’s
unrewarded devotion! Risking what we do, in delicacy, by making it public, we
feel—other reasons aside—that it betters the world to make known that there are
such ministrations to its erring and gifted. What we have said will speak to some
hearts. There are those who will be glad to know how the lamp, whose light of
poetry has beamed on their far-away recognition, was watched over with care
and pain, that they may send to her, who is more darkened than they by its
extinction, some token of their sympathy. She is destitute and alone. If any, far or
near, will send to us what may aid and cheer her through the remainder of her
life, we will joyfully place it in her hands.
 THE UNPARALLELED ADVENTURES OF ONE
HANS PFAAL (*1)
BY late accounts from Rotterdam, that city seems to be in a high state of
philosophical excitement. Indeed, phenomena have there occurred of a nature so
completely unexpected—so entirely novel—so utterly at variance with
preconceived opinions—as to leave no doubt on my mind that long ere this all
Europe is in an uproar, all physics in a ferment, all reason and astronomy
together by the ears.
It appears that on the—— day of—— (I am not positive about the date), a vast
crowd of people, for purposes not specifically mentioned, were assembled in the
great square of the Exchange in the well-conditioned city of Rotterdam. The day
was warm—unusually so for the season—there was hardly a breath of air
stirring; and the multitude were in no bad humor at being now and then
besprinkled with friendly showers of momentary duration, that fell from large
white masses of cloud which chequered in a fitful manner the blue vault of the
firmament. Nevertheless, about noon, a slight but remarkable agitation became
apparent in the assembly: the clattering of ten thousand tongues succeeded; and,
in an instant afterward, ten thousand faces were upturned toward the heavens,
ten thousand pipes descended simultaneously from the corners of ten thousand
mouths, and a shout, which could be compared to nothing but the roaring of
Niagara, resounded long, loudly, and furiously, through all the environs of
Rotterdam.
The origin of this hubbub soon became sufficiently evident. From behind the
huge bulk of one of those sharply-defined masses of cloud already mentioned,
was seen slowly to emerge into an open area of blue space, a queer,
heterogeneous, but apparently solid substance, so oddly shaped, so whimsically
put together, as not to be in any manner comprehended, and never to be
sufficiently admired, by the host of sturdy burghers who stood open-mouthed
below. What could it be? In the name of all the vrows and devils in Rotterdam,
what could it possibly portend? No one knew, no one could imagine; no one—
not even the burgomaster Mynheer Superbus Von Underduk—had the slightest
clew by which to unravel the mystery; so, as nothing more reasonable could be
done, every one to a man replaced his pipe carefully in the corner of his mouth,
and cocking up his right eye towards the phenomenon, puffed, paused, waddled
about, and grunted significantly—then waddled back, grunted, paused, and
finally—puffed again.
In the meantime, however, lower and still lower toward the goodly city, came
the object of so much curiosity, and the cause of so much smoke. In a very few
minutes it arrived near enough to be accurately discerned. It appeared to be—
yes! it was undoubtedly a species of balloon; but surely no such balloon had ever
been seen in Rotterdam before. For who, let me ask, ever heard of a balloon
manufactured entirely of dirty newspapers? No man in Holland certainly; yet
here, under the very noses of the people, or rather at some distance above their
noses was the identical thing in question, and composed, I have it on the best
authority, of the precise material which no one had ever before known to be used
for a similar purpose. It was an egregious insult to the good sense of the burghers
of Rotterdam. As to the shape of the phenomenon, it was even still more
reprehensible. Being little or nothing better than a huge foolscap turned upside
down. And this similitude was regarded as by no means lessened when, upon
nearer inspection, there was perceived a large tassel depending from its apex,
and, around the upper rim or base of the cone, a circle of little instruments,
resembling sheep-bells, which kept up a continual tinkling to the tune of Betty
Martin. But still worse. Suspended by blue ribbons to the end of this fantastic
machine, there hung, by way of car, an enormous drab beaver hat, with a brim
superlatively broad, and a hemispherical crown with a black band and a silver
buckle. It is, however, somewhat remarkable that many citizens of Rotterdam
swore to having seen the same hat repeatedly before; and indeed the whole
assembly seemed to regard it with eyes of familiarity; while the vrow Grettel
Pfaall, upon sight of it, uttered an exclamation of joyful surprise, and declared it
to be the identical hat of her good man himself. Now this was a circumstance the
more to be observed, as Pfaall, with three companions, had actually disappeared
from Rotterdam about five years before, in a very sudden and unaccountable
manner, and up to the date of this narrative all attempts had failed of obtaining
any intelligence concerning them whatsoever. To be sure, some bones which
were thought to be human, mixed up with a quantity of odd-looking rubbish, had
been lately discovered in a retired situation to the east of Rotterdam, and some
people went so far as to imagine that in this spot a foul murder had been
committed, and that the sufferers were in all probability Hans Pfaall and his
associates. But to return.
The balloon (for such no doubt it was) had now descended to within a hundred
feet of the earth, allowing the crowd below a sufficiently distinct view of the
person of its occupant. This was in truth a very droll little somebody. He could
not have been more than two feet in height; but this altitude, little as it was,
would have been sufficient to destroy his equilibrium, and tilt him over the edge
of his tiny car, but for the intervention of a circular rim reaching as high as the
breast, and rigged on to the cords of the balloon. The body of the little man was
more than proportionately broad, giving to his entire figure a rotundity highly
absurd. His feet, of course, could not be seen at all, although a horny substance
of suspicious nature was occasionally protruded through a rent in the bottom of
the car, or to speak more properly, in the top of the hat. His hands were
enormously large. His hair was extremely gray, and collected in a cue behind.
His nose was prodigiously long, crooked, and inflammatory; his eyes full,
brilliant, and acute; his chin and cheeks, although wrinkled with age, were broad,
puffy, and double; but of ears of any kind or character there was not a semblance
to be discovered upon any portion of his head. This odd little gentleman was
dressed in a loose surtout of sky-blue satin, with tight breeches to match,
fastened with silver buckles at the knees. His vest was of some bright yellow
material; a white taffety cap was set jauntily on one side of his head; and, to
complete his equipment, a blood-red silk handkerchief enveloped his throat, and
fell down, in a dainty manner, upon his bosom, in a fantastic bow-knot of super-
eminent dimensions.
Having descended, as I said before, to about one hundred feet from the surface
of the earth, the little old gentleman was suddenly seized with a fit of trepidation,
and appeared disinclined to make any nearer approach to terra firma. Throwing
out, therefore, a quantity of sand from a canvas bag, which, he lifted with great
difficulty, he became stationary in an instant. He then proceeded, in a hurried
and agitated manner, to extract from a side-pocket in his surtout a large morocco
pocket-book. This he poised suspiciously in his hand, then eyed it with an air of
extreme surprise, and was evidently astonished at its weight. He at length opened
it, and drawing there from a huge letter sealed with red sealing-wax and tied
carefully with red tape, let it fall precisely at the feet of the burgomaster,
Superbus Von Underduk. His Excellency stooped to take it up. But the aeronaut,
still greatly discomposed, and having apparently no farther business to detain
him in Rotterdam, began at this moment to make busy preparations for
departure; and it being necessary to discharge a portion of ballast to enable him
to reascend, the half dozen bags which he threw out, one after another, without
taking the trouble to empty their contents, tumbled, every one of them, most
unfortunately upon the back of the burgomaster, and rolled him over and over no
less than one-and-twenty times, in the face of every man in Rotterdam. It is not
to be supposed, however, that the great Underduk suffered this impertinence on
the part of the little old man to pass off with impunity. It is said, on the contrary,
that during each and every one of his one-and twenty circumvolutions he emitted
no less than one-and-twenty distinct and furious whiffs from his pipe, to which
he held fast the whole time with all his might, and to which he intends holding
fast until the day of his death.
In the meantime the balloon arose like a lark, and, soaring far away above the
city, at length drifted quietly behind a cloud similar to that from which it had so
oddly emerged, and was thus lost forever to the wondering eyes of the good
citizens of Rotterdam. All attention was now directed to the letter, the descent of
which, and the consequences attending thereupon, had proved so fatally
subversive of both person and personal dignity to his Excellency, the illustrious
Burgomaster Mynheer Superbus Von Underduk. That functionary, however, had
not failed, during his circumgyratory movements, to bestow a thought upon the
important subject of securing the packet in question, which was seen, upon
inspection, to have fallen into the most proper hands, being actually addressed to
himself and Professor Rub-a-dub, in their official capacities of President and
Vice-President of the Rotterdam College of Astronomy. It was accordingly
opened by those dignitaries upon the spot, and found to contain the following
extraordinary, and indeed very serious, communications.
To their Excellencies Von Underduk and Rub-a-dub, President and Vice-
President of the States’ College of Astronomers, in the city of Rotterdam.
“Your Excellencies may perhaps be able to remember an humble artizan, by
name Hans Pfaall, and by occupation a mender of bellows, who, with three
others, disappeared from Rotterdam, about five years ago, in a manner which
must have been considered by all parties at once sudden, and extremely
unaccountable. If, however, it so please your Excellencies, I, the writer of this
communication, am the identical Hans Pfaall himself. It is well known to most
of my fellow citizens, that for the period of forty years I continued to occupy the
little square brick building, at the head of the alley called Sauerkraut, in which I
resided at the time of my disappearance. My ancestors have also resided therein
time out of mind—they, as well as myself, steadily following the respectable and
indeed lucrative profession of mending of bellows. For, to speak the truth, until
of late years, that the heads of all the people have been set agog with politics, no
better business than my own could an honest citizen of Rotterdam either desire
or deserve. Credit was good, employment was never wanting, and on all hands
there was no lack of either money or good-will. But, as I was saying, we soon
began to feel the effects of liberty and long speeches, and radicalism, and all that
sort of thing. People who were formerly, the very best customers in the world,
had now not a moment of time to think of us at all. They had, so they said, as
much as they could do to read about the revolutions, and keep up with the march
of intellect and the spirit of the age. If a fire wanted fanning, it could readily be
fanned with a newspaper, and as the government grew weaker, I have no doubt
that leather and iron acquired durability in proportion, for, in a very short time,
there was not a pair of bellows in all Rotterdam that ever stood in need of a
stitch or required the assistance of a hammer. This was a state of things not to be
endured. I soon grew as poor as a rat, and, having a wife and children to provide
for, my burdens at length became intolerable, and I spent hour after hour in
reflecting upon the most convenient method of putting an end to my life. Duns,
in the meantime, left me little leisure for contemplation. My house was literally
besieged from morning till night, so that I began to rave, and foam, and fret like
a caged tiger against the bars of his enclosure. There were three fellows in
particular who worried me beyond endurance, keeping watch continually about
my door, and threatening me with the law. Upon these three I internally vowed
the bitterest revenge, if ever I should be so happy as to get them within my
clutches; and I believe nothing in the world but the pleasure of this anticipation
prevented me from putting my plan of suicide into immediate execution, by
blowing my brains out with a blunderbuss. I thought it best, however, to
dissemble my wrath, and to treat them with promises and fair words, until, by
some good turn of fate, an opportunity of vengeance should be afforded me.
“One day, having given my creditors the slip, and feeling more than usually
dejected, I continued for a long time to wander about the most obscure streets
without object whatever, until at length I chanced to stumble against the corner
of a bookseller’s stall. Seeing a chair close at hand, for the use of customers, I
threw myself doggedly into it, and, hardly knowing why, opened the pages of the
first volume which came within my reach. It proved to be a small pamphlet
treatise on Speculative Astronomy, written either by Professor Encke of Berlin
or by a Frenchman of somewhat similar name. I had some little tincture of
information on matters of this nature, and soon became more and more absorbed
in the contents of the book, reading it actually through twice before I awoke to a
recollection of what was passing around me. By this time it began to grow dark,
and I directed my steps toward home. But the treatise had made an indelible
impression on my mind, and, as I sauntered along the dusky streets, I revolved
carefully over in my memory the wild and sometimes unintelligible reasonings
of the writer. There are some particular passages which affected my imagination
in a powerful and extraordinary manner. The longer I meditated upon these the
more intense grew the interest which had been excited within me. The limited
nature of my education in general, and more especially my ignorance on subjects
connected with natural philosophy, so far from rendering me diffident of my own
ability to comprehend what I had read, or inducing me to mistrust the many
vague notions which had arisen in consequence, merely served as a farther
stimulus to imagination; and I was vain enough, or perhaps reasonable enough,
to doubt whether those crude ideas which, arising in ill-regulated minds, have all
the appearance, may not often in effect possess all the force, the reality, and
other inherent properties, of instinct or intuition; whether, to proceed a step
farther, profundity itself might not, in matters of a purely speculative nature, be
detected as a legitimate source of falsity and error. In other words, I believed,
and still do believe, that truth, is frequently of its own essence, superficial, and
that, in many cases, the depth lies more in the abysses where we seek her, than in
the actual situations wherein she may be found. Nature herself seemed to afford
me corroboration of these ideas. In the contemplation of the heavenly bodies it
struck me forcibly that I could not distinguish a star with nearly as much
precision, when I gazed on it with earnest, direct and undeviating attention, as
when I suffered my eye only to glance in its vicinity alone. I was not, of course,
at that time aware that this apparent paradox was occasioned by the center of the
visual area being less susceptible of feeble impressions of light than the exterior
portions of the retina. This knowledge, and some of another kind, came
afterwards in the course of an eventful five years, during which I have dropped
the prejudices of my former humble situation in life, and forgotten the bellows-
mender in far different occupations. But at the epoch of which I speak, the
analogy which a casual observation of a star offered to the conclusions I had
already drawn, struck me with the force of positive conformation, and I then
finally made up my mind to the course which I afterwards pursued.
“It was late when I reached home, and I went immediately to bed. My mind,
however, was too much occupied to sleep, and I lay the whole night buried in
meditation. Arising early in the morning, and contriving again to escape the
vigilance of my creditors, I repaired eagerly to the bookseller’s stall, and laid out
what little ready money I possessed, in the purchase of some volumes of
Mechanics and Practical Astronomy. Having arrived at home safely with these, I
devoted every spare moment to their perusal, and soon made such proficiency in
studies of this nature as I thought sufficient for the execution of my plan. In the
intervals of this period, I made every endeavor to conciliate the three creditors
who had given me so much annoyance. In this I finally succeeded—partly by
selling enough of my household furniture to satisfy a moiety of their claim, and
partly by a promise of paying the balance upon completion of a little project
which I told them I had in view, and for assistance in which I solicited their
services. By these means—for they were ignorant men—I found little difficulty
in gaining them over to my purpose.
“Matters being thus arranged, I contrived, by the aid of my wife and with the
greatest secrecy and caution, to dispose of what property I had remaining, and to
borrow, in small sums, under various pretences, and without paying any attention
to my future means of repayment, no inconsiderable quantity of ready money.
With the means thus accruing I proceeded to procure at intervals, cambric
muslin, very fine, in pieces of twelve yards each; twine; a lot of the varnish of
caoutchouc; a large and deep basket of wicker-work, made to order; and several
other articles necessary in the construction and equipment of a balloon of
extraordinary dimensions. This I directed my wife to make up as soon as
possible, and gave her all requisite information as to the particular method of
proceeding. In the meantime I worked up the twine into a net-work of sufficient
dimensions; rigged it with a hoop and the necessary cords; bought a quadrant, a
compass, a spy-glass, a common barometer with some important modifications,
and two astronomical instruments not so generally known. I then took
opportunities of conveying by night, to a retired situation east of Rotterdam, five
iron-bound casks, to contain about fifty gallons each, and one of a larger size; six
tinned ware tubes, three inches in diameter, properly shaped, and ten feet in
length; a quantity of a particular metallic substance, or semi-metal, which I shall
not name, and a dozen demijohns of a very common acid. The gas to be formed
from these latter materials is a gas never yet generated by any other person than
myself—or at least never applied to any similar purpose. The secret I would
make no difficulty in disclosing, but that it of right belongs to a citizen of Nantz,
in France, by whom it was conditionally communicated to myself. The same
individual submitted to me, without being at all aware of my intentions, a
method of constructing balloons from the membrane of a certain animal, through
which substance any escape of gas was nearly an impossibility. I found it,
however, altogether too expensive, and was not sure, upon the whole, whether
cambric muslin with a coating of gum caoutchouc, was not equally as good. I
mention this circumstance, because I think it probable that hereafter the
individual in question may attempt a balloon ascension with the novel gas and
material I have spoken of, and I do not wish to deprive him of the honor of a
very singular invention.
“On the spot which I intended each of the smaller casks to occupy
respectively during the inflation of the balloon, I privately dug a hole two feet
deep; the holes forming in this manner a circle twenty-five feet in diameter. In
the centre of this circle, being the station designed for the large cask, I also dug a
hole three feet in depth. In each of the five smaller holes, I deposited a canister
containing fifty pounds, and in the larger one a keg holding one hundred and
fifty pounds, of cannon powder. These—the keg and canisters—I connected in a
proper manner with covered trains; and having let into one of the canisters the
end of about four feet of slow match, I covered up the hole, and placed the cask
over it, leaving the other end of the match protruding about an inch, and barely
visible beyond the cask. I then filled up the remaining holes, and placed the
barrels over them in their destined situation.
“Besides the articles above enumerated, I conveyed to the depot, and there
secreted, one of M. Grimm’s improvements upon the apparatus for condensation
of the atmospheric air. I found this machine, however, to require considerable
alteration before it could be adapted to the purposes to which I intended making
it applicable. But, with severe labor and unremitting perseverance, I at length
met with entire success in all my preparations. My balloon was soon completed.
It would contain more than forty thousand cubic feet of gas; would take me up
easily, I calculated, with all my implements, and, if I managed rightly, with one
hundred and seventy-five pounds of ballast into the bargain. It had received three
coats of varnish, and I found the cambric muslin to answer all the purposes of
silk itself, quite as strong and a good deal less expensive.
“Everything being now ready, I exacted from my wife an oath of secrecy in
relation to all my actions from the day of my first visit to the bookseller’s stall;
and promising, on my part, to return as soon as circumstances would permit, I
gave her what little money I had left, and bade her farewell. Indeed I had no fear
on her account. She was what people call a notable woman, and could manage
matters in the world without my assistance. I believe, to tell the truth, she always
looked upon me as an idle boy, a mere make-weight, good for nothing but
building castles in the air, and was rather glad to get rid of me. It was a dark
night when I bade her good-bye, and taking with me, as aides-de-camp, the three
creditors who had given me so much trouble, we carried the balloon, with the car
and accoutrements, by a roundabout way, to the station where the other articles
were deposited. We there found them all unmolested, and I proceeded
immediately to business.
“It was the first of April. The night, as I said before, was dark; there was not a
star to be seen; and a drizzling rain, falling at intervals, rendered us very
uncomfortable. But my chief anxiety was concerning the balloon, which, in spite
of the varnish with which it was defended, began to grow rather heavy with the
moisture; the powder also was liable to damage. I therefore kept my three duns
working with great diligence, pounding down ice around the central cask, and
stirring the acid in the others. They did not cease, however, importuning me with
questions as to what I intended to do with all this apparatus, and expressed much
dissatisfaction at the terrible labor I made them undergo. They could not
perceive, so they said, what good was likely to result from their getting wet to
the skin, merely to take a part in such horrible incantations. I began to get
uneasy, and worked away with all my might, for I verily believe the idiots
supposed that I had entered into a compact with the devil, and that, in short, what
I was now doing was nothing better than it should be. I was, therefore, in great
fear of their leaving me altogether. I contrived, however, to pacify them by
promises of payment of all scores in full, as soon as I could bring the present
business to a termination. To these speeches they gave, of course, their own
interpretation; fancying, no doubt, that at all events I should come into
possession of vast quantities of ready money; and provided I paid them all I
owed, and a trifle more, in consideration of their services, I dare say they cared
very little what became of either my soul or my carcass.
“In about four hours and a half I found the balloon sufficiently inflated. I
attached the car, therefore, and put all my implements in it—not forgetting the
condensing apparatus, a copious supply of water, and a large quantity of
provisions, such as pemmican, in which much nutriment is contained in
comparatively little bulk. I also secured in the car a pair of pigeons and a cat. It
was now nearly daybreak, and I thought it high time to take my departure.
Dropping a lighted cigar on the ground, as if by accident, I took the opportunity,
in stooping to pick it up, of igniting privately the piece of slow match, whose
end, as I said before, protruded a very little beyond the lower rim of one of the
smaller casks. This manoeuvre was totally unperceived on the part of the three
duns; and, jumping into the car, I immediately cut the single cord which held me
to the earth, and was pleased to find that I shot upward, carrying with all ease
one hundred and seventy-five pounds of leaden ballast, and able to have carried
up as many more.
“Scarcely, however, had I attained the height of fifty yards, when, roaring and
rumbling up after me in the most horrible and tumultuous manner, came so dense
a hurricane of fire, and smoke, and sulphur, and legs and arms, and gravel, and
burning wood, and blazing metal, that my very heart sunk within me, and I fell
down in the bottom of the car, trembling with unmitigated terror. Indeed, I now
perceived that I had entirely overdone the business, and that the main
consequences of the shock were yet to be experienced. Accordingly, in less than
a second, I felt all the blood in my body rushing to my temples, and immediately
thereupon, a concussion, which I shall never forget, burst abruptly through the
night and seemed to rip the very firmament asunder. When I afterward had time
for reflection, I did not fail to attribute the extreme violence of the explosion, as
regarded myself, to its proper cause—my situation directly above it, and in the
line of its greatest power. But at the time, I thought only of preserving my life.
The balloon at first collapsed, then furiously expanded, then whirled round and
round with horrible velocity, and finally, reeling and staggering like a drunken
man, hurled me with great force over the rim of the car, and left me dangling, at
a terrific height, with my head downward, and my face outwards, by a piece of
slender cord about three feet in length, which hung accidentally through a
crevice near the bottom of the wicker-work, and in which, as I fell, my left foot
became most providentially entangled. It is impossible—utterly impossible—to
form any adequate idea of the horror of my situation. I gasped convulsively for
breath—a shudder resembling a fit of the ague agitated every nerve and muscle
of my frame—I felt my eyes starting from their sockets—a horrible nausea
overwhelmed me—and at length I fainted away.
“How long I remained in this state it is impossible to say. It must, however,
have been no inconsiderable time, for when I partially recovered the sense of
existence, I found the day breaking, the balloon at a prodigious height over a
wilderness of ocean, and not a trace of land to be discovered far and wide within
the limits of the vast horizon. My sensations, however, upon thus recovering,
were by no means so rife with agony as might have been anticipated. Indeed,
there was much of incipient madness in the calm survey which I began to take of
my situation. I drew up to my eyes each of my hands, one after the other, and
wondered what occurrence could have given rise to the swelling of the veins,
and the horrible blackness of the fingernails. I afterward carefully examined my
head, shaking it repeatedly, and feeling it with minute attention, until I succeeded
in satisfying myself that it was not, as I had more than half suspected, larger than
my balloon. Then, in a knowing manner, I felt in both my breeches pockets, and,
missing therefrom a set of tablets and a toothpick case, endeavored to account
for their disappearance, and not being able to do so, felt inexpressibly chagrined.
It now occurred to me that I suffered great uneasiness in the joint of my left
ankle, and a dim consciousness of my situation began to glimmer through my
mind. But, strange to say! I was neither astonished nor horror-stricken. If I felt
any emotion at all, it was a kind of chuckling satisfaction at the cleverness I was
about to display in extricating myself from this dilemma; and I never, for a
moment, looked upon my ultimate safety as a question susceptible of doubt. For
a few minutes I remained wrapped in the profoundest meditation. I have a
distinct recollection of frequently compressing my lips, putting my forefinger to
the side of my nose, and making use of other gesticulations and grimaces
common to men who, at ease in their arm-chairs, meditate upon matters of
intricacy or importance. Having, as I thought, sufficiently collected my ideas, I
now, with great caution and deliberation, put my hands behind my back, and
unfastened the large iron buckle which belonged to the waistband of my
inexpressibles. This buckle had three teeth, which, being somewhat rusty, turned
with great difficulty on their axis. I brought them, however, after some trouble,
at right angles to the body of the buckle, and was glad to find them remain firm
in that position. Holding the instrument thus obtained within my teeth, I now
proceeded to untie the knot of my cravat. I had to rest several times before I
could accomplish this manoeuvre, but it was at length accomplished. To one end
of the cravat I then made fast the buckle, and the other end I tied, for greater
security, tightly around my wrist. Drawing now my body upwards, with a
prodigious exertion of muscular force, I succeeded, at the very first trial, in
throwing the buckle over the car, and entangling it, as I had anticipated, in the
circular rim of the wicker-work.
“My body was now inclined towards the side of the car, at an angle of about
forty-five degrees; but it must not be understood that I was therefore only forty-
five degrees below the perpendicular. So far from it, I still lay nearly level with
the plane of the horizon; for the change of situation which I had acquired, had
forced the bottom of the car considerably outwards from my position, which was
accordingly one of the most imminent and deadly peril. It should be
remembered, however, that when I fell in the first instance, from the car, if I had
fallen with my face turned toward the balloon, instead of turned outwardly from
it, as it actually was; or if, in the second place, the cord by which I was
suspended had chanced to hang over the upper edge, instead of through a crevice
near the bottom of the car,—I say it may be readily conceived that, in either of
these supposed cases, I should have been unable to accomplish even as much as
I had now accomplished, and the wonderful adventures of Hans Pfaall would
have been utterly lost to posterity, I had therefore every reason to be grateful;
although, in point of fact, I was still too stupid to be anything at all, and hung
for, perhaps, a quarter of an hour in that extraordinary manner, without making
the slightest farther exertion whatsoever, and in a singularly tranquil state of
idiotic enjoyment. But this feeling did not fail to die rapidly away, and thereunto
succeeded horror, and dismay, and a chilling sense of utter helplessness and ruin.
In fact, the blood so long accumulating in the vessels of my head and throat, and
which had hitherto buoyed up my spirits with madness and delirium, had now
begun to retire within their proper channels, and the distinctness which was thus
added to my perception of the danger, merely served to deprive me of the self-
possession and courage to encounter it. But this weakness was, luckily for me, of
no very long duration. In good time came to my rescue the spirit of despair, and,
with frantic cries and struggles, I jerked my way bodily upwards, till at length,
clutching with a vise-like grip the long-desired rim, I writhed my person over it,
and fell headlong and shuddering within the car.
“It was not until some time afterward that I recovered myself sufficiently to
attend to the ordinary cares of the balloon. I then, however, examined it with
attention, and found it, to my great relief, uninjured. My implements were all
safe, and, fortunately, I had lost neither ballast nor provisions. Indeed, I had so
well secured them in their places, that such an accident was entirely out of the
question. Looking at my watch, I found it six o’clock. I was still rapidly
ascending, and my barometer gave a present altitude of three and three-quarter
miles. Immediately beneath me in the ocean, lay a small black object, slightly
oblong in shape, seemingly about the size, and in every way bearing a great
resemblance to one of those childish toys called a domino. Bringing my
telescope to bear upon it, I plainly discerned it to be a British ninety four-gun
ship, close-hauled, and pitching heavily in the sea with her head to the W.S.W.
Besides this ship, I saw nothing but the ocean and the sky, and the sun, which
had long arisen.
“It is now high time that I should explain to your Excellencies the object of
my perilous voyage. Your Excellencies will bear in mind that distressed
circumstances in Rotterdam had at length driven me to the resolution of
committing suicide. It was not, however, that to life itself I had any, positive
disgust, but that I was harassed beyond endurance by the adventitious miseries
attending my situation. In this state of mind, wishing to live, yet wearied with
life, the treatise at the stall of the bookseller opened a resource to my
imagination. I then finally made up my mind. I determined to depart, yet live—
to leave the world, yet continue to exist—in short, to drop enigmas, I resolved,
let what would ensue, to force a passage, if I could, to the moon. Now, lest I
should be supposed more of a madman than I actually am, I will detail, as well
as I am able, the considerations which led me to believe that an achievement of
this nature, although without doubt difficult, and incontestably full of danger,
was not absolutely, to a bold spirit, beyond the confines of the possible.
“The moon’s actual distance from the earth was the first thing to be attended
to. Now, the mean or average interval between the centres of the two planets is
59.9643 of the earth’s equatorial radii, or only about 237,000 miles. I say the
mean or average interval. But it must be borne in mind that the form of the
moon’s orbit being an ellipse of eccentricity amounting to no less than 0.05484
of the major semi-axis of the ellipse itself, and the earth’s centre being situated
in its focus, if I could, in any manner, contrive to meet the moon, as it were, in
its perigee, the above mentioned distance would be materially diminished. But,
to say nothing at present of this possibility, it was very certain that, at all events,
from the 237,000 miles I would have to deduct the radius of the earth, say 4,000,
and the radius of the moon, say 1080, in all 5,080, leaving an actual interval to
be traversed, under average circumstances, of 231,920 miles. Now this, I
reflected, was no very extraordinary distance. Travelling on land has been
repeatedly accomplished at the rate of thirty miles per hour, and indeed a much
greater speed may be anticipated. But even at this velocity, it would take me no
more than 322 days to reach the surface of the moon. There were, however,
many particulars inducing me to believe that my average rate of travelling might
possibly very much exceed that of thirty miles per hour, and, as these
considerations did not fail to make a deep impression upon my mind, I will
mention them more fully hereafter.
“The next point to be regarded was a matter of far greater importance. From
indications afforded by the barometer, we find that, in ascensions from the
surface of the earth we have, at the height of 1,000 feet, left below us about one-
thirtieth of the entire mass of atmospheric air, that at 10,600 we have ascended
through nearly one-third; and that at 18,000, which is not far from the elevation
of Cotopaxi, we have surmounted one-half the material, or, at all events, one-half
the ponderable, body of air incumbent upon our globe. It is also calculated that at
an altitude not exceeding the hundredth part of the earth’s diameter—that is, not
exceeding eighty miles—the rarefaction would be so excessive that animal life
could in no manner be sustained, and, moreover, that the most delicate means we
possess of ascertaining the presence of the atmosphere would be inadequate to
assure us of its existence. But I did not fail to perceive that these latter
calculations are founded altogether on our experimental knowledge of the
properties of air, and the mechanical laws regulating its dilation and
compression, in what may be called, comparatively speaking, the immediate
vicinity of the earth itself; and, at the same time, it is taken for granted that
animal life is and must be essentially incapable of modification at any given
unattainable distance from the surface. Now, all such reasoning and from such
data must, of course, be simply analogical. The greatest height ever reached by
man was that of 25,000 feet, attained in the aeronautic expedition of Messieurs
Gay-Lussac and Biot. This is a moderate altitude, even when compared with the
eighty miles in question; and I could not help thinking that the subject admitted
room for doubt and great latitude for speculation.
“But, in point of fact, an ascension being made to any given altitude, the
ponderable quantity of air surmounted in any farther ascension is by no means in
proportion to the additional height ascended (as may be plainly seen from what
has been stated before), but in a ratio constantly decreasing. It is therefore
evident that, ascend as high as we may, we cannot, literally speaking, arrive at a
limit beyond which no atmosphere is to be found. It must exist, I argued;
although it may exist in a state of infinite rarefaction.
“On the other hand, I was aware that arguments have not been wanting to
prove the existence of a real and definite limit to the atmosphere, beyond which
there is absolutely no air whatsoever. But a circumstance which has been left out
of view by those who contend for such a limit seemed to me, although no
positive refutation of their creed, still a point worthy very serious investigation.
On comparing the intervals between the successive arrivals of Encke’s comet at
its perihelion, after giving credit, in the most exact manner, for all the
disturbances due to the attractions of the planets, it appears that the periods are
gradually diminishing; that is to say, the major axis of the comet’s ellipse is
growing shorter, in a slow but perfectly regular decrease. Now, this is precisely
what ought to be the case, if we suppose a resistance experienced from the comet
from an extremely rare ethereal medium pervading the regions of its orbit. For it
is evident that such a medium must, in retarding the comet’s velocity, increase its
centripetal, by weakening its centrifugal force. In other words, the sun’s
attraction would be constantly attaining greater power, and the comet would be
drawn nearer at every revolution. Indeed, there is no other way of accounting for
the variation in question. But again. The real diameter of the same comet’s
nebulosity is observed to contract rapidly as it approaches the sun, and dilate
with equal rapidity in its departure towards its aphelion. Was I not justifiable in
supposing with M. Valz, that this apparent condensation of volume has its origin
in the compression of the same ethereal medium I have spoken of before, and
which is only denser in proportion to its solar vicinity? The lenticular-shaped
phenomenon, also called the zodiacal light, was a matter worthy of attention.
This radiance, so apparent in the tropics, and which cannot be mistaken for any
meteoric lustre, extends from the horizon obliquely upward, and follows
generally the direction of the sun’s equator. It appeared to me evidently in the
nature of a rare atmosphere extending from the sun outward, beyond the orbit of
Venus at least, and I believed indefinitely farther.(*2) Indeed, this medium I
could not suppose confined to the path of the comet’s ellipse, or to the
immediate neighborhood of the sun. It was easy, on the contrary, to imagine it
pervading the entire regions of our planetary system, condensed into what we
call atmosphere at the planets themselves, and perhaps at some of them modified
by considerations, so to speak, purely geological.
“Having adopted this view of the subject, I had little further hesitation.
Granting that on my passage I should meet with atmosphere essentially the same
as at the surface of the earth, I conceived that, by means of the very ingenious
apparatus of M. Grimm, I should readily be enabled to condense it in sufficient
quantity for the purposes of respiration. This would remove the chief obstacle in
a journey to the moon. I had indeed spent some money and great labor in
adapting the apparatus to the object intended, and confidently looked forward to
its successful application, if I could manage to complete the voyage within any
reasonable period. This brings me back to the rate at which it might be possible
to travel.
“It is true that balloons, in the first stage of their ascensions from the earth, are
known to rise with a velocity comparatively moderate. Now, the power of
elevation lies altogether in the superior lightness of the gas in the balloon
compared with the atmospheric air; and, at first sight, it does not appear probable
that, as the balloon acquires altitude, and consequently arrives successively in
atmospheric strata of densities rapidly diminishing—I say, it does not appear at
all reasonable that, in this its progress upwards, the original velocity should be
accelerated. On the other hand, I was not aware that, in any recorded ascension,
a diminution was apparent in the absolute rate of ascent; although such should
have been the case, if on account of nothing else, on account of the escape of gas
through balloons ill-constructed, and varnished with no better material than the
ordinary varnish. It seemed, therefore, that the effect of such escape was only
sufficient to counterbalance the effect of some accelerating power. I now
considered that, provided in my passage I found the medium I had imagined, and
provided that it should prove to be actually and essentially what we denominate
atmospheric air, it could make comparatively little difference at what extreme
state of rarefaction I should discover it—that is to say, in regard to my power of
ascending—for the gas in the balloon would not only be itself subject to
rarefaction partially similar (in proportion to the occurrence of which, I could
suffer an escape of so much as would be requisite to prevent explosion), but,
being what it was, would, at all events, continue specifically lighter than any
compound whatever of mere nitrogen and oxygen. In the meantime, the force of
gravitation would be constantly diminishing, in proportion to the squares of the
distances, and thus, with a velocity prodigiously accelerating, I should at length
arrive in those distant regions where the force of the earth’s attraction would be
superseded by that of the moon. In accordance with these ideas, I did not think it
worth while to encumber myself with more provisions than would be sufficient
for a period of forty days.
“There was still, however, another difficulty, which occasioned me some little
disquietude. It has been observed, that, in balloon ascensions to any considerable
height, besides the pain attending respiration, great uneasiness is experienced
about the head and body, often accompanied with bleeding at the nose, and other
symptoms of an alarming kind, and growing more and more inconvenient in
proportion to the altitude attained.(*3) This was a reflection of a nature
somewhat startling. Was it not probable that these symptoms would increase
indefinitely, or at least until terminated by death itself? I finally thought not.
Their origin was to be looked for in the progressive removal of the customary
atmospheric pressure upon the surface of the body, and consequent distention of
the superficial blood-vessels—not in any positive disorganization of the animal
system, as in the case of difficulty in breathing, where the atmospheric density is
chemically insufficient for the due renovation of blood in a ventricle of the heart.
Unless for default of this renovation, I could see no reason, therefore, why life
could not be sustained even in a vacuum; for the expansion and compression of
chest, commonly called breathing, is action purely muscular, and the cause, not
the effect, of respiration. In a word, I conceived that, as the body should become
habituated to the want of atmospheric pressure, the sensations of pain would
gradually diminish—and to endure them while they continued, I relied with
confidence upon the iron hardihood of my constitution.
“Thus, may it please your Excellencies, I have detailed some, though by no
means all, the considerations which led me to form the project of a lunar voyage.
I shall now proceed to lay before you the result of an attempt so apparently
audacious in conception, and, at all events, so utterly unparalleled in the annals
of mankind.
“Having attained the altitude before mentioned, that is to say three miles and
three-quarters, I threw out from the car a quantity of feathers, and found that I
still ascended with sufficient rapidity; there was, therefore, no necessity for
discharging any ballast. I was glad of this, for I wished to retain with me as
much weight as I could carry, for reasons which will be explained in the sequel. I
as yet suffered no bodily inconvenience, breathing with great freedom, and
feeling no pain whatever in the head. The cat was lying very demurely upon my
coat, which I had taken off, and eyeing the pigeons with an air of nonchalance.
These latter being tied by the leg, to prevent their escape, were busily employed
in picking up some grains of rice scattered for them in the bottom of the car.
“At twenty minutes past six o’clock, the barometer showed an elevation of
26,400 feet, or five miles to a fraction. The prospect seemed unbounded. Indeed,
it is very easily calculated by means of spherical geometry, what a great extent of
the earth’s area I beheld. The convex surface of any segment of a sphere is, to
the entire surface of the sphere itself, as the versed sine of the segment to the
diameter of the sphere. Now, in my case, the versed sine—that is to say, the
thickness of the segment beneath me—was about equal to my elevation, or the
elevation of the point of sight above the surface. ‘As five miles, then, to eight
thousand,’ would express the proportion of the earth’s area seen by me. In other
words, I beheld as much as a sixteen-hundredth part of the whole surface of the
globe. The sea appeared unruffled as a mirror, although, by means of the spy-
glass, I could perceive it to be in a state of violent agitation. The ship was no
longer visible, having drifted away, apparently to the eastward. I now began to
experience, at intervals, severe pain in the head, especially about the ears—still,
however, breathing with tolerable freedom. The cat and pigeons seemed to suffer
no inconvenience whatsoever.
“At twenty minutes before seven, the balloon entered a long series of dense
cloud, which put me to great trouble, by damaging my condensing apparatus and
wetting me to the skin. This was, to be sure, a singular recontre, for I had not
believed it possible that a cloud of this nature could be sustained at so great an
elevation. I thought it best, however, to throw out two five-pound pieces of
ballast, reserving still a weight of one hundred and sixty-five pounds. Upon so
doing, I soon rose above the difficulty, and perceived immediately, that I had
obtained a great increase in my rate of ascent. In a few seconds after my leaving
the cloud, a flash of vivid lightning shot from one end of it to the other, and
caused it to kindle up, throughout its vast extent, like a mass of ignited and
glowing charcoal. This, it must be remembered, was in the broad light of day. No
fancy may picture the sublimity which might have been exhibited by a similar
phenomenon taking place amid the darkness of the night. Hell itself might have
been found a fitting image. Even as it was, my hair stood on end, while I gazed
afar down within the yawning abysses, letting imagination descend, as it were,
and stalk about in the strange vaulted halls, and ruddy gulfs, and red ghastly
chasms of the hideous and unfathomable fire. I had indeed made a narrow
escape. Had the balloon remained a very short while longer within the cloud—
that is to say—had not the inconvenience of getting wet, determined me to
discharge the ballast, inevitable ruin would have been the consequence. Such
perils, although little considered, are perhaps the greatest which must be
encountered in balloons. I had by this time, however, attained too great an
elevation to be any longer uneasy on this head.
“I was now rising rapidly, and by seven o’clock the barometer indicated an
altitude of no less than nine miles and a half. I began to find great difficulty in
drawing my breath. My head, too, was excessively painful; and, having felt for
some time a moisture about my cheeks, I at length discovered it to be blood,
which was oozing quite fast from the drums of my ears. My eyes, also, gave me
great uneasiness. Upon passing the hand over them they seemed to have
protruded from their sockets in no inconsiderable degree; and all objects in the
car, and even the balloon itself, appeared distorted to my vision. These
symptoms were more than I had expected, and occasioned me some alarm. At
this juncture, very imprudently, and without consideration, I threw out from the
car three five-pound pieces of ballast. The accelerated rate of ascent thus
obtained, carried me too rapidly, and without sufficient gradation, into a highly
rarefied stratum of the atmosphere, and the result had nearly proved fatal to my
expedition and to myself. I was suddenly seized with a spasm which lasted for
more than five minutes, and even when this, in a measure, ceased, I could catch
my breath only at long intervals, and in a gasping manner—bleeding all the
while copiously at the nose and ears, and even slightly at the eyes. The pigeons
appeared distressed in the extreme, and struggled to escape; while the cat mewed
piteously, and, with her tongue hanging out of her mouth, staggered to and fro in
the car as if under the influence of poison. I now too late discovered the great
rashness of which I had been guilty in discharging the ballast, and my agitation
was excessive. I anticipated nothing less than death, and death in a few minutes.
The physical suffering I underwent contributed also to render me nearly
incapable of making any exertion for the preservation of my life. I had, indeed,
little power of reflection left, and the violence of the pain in my head seemed to
be greatly on the increase. Thus I found that my senses would shortly give way
altogether, and I had already clutched one of the valve ropes with the view of
attempting a descent, when the recollection of the trick I had played the three
creditors, and the possible consequences to myself, should I return, operated to
deter me for the moment. I lay down in the bottom of the car, and endeavored to
collect my faculties. In this I so far succeeded as to determine upon the
experiment of losing blood. Having no lancet, however, I was constrained to
perform the operation in the best manner I was able, and finally succeeded in
opening a vein in my right arm, with the blade of my penknife. The blood had
hardly commenced flowing when I experienced a sensible relief, and by the time
I had lost about half a moderate basin full, most of the worst symptoms had
abandoned me entirely. I nevertheless did not think it expedient to attempt
getting on my feet immediately; but, having tied up my arm as well as I could, I
lay still for about a quarter of an hour. At the end of this time I arose, and found
myself freer from absolute pain of any kind than I had been during the last hour
and a quarter of my ascension. The difficulty of breathing, however, was
diminished in a very slight degree, and I found that it would soon be positively
necessary to make use of my condenser. In the meantime, looking toward the cat,
who was again snugly stowed away upon my coat, I discovered to my infinite
surprise, that she had taken the opportunity of my indisposition to bring into
light a litter of three little kittens. This was an addition to the number of
passengers on my part altogether unexpected; but I was pleased at the
occurrence. It would afford me a chance of bringing to a kind of test the truth of
a surmise, which, more than anything else, had influenced me in attempting this
ascension. I had imagined that the habitual endurance of the atmospheric
pressure at the surface of the earth was the cause, or nearly so, of the pain
attending animal existence at a distance above the surface. Should the kittens be
found to suffer uneasiness in an equal degree with their mother, I must consider
my theory in fault, but a failure to do so I should look upon as a strong
confirmation of my idea.
“By eight o’clock I had actually attained an elevation of seventeen miles
above the surface of the earth. Thus it seemed to me evident that my rate of
ascent was not only on the increase, but that the progression would have been
apparent in a slight degree even had I not discharged the ballast which I did. The
pains in my head and ears returned, at intervals, with violence, and I still
continued to bleed occasionally at the nose; but, upon the whole, I suffered much
less than might have been expected. I breathed, however, at every moment, with
more and more difficulty, and each inhalation was attended with a troublesome
spasmodic action of the chest. I now unpacked the condensing apparatus, and got
it ready for immediate use.
“The view of the earth, at this period of my ascension, was beautiful indeed.
To the westward, the northward, and the southward, as far as I could see, lay a
boundless sheet of apparently unruffled ocean, which every moment gained a
deeper and a deeper tint of blue and began already to assume a slight appearance
of convexity. At a vast distance to the eastward, although perfectly discernible,
extended the islands of Great Britain, the entire Atlantic coasts of France and
Spain, with a small portion of the northern part of the continent of Africa. Of
individual edifices not a trace could be discovered, and the proudest cities of
mankind had utterly faded away from the face of the earth. From the rock of
Gibraltar, now dwindled into a dim speck, the dark Mediterranean sea, dotted
with shining islands as the heaven is dotted with stars, spread itself out to the
eastward as far as my vision extended, until its entire mass of waters seemed at
length to tumble headlong over the abyss of the horizon, and I found myself
listening on tiptoe for the echoes of the mighty cataract. Overhead, the sky was
of a jetty black, and the stars were brilliantly visible.
“The pigeons about this time seeming to undergo much suffering, I
determined upon giving them their liberty. I first untied one of them, a beautiful
gray-mottled pigeon, and placed him upon the rim of the wicker-work. He
appeared extremely uneasy, looking anxiously around him, fluttering his wings,
and making a loud cooing noise, but could not be persuaded to trust himself
from off the car. I took him up at last, and threw him to about half a dozen yards
from the balloon. He made, however, no attempt to descend as I had expected,
but struggled with great vehemence to get back, uttering at the same time very
shrill and piercing cries. He at length succeeded in regaining his former station
on the rim, but had hardly done so when his head dropped upon his breast, and
he fell dead within the car. The other one did not prove so unfortunate. To
prevent his following the example of his companion, and accomplishing a return,
I threw him downward with all my force, and was pleased to find him continue
his descent, with great velocity, making use of his wings with ease, and in a
perfectly natural manner. In a very short time he was out of sight, and I have no
doubt he reached home in safety. Puss, who seemed in a great measure recovered
from her illness, now made a hearty meal of the dead bird and then went to sleep
with much apparent satisfaction. Her kittens were quite lively, and so far evinced
not the slightest sign of any uneasiness whatever.
“At a quarter-past eight, being no longer able to draw breath without the most
intolerable pain, I proceeded forthwith to adjust around the car the apparatus
belonging to the condenser. This apparatus will require some little explanation,
and your Excellencies will please to bear in mind that my object, in the first
place, was to surround myself and cat entirely with a barricade against the highly
rarefied atmosphere in which I was existing, with the intention of introducing
within this barricade, by means of my condenser, a quantity of this same
atmosphere sufficiently condensed for the purposes of respiration. With this
object in view I had prepared a very strong perfectly air-tight, but flexible gum-
elastic bag. In this bag, which was of sufficient dimensions, the entire car was in
a manner placed. That is to say, it (the bag) was drawn over the whole bottom of
the car, up its sides, and so on, along the outside of the ropes, to the upper rim or
hoop where the net-work is attached. Having pulled the bag up in this way, and
formed a complete enclosure on all sides, and at bottom, it was now necessary to
fasten up its top or mouth, by passing its material over the hoop of the net-work
—in other words, between the net-work and the hoop. But if the net-work were
separated from the hoop to admit this passage, what was to sustain the car in the
meantime? Now the net-work was not permanently fastened to the hoop, but
attached by a series of running loops or nooses. I therefore undid only a few of
these loops at one time, leaving the car suspended by the remainder. Having thus
inserted a portion of the cloth forming the upper part of the bag, I refastened the
loops—not to the hoop, for that would have been impossible, since the cloth now
intervened—but to a series of large buttons, affixed to the cloth itself, about
three feet below the mouth of the bag, the intervals between the buttons having
been made to correspond to the intervals between the loops. This done, a few
more of the loops were unfastened from the rim, a farther portion of the cloth
introduced, and the disengaged loops then connected with their proper buttons.
In this way it was possible to insert the whole upper part of the bag between the
net-work and the hoop. It is evident that the hoop would now drop down within
the car, while the whole weight of the car itself, with all its contents, would be
held up merely by the strength of the buttons. This, at first sight, would seem an
inadequate dependence; but it was by no means so, for the buttons were not only
very strong in themselves, but so close together that a very slight portion of the
whole weight was supported by any one of them. Indeed, had the car and
contents been three times heavier than they were, I should not have been at all
uneasy. I now raised up the hoop again within the covering of gum-elastic, and
propped it at nearly its former height by means of three light poles prepared for
the occasion. This was done, of course, to keep the bag distended at the top, and
to preserve the lower part of the net-work in its proper situation. All that now
remained was to fasten up the mouth of the enclosure; and this was readily
accomplished by gathering the folds of the material together, and twisting them
up very tightly on the inside by means of a kind of stationary tourniquet.
“In the sides of the covering thus adjusted round the car, had been inserted
three circular panes of thick but clear glass, through which I could see without
difficulty around me in every horizontal direction. In that portion of the cloth
forming the bottom, was likewise, a fourth window, of the same kind, and
corresponding with a small aperture in the floor of the car itself. This enabled me
to see perpendicularly down, but having found it impossible to place any similar
contrivance overhead, on account of the peculiar manner of closing up the
opening there, and the consequent wrinkles in the cloth, I could expect to see no
objects situated directly in my zenith. This, of course, was a matter of little
consequence; for had I even been able to place a window at top, the balloon
itself would have prevented my making any use of it.
“About a foot below one of the side windows was a circular opening, eight
inches in diameter, and fitted with a brass rim adapted in its inner edge to the
windings of a screw. In this rim was screwed the large tube of the condenser, the
body of the machine being, of course, within the chamber of gum-elastic.
Through this tube a quantity of the rare atmosphere circumjacent being drawn by
means of a vacuum created in the body of the machine, was thence discharged,
in a state of condensation, to mingle with the thin air already in the chamber.
This operation being repeated several times, at length filled the chamber with
atmosphere proper for all the purposes of respiration. But in so confined a space
it would, in a short time, necessarily become foul, and unfit for use from
frequent contact with the lungs. It was then ejected by a small valve at the
bottom of the car—the dense air readily sinking into the thinner atmosphere
below. To avoid the inconvenience of making a total vacuum at any moment
within the chamber, this purification was never accomplished all at once, but in a
gradual manner—the valve being opened only for a few seconds, then closed
again, until one or two strokes from the pump of the condenser had supplied the
place of the atmosphere ejected. For the sake of experiment I had put the cat and
kittens in a small basket, and suspended it outside the car to a button at the
bottom, close by the valve, through which I could feed them at any moment
when necessary. I did this at some little risk, and before closing the mouth of the
chamber, by reaching under the car with one of the poles before mentioned to
which a hook had been attached.
“By the time I had fully completed these arrangements and filled the chamber
as explained, it wanted only ten minutes of nine o’clock. During the whole
period of my being thus employed, I endured the most terrible distress from
difficulty of respiration, and bitterly did I repent the negligence or rather fool-
hardiness, of which I had been guilty, of putting off to the last moment a matter
of so much importance. But having at length accomplished it, I soon began to
reap the benefit of my invention. Once again I breathed with perfect freedom and
ease—and indeed why should I not? I was also agreeably surprised to find
myself, in a great measure, relieved from the violent pains which had hitherto
tormented me. A slight headache, accompanied with a sensation of fulness or
distention about the wrists, the ankles, and the throat, was nearly all of which I
had now to complain. Thus it seemed evident that a greater part of the
uneasiness attending the removal of atmospheric pressure had actually worn off,
as I had expected, and that much of the pain endured for the last two hours
should have been attributed altogether to the effects of a deficient respiration.
“At twenty minutes before nine o’clock—that is to say, a short time prior to
my closing up the mouth of the chamber, the mercury attained its limit, or ran
down, in the barometer, which, as I mentioned before, was one of an extended
construction. It then indicated an altitude on my part of 132,000 feet, or five-
and-twenty miles, and I consequently surveyed at that time an extent of the
earth’s area amounting to no less than the three hundred-and-twentieth part of its
entire superficies. At nine o’clock I had again lost sight of land to the eastward,
but not before I became aware that the balloon was drifting rapidly to the N. N.
W. The convexity of the ocean beneath me was very evident indeed, although
my view was often interrupted by the masses of cloud which floated to and fro. I
observed now that even the lightest vapors never rose to more than ten miles
above the level of the sea.
“At half past nine I tried the experiment of throwing out a handful of feathers
through the valve. They did not float as I had expected; but dropped down
perpendicularly, like a bullet, en masse, and with the greatest velocity—being
out of sight in a very few seconds. I did not at first know what to make of this
extraordinary phenomenon; not being able to believe that my rate of ascent had,
of a sudden, met with so prodigious an acceleration. But it soon occurred to me
that the atmosphere was now far too rare to sustain even the feathers; that they
actually fell, as they appeared to do, with great rapidity; and that I had been
surprised by the united velocities of their descent and my own elevation.
“By ten o’clock I found that I had very little to occupy my immediate
attention. Affairs went swimmingly, and I believed the balloon to be going
upward with a speed increasing momently although I had no longer any means
of ascertaining the progression of the increase. I suffered no pain or uneasiness
of any kind, and enjoyed better spirits than I had at any period since my
departure from Rotterdam, busying myself now in examining the state of my
various apparatus, and now in regenerating the atmosphere within the chamber.
This latter point I determined to attend to at regular intervals of forty minutes,
more on account of the preservation of my health, than from so frequent a
renovation being absolutely necessary. In the meanwhile I could not help making
anticipations. Fancy revelled in the wild and dreamy regions of the moon.
Imagination, feeling herself for once unshackled, roamed at will among the ever-
changing wonders of a shadowy and unstable land. Now there were hoary and
time-honored forests, and craggy precipices, and waterfalls tumbling with a loud
noise into abysses without a bottom. Then I came suddenly into still noonday
solitudes, where no wind of heaven ever intruded, and where vast meadows of
poppies, and slender, lily-looking flowers spread themselves out a weary
distance, all silent and motionless forever. Then again I journeyed far down
away into another country where it was all one dim and vague lake, with a
boundary line of clouds. And out of this melancholy water arose a forest of tall
eastern trees, like a wilderness of dreams. And I have in mind that the shadows
of the trees which fell upon the lake remained not on the surface where they fell,
but sunk slowly and steadily down, and commingled with the waves, while from
the trunks of the trees other shadows were continually coming out, and taking
the place of their brothers thus entombed. “This then,” I said thoughtfully, “is the
very reason why the waters of this lake grow blacker with age, and more
melancholy as the hours run on.” But fancies such as these were not the sole
possessors of my brain. Horrors of a nature most stern and most appalling would
too frequently obtrude themselves upon my mind, and shake the innermost
depths of my soul with the bare supposition of their possibility. Yet I would not
suffer my thoughts for any length of time to dwell upon these latter speculations,
rightly judging the real and palpable dangers of the voyage sufficient for my
undivided attention.
“At five o’clock, p.m., being engaged in regenerating the atmosphere within
the chamber, I took that opportunity of observing the cat and kittens through the
valve. The cat herself appeared to suffer again very much, and I had no
hesitation in attributing her uneasiness chiefly to a difficulty in breathing; but my
experiment with the kittens had resulted very strangely. I had expected, of
course, to see them betray a sense of pain, although in a less degree than their
mother, and this would have been sufficient to confirm my opinion concerning
the habitual endurance of atmospheric pressure. But I was not prepared to find
them, upon close examination, evidently enjoying a high degree of health,
breathing with the greatest ease and perfect regularity, and evincing not the
slightest sign of any uneasiness whatever. I could only account for all this by
extending my theory, and supposing that the highly rarefied atmosphere around
might perhaps not be, as I had taken for granted, chemically insufficient for the
purposes of life, and that a person born in such a medium might, possibly, be
unaware of any inconvenience attending its inhalation, while, upon removal to
the denser strata near the earth, he might endure tortures of a similar nature to
those I had so lately experienced. It has since been to me a matter of deep regret
that an awkward accident, at this time, occasioned me the loss of my little family
of cats, and deprived me of the insight into this matter which a continued
experiment might have afforded. In passing my hand through the valve, with a
cup of water for the old puss, the sleeves of my shirt became entangled in the
loop which sustained the basket, and thus, in a moment, loosened it from the
bottom. Had the whole actually vanished into air, it could not have shot from my
sight in a more abrupt and instantaneous manner. Positively, there could not have
intervened the tenth part of a second between the disengagement of the basket
and its absolute and total disappearance with all that it contained. My good
wishes followed it to the earth, but of course, I had no hope that either cat or
kittens would ever live to tell the tale of their misfortune.
“At six o’clock, I perceived a great portion of the earth’s visible area to the
eastward involved in thick shadow, which continued to advance with great
rapidity, until, at five minutes before seven, the whole surface in view was
enveloped in the darkness of night. It was not, however, until long after this time
that the rays of the setting sun ceased to illumine the balloon; and this
circumstance, although of course fully anticipated, did not fail to give me an
infinite deal of pleasure. It was evident that, in the morning, I should behold the
rising luminary many hours at least before the citizens of Rotterdam, in spite of
their situation so much farther to the eastward, and thus, day after day, in
proportion to the height ascended, would I enjoy the light of the sun for a longer
and a longer period. I now determined to keep a journal of my passage,
reckoning the days from one to twenty-four hours continuously, without taking
into consideration the intervals of darkness.
 “At ten o’clock, feeling sleepy, I determined to lie down for the rest of the
night; but here a difficulty presented itself, which, obvious as it may appear, had
escaped my attention up to the very moment of which I am now speaking. If I
went to sleep as I proposed, how could the atmosphere in the chamber be
regenerated in the interim? To breathe it for more than an hour, at the farthest,
would be a matter of impossibility, or, if even this term could be extended to an
hour and a quarter, the most ruinous consequences might ensue. The
consideration of this dilemma gave me no little disquietude; and it will hardly be
believed, that, after the dangers I had undergone, I should look upon this
business in so serious a light, as to give up all hope of accomplishing my
ultimate design, and finally make up my mind to the necessity of a descent. But
this hesitation was only momentary. I reflected that man is the veriest slave of
custom, and that many points in the routine of his existence are deemed
essentially important, which are only so at all by his having rendered them
habitual. It was very certain that I could not do without sleep; but I might easily
bring myself to feel no inconvenience from being awakened at intervals of an
hour during the whole period of my repose. It would require but five minutes at
most to regenerate the atmosphere in the fullest manner, and the only real
difficulty was to contrive a method of arousing myself at the proper moment for
so doing. But this was a question which, I am willing to confess, occasioned me
no little trouble in its solution. To be sure, I had heard of the student who, to
prevent his falling asleep over his books, held in one hand a ball of copper, the
din of whose descent into a basin of the same metal on the floor beside his chair,
served effectually to startle him up, if, at any moment, he should be overcome
with drowsiness. My own case, however, was very different indeed, and left me
no room for any similar idea; for I did not wish to keep awake, but to be aroused
from slumber at regular intervals of time. I at length hit upon the following
expedient, which, simple as it may seem, was hailed by me, at the moment of
discovery, as an invention fully equal to that of the telescope, the steam-engine,
or the art of printing itself.
“It is necessary to premise, that the balloon, at the elevation now attained,
continued its course upward with an even and undeviating ascent, and the car
consequently followed with a steadiness so perfect that it would have been
impossible to detect in it the slightest vacillation whatever. This circumstance
favored me greatly in the project I now determined to adopt. My supply of water
had been put on board in kegs containing five gallons each, and ranged very
securely around the interior of the car. I unfastened one of these, and taking two
ropes tied them tightly across the rim of the wicker-work from one side to the
other; placing them about a foot apart and parallel so as to form a kind of shelf,
upon which I placed the keg, and steadied it in a horizontal position. About eight
inches immediately below these ropes, and four feet from the bottom of the car I
fastened another shelf—but made of thin plank, being the only similar piece of
wood I had. Upon this latter shelf, and exactly beneath one of the rims of the
keg, a small earthern pitcher was deposited. I now bored a hole in the end of the
keg over the pitcher, and fitted in a plug of soft wood, cut in a tapering or conical
shape. This plug I pushed in or pulled out, as might happen, until, after a few
experiments, it arrived at that exact degree of tightness, at which the water,
oozing from the hole, and falling into the pitcher below, would fill the latter to
the brim in the period of sixty minutes. This, of course, was a matter briefly and
easily ascertained, by noticing the proportion of the pitcher filled in any given
time. Having arranged all this, the rest of the plan is obvious. My bed was so
contrived upon the floor of the car, as to bring my head, in lying down,
immediately below the mouth of the pitcher. It was evident, that, at the
expiration of an hour, the pitcher, getting full, would be forced to run over, and
to run over at the mouth, which was somewhat lower than the rim. It was also
evident, that the water thus falling from a height of more than four feet, could
not do otherwise than fall upon my face, and that the sure consequences would
be, to waken me up instantaneously, even from the soundest slumber in the
world.
“It was fully eleven by the time I had completed these arrangements, and I
immediately betook myself to bed, with full confidence in the efficiency of my
invention. Nor in this matter was I disappointed. Punctually every sixty minutes
was I aroused by my trusty chronometer, when, having emptied the pitcher into
the bung-hole of the keg, and performed the duties of the condenser, I retired
again to bed. These regular interruptions to my slumber caused me even less
discomfort than I had anticipated; and when I finally arose for the day, it was
seven o’clock, and the sun had attained many degrees above the line of my
horizon.
“April 3d. I found the balloon at an immense height indeed, and the earth’s
apparent convexity increased in a material degree. Below me in the ocean lay a
cluster of black specks, which undoubtedly were islands. Far away to the
northward I perceived a thin, white, and exceedingly brilliant line, or streak, on
the edge of the horizon, and I had no hesitation in supposing it to be the southern
disk of the ices of the Polar Sea. My curiosity was greatly excited, for I had
hopes of passing on much farther to the north, and might possibly, at some
period, find myself placed directly above the Pole itself. I now lamented that my
great elevation would, in this case, prevent my taking as accurate a survey as I
could wish. Much, however, might be ascertained. Nothing else of an
extraordinary nature occurred during the day. My apparatus all continued in
good order, and the balloon still ascended without any perceptible vacillation.
The cold was intense, and obliged me to wrap up closely in an overcoat. When
darkness came over the earth, I betook myself to bed, although it was for many
hours afterward broad daylight all around my immediate situation. The water-
clock was punctual in its duty, and I slept until next morning soundly, with the
exception of the periodical interruption.
“April 4th. Arose in good health and spirits, and was astonished at the singular
change which had taken place in the appearance of the sea. It had lost, in a great
measure, the deep tint of blue it had hitherto worn, being now of a grayish-white,
and of a lustre dazzling to the eye. The islands were no longer visible; whether
they had passed down the horizon to the southeast, or whether my increasing
elevation had left them out of sight, it is impossible to say. I was inclined,
however, to the latter opinion. The rim of ice to the northward was growing more
and more apparent. Cold by no means so intense. Nothing of importance
occurred, and I passed the day in reading, having taken care to supply myself
with books.
“April 5th. Beheld the singular phenomenon of the sun rising while nearly the
whole visible surface of the earth continued to be involved in darkness. In time,
however, the light spread itself over all, and I again saw the line of ice to the
northward. It was now very distinct, and appeared of a much darker hue than the
waters of the ocean. I was evidently approaching it, and with great rapidity.
Fancied I could again distinguish a strip of land to the eastward, and one also to
the westward, but could not be certain. Weather moderate. Nothing of any
consequence happened during the day. Went early to bed.
“April 6th. Was surprised at finding the rim of ice at a very moderate distance,
and an immense field of the same material stretching away off to the horizon in
the north. It was evident that if the balloon held its present course, it would soon
arrive above the Frozen Ocean, and I had now little doubt of ultimately seeing
the Pole. During the whole of the day I continued to near the ice. Toward night
the limits of my horizon very suddenly and materially increased, owing
undoubtedly to the earth’s form being that of an oblate spheroid, and my arriving
above the flattened regions in the vicinity of the Arctic circle. When darkness at
length overtook me, I went to bed in great anxiety, fearing to pass over the object
of so much curiosity when I should have no opportunity of observing it.
“April 7th. Arose early, and, to my great joy, at length beheld what there could
be no hesitation in supposing the northern Pole itself. It was there, beyond a
doubt, and immediately beneath my feet; but, alas! I had now ascended to so vast
a distance, that nothing could with accuracy be discerned. Indeed, to judge from
the progression of the numbers indicating my various altitudes, respectively, at
different periods, between six A.M. on the second of April, and twenty minutes
before nine A.M. of the same day (at which time the barometer ran down), it
might be fairly inferred that the balloon had now, at four o’clock in the morning
of April the seventh, reached a height of not less, certainly, than 7,254 miles
above the surface of the sea. This elevation may appear immense, but the
estimate upon which it is calculated gave a result in all probability far inferior to
the truth. At all events I undoubtedly beheld the whole of the earth’s major
diameter; the entire northern hemisphere lay beneath me like a chart
orthographically projected: and the great circle of the equator itself formed the
boundary line of my horizon. Your Excellencies may, however, readily imagine
that the confined regions hitherto unexplored within the limits of the Arctic
circle, although situated directly beneath me, and therefore seen without any
appearance of being foreshortened, were still, in themselves, comparatively too
diminutive, and at too great a distance from the point of sight, to admit of any
very accurate examination. Nevertheless, what could be seen was of a nature
singular and exciting. Northwardly from that huge rim before mentioned, and
which, with slight qualification, may be called the limit of human discovery in
these regions, one unbroken, or nearly unbroken, sheet of ice continues to
extend. In the first few degrees of this its progress, its surface is very sensibly
flattened, farther on depressed into a plane, and finally, becoming not a little
concave, it terminates, at the Pole itself, in a circular centre, sharply defined,
whose apparent diameter subtended at the balloon an angle of about sixty-five
seconds, and whose dusky hue, varying in intensity, was, at all times, darker than
any other spot upon the visible hemisphere, and occasionally deepened into the
most absolute and impenetrable blackness. Farther than this, little could be
ascertained. By twelve o’clock the circular centre had materially decreased in
circumference, and by seven P.M. I lost sight of it entirely; the balloon passing
over the western limb of the ice, and floating away rapidly in the direction of the
equator.
“April 8th. Found a sensible diminution in the earth’s apparent diameter,
besides a material alteration in its general color and appearance. The whole
visible area partook in different degrees of a tint of pale yellow, and in some
portions had acquired a brilliancy even painful to the eye. My view downward
was also considerably impeded by the dense atmosphere in the vicinity of the
surface being loaded with clouds, between whose masses I could only now and
then obtain a glimpse of the earth itself. This difficulty of direct vision had
troubled me more or less for the last forty-eight hours; but my present enormous
elevation brought closer together, as it were, the floating bodies of vapor, and the
inconvenience became, of course, more and more palpable in proportion to my
ascent. Nevertheless, I could easily perceive that the balloon now hovered above
the range of great lakes in the continent of North America, and was holding a
course, due south, which would bring me to the tropics. This circumstance did
not fail to give me the most heartful satisfaction, and I hailed it as a happy omen
of ultimate success. Indeed, the direction I had hitherto taken, had filled me with
uneasiness; for it was evident that, had I continued it much longer, there would
have been no possibility of my arriving at the moon at all, whose orbit is inclined
to the ecliptic at only the small angle of 5 degrees 8’ 48”.
“April 9th. To-day the earth’s diameter was greatly diminished, and the color
of the surface assumed hourly a deeper tint of yellow. The balloon kept steadily
on her course to the southward, and arrived, at nine P.M., over the northern edge
of the Mexican Gulf.
“April 10th. I was suddenly aroused from slumber, about five o’clock this
morning, by a loud, crackling, and terrific sound, for which I could in no manner
account. It was of very brief duration, but, while it lasted resembled nothing in
the world of which I had any previous experience. It is needless to say that I
became excessively alarmed, having, in the first instance, attributed the noise to
the bursting of the balloon. I examined all my apparatus, however, with great
attention, and could discover nothing out of order. Spent a great part of the day
in meditating upon an occurrence so extraordinary, but could find no means
whatever of accounting for it. Went to bed dissatisfied, and in a state of great
anxiety and agitation.
“April 11th. Found a startling diminution in the apparent diameter of the earth,
and a considerable increase, now observable for the first time, in that of the
moon itself, which wanted only a few days of being full. It now required long
and excessive labor to condense within the chamber sufficient atmospheric air
for the sustenance of life.
“April 12th. A singular alteration took place in regard to the direction of the
balloon, and although fully anticipated, afforded me the most unequivocal
delight. Having reached, in its former course, about the twentieth parallel of
southern latitude, it turned off suddenly, at an acute angle, to the eastward, and
thus proceeded throughout the day, keeping nearly, if not altogether, in the exact
plane of the lunar elipse. What was worthy of remark, a very perceptible
vacillation in the car was a consequence of this change of route—a vacillation
which prevailed, in a more or less degree, for a period of many hours.
“April 13th. Was again very much alarmed by a repetition of the loud,
crackling noise which terrified me on the tenth. Thought long upon the subject,
but was unable to form any satisfactory conclusion. Great decrease in the earth’s
apparent diameter, which now subtended from the balloon an angle of very little
more than twenty-five degrees. The moon could not be seen at all, being nearly
in my zenith. I still continued in the plane of the elipse, but made little progress
to the eastward.
“April 14th. Extremely rapid decrease in the diameter of the earth. To-day I
became strongly impressed with the idea, that the balloon was now actually
running up the line of apsides to the point of perigee—in other words, holding
the direct course which would bring it immediately to the moon in that part of its
orbit the nearest to the earth. The moon itself was directly overhead, and
consequently hidden from my view. Great and long-continued labor necessary
for the condensation of the atmosphere.
“April 15th. Not even the outlines of continents and seas could now be traced
upon the earth with anything approaching distinctness. About twelve o’clock I
became aware, for the third time, of that appalling sound which had so
astonished me before. It now, however, continued for some moments, and
gathered intensity as it continued. At length, while, stupefied and terror-stricken,
I stood in expectation of I knew not what hideous destruction, the car vibrated
with excessive violence, and a gigantic and flaming mass of some material
which I could not distinguish, came with a voice of a thousand thunders, roaring
and booming by the balloon. When my fears and astonishment had in some
degree subsided, I had little difficulty in supposing it to be some mighty volcanic
fragment ejected from that world to which I was so rapidly approaching, and, in
all probability, one of that singular class of substances occasionally picked up on
the earth, and termed meteoric stones for want of a better appellation.
“April 16th. To-day, looking upward as well as I could, through each of the
side windows alternately, I beheld, to my great delight, a very small portion of
the moon’s disk protruding, as it were, on all sides beyond the huge
circumference of the balloon. My agitation was extreme; for I had now little
doubt of soon reaching the end of my perilous voyage. Indeed, the labor now
required by the condenser had increased to a most oppressive degree, and
allowed me scarcely any respite from exertion. Sleep was a matter nearly out of
the question. I became quite ill, and my frame trembled with exhaustion. It was
impossible that human nature could endure this state of intense suffering much
longer. During the now brief interval of darkness a meteoric stone again passed
in my vicinity, and the frequency of these phenomena began to occasion me
much apprehension.
“April 17th. This morning proved an epoch in my voyage. It will be
remembered that, on the thirteenth, the earth subtended an angular breadth of
twenty-five degrees. On the fourteenth this had greatly diminished; on the
fifteenth a still more remarkable decrease was observable; and, on retiring on the
night of the sixteenth, I had noticed an angle of no more than about seven
degrees and fifteen minutes. What, therefore, must have been my amazement, on
awakening from a brief and disturbed slumber, on the morning of this day, the
seventeenth, at finding the surface beneath me so suddenly and wonderfully
augmented in volume, as to subtend no less than thirty-nine degrees in apparent
angular diameter! I was thunderstruck! No words can give any adequate idea of
the extreme, the absolute horror and astonishment, with which I was seized
possessed, and altogether overwhelmed. My knees tottered beneath me—my
teeth chattered—my hair started up on end. “The balloon, then, had actually
burst!” These were the first tumultuous ideas that hurried through my mind:
“The balloon had positively burst!—I was falling—falling with the most
impetuous, the most unparalleled velocity! To judge by the immense distance
already so quickly passed over, it could not be more than ten minutes, at the
farthest, before I should meet the surface of the earth, and be hurled into
annihilation!” But at length reflection came to my relief. I paused; I considered;
and I began to doubt. The matter was impossible. I could not in any reason have
so rapidly come down. Besides, although I was evidently approaching the
surface below me, it was with a speed by no means commensurate with the
velocity I had at first so horribly conceived. This consideration served to calm
the perturbation of my mind, and I finally succeeded in regarding the
phenomenon in its proper point of view. In fact, amazement must have fairly
deprived me of my senses, when I could not see the vast difference, in
appearance, between the surface below me, and the surface of my mother earth.
The latter was indeed over my head, and completely hidden by the balloon,
while the moon—the moon itself in all its glory—lay beneath me, and at my
feet.
“The stupor and surprise produced in my mind by this extraordinary change in
the posture of affairs was perhaps, after all, that part of the adventure least
susceptible of explanation. For the bouleversement in itself was not only natural
and inevitable, but had been long actually anticipated as a circumstance to be
expected whenever I should arrive at that exact point of my voyage where the
attraction of the planet should be superseded by the attraction of the satellite—
or, more precisely, where the gravitation of the balloon toward the earth should
be less powerful than its gravitation toward the moon. To be sure I arose from a
sound slumber, with all my senses in confusion, to the contemplation of a very
startling phenomenon, and one which, although expected, was not expected at
the moment. The revolution itself must, of course, have taken place in an easy
and gradual manner, and it is by no means clear that, had I even been awake at
the time of the occurrence, I should have been made aware of it by any internal
evidence of an inversion—that is to say, by any inconvenience or
disarrangement, either about my person or about my apparatus.
“It is almost needless to say that, upon coming to a due sense of my situation,
and emerging from the terror which had absorbed every faculty of my soul, my
attention was, in the first place, wholly directed to the contemplation of the
general physical appearance of the moon. It lay beneath me like a chart—and
although I judged it to be still at no inconsiderable distance, the indentures of its
surface were defined to my vision with a most striking and altogether
unaccountable distinctness. The entire absence of ocean or sea, and indeed of
any lake or river, or body of water whatsoever, struck me, at first glance, as the
most extraordinary feature in its geological condition. Yet, strange to say, I
beheld vast level regions of a character decidedly alluvial, although by far the
greater portion of the hemisphere in sight was covered with innumerable
volcanic mountains, conical in shape, and having more the appearance of
artificial than of natural protuberance. The highest among them does not exceed
three and three-quarter miles in perpendicular elevation; but a map of the
volcanic districts of the Campi Phlegraei would afford to your Excellencies a
better idea of their general surface than any unworthy description I might think
proper to attempt. The greater part of them were in a state of evident eruption,
and gave me fearfully to understand their fury and their power, by the repeated
thunders of the miscalled meteoric stones, which now rushed upward by the
balloon with a frequency more and more appalling.
“April 18th. To-day I found an enormous increase in the moon’s apparent bulk
—and the evidently accelerated velocity of my descent began to fill me with
alarm. It will be remembered, that, in the earliest stage of my speculations upon
the possibility of a passage to the moon, the existence, in its vicinity, of an
atmosphere, dense in proportion to the bulk of the planet, had entered largely
into my calculations; this too in spite of many theories to the contrary, and, it
may be added, in spite of a general disbelief in the existence of any lunar
atmosphere at all. But, in addition to what I have already urged in regard to
Encke’s comet and the zodiacal light, I had been strengthened in my opinion by
certain observations of Mr. Schroeter, of Lilienthal. He observed the moon when
two days and a half old, in the evening soon after sunset, before the dark part
was visible, and continued to watch it until it became visible. The two cusps
appeared tapering in a very sharp faint prolongation, each exhibiting its farthest
extremity faintly illuminated by the solar rays, before any part of the dark
hemisphere was visible. Soon afterward, the whole dark limb became
illuminated. This prolongation of the cusps beyond the semicircle, I thought,
must have arisen from the refraction of the sun’s rays by the moon’s atmosphere.
I computed, also, the height of the atmosphere (which could refract light enough
into its dark hemisphere to produce a twilight more luminous than the light
reflected from the earth when the moon is about 32 degrees from the new) to be
1,356 Paris feet; in this view, I supposed the greatest height capable of refracting
the solar ray, to be 5,376 feet. My ideas on this topic had also received
confirmation by a passage in the eighty-second volume of the Philosophical
Transactions, in which it is stated that at an occultation of Jupiter’s satellites, the
third disappeared after having been about 1” or 2” of time indistinct, and the
fourth became indiscernible near the limb.(*4)
“Cassini frequently observed Saturn, Jupiter, and the fixed stars, when
approaching the moon to occultation, to have their circular figure changed into
an oval one; and, in other occultations, he found no alteration of figure at all.
Hence it might be supposed, that at some times and not at others, there is a dense
matter encompassing the moon wherein the rays of the stars are refracted.
“Upon the resistance or, more properly, upon the support of an atmosphere,
existing in the state of density imagined, I had, of course, entirely depended for
the safety of my ultimate descent. Should I then, after all, prove to have been
mistaken, I had in consequence nothing better to expect, as a finale to my
adventure, than being dashed into atoms against the rugged surface of the
satellite. And, indeed, I had now every reason to be terrified. My distance from
the moon was comparatively trifling, while the labor required by the condenser
was diminished not at all, and I could discover no indication whatever of a
decreasing rarity in the air.
“April 19th. This morning, to my great joy, about nine o’clock, the surface of
the moon being frightfully near, and my apprehensions excited to the utmost, the
pump of my condenser at length gave evident tokens of an alteration in the
atmosphere. By ten, I had reason to believe its density considerably increased.
By eleven, very little labor was necessary at the apparatus; and at twelve
o’clock, with some hesitation, I ventured to unscrew the tourniquet, when,
finding no inconvenience from having done so, I finally threw open the gum-
elastic chamber, and unrigged it from around the car. As might have been
expected, spasms and violent headache were the immediate consequences of an
experiment so precipitate and full of danger. But these and other difficulties
attending respiration, as they were by no means so great as to put me in peril of
my life, I determined to endure as I best could, in consideration of my leaving
them behind me momently in my approach to the denser strata near the moon.
This approach, however, was still impetuous in the extreme; and it soon became
alarmingly certain that, although I had probably not been deceived in the
expectation of an atmosphere dense in proportion to the mass of the satellite, still
I had been wrong in supposing this density, even at the surface, at all adequate to
the support of the great weight contained in the car of my balloon. Yet this
should have been the case, and in an equal degree as at the surface of the earth,
the actual gravity of bodies at either planet supposed in the ratio of the
atmospheric condensation. That it was not the case, however, my precipitous
downfall gave testimony enough; why it was not so, can only be explained by a
reference to those possible geological disturbances to which I have formerly
alluded. At all events I was now close upon the planet, and coming down with
the most terrible impetuosity. I lost not a moment, accordingly, in throwing
overboard first my ballast, then my water-kegs, then my condensing apparatus
and gum-elastic chamber, and finally every article within the car. But it was all
to no purpose. I still fell with horrible rapidity, and was now not more than half a
mile from the surface. As a last resource, therefore, having got rid of my coat,
hat, and boots, I cut loose from the balloon the car itself, which was of no
inconsiderable weight, and thus, clinging with both hands to the net-work, I had
barely time to observe that the whole country, as far as the eye could reach, was
thickly interspersed with diminutive habitations, ere I tumbled headlong into the
very heart of a fantastical-looking city, and into the middle of a vast crowd of
ugly little people, who none of them uttered a single syllable, or gave themselves
the least trouble to render me assistance, but stood, like a parcel of idiots,
grinning in a ludicrous manner, and eyeing me and my balloon askant, with their
arms set a-kimbo. I turned from them in contempt, and, gazing upward at the
earth so lately left, and left perhaps for ever, beheld it like a huge, dull, copper
shield, about two degrees in diameter, fixed immovably in the heavens overhead,
and tipped on one of its edges with a crescent border of the most brilliant gold.
No traces of land or water could be discovered, and the whole was clouded with
variable spots, and belted with tropical and equatorial zones.
“Thus, may it please your Excellencies, after a series of great anxieties,
unheard of dangers, and unparalleled escapes, I had, at length, on the nineteenth
day of my departure from Rotterdam, arrived in safety at the conclusion of a
voyage undoubtedly the most extraordinary, and the most momentous, ever
accomplished, undertaken, or conceived by any denizen of earth. But my
adventures yet remain to be related. And indeed your Excellencies may well
imagine that, after a residence of five years upon a planet not only deeply
interesting in its own peculiar character, but rendered doubly so by its intimate
connection, in capacity of satellite, with the world inhabited by man, I may have
intelligence for the private ear of the States’ College of Astronomers of far more
importance than the details, however wonderful, of the mere voyage which so
happily concluded. This is, in fact, the case. I have much—very much which it
would give me the greatest pleasure to communicate. I have much to say of the
climate of the planet; of its wonderful alternations of heat and cold, of
unmitigated and burning sunshine for one fortnight, and more than polar frigidity
for the next; of a constant transfer of moisture, by distillation like that in vacuo,
from the point beneath the sun to the point the farthest from it; of a variable zone
of running water, of the people themselves; of their manners, customs, and
political institutions; of their peculiar physical construction; of their ugliness; of
their want of ears, those useless appendages in an atmosphere so peculiarly
modified; of their consequent ignorance of the use and properties of speech; of
their substitute for speech in a singular method of inter-communication; of the
incomprehensible connection between each particular individual in the moon
with some particular individual on the earth—a connection analogous with, and
depending upon, that of the orbs of the planet and the satellites, and by means of
which the lives and destinies of the inhabitants of the one are interwoven with
the lives and destinies of the inhabitants of the other; and above all, if it so
please your Excellencies—above all, of those dark and hideous mysteries which
lie in the outer regions of the moon—regions which, owing to the almost
miraculous accordance of the satellite’s rotation on its own axis with its sidereal
revolution about the earth, have never yet been turned, and, by God’s mercy,
never shall be turned, to the scrutiny of the telescopes of man. All this, and more
—much more—would I most willingly detail. But, to be brief, I must have my
reward. I am pining for a return to my family and to my home, and as the price
of any farther communication on my part—in consideration of the light which I
have it in my power to throw upon many very important branches of physical
and metaphysical science—I must solicit, through the influence of your
honorable body, a pardon for the crime of which I have been guilty in the death
of the creditors upon my departure from Rotterdam. This, then, is the object of
the present paper. Its bearer, an inhabitant of the moon, whom I have prevailed
upon, and properly instructed, to be my messenger to the earth, will await your
Excellencies’ pleasure, and return to me with the pardon in question, if it can, in
any manner, be obtained.
“I have the honor to be, etc., your Excellencies’ very humble servant,
“HANS PFAALL.”
Upon finishing the perusal of this very extraordinary document, Professor
Rub-a-dub, it is said, dropped his pipe upon the ground in the extremity of his
surprise, and Mynheer Superbus Von Underduk having taken off his spectacles,
wiped them, and deposited them in his pocket, so far forgot both himself and his
dignity, as to turn round three times upon his heel in the quintessence of
astonishment and admiration. There was no doubt about the matter—the pardon
should be obtained. So at least swore, with a round oath, Professor Rub-a-dub,
and so finally thought the illustrious Von Underduk, as he took the arm of his
brother in science, and without saying a word, began to make the best of his way
home to deliberate upon the measures to be adopted. Having reached the door,
however, of the burgomaster’s dwelling, the professor ventured to suggest that as
the messenger had thought proper to disappear—no doubt frightened to death by
the savage appearance of the burghers of Rotterdam—the pardon would be of
little use, as no one but a man of the moon would undertake a voyage to so vast a
distance. To the truth of this observation the burgomaster assented, and the
matter was therefore at an end. Not so, however, rumors and speculations. The
letter, having been published, gave rise to a variety of gossip and opinion. Some
of the over-wise even made themselves ridiculous by decrying the whole
business; as nothing better than a hoax. But hoax, with these sort of people, is, I
believe, a general term for all matters above their comprehension. For my part, I
cannot conceive upon what data they have founded such an accusation. Let us
see what they say:
Imprimus. That certain wags in Rotterdam have certain especial antipathies to
certain burgomasters and astronomers.
Don’t understand at all.
Secondly. That an odd little dwarf and bottle conjurer, both of whose ears, for
some misdemeanor, have been cut off close to his head, has been missing for
several days from the neighboring city of Bruges.
Well—what of that?
Thirdly. That the newspapers which were stuck all over the little balloon were
newspapers of Holland, and therefore could not have been made in the moon.
They were dirty papers—very dirty—and Gluck, the printer, would take his
Bible oath to their having been printed in Rotterdam.
He was mistaken—undoubtedly—mistaken.
Fourthly, That Hans Pfaall himself, the drunken villain, and the three very idle
gentlemen styled his creditors, were all seen, no longer than two or three days
ago, in a tippling house in the suburbs, having just returned, with money in their
pockets, from a trip beyond the sea.
Don’t believe it—don’t believe a word of it.
Lastly. That it is an opinion very generally received, or which ought to be
generally received, that the College of Astronomers in the city of Rotterdam, as
well as other colleges in all other parts of the world,—not to mention colleges
and astronomers in general,—are, to say the least of the matter, not a whit better,
nor greater, nor wiser than they ought to be.
~~~ End of Text ~~~
 Notes to Hans Pfaal
(*1) NOTE—Strictly speaking, there is but little similarity between the above
sketchy trifle and the celebrated “Moon-Story” of Mr. Locke; but as both have
the character of hoaxes (although the one is in a tone of banter, the other of
downright earnest), and as both hoaxes are on the same subject, the moon—
moreover, as both attempt to give plausibility by scientific detail—the author of
“Hans Pfaall” thinks it necessary to say, in self-defence, that his own jeu d’esprit
was published in the “Southern Literary Messenger” about three weeks before
the commencement of Mr. L’s in the “New York Sun.” Fancying a likeness
which, perhaps, does not exist, some of the New York papers copied “Hans
Pfaall,” and collated it with the “Moon-Hoax,” by way of detecting the writer of
the one in the writer of the other.
As many more persons were actually gulled by the “Moon-Hoax” than would
be willing to acknowledge the fact, it may here afford some little amusement to
show why no one should have been deceived-to point out those particulars of the
story which should have been sufficient to establish its real character. Indeed,
however rich the imagination displayed in this ingenious fiction, it wanted much
of the force which might have been given it by a more scrupulous attention to
facts and to general analogy. That the public were misled, even for an instant,
merely proves the gross ignorance which is so generally prevalent upon subjects
of an astronomical nature.
The moon’s distance from the earth is, in round numbers, 240,000 miles. If we
desire to ascertain how near, apparently, a lens would bring the satellite (or any
distant object), we, of course, have but to divide the distance by the magnifying
or, more strictly, by the space-penetrating power of the glass. Mr. L. makes his
lens have a power of 42,000 times. By this divide 240,000 (the moon’s real
distance), and we have five miles and five sevenths, as the apparent distance. No
animal at all could be seen so far; much less the minute points particularized in
the story. Mr. L. speaks about Sir John Herschel’s perceiving flowers (the
Papaver rheas, etc.), and even detecting the color and the shape of the eyes of
small birds. Shortly before, too, he has himself observed that the lens would not
render perceptible objects of less than eighteen inches in diameter; but even this,
as I have said, is giving the glass by far too great power. It may be observed, in
passing, that this prodigious glass is said to have been molded at the glasshouse
of Messrs. Hartley and Grant, in Dumbarton; but Messrs. H. and G.‘s
establishment had ceased operations for many years previous to the publication
of the hoax.
On page 13, pamphlet edition, speaking of “a hairy veil” over the eyes of a
species of bison, the author says: “It immediately occurred to the acute mind of
Dr. Herschel that this was a providential contrivance to protect the eyes of the
animal from the great extremes of light and darkness to which all the inhabitants
of our side of the moon are periodically subjected.” But this cannot be thought a
very “acute” observation of the Doctor’s. The inhabitants of our side of the
moon have, evidently, no darkness at all, so there can be nothing of the
“extremes” mentioned. In the absence of the sun they have a light from the earth
equal to that of thirteen full unclouded moons.
The topography throughout, even when professing to accord with Blunt’s
Lunar Chart, is entirely at variance with that or any other lunar chart, and even
grossly at variance with itself. The points of the compass, too, are in inextricable
confusion; the writer appearing to be ignorant that, on a lunar map, these are not
in accordance with terrestrial points; the east being to the left, etc.
Deceived, perhaps, by the vague titles, Mare Nubium, Mare Tranquillitatis,
Mare Faecunditatis, etc., given to the dark spots by former astronomers, Mr. L.
has entered into details regarding oceans and other large bodies of water in the
moon; whereas there is no astronomical point more positively ascertained than
that no such bodies exist there. In examining the boundary between light and
darkness (in the crescent or gibbous moon) where this boundary crosses any of
the dark places, the line of division is found to be rough and jagged; but, were
these dark places liquid, it would evidently be even.
The description of the wings of the man-bat, on page 21, is but a literal copy
of Peter Wilkins’ account of the wings of his flying islanders. This simple fact
should have induced suspicion, at least, it might be thought.
On page 23, we have the following: “What a prodigious influence must our
thirteen times larger globe have exercised upon this satellite when an embryo in
the womb of time, the passive subject of chemical affinity!” This is very fine;
but it should be observed that no astronomer would have made such remark,
especially to any journal of Science; for the earth, in the sense intended, is not
only thirteen, but forty-nine times larger than the moon. A similar objection
applies to the whole of the concluding pages, where, by way of introduction to
some discoveries in Saturn, the philosophical correspondent enters into a minute
schoolboy account of that planet—this to the “Edinburgh journal of Science!”
 But there is one point, in particular, which should have betrayed the fiction.
Let us imagine the power actually possessed of seeing animals upon the moon’s
surface—what would first arrest the attention of an observer from the earth?
Certainly neither their shape, size, nor any other such peculiarity, so soon as their
remarkable situation. They would appear to be walking, with heels up and head
down, in the manner of flies on a ceiling. The real observer would have uttered
an instant ejaculation of surprise (however prepared by previous knowledge) at
the singularity of their position; the fictitious observer has not even mentioned
the subject, but speaks of seeing the entire bodies of such creatures, when it is
demonstrable that he could have seen only the diameter of their heads!
It might as well be remarked, in conclusion, that the size, and particularly the
powers of the man-bats (for example, their ability to fly in so rare an atmosphere
—if, indeed, the moon have any), with most of the other fancies in regard to
animal and vegetable existence, are at variance, generally, with all analogical
reasoning on these themes; and that analogy here will often amount to
conclusive demonstration. It is, perhaps, scarcely necessary to add, that all the
suggestions attributed to Brewster and Herschel, in the beginning of the article,
about “a transfusion of artificial light through the focal object of vision,” etc.,
etc., belong to that species of figurative writing which comes, most properly,
under the denomination of rigmarole.
There is a real and very definite limit to optical discovery among the stars—a
limit whose nature need only be stated to be understood. If, indeed, the casting
of large lenses were all that is required, man’s ingenuity would ultimately prove
equal to the task, and we might have them of any size demanded. But, unhappily,
in proportion to the increase of size in the lens, and consequently of space-
penetrating power, is the diminution of light from the object, by diffusion of its
rays. And for this evil there is no remedy within human ability; for an object is
seen by means of that light alone which proceeds from itself, whether direct or
reflected. Thus the only “artificial” light which could avail Mr. Locke, would be
some artificial light which he should be able to throw-not upon the “focal object
of vision,” but upon the real object to be viewed-to wit: upon the moon. It has
been easily calculated that, when the light proceeding from a star becomes so
diffused as to be as weak as the natural light proceeding from the whole of the
stars, in a clear and moonless night, then the star is no longer visible for any
practical purpose.
The Earl of Ross’s telescope, lately constructed in England, has a speculum
with a reflecting surface of 4,071 square inches; the Herschel telescope having
one of only 1,811. The metal of the Earl of Ross’s is 6 feet diameter; it is 5 1/2
inches thick at the edges, and 5 at the centre. The weight is 3 tons. The focal
length is 50 feet.
I have lately read a singular and somewhat ingenious little book, whose title-
page runs thus: “L’Homme dans la lvne ou le Voyage Chimerique fait au Monde
de la Lvne, nouellement decouvert par Dominique Gonzales, Aduanturier
Espagnol, autrem?t dit le Courier volant. Mis en notre langve par J. B. D. A.
Paris, chez Francois Piot, pres la Fontaine de Saint Benoist. Et chez J. Goignard,
au premier pilier de la grand’salle du Palais, proche les Consultations,
MDCXLVII.” Pp. 76.
The writer professes to have translated his work from the English of one Mr.
D’Avisson (Davidson?) although there is a terrible ambiguity in the statement.
“J’ en ai eu,” says he “l’original de Monsieur D’Avisson, medecin des mieux
versez qui soient aujourd’huy dans la cõnoissance des Belles Lettres, et sur tout
de la Philosophic Naturelle. Je lui ai cette obligation entre les autres, de m’ auoir
non seulement mis en main cc Livre en anglois, mais encore le Manuscrit du
Sieur Thomas D’Anan, gentilhomme Eccossois, recommandable pour sa vertu,
sur la version duquel j’ advoue que j’ ay tiré le plan de la mienne.”
After some irrelevant adventures, much in the manner of Gil Blas, and which
occupy the first thirty pages, the author relates that, being ill during a sea
voyage, the crew abandoned him, together with a negro servant, on the island of
St. Helena. To increase the chances of obtaining food, the two separate, and live
as far apart as possible. This brings about a training of birds, to serve the purpose
of carrier-pigeons between them. By and by these are taught to carry parcels of
some weight-and this weight is gradually increased. At length the idea is
entertained of uniting the force of a great number of the birds, with a view to
raising the author himself. A machine is contrived for the purpose, and we have a
minute description of it, which is materially helped out by a steel engraving.
Here we perceive the Signor Gonzales, with point ruffles and a huge periwig,
seated astride something which resembles very closely a broomstick, and borne
aloft by a multitude of wild swans (ganzas) who had strings reaching from their
tails to the machine.
The main event detailed in the Signor’s narrative depends upon a very
important fact, of which the reader is kept in ignorance until near the end of the
book. The ganzas, with whom he had become so familiar, were not really
denizens of St. Helena, but of the moon. Thence it had been their custom, time
out of mind, to migrate annually to some portion of the earth. In proper season,
of course, they would return home; and the author, happening, one day, to
require their services for a short voyage, is unexpectedly carried straight tip, and
in a very brief period arrives at the satellite. Here he finds, among other odd
things, that the people enjoy extreme happiness; that they have no law; that they
die without pain; that they are from ten to thirty feet in height; that they live five
thousand years; that they have an emperor called Irdonozur; and that they can
jump sixty feet high, when, being out of the gravitating influence, they fly about
with fans.
I cannot forbear giving a specimen of the general philosophy of the volume.
“I must not forget here, that the stars appeared only on that side of
the globe turned toward the moon, and that the closer they were to it
the larger they seemed. I have also me and the earth. As to the
stars, since there was no night where I was, they always had the same
appearance; not brilliant, as usual, but pale, and very nearly like the
moon of a morning. But few of them were visible, and these ten times
larger (as well as I could judge) than they seem to the inhabitants
of the earth. The moon, which wanted two days of being full, was of a
terrible bigness.

“I must not forget here, that the stars appeared only on that side
of the globe turned toward the moon, and that the closer they were to it
the larger they seemed. I have also to inform you that, whether it was
calm weather or stormy, I found myself always immediately between the
moon and the earth. I was convinced of this for two reasons-because
my birds always flew in a straight line; and because whenever we
attempted to rest, we were carried insensibly around the globe of the
earth. For I admit the opinion of Copernicus, who maintains that it
never ceases to revolve from the east to the west, not upon the poles
of the Equinoctial, commonly called the poles of the world, but upon
those of the Zodiac, a question of which I propose to speak more at
length here-after, when I shall have leisure to refresh my memory in
regard to the astrology which I learned at Salamanca when young, and
have since forgotten.”

Notwithstanding the blunders italicized, the book is not without some claim to
attention, as affording a naive specimen of the current astronomical notions of
the time. One of these assumed, that the “gravitating power” extended but a
short distance from the earth’s surface, and, accordingly, we find our voyager
“carried insensibly around the globe,” etc.
There have been other “voyages to the moon,” but none of higher merit than
the one just mentioned. That of Bergerac is utterly meaningless. In the third
volume of the “American Quarterly Review” will be found quite an elaborate
criticism upon a certain “journey” of the kind in question—a criticism in which
it is difficult to say whether the critic most exposes the stupidity of the book, or
his own absurd ignorance of astronomy. I forget the title of the work; but the
means of the voyage are more deplorably ill conceived than are even the ganzas
of our friend the Signor Gonzales. The adventurer, in digging the earth, happens
to discover a peculiar metal for which the moon has a strong attraction, and
straightway constructs of it a box, which, when cast loose from its terrestrial
fastenings, flies with him, forthwith, to the satellite. The “Flight of Thomas
O’Rourke,” is a jeu d’ esprit not altogether contemptible, and has been translated
into German. Thomas, the hero, was, in fact, the gamekeeper of an Irish peer,
whose eccentricities gave rise to the tale. The “flight” is made on an eagle’s
back, from Hungry Hill, a lofty mountain at the end of Bantry Bay.
In these various brochures the aim is always satirical; the theme being a
description of Lunarian customs as compared with ours. In none is there any
effort at plausibility in the details of the voyage itself. The writers seem, in each
instance, to be utterly uninformed in respect to astronomy. In “Hans Pfaall” the
design is original, inasmuch as regards an attempt at verisimilitude, in the
application of scientific principles (so far as the whimsical nature of the subject
would permit), to the actual passage between the earth and the moon.
(*2) The zodiacal light is probably what the ancients called Trabes. Emicant
Trabes quos docos vocant.—Pliny, lib. 2, p. 26.
(*3) Since the original publication of Hans Pfaall, I find that Mr. Green, of
Nassau balloon notoriety, and other late aeronauts, deny the assertions of
Humboldt, in this respect, and speak of a decreasing inconvenience,—precisely
in accordance with the theory here urged in a mere spirit of banter.
(*4) Havelius writes that he has several times found, in skies perfectly clear,
when even stars of the sixth and seventh magnitude were conspicuous, that, at
the same altitude of the moon, at the same elongation from the earth, and with
one and the same excellent telescope, the moon and its maculae did not appear
equally lucid at all times. From the circumstances of the observation, it is
evident that the cause of this phenomenon is not either in our air, in the tube, in
the moon, or in the eye of the spectator, but must be looked for in something (an
atmosphere?) existing about the moon.
 THE GOLD-BUG
What ho! what ho! this fellow is dancing mad!

He hath been bitten by the Tarantula.

—All in the Wrong.

MANY years ago, I contracted an intimacy with a Mr. William Legrand. He

was of an ancient Huguenot family, and had once been wealthy; but a series of
misfortunes had reduced him to want. To avoid the mortification consequent
upon his disasters, he left New Orleans, the city of his forefathers, and took up
his residence at Sullivan’s Island, near Charleston, South Carolina. This Island is
a very singular one. It consists of little else than the sea sand, and is about three
miles long. Its breadth at no point exceeds a quarter of a mile. It is separated
from the main land by a scarcely perceptible creek, oozing its way through a
wilderness of reeds and slime, a favorite resort of the marsh hen. The vegetation,
as might be supposed, is scant, or at least dwarfish. No trees of any magnitude
are to be seen. Near the western extremity, where Fort Moultrie stands, and
where are some miserable frame buildings, tenanted, during summer, by the
fugitives from Charleston dust and fever, may be found, indeed, the bristly
palmetto; but the whole island, with the exception of this western point, and a
line of hard, white beach on the seacoast, is covered with a dense undergrowth of
the sweet myrtle, so much prized by the horticulturists of England. The shrub
here often attains the height of fifteen or twenty feet, and forms an almost
impenetrable coppice, burthening the air with its fragrance.
In the inmost recesses of this coppice, not far from the eastern or more remote
end of the island, Legrand had built himself a small hut, which he occupied
when I first, by mere accident, made his acquaintance. This soon ripened into
friendship—for there was much in the recluse to excite interest and esteem. I
found him well educated, with unusual powers of mind, but infected with
misanthropy, and subject to perverse moods of alternate enthusiasm and
melancholy. He had with him many books, but rarely employed them. His chief
amusements were gunning and fishing, or sauntering along the beach and
through the myrtles, in quest of shells or entomological specimens;—his
collection of the latter might have been envied by a Swammerdamm. In these
excursions he was usually accompanied by an old negro, called Jupiter, who had
been manumitted before the reverses of the family, but who could be induced,
neither by threats nor by promises, to abandon what he considered his right of
attendance upon the footsteps of his young “Massa Will.” It is not improbable
that the relatives of Legrand, conceiving him to be somewhat unsettled in
intellect, had contrived to instil this obstinacy into Jupiter, with a view to the
supervision and guardianship of the wanderer.
The winters in the latitude of Sullivan’s Island are seldom very severe, and in
the fall of the year it is a rare event indeed when a fire is considered necessary.
About the middle of October, 18-, there occurred, however, a day of remarkable
chilliness. Just before sunset I scrambled my way through the evergreens to the
hut of my friend, whom I had not visited for several weeks—my residence
being, at that time, in Charleston, a distance of nine miles from the Island, while
the facilities of passage and re-passage were very far behind those of the present
day. Upon reaching the hut I rapped, as was my custom, and getting no reply,
sought for the key where I knew it was secreted, unlocked the door and went in.
A fine fire was blazing upon the hearth. It was a novelty, and by no means an
ungrateful one. I threw off an overcoat, took an arm-chair by the crackling logs,
and awaited patiently the arrival of my hosts.
Soon after dark they arrived, and gave me a most cordial welcome. Jupiter,
grinning from ear to ear, bustled about to prepare some marsh-hens for supper.
Legrand was in one of his fits—how else shall I term them?—of enthusiasm. He
had found an unknown bivalve, forming a new genus, and, more than this, he
had hunted down and secured, with Jupiter’s assistance, a scarabæus which he
believed to be totally new, but in respect to which he wished to have my opinion
on the morrow.
“And why not to-night?” I asked, rubbing my hands over the blaze, and
wishing the whole tribe of scarabæi at the devil.
“Ah, if I had only known you were here!” said Legrand, “but it’s so long since
I saw you; and how could I foresee that you would pay me a visit this very night
of all others? As I was coming home I met Lieutenant G—, from the fort, and,
very foolishly, I lent him the bug; so it will be impossible for you to see it until
the morning. Stay here to-night, and I will send Jup down for it at sunrise. It is
the loveliest thing in creation!”
“What?—sunrise?”
“Nonsense! no!—the bug. It is of a brilliant gold color—about the size of a
large hickory-nut—with two jet black spots near one extremity of the back, and
another, somewhat longer, at the other. The antennæ are—”
“Dey aint no tin in him, Massa Will, I keep a tellin on you,” here interrupted
Jupiter; “de bug is a goole bug, solid, ebery bit of him, inside and all, sep him
wing—neber feel half so hebby a bug in my life.”
“Well, suppose it is, Jup,” replied Legrand, somewhat more earnestly, it
seemed to me, than the case demanded, “is that any reason for your letting the
birds burn? The color”—here he turned to me—“is really almost enough to
warrant Jupiter’s idea. You never saw a more brilliant metallic lustre than the
scales emit—but of this you cannot judge till tomorrow. In the mean time I can
give you some idea of the shape.” Saying this, he seated himself at a small table,
on which were a pen and ink, but no paper. He looked for some in a drawer, but
found none.
“Never mind,” said he at length, “this will answer;” and he drew from his
waistcoat pocket a scrap of what I took to be very dirty foolscap, and made upon
it a rough drawing with the pen. While he did this, I retained my seat by the fire,
for I was still chilly. When the design was complete, he handed it to me without
rising. As I received it, a loud growl was heard, succeeded by a scratching at the
door. Jupiter opened it, and a large Newfoundland, belonging to Legrand, rushed
in, leaped upon my shoulders, and loaded me with caresses; for I had shown him
much attention during previous visits. When his gambols were over, I looked at
the paper, and, to speak the truth, found myself not a little puzzled at what my
friend had depicted.
“Well!” I said, after contemplating it for some minutes, “this is a strange
scarabæus, I must confess: new to me: never saw anything like it before—unless
it was a skull, or a death’s-head—which it more nearly resembles than anything
else that has come under my observation.”
“A death’s-head!” echoed Legrand—“Oh—yes—well, it has something of that
appearance upon paper, no doubt. The two upper black spots look like eyes, eh?
and the longer one at the bottom like a mouth—and then the shape of the whole
is oval.”
“Perhaps so,” said I; “but, Legrand, I fear you are no artist. I must wait until I
see the beetle itself, if I am to form any idea of its personal appearance.”
“Well, I don’t know,” said he, a little nettled, “I draw tolerably—should do it
at least—have had good masters, and flatter myself that I am not quite a
blockhead.”
“But, my dear fellow, you are joking then,” said I, “this is a very passable
skull—indeed, I may say that it is a very excellent skull, according to the vulgar
notions about such specimens of physiology—and your scarabæus must be the
queerest scarabæus in the world if it resembles it. Why, we may get up a very
thrilling bit of superstition upon this hint. I presume you will call the bug
scarabæus caput hominis, or something of that kind—there are many similar
titles in the Natural Histories. But where are the antennæ you spoke of?”
“The antennæ!” said Legrand, who seemed to be getting unaccountably warm
upon the subject; “I am sure you must see the antennæ. I made them as distinct
as they are in the original insect, and I presume that is sufficient.”
“Well, well,” I said, “perhaps you have—still I don’t see them;” and I handed
him the paper without additional remark, not wishing to ruffle his temper; but I
was much surprised at the turn affairs had taken; his ill humor puzzled me—and,
as for the drawing of the beetle, there were positively no antennæ visible, and the
whole did bear a very close resemblance to the ordinary cuts of a death’s-head.
He received the paper very peevishly, and was about to crumple it, apparently
to throw it in the fire, when a casual glance at the design seemed suddenly to
rivet his attention. In an instant his face grew violently red—in another as
excessively pale. For some minutes he continued to scrutinize the drawing
minutely where he sat. At length he arose, took a candle from the table, and
proceeded to seat himself upon a sea-chest in the farthest corner of the room.
Here again he made an anxious examination of the paper; turning it in all
directions. He said nothing, however, and his conduct greatly astonished me; yet
I thought it prudent not to exacerbate the growing moodiness of his temper by
any comment. Presently he took from his coat pocket a wallet, placed the paper
carefully in it, and deposited both in a writing-desk, which he locked. He now
grew more composed in his demeanor; but his original air of enthusiasm had
quite disappeared. Yet he seemed not so much sulky as abstracted. As the
evening wore away he became more and more absorbed in reverie, from which
no sallies of mine could arouse him. It had been my intention to pass the night at
the hut, as I had frequently done before, but, seeing my host in this mood, I
deemed it proper to take leave. He did not press me to remain, but, as I departed,
he shook my hand with even more than his usual cordiality.
It was about a month after this (and during the interval I had seen nothing of
Legrand) when I received a visit, at Charleston, from his man, Jupiter. I had
never seen the good old negro look so dispirited, and I feared that some serious
disaster had befallen my friend.
“Well, Jup,” said I, “what is the matter now?—how is your master?”
 “Why, to speak de troof, massa, him not so berry well as mought be.”
“Not well! I am truly sorry to hear it. What does he complain of?”
“Dar! dat’s it!—him neber plain of notin—but him berry sick for all dat.”
“Very sick, Jupiter!—why didn’t you say so at once? Is he confined to bed?”
“No, dat he aint!—he aint find nowhar—dat’s just whar de shoe pinch—my
mind is got to be berry hebby bout poor Massa Will.”
“Jupiter, I should like to understand what it is you are talking about. You say
your master is sick. Hasn’t he told you what ails him?”
“Why, massa, taint worf while for to git mad about de matter—Massa Will say
noffin at all aint de matter wid him—but den what make him go about looking
dis here way, wid he head down and he soldiers up, and as white as a gose? And
den he keep a syphon all de time—”
“Keeps a what, Jupiter?”
“Keeps a syphon wid de figgurs on de slate—de queerest figgurs I ebber did
see. Ise gittin to be skeered, I tell you. Hab for to keep mighty tight eye pon him
noovers. Todder day he gib me slip fore de sun up and was gone de whole ob de
blessed day. I had a big stick ready cut for to gib him deuced good beating when
he did come—but Ise sich a fool dat I hadn’t de heart arter all—he look so berry
poorly.”
“Eh?—what?—ah yes!—upon the whole I think you had better not be too
severe with the poor fellow—don’t flog him, Jupiter—he can’t very well stand it
—but can you form no idea of what has occasioned this illness, or rather this
change of conduct? Has anything unpleasant happened since I saw you?”
“No, massa, dey aint bin noffin unpleasant since den—‘twas fore den I’m
feared—‘twas de berry day you was dare.”
“How? what do you mean?”
“Why, massa, I mean de bug—dare now.”
“The what?”
“De bug,—I’m berry sartain dat Massa Will bin bit somewhere bout de head
by dat goole-bug.”
“And what cause have you, Jupiter, for such a supposition?”
“Claws enuff, massa, and mouth too. I nebber did see sick a deuced bug—he
kick and he bite ebery ting what cum near him. Massa Will cotch him fuss, but
had for to let him go gin mighty quick, I tell you—den was de time he must ha
got de bite. I did n’t like de look oh de bug mouff, myself, no how, so I would n’t
take hold ob him wid my finger, but I cotch him wid a piece ob paper dat I
found. I rap him up in de paper and stuff piece ob it in he mouff—dat was de
way.”
“And you think, then, that your master was really bitten by the beetle, and that
the bite made him sick?”
“I do n’t tink noffin about it—I nose it. What make him dream bout de goole
so much, if taint cause he bit by de goole-bug? Ise heerd bout dem goole-bugs
fore dis.”
“But how do you know he dreams about gold?”
“How I know? why cause he talk about it in he sleep—dat’s how I nose.”
“Well, Jup, perhaps you are right; but to what fortunate circumstance am I to
attribute the honor of a visit from you to-day?”
“What de matter, massa?”
“Did you bring any message from Mr. Legrand?”
“No, massa, I bring dis here pissel;” and here Jupiter handed me a note which
ran thus:
MY DEAR ——

Why have I not seen you for so long a time? I hope you have not been so
foolish as to take offence at any little brusquerie of mine; but no, that is
improbable. Since I saw you I have had great cause for anxiety. I have something
to tell you, yet scarcely know how to tell it, or whether I should tell it at all.
I have not been quite well for some days past, and poor old Jup annoys me,
almost beyond endurance, by his well-meant attentions Would you believe it?—
he had prepared a huge stick, the other day, with which to chastise me for giving
him the slip, and spending the day, solus, among the hills on the main land. I
verily believe that my ill looks alone saved me a flogging.
I have made no addition to my cabinet since we met.
If you can, in any way, make it convenient, come over with Jupiter. Do come.
I wish to see you to-night, upon business of importance. I assure you that it is of
the highest importance.
Ever yours, WILLIAM LEGRAND.

There was something in the tone of this note which gave me great uneasiness.
Its whole style differed materially from that of Legrand. What could he be
dreaming of? What new crotchet possessed his excitable brain? What “business
of the highest importance” could he possibly have to transact? Jupiter’s account
of him boded no good. I dreaded lest the continued pressure of misfortune had,
at length, fairly unsettled the reason of my friend. Without a moment’s
hesitation, therefore, I prepared to accompany the negro.
Upon reaching the wharf, I noticed a scythe and three spades, all apparently
new, lying in the bottom of the boat in which we were to embark.
“What is the meaning of all this, Jup?” I inquired.
“Him syfe, massa, and spade.”
“Very true; but what are they doing here?”
“Him de syfe and de spade what Massa Will sis pon my buying for him in de
town, and de debbils own lot of money I had to gib for em.”
“But what, in the name of all that is mysterious, is your ‘Massa Will’ going to
do with scythes and spades?”
“Dat’s more dan I know, and debbil take me if I don’t blieve ‘tis more dan he
know, too. But it’s all cum ob do bug.”
Finding that no satisfaction was to be obtained of Jupiter, whose whole
intellect seemed to be absorbed by “de bug,” I now stepped into the boat and
made sail. With a fair and strong breeze we soon ran into the little cove to the
northward of Fort Moultrie, and a walk of some two miles brought us to the hut.
It was about three in the afternoon when we arrived. Legrand had been awaiting
us in eager expectation. He grasped my hand with a nervous empressement
which alarmed me and strengthened the suspicions already entertained. His
countenance was pale even to ghastliness, and his deep-set eyes glared with
unnatural lustre. After some inquiries respecting his health, I asked him, not
knowing what better to say, if he had yet obtained the scarabæus from Lieutenant
G ——.
“Oh, yes,” he replied, coloring violently, “I got it from him the next morning.
Nothing should tempt me to part with that scarabæus. Do you know that Jupiter
is quite right about it?”
“In what way?” I asked, with a sad foreboding at heart.
“In supposing it to be a bug of real gold.” He said this with an air of profound
seriousness, and I felt inexpressibly shocked.
“This bug is to make my fortune,” he continued, with a triumphant smile, “to
reinstate me in my family possessions. Is it any wonder, then, that I prize it?
Since Fortune has thought fit to bestow it upon me, I have only to use it properly
and I shall arrive at the gold of which it is the index. Jupiter; bring me that
scarabæus!”
“What! de bug, massa? I’d rudder not go fer trubble dat bug—you mus git
him for your own self.” Hereupon Legrand arose, with a grave and stately air,
and brought me the beetle from a glass case in which it was enclosed. It was a
beautiful scarabæus, and, at that time, unknown to naturalists—of course a great
prize in a scientific point of view. There were two round, black spots near one
extremity of the back, and a long one near the other. The scales were
exceedingly hard and glossy, with all the appearance of burnished gold. The
weight of the insect was very remarkable, and, taking all things into
consideration, I could hardly blame Jupiter for his opinion respecting it; but what
to make of Legrand’s concordance with that opinion, I could not, for the life of
me, tell.
“I sent for you,” said he, in a grandiloquent tone, when I had completed my
examination of the beetle, “I sent for you, that I might have your counsel and
assistance in furthering the views of Fate and of the bug”—
“My dear Legrand,” I cried, interrupting him, “you are certainly unwell, and
had better use some little precautions. You shall go to bed, and I will remain with
you a few days, until you get over this. You are feverish and”—
“Feel my pulse,” said he.
I felt it, and, to say the truth, found not the slightest indication of fever.
“But you may be ill and yet have no fever. Allow me this once to prescribe for
you. In the first place, go to bed. In the next”—
“You are mistaken,” he interposed, “I am as well as I can expect to be under
the excitement which I suffer. If you really wish me well, you will relieve this
excitement.”
“And how is this to be done?”
“Very easily. Jupiter and myself are going upon an expedition into the hills,
upon the main land, and, in this expedition we shall need the aid of some person
in whom we can confide. You are the only one we can trust. Whether we succeed
or fail, the excitement which you now perceive in me will be equally allayed.”
“I am anxious to oblige you in any way,” I replied; “but do you mean to say
that this infernal beetle has any connection with your expedition into the hills?”
“It has.”
“Then, Legrand, I can become a party to no such absurd proceeding.”
“I am sorry—very sorry—for we shall have to try it by ourselves.”
“Try it by yourselves! The man is surely mad!—but stay!—how long do you
propose to be absent?”
“Probably all night. We shall start immediately, and be back, at all events, by
sunrise.”
“And will you promise me, upon your honor, that when this freak of yours is
over, and the bug business (good God!) settled to your satisfaction, you will then
return home and follow my advice implicitly, as that of your physician?”
“Yes; I promise; and now let us be off, for we have no time to lose.”
With a heavy heart I accompanied my friend. We started about four o’clock—
Legrand, Jupiter, the dog, and myself. Jupiter had with him the scythe and
spades—the whole of which he insisted upon carrying—more through fear, it
seemed to me, of trusting either of the implements within reach of his master,
than from any excess of industry or complaisance. His demeanor was dogged in
the extreme, and “dat deuced bug” were the sole words which escaped his lips
during the journey. For my own part, I had charge of a couple of dark lanterns,
while Legrand contented himself with the scarabæus, which he carried attached
to the end of a bit of whip-cord; twirling it to and fro, with the air of a conjuror,
as he went. When I observed this last, plain evidence of my friend’s aberration of
mind, I could scarcely refrain from tears. I thought it best, however, to humor his
fancy, at least for the present, or until I could adopt some more energetic
measures with a chance of success. In the mean time I endeavored, but all in
vain, to sound him in regard to the object of the expedition. Having succeeded in
inducing me to accompany him, he seemed unwilling to hold conversation upon
any topic of minor importance, and to all my questions vouchsafed no other
reply than “we shall see!”
We crossed the creek at the head of the island by means of a skiff; and,
ascending the high grounds on the shore of the main land, proceeded in a
northwesterly direction, through a tract of country excessively wild and desolate,
where no trace of a human footstep was to be seen. Legrand led the way with
decision; pausing only for an instant, here and there, to consult what appeared to
be certain landmarks of his own contrivance upon a former occasion.
In this manner we journeyed for about two hours, and the sun was just setting
when we entered a region infinitely more dreary than any yet seen. It was a
species of table land, near the summit of an almost inaccessible hill, densely
wooded from base to pinnacle, and interspersed with huge crags that appeared to
lie loosely upon the soil, and in many cases were prevented from precipitating
themselves into the valleys below, merely by the support of the trees against
which they reclined. Deep ravines, in various directions, gave an air of still
sterner solemnity to the scene.
The natural platform to which we had clambered was thickly overgrown with
brambles, through which we soon discovered that it would have been impossible
to force our way but for the scythe; and Jupiter, by direction of his master,
proceeded to clear for us a path to the foot of an enormously tall tulip-tree,
which stood, with some eight or ten oaks, upon the level, and far surpassed them
all, and all other trees which I had then ever seen, in the beauty of its foliage and
form, in the wide spread of its branches, and in the general majesty of its
appearance. When we reached this tree, Legrand turned to Jupiter, and asked him
if he thought he could climb it. The old man seemed a little staggered by the
question, and for some moments made no reply. At length he approached the
huge trunk, walked slowly around it, and examined it with minute attention.
When he had completed his scrutiny, he merely said,
“Yes, massa, Jup climb any tree he ebber see in he life.”
“Then up with you as soon as possible, for it will soon be too dark to see what
we are about.”
“How far mus go up, massa?” inquired Jupiter.
“Get up the main trunk first, and then I will tell you which way to go—and
here—stop! take this beetle with you.”
“De bug, Massa Will!—de goole bug!” cried the negro, drawing back in
dismay—“what for mus tote de bug way up de tree?—d-n if I do!”
“If you are afraid, Jup, a great big negro like you, to take hold of a harmless
little dead beetle, why you can carry it up by this string—but, if you do not take
it up with you in some way, I shall be under the necessity of breaking your head
with this shovel.”
“What de matter now, massa?” said Jup, evidently shamed into compliance;
“always want for to raise fuss wid old nigger. Was only funnin any how. Me
feered de bug! what I keer for de bug?” Here he took cautiously hold of the
extreme end of the string, and, maintaining the insect as far from his person as
circumstances would permit, prepared to ascend the tree.
In youth, the tulip-tree, or Liriodendron Tulipferum, the most magnificent of
American foresters, has a trunk peculiarly smooth, and often rises to a great
height without lateral branches; but, in its riper age, the bark becomes gnarled
and uneven, while many short limbs make their appearance on the stem. Thus
the difficulty of ascension, in the present case, lay more in semblance than in
reality. Embracing the huge cylinder, as closely as possible, with his arms and
knees, seizing with his hands some projections, and resting his naked toes upon
others, Jupiter, after one or two narrow escapes from falling, at length wriggled
himself into the first great fork, and seemed to consider the whole business as
virtually accomplished. The risk of the achievement was, in fact, now over,
although the climber was some sixty or seventy feet from the ground.
“Which way mus go now, Massa Will?” he asked.
“Keep up the largest branch—the one on this side,” said Legrand. The negro
obeyed him promptly, and apparently with but little trouble; ascending higher
and higher, until no glimpse of his squat figure could be obtained through the
dense foliage which enveloped it. Presently his voice was heard in a sort of
halloo.
“How much fudder is got for go?”
“How high up are you?” asked Legrand.
“Ebber so fur,” replied the negro; “can see de sky fru de top ob de tree.”
“Never mind the sky, but attend to what I say. Look down the trunk and count
the limbs below you on this side. How many limbs have you passed?”
“One, two, tree, four, fibe—I done pass fibe big limb, massa, pon dis side.”
“Then go one limb higher.”
In a few minutes the voice was heard again, announcing that the seventh limb
was attained.
“Now, Jup,” cried Legrand, evidently much excited, “I want you to work your
way out upon that limb as far as you can. If you see anything strange, let me
know.” By this time what little doubt I might have entertained of my poor
friend’s insanity, was put finally at rest. I had no alternative but to conclude him
stricken with lunacy, and I became seriously anxious about getting him home.
While I was pondering upon what was best to be done, Jupiter’s voice was again
heard.
“Mos feerd for to ventur pon dis limb berry far—tis dead limb putty much all
de way.”
“Did you say it was a dead limb, Jupiter?” cried Legrand in a quavering voice.
“Yes, massa, him dead as de door-nail—done up for sartain—done departed
dis here life.”
“What in the name heaven shall I do?” asked Legrand, seemingly in the
greatest distress. “Do!” said I, glad of an opportunity to interpose a word, “why
come home and go to bed. Come now!—that’s a fine fellow. It’s getting late,
and, besides, you remember your promise.”
“Jupiter,” cried he, without heeding me in the least, “do you hear me?”
“Yes, Massa Will, hear you ebber so plain.”
 “Try the wood well, then, with your knife, and see if you think it very rotten.”
“Him rotten, massa, sure nuff,” replied the negro in a few moments, “but not
so berry rotten as mought be. Mought ventur out leetle way pon de limb by
myself, dat’s true.”
“By yourself!—what do you mean?”
“Why I mean de bug. ‘Tis berry hebby bug. Spose I drop him down fuss, and
den de limb won’t break wid just de weight ob one nigger.”
“You infernal scoundrel!” cried Legrand, apparently much relieved, “what do
you mean by telling me such nonsense as that? As sure as you drop that beetle
I’ll break your neck. Look here, Jupiter, do you hear me?”
“Yes, massa, needn’t hollo at poor nigger dat style.”
“Well! now listen!—if you will venture out on the limb as far as you think
safe, and not let go the beetle, I’ll make you a present of a silver dollar as soon
as you get down.”
“I’m gwine, Massa Will—deed I is,” replied the negro very promptly—“mos
out to the eend now.”
“Out to the end!” here fairly screamed Legrand, “do you say you are out to the
end of that limb?”
“Soon be to de eend, massa,—o-o-o-o-oh! Lor-gol-a-marcy! what is dis here
pon de tree?”
“Well!” cried Legrand, highly delighted, “what is it?”
“Why taint noffin but a skull—somebody bin lef him head up de tree, and de
crows done gobble ebery bit ob de meat off.”
“A skull, you say!—very well!—how is it fastened to the limb?—what holds
it on?”
“Sure nuff, massa; mus look. Why dis berry curous sarcumstance, pon my
word—dare’s a great big nail in de skull, what fastens ob it on to de tree.”
“Well now, Jupiter, do exactly as I tell you—do you hear?”
“Yes, massa.”
“Pay attention, then!—find the left eye of the skull.”
“Hum! hoo! dat’s good! why dare aint no eye lef at all.”
“Curse your stupidity! do you know your right hand from your left?”
“Yes, I nose dat—nose all bout dat—tis my lef hand what I chops de wood
wid.”
 “To be sure! you are left-handed; and your left eye is on the same side as your
left hand. Now, I suppose, you can find the left eye of the skull, or the place
where the left eye has been. Have you found it?”
Here was a long pause. At length the negro asked,
“Is de lef eye of de skull pon de same side as de lef hand of de skull, too?—
cause de skull aint got not a bit ob a hand at all—nebber mind! I got de lef eye
now—here de lef eye! what mus do wid it?”
“Let the beetle drop through it, as far as the string will reach—but be careful
and not let go your hold of the string.”
“All dat done, Massa Will; mighty easy ting for to put de bug fru de hole—
look out for him dare below!”
During this colloquy no portion of Jupiter’s person could be seen; but the
beetle, which he had suffered to descend, was now visible at the end of the
string, and glistened, like a globe of burnished gold, in the last rays of the setting
sun, some of which still faintly illumined the eminence upon which we stood.
The scarabæus hung quite clear of any branches, and, if allowed to fall, would
have fallen at our feet. Legrand immediately took the scythe, and cleared with it
a circular space, three or four yards in diameter, just beneath the insect, and,
having accomplished this, ordered Jupiter to let go the string and come down
from the tree.
Driving a peg, with great nicety, into the ground, at the precise spot where the
beetle fell, my friend now produced from his pocket a tape measure. Fastening
one end of this at that point of the trunk, of the tree which was nearest the peg,
he unrolled it till it reached the peg, and thence farther unrolled it, in the
direction already established by the two points of the tree and the peg, for the
distance of fifty feet—Jupiter clearing away the brambles with the scythe. At the
spot thus attained a second peg was driven, and about this, as a centre, a rude
circle, about four feet in diameter, described. Taking now a spade himself, and
giving one to Jupiter and one to me, Legrand begged us to set about digging as
quickly as possible.
To speak the truth, I had no especial relish for such amusement at any time,
and, at that particular moment, would most willingly have declined it; for the
night was coming on, and I felt much fatigued with the exercise already taken;
but I saw no mode of escape, and was fearful of disturbing my poor friend’s
equanimity by a refusal. Could I have depended, indeed, upon Jupiter’s aid, I
would have had no hesitation in attempting to get the lunatic home by force; but
I was too well assured of the old negro’s disposition, to hope that he would assist
me, under any circumstances, in a personal contest with his master. I made no
doubt that the latter had been infected with some of the innumerable Southern
superstitions about money buried, and that his phantasy had received
confirmation by the finding of the scarabæus, or, perhaps, by Jupiter’s obstinacy
in maintaining it to be “a bug of real gold.” A mind disposed to lunacy would
readily be led away by such suggestions—especially if chiming in with favorite
preconceived ideas—and then I called to mind the poor fellow’s speech about
the beetle’s being “the index of his fortune.” Upon the whole, I was sadly vexed
and puzzled, but, at length, I concluded to make a virtue of necessity—to dig
with a good will, and thus the sooner to convince the visionary, by ocular
demonstration, of the fallacy of the opinions he entertained.
The lanterns having been lit, we all fell to work with a zeal worthy a more
rational cause; and, as the glare fell upon our persons and implements, I could
not help thinking how picturesque a group we composed, and how strange and
suspicious our labors must have appeared to any interloper who, by chance,
might have stumbled upon our whereabouts.
We dug very steadily for two hours. Little was said; and our chief
embarrassment lay in the yelpings of the dog, who took exceeding interest in our
proceedings. He, at length, became so obstreperous that we grew fearful of his
giving the alarm to some stragglers in the vicinity;—or, rather, this was the
apprehension of Legrand;—for myself, I should have rejoiced at any interruption
which might have enabled me to get the wanderer home. The noise was, at
length, very effectually silenced by Jupiter, who, getting out of the hole with a
dogged air of deliberation, tied the brute’s mouth up with one of his suspenders,
and then returned, with a grave chuckle, to his task.
When the time mentioned had expired, we had reached a depth of five feet,
and yet no signs of any treasure became manifest. A general pause ensued, and I
began to hope that the farce was at an end. Legrand, however, although evidently
much disconcerted, wiped his brow thoughtfully and recommenced. We had
excavated the entire circle of four feet diameter, and now we slightly enlarged
the limit, and went to the farther depth of two feet. Still nothing appeared. The
gold-seeker, whom I sincerely pitied, at length clambered from the pit, with the
bitterest disappointment imprinted upon every feature, and proceeded, slowly
and reluctantly, to put on his coat, which he had thrown off at the beginning of
his labor. In the mean time I made no remark. Jupiter, at a signal from his master,
began to gather up his tools. This done, and the dog having been unmuzzled, we
turned in profound silence towards home.
We had taken, perhaps, a dozen steps in this direction, when, with a loud oath,
Legrand strode up to Jupiter, and seized him by the collar. The astonished negro
opened his eyes and mouth to the fullest extent, let fall the spades, and fell upon
his knees.
“You scoundrel,” said Legrand, hissing out the syllables from between his
clenched teeth—“you infernal black villain!—speak, I tell you!—answer me this
instant, without prevarication!—which—which is your left eye?”
“Oh, my golly, Massa Will! aint dis here my lef eye for sartain?” roared the
terrified Jupiter, placing his hand upon his right organ of vision, and holding it
there with a desperate pertinacity, as if in immediate dread of his master’s
attempt at a gouge.
“I thought so!—I knew it! hurrah!” vociferated Legrand, letting the negro go,
and executing a series of curvets and caracols, much to the astonishment of his
valet, who, arising from his knees, looked, mutely, from his master to myself,
and then from myself to his master.
“Come! we must go back,” said the latter, “the game’s not up yet;” and he
again led the way to the tulip-tree.
“Jupiter,” said he, when we reached its foot, “come here! was the skull nailed
to the limb with the face outwards, or with the face to the limb?”
“De face was out, massa, so dat de crows could get at de eyes good, widout
any trouble.”
“Well, then, was it this eye or that through which you dropped the beetle?”—
here Legrand touched each of Jupiter’s eyes.
“Twas dis eye, massa—de lef eye—jis as you tell me,” and here it was his
right eye that the negro indicated.
“That will do—must try it again.”
Here my friend, about whose madness I now saw, or fancied that I saw, certain
indications of method, removed the peg which marked the spot where the beetle
fell, to a spot about three inches to the westward of its former position. Taking,
now, the tape measure from the nearest point of the trunk to the peg, as before,
and continuing the extension in a straight line to the distance of fifty feet, a spot
was indicated, removed, by several yards, from the point at which we had been
digging.
Around the new position a circle, somewhat larger than in the former instance,
was now described, and we again set to work with the spades. I was dreadfully
weary, but, scarcely understanding what had occasioned the change in my
thoughts, I felt no longer any great aversion from the labor imposed. I had
become most unaccountably interested—nay, even excited. Perhaps there was
something, amid all the extravagant demeanor of Legrand—some air of
forethought, or of deliberation, which impressed me. I dug eagerly, and now and
then caught myself actually looking, with something that very much resembled
expectation, for the fancied treasure, the vision of which had demented my
unfortunate companion. At a period when such vagaries of thought most fully
possessed me, and when we had been at work perhaps an hour and a half, we
were again interrupted by the violent howlings of the dog. His uneasiness, in the
first instance, had been, evidently, but the result of playfulness or caprice, but he
now assumed a bitter and serious tone. Upon Jupiter’s again attempting to
muzzle him, he made furious resistance, and, leaping into the hole, tore up the
mould frantically with his claws. In a few seconds he had uncovered a mass of
human bones, forming two complete skeletons, intermingled with several
buttons of metal, and what appeared to be the dust of decayed woollen. One or
two strokes of a spade upturned the blade of a large Spanish knife, and, as we
dug farther, three or four loose pieces of gold and silver coin came to light.
At sight of these the joy of Jupiter could scarcely be restrained, but the
countenance of his master wore an air of extreme disappointment He urged us,
however, to continue our exertions, and the words were hardly uttered when I
stumbled and fell forward, having caught the toe of my boot in a large ring of
iron that lay half buried in the loose earth.
We now worked in earnest, and never did I pass ten minutes of more intense
excitement. During this interval we had fairly unearthed an oblong chest of
wood, which, from its perfect preservation and wonderful hardness, had plainly
been subjected to some mineralizing process—perhaps that of the Bi-chloride of
Mercury. This box was three feet and a half long, three feet broad, and two and a
half feet deep. It was firmly secured by bands of wrought iron, riveted, and
forming a kind of open trelliswork over the whole. On each side of the chest,
near the top, were three rings of iron—six in all—by means of which a firm hold
could be obtained by six persons. Our utmost united endeavors served only to
disturb the coffer very slightly in its bed. We at once saw the impossibility of
removing so great a weight. Luckily, the sole fastenings of the lid consisted of
two sliding bolts. These we drew back—trembling and panting with anxiety. In
an instant, a treasure of incalculable value lay gleaming before us. As the rays of
the lanterns fell within the pit, there flashed upwards a glow and a glare, from a
confused heap of gold and of jewels, that absolutely dazzled our eyes.
I shall not pretend to describe the feelings with which I gazed. Amazement
was, of course, predominant. Legrand appeared exhausted with excitement, and
spoke very few words. Jupiter’s countenance wore, for some minutes, as deadly
a pallor as it is possible, in nature of things, for any negro’s visage to assume. He
seemed stupified—thunderstricken. Presently he fell upon his knees in the pit,
and, burying his naked arms up to the elbows in gold, let them there remain, as if
enjoying the luxury of a bath. At length, with a deep sigh, he exclaimed, as if in
a soliloquy,
“And dis all cum ob de goole-bug! de putty goole bug! de poor little goole-
bug, what I boosed in dat sabage kind ob style! Aint you shamed ob yourself,
nigger?—answer me dat!”
It became necessary, at last, that I should arouse both master and valet to the
expediency of removing the treasure. It was growing late, and it behooved us to
make exertion, that we might get every thing housed before daylight. It was
difficult to say what should be done, and much time was spent in deliberation—
so confused were the ideas of all. We, finally, lightened the box by removing two
thirds of its contents, when we were enabled, with some trouble, to raise it from
the hole. The articles taken out were deposited among the brambles, and the dog
left to guard them, with strict orders from Jupiter neither, upon any pretence, to
stir from the spot, nor to open his mouth until our return. We then hurriedly
made for home with the chest; reaching the hut in safety, but after excessive toil,
at one o’clock in the morning. Worn out as we were, it was not in human nature
to do more immediately. We rested until two, and had supper; starting for the
hills immediately afterwards, armed with three stout sacks, which, by good luck,
were upon the premises. A little before four we arrived at the pit, divided the
remainder of the booty, as equally as might be, among us, and, leaving the holes
unfilled, again set out for the hut, at which, for the second time, we deposited
our golden burthens, just as the first faint streaks of the dawn gleamed from over
the tree-tops in the East.
We were now thoroughly broken down; but the intense excitement of the time
denied us repose. After an unquiet slumber of some three or four hours’ duration,
we arose, as if by preconcert, to make examination of our treasure.
The chest had been full to the brim, and we spent the whole day, and the
greater part of the next night, in a scrutiny of its contents. There had been
nothing like order or arrangement. Every thing had been heaped in
promiscuously. Having assorted all with care, we found ourselves possessed of
even vaster wealth than we had at first supposed. In coin there was rather more
than four hundred and fifty thousand dollars—estimating the value of the pieces,
as accurately as we could, by the tables of the period. There was not a particle of
silver. All was gold of antique date and of great variety—French, Spanish, and
German money, with a few English guineas, and some counters, of which we
had never seen specimens before. There were several very large and heavy coins,
so worn that we could make nothing of their inscriptions. There was no
American money. The value of the jewels we found more difficulty in
estimating. There were diamonds—some of them exceedingly large and fine—a
hundred and ten in all, and not one of them small; eighteen rubies of remarkable
brilliancy;—three hundred and ten emeralds, all very beautiful; and twenty-one
sapphires, with an opal. These stones had all been broken from their settings and
thrown loose in the chest. The settings themselves, which we picked out from
among the other gold, appeared to have been beaten up with hammers, as if to
prevent identification. Besides all this, there was a vast quantity of solid gold
ornaments;—nearly two hundred massive finger and earrings;—rich chains—
thirty of these, if I remember;—eighty-three very large and heavy crucifixes;—
five gold censers of great value;—a prodigious golden punch bowl, ornamented
with richly chased vine-leaves and Bacchanalian figures; with two sword-
handles exquisitely embossed, and many other smaller articles which I cannot
recollect. The weight of these valuables exceeded three hundred and fifty pounds
avoirdupois; and in this estimate I have not included one hundred and ninety-
seven superb gold watches; three of the number being worth each five hundred
dollars, if one. Many of them were very old, and as time keepers valueless; the
works having suffered, more or less, from corrosion—but all were richly
jewelled and in cases of great worth. We estimated the entire contents of the
chest, that night, at a million and a half of dollars; and upon the subsequent
disposal of the trinkets and jewels (a few being retained for our own use), it was
found that we had greatly undervalued the treasure. When, at length, we had
concluded our examination, and the intense excitement of the time had, in some
measure, subsided, Legrand, who saw that I was dying with impatience for a
solution of this most extraordinary riddle, entered into a full detail of all the
circumstances connected with it.
“You remember;” said he, “the night when I handed you the rough sketch I
had made of the scarabæus. You recollect also, that I became quite vexed at you
for insisting that my drawing resembled a death’s-head. When you first made
this assertion I thought you were jesting; but afterwards I called to mind the
peculiar spots on the back of the insect, and admitted to myself that your remark
had some little foundation in fact. Still, the sneer at my graphic powers irritated
me—for I am considered a good artist—and, therefore, when you handed me the
scrap of parchment, I was about to crumple it up and throw it angrily into the
fire.”
 “The scrap of paper, you mean,” said I.
“No; it had much of the appearance of paper, and at first I supposed it to be
such, but when I came to draw upon it, I discovered it, at once, to be a piece of
very thin parchment. It was quite dirty, you remember. Well, as I was in the very
act of crumpling it up, my glance fell upon the sketch at which you had been
looking, and you may imagine my astonishment when I perceived, in fact, the
figure of a death’s-head just where, it seemed to me, I had made the drawing of
the beetle. For a moment I was too much amazed to think with accuracy. I knew
that my design was very different in detail from this—although there was a
certain similarity in general outline. Presently I took a candle, and seating myself
at the other end of the room, proceeded to scrutinize the parchment more closely.
Upon turning it over, I saw my own sketch upon the reverse, just as I had made
it. My first idea, now, was mere surprise at the really remarkable similarity of
outline—at the singular coincidence involved in the fact, that unknown to me,
there should have been a skull upon the other side of the parchment, immediately
beneath my figure of the scarabæus, and that this skull, not only in outline, but in
size, should so closely resemble my drawing. I say the singularity of this
coincidence absolutely stupified me for a time. This is the usual effect of such
coincidences. The mind struggles to establish a connexion—a sequence of cause
and effect—and, being unable to do so, suffers a species of temporary paralysis.
But, when I recovered from this stupor, there dawned upon me gradually a
conviction which startled me even far more than the coincidence. I began
distinctly, positively, to remember that there had been no drawing upon the
parchment when I made my sketch of the scarabæus. I became perfectly certain
of this; for I recollected turning up first one side and then the other, in search of
the cleanest spot. Had the skull been then there, of course I could not have failed
to notice it. Here was indeed a mystery which I felt it impossible to explain; but,
even at that early moment, there seemed to glimmer, faintly, within the most
remote and secret chambers of my intellect, a glow-worm-like conception of that
truth which last night’s adventure brought to so magnificent a demonstration. I
arose at once, and putting the parchment securely away, dismissed all farther
reflection until I should be alone.
“When you had gone, and when Jupiter was fast asleep, I betook myself to a
more methodical investigation of the affair. In the first place I considered the
manner in which the parchment had come into my possession. The spot where
we discovered the scarabaeus was on the coast of the main land, about a mile
eastward of the island, and but a short distance above high water mark. Upon my
taking hold of it, it gave me a sharp bite, which caused me to let it drop. Jupiter,
with his accustomed caution, before seizing the insect, which had flown towards
him, looked about him for a leaf, or something of that nature, by which to take
hold of it. It was at this moment that his eyes, and mine also, fell upon the scrap
of parchment, which I then supposed to be paper. It was lying half buried in the
sand, a corner sticking up. Near the spot where we found it, I observed the
remnants of the hull of what appeared to have been a ship’s long boat. The wreck
seemed to have been there for a very great while; for the resemblance to boat
timbers could scarcely be traced.
“Well, Jupiter picked up the parchment, wrapped the beetle in it, and gave it to
me. Soon afterwards we turned to go home, and on the way met Lieutenant G-. I
showed him the insect, and he begged me to let him take it to the fort. Upon my
consenting, he thrust it forthwith into his waistcoat pocket, without the
parchment in which it had been wrapped, and which I had continued to hold in
my hand during his inspection. Perhaps he dreaded my changing my mind, and
thought it best to make sure of the prize at once—you know how enthusiastic he
is on all subjects connected with Natural History. At the same time, without
being conscious of it, I must have deposited the parchment in my own pocket.
“You remember that when I went to the table, for the purpose of making a
sketch of the beetle, I found no paper where it was usually kept. I looked in the
drawer, and found none there. I searched my pockets, hoping to find an old
letter, when my hand fell upon the parchment. I thus detail the precise mode in
which it came into my possession; for the circumstances impressed me with
peculiar force.
“No doubt you will think me fanciful—but I had already established a kind of
connexion. I had put together two links of a great chain. There was a boat lying
upon a sea-coast, and not far from the boat was a parchment—not a paper—with
a skull depicted upon it. You will, of course, ask ‘where is the connexion?’ I
reply that the skull, or death’s-head, is the well-known emblem of the pirate. The
flag of the death’s head is hoisted in all engagements.
“I have said that the scrap was parchment, and not paper. Parchment is durable
—almost imperishable. Matters of little moment are rarely consigned to
parchment; since, for the mere ordinary purposes of drawing or writing, it is not
nearly so well adapted as paper. This reflection suggested some meaning—some
relevancy—in the death’s-head. I did not fail to observe, also, the form of the
parchment. Although one of its corners had been, by some accident, destroyed, it
could be seen that the original form was oblong. It was just such a slip, indeed,
as might have been chosen for a memorandum—for a record of something to be
long remembered and carefully preserved.”
 “But,” I interposed, “you say that the skull was not upon the parchment when
you made the drawing of the beetle. How then do you trace any connexion
between the boat and the skull—since this latter, according to your own
admission, must have been designed (God only knows how or by whom) at some
period subsequent to your sketching the scarabæus?”
“Ah, hereupon turns the whole mystery; although the secret, at this point, I
had comparatively little difficulty in solving. My steps were sure, and could
afford but a single result. I reasoned, for example, thus: When I drew the
scarabæus, there was no skull apparent upon the parchment. When I had
completed the drawing I gave it to you, and observed you narrowly until you
returned it. You, therefore, did not design the skull, and no one else was present
to do it. Then it was not done by human agency. And nevertheless it was done.
“At this stage of my reflections I endeavored to remember, and did remember,
with entire distinctness, every incident which occurred about the period in
question. The weather was chilly (oh rare and happy accident!), and a fire was
blazing upon the hearth. I was heated with exercise and sat near the table. You,
however, had drawn a chair close to the chimney. Just as I placed the parchment
in your hand, and as you were in the act of inspecting it, Wolf, the
Newfoundland, entered, and leaped upon your shoulders. With your left hand
you caressed him and kept him off, while your right, holding the parchment, was
permitted to fall listlessly between your knees, and in close proximity to the fire.
At one moment I thought the blaze had caught it, and was about to caution you,
but, before I could speak, you had withdrawn it, and were engaged in its
examination. When I considered all these particulars, I doubted not for a moment
that heat had been the agent in bringing to light, upon the parchment, the skull
which I saw designed upon it. You are well aware that chemical preparations
exist, and have existed time out of mind, by means of which it is possible to
write upon either paper or vellum, so that the characters shall become visible
only when subjected to the action of fire. Zaffre, digested in aqua regia, and
diluted with four times its weight of water, is sometimes employed; a green tint
results. The regulus of cobalt, dissolved in spirit of nitre, gives a red. These
colors disappear at longer or shorter intervals after the material written upon
cools, but again become apparent upon the re-application of heat.
“I now scrutinized the death’s-head with care. Its outer edges—the edges of
the drawing nearest the edge of the vellum—were far more distinct than the
others. It was clear that the action of the caloric had been imperfect or unequal. I
immediately kindled a fire, and subjected every portion of the parchment to a
glowing heat. At first, the only effect was the strengthening of the faint lines in
the skull; but, upon persevering in the experiment, there became visible, at the
corner of the slip, diagonally opposite to the spot in which the death’s-head was
delineated, the figure of what I at first supposed to be a goat. A closer scrutiny,
however, satisfied me that it was intended for a kid.”
“Ha! ha!” said I, “to be sure I have no right to laugh at you—a million and a
half of money is too serious a matter for mirth—but you are not about to
establish a third link in your chain—you will not find any especial connexion
between your pirates and a goat—pirates, you know, have nothing to do with
goats; they appertain to the farming interest.”
“But I have just said that the figure was not that of a goat.”
“Well, a kid then—pretty much the same thing.”
“Pretty much, but not altogether,” said Legrand. “You may have heard of one
Captain Kidd. I at once looked upon the figure of the animal as a kind of
punning or hieroglyphical signature. I say signature; because its position upon
the vellum suggested this idea. The death’s-head at the corner diagonally
opposite, had, in the same manner, the air of a stamp, or seal. But I was sorely
put out by the absence of all else—of the body to my imagined instrument—of
the text for my context.”
“I presume you expected to find a letter between the stamp and the signature.”
“Something of that kind. The fact is, I felt irresistibly impressed with a
presentiment of some vast good fortune impending. I can scarcely say why.
Perhaps, after all, it was rather a desire than an actual belief;—but do you know
that Jupiter’s silly words, about the bug being of solid gold, had a remarkable
effect upon my fancy? And then the series of accidents and coincidences—these
were so very extraordinary. Do you observe how mere an accident it was that
these events should have occurred upon the sole day of all the year in which it
has been, or may be, sufficiently cool for fire, and that without the fire, or
without the intervention of the dog at the precise moment in which he appeared,
I should never have become aware of the death’s-head, and so never the
possessor of the treasure?”
“But proceed—I am all impatience.”
“Well; you have heard, of course, the many stories current—the thousand
vague rumors afloat about money buried, somewhere upon the Atlantic coast, by
Kidd and his associates. These rumors must have had some foundation in fact.
And that the rumors have existed so long and so continuous, could have resulted,
it appeared to me, only from the circumstance of the buried treasure still
remaining entombed. Had Kidd concealed his plunder for a time, and afterwards
reclaimed it, the rumors would scarcely have reached us in their present
unvarying form. You will observe that the stories told are all about money-
seekers, not about money-finders. Had the pirate recovered his money, there the
affair would have dropped. It seemed to me that some accident—say the loss of a
memorandum indicating its locality—had deprived him of the means of
recovering it, and that this accident had become known to his followers, who
otherwise might never have heard that treasure had been concealed at all, and
who, busying themselves in vain, because unguided attempts, to regain it, had
given first birth, and then universal currency, to the reports which are now so
common. Have you ever heard of any important treasure being unearthed along
the coast?”
“Never.”
“But that Kidd’s accumulations were immense, is well known. I took it for
granted, therefore, that the earth still held them; and you will scarcely be
surprised when I tell you that I felt a hope, nearly amounting to certainty, that the
parchment so strangely found, involved a lost record of the place of deposit.”
“But how did you proceed?”
“I held the vellum again to the fire, after increasing the heat; but nothing
appeared. I now thought it possible that the coating of dirt might have something
to do with the failure; so I carefully rinsed the parchment by pouring warm water
over it, and, having done this, I placed it in a tin pan, with the skull downwards,
and put the pan upon a furnace of lighted charcoal. In a few minutes, the pan
having become thoroughly heated, I removed the slip, and, to my inexpressible
joy, found it spotted, in several places, with what appeared to be figures arranged
in lines. Again I placed it in the pan, and suffered it to remain another minute.
Upon taking it off, the whole was just as you see it now.” Here Legrand, having
re-heated the parchment, submitted it to my inspection. The following characters
were rudely traced, in a red tint, between the death’s-head and the goat:
 “53‡‡†305))6*;4826)4‡)4‡);806*;48†8¶60))85;1‡);:‡
*8†83(88)5*†;46(;88*96*?;8)*‡(;485);5*†2:*‡(;4956*
2(5*—4)8¶8*;4069285);)6†8)4‡‡;1(‡9;48081;8:8‡1;4
8†85;4)485†528806*81(‡9;48;(88;4(‡?34;48)4‡;161;:
188;‡?;”

“But,” said I, returning him the slip, “I am as much in the dark as ever. Were
all the jewels of Golconda awaiting me upon my solution of this enigma, I am
quite sure that I should be unable to earn them.”
“And yet,” said Legrand, “the solution is by no means so difficult as you
might be lead to imagine from the first hasty inspection of the characters. These
characters, as any one might readily guess, form a cipher—that is to say, they
convey a meaning; but then, from what is known of Kidd, I could not suppose
him capable of constructing any of the more abstruse cryptographs. I made up
my mind, at once, that this was of a simple species—such, however, as would
appear, to the crude intellect of the sailor, absolutely insoluble without the key.”
“And you really solved it?”
“Readily; I have solved others of an abstruseness ten thousand times greater.
Circumstances, and a certain bias of mind, have led me to take interest in such
riddles, and it may well be doubted whether human ingenuity can construct an
enigma of the kind which human ingenuity may not, by proper application,
resolve. In fact, having once established connected and legible characters, I
scarcely gave a thought to the mere difficulty of developing their import.
“In the present case—indeed in all cases of secret writing—the first question
regards the language of the cipher; for the principles of solution, so far,
especially, as the more simple ciphers are concerned, depend upon, and are
varied by, the genius of the particular idiom. In general, there is no alternative
but experiment (directed by probabilities) of every tongue known to him who
attempts the solution, until the true one be attained. But, with the cipher now
before us, all difficulty was removed by the signature. The pun upon the word
‘Kidd’ is appreciable in no other language than the English. But for this
consideration I should have begun my attempts with the Spanish and French, as
the tongues in which a secret of this kind would most naturally have been written
by a pirate of the Spanish main. As it was, I assumed the cryptograph to be
English.
“You observe there are no divisions between the words. Had there been
divisions, the task would have been comparatively easy. In such case I should
have commenced with a collation and analysis of the shorter words, and, had a
word of a single letter occurred, as is most likely, (a or I, for example,) I should
have considered the solution as assured. But, there being no division, my first
step was to ascertain the predominant letters, as well as the least frequent.
Counting all, I constructed a table, thus:
Of the character 8 there are 33.
; “ 26.
4 “ 19.
‡ ) “ 16.
* “ 13.
5 “ 12.
6 “ 11.
† 1 “ 8.
0 “ 6.
9 2 “ 5.
: 3 “ 4.
? “ 3.
¶ “ 2.
-. “ 1.

“Now, in English, the letter which most frequently occurs is e. Afterwards,

succession runs thus: a o i d h n r s t u y c f g l m w b k p q x z. E predominates
so remarkably that an individual sentence of any length is rarely seen, in which it
is not the prevailing character.
“Here, then, we leave, in the very beginning, the groundwork for something
more than a mere guess. The general use which may be made of the table is
obvious—but, in this particular cipher, we shall only very partially require its
aid. As our predominant character is 8, we will commence by assuming it as the
e of the natural alphabet. To verify the supposition, let us observe if the 8 be seen
often in couples—for e is doubled with great frequency in English—in such
words, for example, as ‘meet,’ ‘.fleet,’ ‘speed,’ ‘seen,’ been,’ ‘agree,’ &c. In the
present instance we see it doubled no less than five times, although the
cryptograph is brief.
“Let us assume 8, then, as e. Now, of all words in the language, ‘the’ is most
usual; let us see, therefore, whether there are not repetitions of any three
characters, in the same order of collocation, the last of them being 8. If we
discover repetitions of such letters, so arranged, they will most probably
represent the word ‘the.’ Upon inspection, we find no less than seven such
arrangements, the characters being;48. We may, therefore, assume that;
represents t, 4 represents h, and 8 represents e—the last being now well
confirmed. Thus a great step has been taken.
“But, having established a single word, we are enabled to establish a vastly
important point; that is to say, several commencements and terminations of other
words. Let us refer, for example, to the last instance but one, in which the
combination;48 occurs—not far from the end of the cipher. We know that the;
immediately ensuing is the commencement of a word, and, of the six characters
succeeding this ‘the,’ we are cognizant of no less than five. Let us set these
characters down, thus, by the letters we know them to represent, leaving a space
for the unknown—
t eeth.
“Here we are enabled, at once, to discard the ‘th,’ as forming no portion of the
word commencing with the first t; since, by experiment of the entire alphabet for
a letter adapted to the vacancy, we perceive that no word can be formed of which
this th can be a part. We are thus narrowed into
t ee,
and, going through the alphabet, if necessary, as before, we arrive at the word
‘tree,’ as the sole possible reading. We thus gain another letter, r, represented by
(, with the words ‘the tree’ in juxtaposition.
“Looking beyond these words, for a short distance, we again see the
combination;48, and employ it by way of termination to what immediately
precedes. We have thus this arrangement:
the tree;4(‡?34 the,
or, substituting the natural letters, where known, it reads thus:
the tree thr‡?3h the.
“Now, if, in place of the unknown characters, we leave blank spaces, or
substitute dots, we read thus:
the tree thr...h the,
when the word ‘through’ makes itself evident at once. But this discovery gives
us three new letters, o, u and g, represented by ‡, ? and 3.
“Looking now, narrowly, through the cipher for combinations of known
characters, we find, not very far from the beginning, this arrangement,
83(88, or egree,
which, plainly, is the conclusion of the word ‘degree,’ and gives us another
letter, d, represented by †.
“Four letters beyond the word ‘degree,’ we perceive the combination
;46(;88.
“Translating the known characters, and representing the unknown by dots, as
before, we read thus: th rtee. an arrangement immediately suggestive of the word
‘thirteen,’ and again furnishing us with two new characters, i and n, represented
by 6 and *.
“Referring, now, to the beginning of the cryptograph, we find the
combination,
53‡‡†.
“Translating, as before, we obtain
good,
which assures us that the first letter is A, and that the first two words are ‘A
good.’
“It is now time that we arrange our key, as far as discovered, in a tabular form,
to avoid confusion. It will stand thus:
5 represents a
† “ d
8 “ e
3 “ g
4 “ h
6 “ i
* “ n
‡ “ o
( “ r
; “ t

“We have, therefore, no less than ten of the most important letters represented,
and it will be unnecessary to proceed with the details of the solution. I have said
enough to convince you that ciphers of this nature are readily soluble, and to
give you some insight into the rationale of their development. But be assured
that the specimen before us appertains to the very simplest species of
cryptograph. It now only remains to give you the full translation of the
characters upon the parchment, as unriddled. Here it is:
“‘A good glass in the bishop’s hostel in the devil’s seat forty-one degrees and
thirteen minutes northeast and by north main branch seventh limb east side
shoot from the left eye of the death’s-head a bee line from the tree through the
shot fifty feet out.’”
“But,” said I, “the enigma seems still in as bad a condition as ever. How is it
possible to extort a meaning from all this jargon about ‘devil’s seats,’ ‘death’s
heads,’ and ‘bishop’s hotels?’”
“I confess,” replied Legrand, “that the matter still wears a serious aspect,
when regarded with a casual glance. My first endeavor was to divide the
sentence into the natural division intended by the cryptographist.”
“You mean, to punctuate it?”
“Something of that kind.”
“But how was it possible to effect this?”
“I reflected that it had been a point with the writer to run his words together
without division, so as to increase the difficulty of solution. Now, a not over-
acute man, in pursuing such an object would be nearly certain to overdo the
matter. When, in the course of his composition, he arrived at a break in his
subject which would naturally require a pause, or a point, he would be
exceedingly apt to run his characters, at this place, more than usually close
together. If you will observe the MS., in the present instance, you will easily
detect five such cases of unusual crowding. Acting upon this hint, I made the
division thus: ‘A good glass in the Bishop’s hostel in the Devil’s seat—forty-one
degrees and thirteen minutes—northeast and by north—main branch seventh
limb east side—shoot from the left eye of the death’s-head—a bee-line from the
tree through the shot fifty feet out.’”
“Even this division,” said I, “leaves me still in the dark.”
“It left me also in the dark,” replied Legrand, “for a few days; during which I
made diligent inquiry, in the neighborhood of Sullivan’s Island, for any building
which went by the name of the ‘Bishop’s Hotel;’ for, of course, I dropped the
obsolete word ‘hostel.’ Gaining no information on the subject, I was on the point
of extending my sphere of search, and proceeding in a more systematic manner,
when, one morning, it entered into my head, quite suddenly, that this ‘Bishop’s
Hostel’ might have some reference to an old family, of the name of Bessop,
which, time out of mind, had held possession of an ancient manor-house, about
four miles to the northward of the Island. I accordingly went over to the
plantation, and re-instituted my inquiries among the older negroes of the place.
At length one of the most aged of the women said that she had heard of such a
place as Bessop’s Castle, and thought that she could guide me to it, but that it
was not a castle nor a tavern, but a high rock.
“I offered to pay her well for her trouble, and, after some demur, she
consented to accompany me to the spot. We found it without much difficulty,
when, dismissing her, I proceeded to examine the place. The ‘castle’ consisted of
an irregular assemblage of cliffs and rocks—one of the latter being quite
remarkable for its height as well as for its insulated and artificial appearance I
clambered to its apex, and then felt much at a loss as to what should be next
done.
“While I was busied in reflection, my eyes fell upon a narrow ledge in the
eastern face of the rock, perhaps a yard below the summit upon which I stood.
This ledge projected about eighteen inches, and was not more than a foot wide,
while a niche in the cliff just above it, gave it a rude resemblance to one of the
hollow-backed chairs used by our ancestors. I made no doubt that here was the
‘devil’s seat’ alluded to in the MS., and now I seemed to grasp the full secret of
the riddle.
 “The ‘good glass,’ I knew, could have reference to nothing but a telescope; for
the word ‘glass’ is rarely employed in any other sense by seamen. Now here, I at
once saw, was a telescope to be used, and a definite point of view, admitting no
variation, from which to use it. Nor did I hesitate to believe that the phrases,
“forty-one degrees and thirteen minutes,’ and ‘northeast and by north,’ were
intended as directions for the levelling of the glass. Greatly excited by these
discoveries, I hurried home, procured a telescope, and returned to the rock.
“I let myself down to the ledge, and found that it was impossible to retain a
seat upon it except in one particular position. This fact confirmed my
preconceived idea. I proceeded to use the glass. Of course, the ‘forty-one
degrees and thirteen minutes’ could allude to nothing but elevation above the
visible horizon, since the horizontal direction was clearly indicated by the words,
‘northeast and by north.’ This latter direction I at once established by means of a
pocket-compass; then, pointing the glass as nearly at an angle of forty-one
degrees of elevation as I could do it by guess, I moved it cautiously up or down,
until my attention was arrested by a circular rift or opening in the foliage of a
large tree that overtopped its fellows in the distance. In the centre of this rift I
perceived a white spot, but could not, at first, distinguish what it was. Adjusting
the focus of the telescope, I again looked, and now made it out to be a human
skull.
“Upon this discovery I was so sanguine as to consider the enigma solved; for
the phrase ‘main branch, seventh limb, east side,’ could refer only to the position
of the skull upon the tree, while ‘shoot from the left eye of the death’s head’
admitted, also, of but one interpretation, in regard to a search for buried treasure.
I perceived that the design was to drop a bullet from the left eye of the skull, and
that a bee-line, or, in other words, a straight line, drawn from the nearest point of
the trunk through ‘the shot,’ (or the spot where the bullet fell,) and thence
extended to a distance of fifty feet, would indicate a definite point—and beneath
this point I thought it at least possible that a deposit of value lay concealed.”
“All this,” I said, “is exceedingly clear, and, although ingenious, still simple
and explicit. When you left the Bishop’s Hotel, what then?”
“Why, having carefully taken the bearings of the tree, I turned homewards.
The instant that I left ‘the devil’s seat,’ however, the circular rift vanished; nor
could I get a glimpse of it afterwards, turn as I would. What seems to me the
chief ingenuity in this whole business, is the fact (for repeated experiment has
convinced me it is a fact) that the circular opening in question is visible from no
other attainable point of view than that afforded by the narrow ledge upon the
face of the rock.
 “In this expedition to the ‘Bishop’s Hotel’ I had been attended by Jupiter, who
had, no doubt, observed, for some weeks past, the abstraction of my demeanor,
and took especial care not to leave me alone. But, on the next day, getting up
very early, I contrived to give him the slip, and went into the hills in search of
the tree. After much toil I found it. When I came home at night my valet
proposed to give me a flogging. With the rest of the adventure I believe you are
as well acquainted as myself.”
“I suppose,” said I, “you missed the spot, in the first attempt at digging,
through Jupiter’s stupidity in letting the bug fall through the right instead of
through the left eye of the skull.”
“Precisely. This mistake made a difference of about two inches and a half in
the ‘shot’—that is to say, in the position of the peg nearest the tree; and had the
treasure been beneath the ‘shot,’ the error would have been of little moment; but
‘the shot,’ together with the nearest point of the tree, were merely two points for
the establishment of a line of direction; of course the error, however trivial in the
beginning, increased as we proceeded with the line, and by the time we had gone
fifty feet, threw us quite off the scent. But for my deep-seated impressions that
treasure was here somewhere actually buried, we might have had all our labor in
vain.”
“But your grandiloquence, and your conduct in swinging the beetle—how
excessively odd! I was sure you were mad. And why did you insist upon letting
fall the bug, instead of a bullet, from the skull?”
“Why, to be frank, I felt somewhat annoyed by your evident suspicions
touching my sanity, and so resolved to punish you quietly, in my own way, by a
little bit of sober mystification. For this reason I swung the beetle, and for this
reason I let it fall it from the tree. An observation of yours about its great weight
suggested the latter idea.”
“Yes, I perceive; and now there is only one point which puzzles me. What are
we to make of the skeletons found in the hole?”
“That is a question I am no more able to answer than yourself. There seems,
however, only one plausible way of accounting for them—and yet it is dreadful
to believe in such atrocity as my suggestion would imply. It is clear that Kidd—
if Kidd indeed secreted this treasure, which I doubt not—it is clear that he must
have had assistance in the labor. But this labor concluded, he may have thought
it expedient to remove all participants in his secret. Perhaps a couple of blows
with a mattock were sufficient, while his coadjutors were busy in the pit; perhaps
it required a dozen—who shall tell?”
 FOUR BEASTS IN ONE—THE HOMO-
CAMELEOPARD
Chacun a ses vertus.
—Crebillon’s Xerxes.

ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES is very generally looked upon as the Gog of the

prophet Ezekiel. This honor is, however, more properly attributable to
Cambyses, the son of Cyrus. And, indeed, the character of the Syrian monarch
does by no means stand in need of any adventitious embellishment. His
accession to the throne, or rather his usurpation of the sovereignty, a hundred and
seventy-one years before the coming of Christ; his attempt to plunder the temple
of Diana at Ephesus; his implacable hostility to the Jews; his pollution of the
Holy of Holies; and his miserable death at Taba, after a tumultuous reign of
eleven years, are circumstances of a prominent kind, and therefore more
generally noticed by the historians of his time than the impious, dastardly, cruel,
silly, and whimsical achievements which make up the sum total of his private
life and reputation.
Let us suppose, gentle reader, that it is now the year of the world three
thousand eight hundred and thirty, and let us, for a few minutes, imagine
ourselves at that most grotesque habitation of man, the remarkable city of
Antioch. To be sure there were, in Syria and other countries, sixteen cities of that
appellation, besides the one to which I more particularly allude. But ours is that
which went by the name of Antiochia Epidaphne, from its vicinity to the little
village of Daphne, where stood a temple to that divinity. It was built (although
about this matter there is some dispute) by Seleucus Nicanor, the first king of the
country after Alexander the Great, in memory of his father Antiochus, and
became immediately the residence of the Syrian monarchy. In the flourishing
times of the Roman Empire, it was the ordinary station of the prefect of the
eastern provinces; and many of the emperors of the queen city (among whom
may be mentioned, especially, Verus and Valens) spent here the greater part of
their time. But I perceive we have arrived at the city itself. Let us ascend this
battlement, and throw our eyes upon the town and neighboring country.
“What broad and rapid river is that which forces its way, with innumerable
falls, through the mountainous wilderness, and finally through the wilderness of
buildings?”
 That is the Orontes, and it is the only water in sight, with the exception of the
Mediterranean, which stretches, like a broad mirror, about twelve miles off to the
southward. Every one has seen the Mediterranean; but let me tell you, there are
few who have had a peep at Antioch. By few, I mean, few who, like you and me,
have had, at the same time, the advantages of a modern education. Therefore
cease to regard that sea, and give your whole attention to the mass of houses that
lie beneath us. You will remember that it is now the year of the world three
thousand eight hundred and thirty. Were it later—for example, were it the year of
our Lord eighteen hundred and forty-five, we should be deprived of this
extraordinary spectacle. In the nineteenth century Antioch is—that is to say,
Antioch will be—in a lamentable state of decay. It will have been, by that time,
totally destroyed, at three different periods, by three successive earthquakes.
Indeed, to say the truth, what little of its former self may then remain, will be
found in so desolate and ruinous a state that the patriarch shall have removed his
residence to Damascus. This is well. I see you profit by my advice, and are
making the most of your time in inspecting the premises—in
-satisfying your eyes
With the memorials and the things of fame
That most renown this city.—
I beg pardon; I had forgotten that Shakespeare will not flourish for seventeen
hundred and fifty years to come. But does not the appearance of Epidaphne
justify me in calling it grotesque?
“It is well fortified; and in this respect is as much indebted to nature as to art.”
Very true.
“There are a prodigious number of stately palaces.”
There are.
“And the numerous temples, sumptuous and magnificent, may bear
comparison with the most lauded of antiquity.”
All this I must acknowledge. Still there is an infinity of mud huts, and
abominable hovels. We cannot help perceiving abundance of filth in every
kennel, and, were it not for the over-powering fumes of idolatrous incense, I
have no doubt we should find a most intolerable stench. Did you ever behold
streets so insufferably narrow, or houses so miraculously tall? What gloom their
shadows cast upon the ground! It is well the swinging lamps in those endless
colonnades are kept burning throughout the day; we should otherwise have the
darkness of Egypt in the time of her desolation.
 “It is certainly a strange place! What is the meaning of yonder singular
building? See! it towers above all others, and lies to the eastward of what I take
to be the royal palace.”
That is the new Temple of the Sun, who is adored in Syria under the title of
Elah Gabalah. Hereafter a very notorious Roman Emperor will institute this
worship in Rome, and thence derive a cognomen, Heliogabalus. I dare say you
would like to take a peep at the divinity of the temple. You need not look up at
the heavens; his Sunship is not there—at least not the Sunship adored by the
Syrians. That deity will be found in the interior of yonder building. He is
worshipped under the figure of a large stone pillar terminating at the summit in a
cone or pyramid, whereby is denoted Fire.
“Hark—behold!—who can those ridiculous beings be, half naked, with their
faces painted, shouting and gesticulating to the rabble?”
Some few are mountebanks. Others more particularly belong to the race of
philosophers. The greatest portion, however—those especially who belabor the
populace with clubs—are the principal courtiers of the palace, executing as in
duty bound, some laudable comicality of the king’s.
“But what have we here? Heavens! the town is swarming with wild beasts!
How terrible a spectacle!—how dangerous a peculiarity!”
Terrible, if you please; but not in the least degree dangerous. Each animal if
you will take the pains to observe, is following, very quietly, in the wake of its
master. Some few, to be sure, are led with a rope about the neck, but these are
chiefly the lesser or timid species. The lion, the tiger, and the leopard are entirely
without restraint. They have been trained without difficulty to their present
profession, and attend upon their respective owners in the capacity of valets-de-
chambre. It is true, there are occasions when Nature asserts her violated
dominions;—but then the devouring of a man-at-arms, or the throttling of a
consecrated bull, is a circumstance of too little moment to be more than hinted at
in Epidaphne.
“But what extraordinary tumult do I hear? Surely this is a loud noise even for
Antioch! It argues some commotion of unusual interest.”
Yes—undoubtedly. The king has ordered some novel spectacle—some
gladiatorial exhibition at the hippodrome—or perhaps the massacre of the
Scythian prisoners—or the conflagration of his new palace—or the tearing down
of a handsome temple—or, indeed, a bonfire of a few Jews. The uproar
increases. Shouts of laughter ascend the skies. The air becomes dissonant with
wind instruments, and horrible with clamor of a million throats. Let us descend,
for the love of fun, and see what is going on! This way—be careful! Here we are
in the principal street, which is called the street of Timarchus. The sea of people
is coming this way, and we shall find a difficulty in stemming the tide. They are
pouring through the alley of Heraclides, which leads directly from the palace;—
therefore the king is most probably among the rioters. Yes;—I hear the shouts of
the herald proclaiming his approach in the pompous phraseology of the East. We
shall have a glimpse of his person as he passes by the temple of Ashimah. Let us
ensconce ourselves in the vestibule of the sanctuary; he will be here anon. In the
meantime let us survey this image. What is it? Oh! it is the god Ashimah in
proper person. You perceive, however, that he is neither a lamb, nor a goat, nor a
satyr, neither has he much resemblance to the Pan of the Arcadians. Yet all these
appearances have been given—I beg pardon—will be given—by the learned of
future ages, to the Ashimah of the Syrians. Put on your spectacles, and tell me
what it is. What is it?
“Bless me! it is an ape!”
True—a baboon; but by no means the less a deity. His name is a derivation of
the Greek Simia—what great fools are antiquarians! But see!—see!—yonder
scampers a ragged little urchin. Where is he going? What is he bawling about?
What does he say? Oh! he says the king is coming in triumph; that he is dressed
in state; that he has just finished putting to death, with his own hand, a thousand
chained Israelitish prisoners! For this exploit the ragamuffin is lauding him to
the skies. Hark! here comes a troop of a similar description. They have made a
Latin hymn upon the valor of the king, and are singing it as they go:
Mille, mille, mille,
Mille, mille, mille,
Decollavimus, unus homo!
Mille, mille, mille, mille, decollavimus!
Mille, mille, mille,
Vivat qui mille mille occidit!
Tantum vini habet nemo
Quantum sanguinis effudit!(*1)
Which may be thus paraphrased:
A thousand, a thousand, a thousand,
A thousand, a thousand, a thousand,
We, with one warrior, have slain!
 A thousand, a thousand, a thousand, a thousand.
Sing a thousand over again!
Soho!—let us sing
Long life to our king,
Who knocked over a thousand so fine!
Soho!—let us roar,
He has given us more
Red gallons of gore
Than all Syria can furnish of wine!
“Do you hear that flourish of trumpets?”
Yes: the king is coming! See! the people are aghast with admiration, and lift
up their eyes to the heavens in reverence. He comes;—he is coming;—there he
is!
“Who?—where?—the king?—do not behold him—cannot say that I perceive
him.”
Then you must be blind.
“Very possible. Still I see nothing but a tumultuous mob of idiots and
madmen, who are busy in prostrating themselves before a gigantic cameleopard,
and endeavoring to obtain a kiss of the animal’s hoofs. See! the beast has very
justly kicked one of the rabble over—and another—and another—and another.
Indeed, I cannot help admiring the animal for the excellent use he is making of
his feet.”
Rabble, indeed!—why these are the noble and free citizens of Epidaphne!
Beasts, did you say?—take care that you are not overheard. Do you not perceive
that the animal has the visage of a man? Why, my dear sir, that cameleopard is
no other than Antiochus Epiphanes, Antiochus the Illustrious, King of Syria, and
the most potent of all the autocrats of the East! It is true, that he is entitled, at
times, Antiochus Epimanes—Antiochus the madman—but that is because all
people have not the capacity to appreciate his merits. It is also certain that he is
at present ensconced in the hide of a beast, and is doing his best to play the part
of a cameleopard; but this is done for the better sustaining his dignity as king.
Besides, the monarch is of gigantic stature, and the dress is therefore neither
unbecoming nor over large. We may, however, presume he would not have
adopted it but for some occasion of especial state. Such, you will allow, is the
massacre of a thousand Jews. With how superior a dignity the monarch
perambulates on all fours! His tail, you perceive, is held aloft by his two
principal concubines, Elline and Argelais; and his whole appearance would be
infinitely prepossessing, were it not for the protuberance of his eyes, which will
certainly start out of his head, and the queer color of his face, which has become
nondescript from the quantity of wine he has swallowed. Let us follow him to
the hippodrome, whither he is proceeding, and listen to the song of triumph
which he is commencing:
Who is king but Epiphanes?
Say—do you know?
Who is king but Epiphanes?
Bravo!—bravo!
There is none but Epiphanes,
No—there is none:
So tear down the temples,
And put out the sun!
Well and strenuously sung! The populace are hailing him ‘Prince of Poets,’ as
well as ‘Glory of the East,’ ‘Delight of the Universe,’ and ‘Most Remarkable of
Cameleopards.’ They have encored his effusion, and do you hear?—he is singing
it over again. When he arrives at the hippodrome, he will be crowned with the
poetic wreath, in anticipation of his victory at the approaching Olympics.
“But, good Jupiter! what is the matter in the crowd behind us?”
Behind us, did you say?—oh! ah!—I perceive. My friend, it is well that you
spoke in time. Let us get into a place of safety as soon as possible. Here!—let us
conceal ourselves in the arch of this aqueduct, and I will inform you presently of
the origin of the commotion. It has turned out as I have been anticipating. The
singular appearance of the cameleopard and the head of a man, has, it seems,
given offence to the notions of propriety entertained, in general, by the wild
animals domesticated in the city. A mutiny has been the result; and, as is usual
upon such occasions, all human efforts will be of no avail in quelling the mob.
Several of the Syrians have already been devoured; but the general voice of the
four-footed patriots seems to be for eating up the cameleopard. ‘The Prince of
Poets,’ therefore, is upon his hinder legs, running for his life. His courtiers have
left him in the lurch, and his concubines have followed so excellent an example.
‘Delight of the Universe,’ thou art in a sad predicament! ‘Glory of the East,’ thou
art in danger of mastication! Therefore never regard so piteously thy tail; it will
undoubtedly be draggled in the mud, and for this there is no help. Look not
behind thee, then, at its unavoidable degradation; but take courage, ply thy legs
with vigor, and scud for the hippodrome! Remember that thou art Antiochus
Epiphanes. Antiochus the Illustrious!—also ‘Prince of Poets,’ ‘Glory of the
East,’ ‘Delight of the Universe,’ and ‘Most Remarkable of Cameleopards!’
Heavens! what a power of speed thou art displaying! What a capacity for leg-
bail thou art developing! Run, Prince!—Bravo, Epiphanes! Well done,
Cameleopard!—Glorious Antiochus!—He runs!—he leaps!—he flies! Like an
arrow from a catapult he approaches the hippodrome! He leaps!—he shrieks!—
he is there! This is well; for hadst thou, ‘Glory of the East,’ been half a second
longer in reaching the gates of the Amphitheatre, there is not a bear’s cub in
Epidaphne that would not have had a nibble at thy carcase. Let us be off—let us
take our departure!—for we shall find our delicate modern ears unable to endure
the vast uproar which is about to commence in celebration of the king’s escape!
Listen! it has already commenced. See!—the whole town is topsy-turvy.
“Surely this is the most populous city of the East! What a wilderness of
people! what a jumble of all ranks and ages! what a multiplicity of sects and
nations! what a variety of costumes! what a Babel of languages! what a
screaming of beasts! what a tinkling of instruments! what a parcel of
philosophers!”
Come let us be off.
“Stay a moment! I see a vast hubbub in the hippodrome; what is the meaning
of it, I beseech you?”
That?—oh, nothing! The noble and free citizens of Epidaphne being, as they
declare, well satisfied of the faith, valor, wisdom, and divinity of their king, and
having, moreover, been eye-witnesses of his late superhuman agility, do think it
no more than their duty to invest his brows (in addition to the poetic crown) with
the wreath of victory in the footrace—a wreath which it is evident he must
obtain at the celebration of the next Olympiad, and which, therefore, they now
give him in advance.
 Footnotes—Four Beasts
(*1) Flavius Vospicus says, that the hymn here introduced was sung by the
rabble upon the occasion of Aurelian, in the Sarmatic war, having slain, with his
own hand, nine hundred and fifty of the enemy.
 THE MURDERS IN THE RUE MORGUE
What song the Syrens sang, or what name Achilles assumed when he hid
himself among women, although puzzling questions, are not beyond
all conjecture.

—Sir Thomas Browne.

The mental features discoursed of as the analytical, are, in themselves, but

little susceptible of analysis. We appreciate them only in their effects. We know
of them, among other things, that they are always to their possessor, when
inordinately possessed, a source of the liveliest enjoyment. As the strong man
exults in his physical ability, delighting in such exercises as call his muscles into
action, so glories the analyst in that moral activity which disentangles. He
derives pleasure from even the most trivial occupations bringing his talent into
play. He is fond of enigmas, of conundrums, of hieroglyphics; exhibiting in his
solutions of each a degree of acumen which appears to the ordinary
apprehension præternatural. His results, brought about by the very soul and
essence of method, have, in truth, the whole air of intuition.
The faculty of re-solution is possibly much invigorated by mathematical study,
and especially by that highest branch of it which, unjustly, and merely on
account of its retrograde operations, has been called, as if par excellence,
analysis. Yet to calculate is not in itself to analyse. A chess-player, for example,
does the one without effort at the other. It follows that the game of chess, in its
effects upon mental character, is greatly misunderstood. I am not now writing a
treatise, but simply prefacing a somewhat peculiar narrative by observations
very much at random; I will, therefore, take occasion to assert that the higher
powers of the reflective intellect are more decidedly and more usefully tasked by
the unostentatious game of draughts than by all the elaborate frivolity of chess.
In this latter, where the pieces have different and bizarre motions, with various
and variable values, what is only complex is mistaken (a not unusual error) for
what is profound. The attention is here called powerfully into play. If it flag for
an instant, an oversight is committed resulting in injury or defeat. The possible
moves being not only manifold but involute, the chances of such oversights are
multiplied; and in nine cases out of ten it is the more concentrative rather than
the more acute player who conquers. In draughts, on the contrary, where the
moves are unique and have but little variation, the probabilities of inadvertence
are diminished, and the mere attention being left comparatively unemployed,
what advantages are obtained by either party are obtained by superior acumen.
To be less abstract—Let us suppose a game of draughts where the pieces are
reduced to four kings, and where, of course, no oversight is to be expected. It is
obvious that here the victory can be decided (the players being at all equal) only
by some recherché movement, the result of some strong exertion of the intellect.
Deprived of ordinary resources, the analyst throws himself into the spirit of his
opponent, identifies himself therewith, and not unfrequently sees thus, at a
glance, the sole methods (sometime indeed absurdly simple ones) by which he
may seduce into error or hurry into miscalculation.
Whist has long been noted for its influence upon what is termed the
calculating power; and men of the highest order of intellect have been known to
take an apparently unaccountable delight in it, while eschewing chess as
frivolous. Beyond doubt there is nothing of a similar nature so greatly tasking
the faculty of analysis. The best chess-player in Christendom may be little more
than the best player of chess; but proficiency in whist implies capacity for
success in all those more important undertakings where mind struggles with
mind. When I say proficiency, I mean that perfection in the game which includes
a comprehension of all the sources whence legitimate advantage may be derived.
These are not only manifold but multiform, and lie frequently among recesses of
thought altogether inaccessible to the ordinary understanding. To observe
attentively is to remember distinctly; and, so far, the concentrative chess-player
will do very well at whist; while the rules of Hoyle (themselves based upon the
mere mechanism of the game) are sufficiently and generally comprehensible.
Thus to have a retentive memory, and to proceed by “the book,” are points
commonly regarded as the sum total of good playing. But it is in matters beyond
the limits of mere rule that the skill of the analyst is evinced. He makes, in
silence, a host of observations and inferences. So, perhaps, do his companions;
and the difference in the extent of the information obtained, lies not so much in
the validity of the inference as in the quality of the observation. The necessary
knowledge is that of what to observe. Our player confines himself not at all; nor,
because the game is the object, does he reject deductions from things external to
the game. He examines the countenance of his partner, comparing it carefully
with that of each of his opponents. He considers the mode of assorting the cards
in each hand; often counting trump by trump, and honor by honor, through the
glances bestowed by their holders upon each. He notes every variation of face as
the play progresses, gathering a fund of thought from the differences in the
expression of certainty, of surprise, of triumph, or of chagrin. From the manner
of gathering up a trick he judges whether the person taking it can make another
in the suit. He recognises what is played through feint, by the air with which it is
thrown upon the table. A casual or inadvertent word; the accidental dropping or
turning of a card, with the accompanying anxiety or carelessness in regard to its
concealment; the counting of the tricks, with the order of their arrangement;
embarrassment, hesitation, eagerness or trepidation—all afford, to his apparently
intuitive perception, indications of the true state of affairs. The first two or three
rounds having been played, he is in full possession of the contents of each hand,
and thenceforward puts down his cards with as absolute a precision of purpose
as if the rest of the party had turned outward the faces of their own.
The analytical power should not be confounded with ample ingenuity; for
while the analyst is necessarily ingenious, the ingenious man is often remarkably
incapable of analysis. The constructive or combining power, by which ingenuity
is usually manifested, and to which the phrenologists (I believe erroneously)
have assigned a separate organ, supposing it a primitive faculty, has been so
frequently seen in those whose intellect bordered otherwise upon idiocy, as to
have attracted general observation among writers on morals. Between ingenuity
and the analytic ability there exists a difference far greater, indeed, than that
between the fancy and the imagination, but of a character very strictly
analogous. It will be found, in fact, that the ingenious are always fanciful, and
the truly imaginative never otherwise than analytic.
The narrative which follows will appear to the reader somewhat in the light of
a commentary upon the propositions just advanced.
Residing in Paris during the spring and part of the summer of 18—, I there
became acquainted with a Monsieur C. Auguste Dupin. This young gentleman
was of an excellent—indeed of an illustrious family, but, by a variety of
untoward events, had been reduced to such poverty that the energy of his
character succumbed beneath it, and he ceased to bestir himself in the world, or
to care for the retrieval of his fortunes. By courtesy of his creditors, there still
remained in his possession a small remnant of his patrimony; and, upon the
income arising from this, he managed, by means of a rigorous economy, to
procure the necessaries of life, without troubling himself about its superfluities.
Books, indeed, were his sole luxuries, and in Paris these are easily obtained.
Our first meeting was at an obscure library in the Rue Montmartre, where the
accident of our both being in search of the same very rare and very remarkable
volume, brought us into closer communion. We saw each other again and again.
I was deeply interested in the little family history which he detailed to me with
all that candor which a Frenchman indulges whenever mere self is his theme. I
was astonished, too, at the vast extent of his reading; and, above all, I felt my
soul enkindled within me by the wild fervor, and the vivid freshness of his
imagination. Seeking in Paris the objects I then sought, I felt that the society of
such a man would be to me a treasure beyond price; and this feeling I frankly
confided to him. It was at length arranged that we should live together during my
stay in the city; and as my worldly circumstances were somewhat less
embarrassed than his own, I was permitted to be at the expense of renting, and
furnishing in a style which suited the rather fantastic gloom of our common
temper, a time-eaten and grotesque mansion, long deserted through superstitions
into which we did not inquire, and tottering to its fall in a retired and desolate
portion of the Faubourg St. Germain.
Had the routine of our life at this place been known to the world, we should
have been regarded as madmen—although, perhaps, as madmen of a harmless
nature. Our seclusion was perfect. We admitted no visitors. Indeed the locality of
our retirement had been carefully kept a secret from my own former associates;
and it had been many years since Dupin had ceased to know or be known in
Paris. We existed within ourselves alone.
It was a freak of fancy in my friend (for what else shall I call it?) to be
enamored of the Night for her own sake; and into this bizarrerie, as into all his
others, I quietly fell; giving myself up to his wild whims with a perfect abandon.
The sable divinity would not herself dwell with us always; but we could
counterfeit her presence. At the first dawn of the morning we closed all the
messy shutters of our old building; lighting a couple of tapers which, strongly
perfumed, threw out only the ghastliest and feeblest of rays. By the aid of these
we then busied our souls in dreams—reading, writing, or conversing, until
warned by the clock of the advent of the true Darkness. Then we sallied forth
into the streets arm in arm, continuing the topics of the day, or roaming far and
wide until a late hour, seeking, amid the wild lights and shadows of the populous
city, that infinity of mental excitement which quiet observation can afford.
At such times I could not help remarking and admiring (although from his rich
ideality I had been prepared to expect it) a peculiar analytic ability in Dupin. He
seemed, too, to take an eager delight in its exercise—if not exactly in its display
—and did not hesitate to confess the pleasure thus derived. He boasted to me,
with a low chuckling laugh, that most men, in respect to himself, wore windows
in their bosoms, and was wont to follow up such assertions by direct and very
startling proofs of his intimate knowledge of my own. His manner at these
moments was frigid and abstract; his eyes were vacant in expression; while his
voice, usually a rich tenor, rose into a treble which would have sounded
petulantly but for the deliberateness and entire distinctness of the enunciation.
Observing him in these moods, I often dwelt meditatively upon the old
philosophy of the Bi-Part Soul, and amused myself with the fancy of a double
Dupin—the creative and the resolvent.
Let it not be supposed, from what I have just said, that I am detailing any
mystery, or penning any romance. What I have described in the Frenchman, was
merely the result of an excited, or perhaps of a diseased intelligence. But of the
character of his remarks at the periods in question an example will best convey
the idea.
We were strolling one night down a long dirty street in the vicinity of the
Palais Royal. Being both, apparently, occupied with thought, neither of us had
spoken a syllable for fifteen minutes at least. All at once Dupin broke forth with
these words:
“He is a very little fellow, that’s true, and would do better for the Théâtre des
Variétés.”
“There can be no doubt of that,” I replied unwittingly, and not at first
observing (so much had I been absorbed in reflection) the extraordinary manner
in which the speaker had chimed in with my meditations. In an instant afterward
I recollected myself, and my astonishment was profound.
“Dupin,” said I, gravely, “this is beyond my comprehension. I do not hesitate
to say that I am amazed, and can scarcely credit my senses. How was it possible
you should know I was thinking of ——-?” Here I paused, to ascertain beyond a
doubt whether he really knew of whom I thought.
—“of Chantilly,” said he, “why do you pause? You were remarking to
yourself that his diminutive figure unfitted him for tragedy.”
This was precisely what had formed the subject of my reflections. Chantilly
was a quondam cobbler of the Rue St. Denis, who, becoming stage-mad, had
attempted the rôle of Xerxes, in Crébillon’s tragedy so called, and been
notoriously Pasquinaded for his pains.
“Tell me, for Heaven’s sake,” I exclaimed, “the method—if method there is—
by which you have been enabled to fathom my soul in this matter.” In fact I was
even more startled than I would have been willing to express.
“It was the fruiterer,” replied my friend, “who brought you to the conclusion
that the mender of soles was not of sufficient height for Xerxes et id genus
omne.”
“The fruiterer!—you astonish me—I know no fruiterer whomsoever.”
“The man who ran up against you as we entered the street—it may have been
fifteen minutes ago.”
I now remembered that, in fact, a fruiterer, carrying upon his head a large
basket of apples, had nearly thrown me down, by accident, as we passed from
the Rue C —— into the thoroughfare where we stood; but what this had to do
with Chantilly I could not possibly understand.
There was not a particle of charlatanerie about Dupin. “I will explain,” he
said, “and that you may comprehend all clearly, we will first retrace the course
of your meditations, from the moment in which I spoke to you until that of the
rencontre with the fruiterer in question. The larger links of the chain run thus—
Chantilly, Orion, Dr. Nichols, Epicurus, Stereotomy, the street stones, the
fruiterer.”
There are few persons who have not, at some period of their lives, amused
themselves in retracing the steps by which particular conclusions of their own
minds have been attained. The occupation is often full of interest and he who
attempts it for the first time is astonished by the apparently illimitable distance
and incoherence between the starting-point and the goal. What, then, must have
been my amazement when I heard the Frenchman speak what he had just
spoken, and when I could not help acknowledging that he had spoken the truth.
He continued:
“We had been talking of horses, if I remember aright, just before leaving the
Rue C ——. This was the last subject we discussed. As we crossed into this
street, a fruiterer, with a large basket upon his head, brushing quickly past us,
thrust you upon a pile of paving stones collected at a spot where the causeway is
undergoing repair. You stepped upon one of the loose fragments, slipped, slightly
strained your ankle, appeared vexed or sulky, muttered a few words, turned to
look at the pile, and then proceeded in silence. I was not particularly attentive to
what you did; but observation has become with me, of late, a species of
necessity.
“You kept your eyes upon the ground—glancing, with a petulant expression,
at the holes and ruts in the pavement, (so that I saw you were still thinking of the
stones,) until we reached the little alley called Lamartine, which has been paved,
by way of experiment, with the overlapping and riveted blocks. Here your
countenance brightened up, and, perceiving your lips move, I could not doubt
that you murmured the word ‘stereotomy,’ a term very affectedly applied to this
species of pavement. I knew that you could not say to yourself ‘stereotomy’
without being brought to think of atomies, and thus of the theories of Epicurus;
and since, when we discussed this subject not very long ago, I mentioned to you
how singularly, yet with how little notice, the vague guesses of that noble Greek
had met with confirmation in the late nebular cosmogony, I felt that you could
not avoid casting your eyes upward to the great nebula in Orion, and I certainly
expected that you would do so. You did look up; and I was now assured that I
had correctly followed your steps. But in that bitter tirade upon Chantilly, which
appeared in yesterday’s ‘Musée,’ the satirist, making some disgraceful allusions
to the cobbler’s change of name upon assuming the buskin, quoted a Latin line
about which we have often conversed. I mean the line
 Perdidit antiquum litera sonum.

“I had told you that this was in reference to Orion, formerly written Urion;
and, from certain pungencies connected with this explanation, I was aware that
you could not have forgotten it. It was clear, therefore, that you would not fail to
combine the two ideas of Orion and Chantilly. That you did combine them I saw
by the character of the smile which passed over your lips. You thought of the
poor cobbler’s immolation. So far, you had been stooping in your gait; but now I
saw you draw yourself up to your full height. I was then sure that you reflected
upon the diminutive figure of Chantilly. At this point I interrupted your
meditations to remark that as, in fact, he was a very little fellow—that Chantilly
—he would do better at the Théâtre des Variétés.”
Not long after this, we were looking over an evening edition of the “Gazette
des Tribunaux,” when the following paragraphs arrested our attention.
“EXTRAORDINARY MURDERS.—This morning, about three o’clock, the
inhabitants of the Quartier St. Roch were aroused from sleep by a succession of
terrific shrieks, issuing, apparently, from the fourth story of a house in the Rue
Morgue, known to be in the sole occupancy of one Madame L’Espanaye, and her
daughter Mademoiselle Camille L’Espanaye. After some delay, occasioned by a
fruitless attempt to procure admission in the usual manner, the gateway was
broken in with a crowbar, and eight or ten of the neighbors entered accompanied
by two gendarmes. By this time the cries had ceased; but, as the party rushed up
the first flight of stairs, two or more rough voices in angry contention were
distinguished and seemed to proceed from the upper part of the house. As the
second landing was reached, these sounds, also, had ceased and everything
remained perfectly quiet. The party spread themselves and hurried from room to
room. Upon arriving at a large back chamber in the fourth story, (the door of
which, being found locked, with the key inside, was forced open,) a spectacle
presented itself which struck every one present not less with horror than with
astonishment.
“The apartment was in the wildest disorder—the furniture broken and thrown
about in all directions. There was only one bedstead; and from this the bed had
been removed, and thrown into the middle of the floor. On a chair lay a razor,
besmeared with blood. On the hearth were two or three long and thick tresses of
grey human hair, also dabbled in blood, and seeming to have been pulled out by
the roots. Upon the floor were found four Napoleons, an ear-ring of topaz, three
large silver spoons, three smaller of métal d’Alger, and two bags, containing
nearly four thousand francs in gold. The drawers of a bureau, which stood in one
corner were open, and had been, apparently, rifled, although many articles still
remained in them. A small iron safe was discovered under the bed (not under the
bedstead). It was open, with the key still in the door. It had no contents beyond a
few old letters, and other papers of little consequence.
“Of Madame L’Espanaye no traces were here seen; but an unusual quantity of
soot being observed in the fire-place, a search was made in the chimney, and
(horrible to relate!) the corpse of the daughter, head downward, was dragged
therefrom; it having been thus forced up the narrow aperture for a considerable
distance. The body was quite warm. Upon examining it, many excoriations were
perceived, no doubt occasioned by the violence with which it had been thrust up
and disengaged. Upon the face were many severe scratches, and, upon the throat,
dark bruises, and deep indentations of finger nails, as if the deceased had been
throttled to death.
“After a thorough investigation of every portion of the house, without farther
discovery, the party made its way into a small paved yard in the rear of the
building, where lay the corpse of the old lady, with her throat so entirely cut that,
upon an attempt to raise her, the head fell off. The body, as well as the head, was
fearfully mutilated—the former so much so as scarcely to retain any semblance
of humanity.
“To this horrible mystery there is not as yet, we believe, the slightest clew.”
The next day’s paper had these additional particulars.
“The Tragedy in the Rue Morgue. Many individuals have been examined in
relation to this most extraordinary and frightful affair. [The word ‘affaire’ has not
yet, in France, that levity of import which it conveys with us,] “but nothing
whatever has transpired to throw light upon it. We give below all the material
testimony elicited.
“Pauline Dubourg, laundress, deposes that she has known both the deceased
for three years, having washed for them during that period. The old lady and her
daughter seemed on good terms—very affectionate towards each other. They
were excellent pay. Could not speak in regard to their mode or means of living.
Believed that Madame L. told fortunes for a living. Was reputed to have money
put by. Never met any persons in the house when she called for the clothes or
took them home. Was sure that they had no servant in employ. There appeared to
be no furniture in any part of the building except in the fourth story.
“Pierre Moreau, tobacconist, deposes that he has been in the habit of selling
small quantities of tobacco and snuff to Madame L’Espanaye for nearly four
years. Was born in the neighborhood, and has always resided there. The
deceased and her daughter had occupied the house in which the corpses were
found, for more than six years. It was formerly occupied by a jeweller, who
under-let the upper rooms to various persons. The house was the property of
Madame L. She became dissatisfied with the abuse of the premises by her
tenant, and moved into them herself, refusing to let any portion. The old lady
was childish. Witness had seen the daughter some five or six times during the six
years. The two lived an exceedingly retired life—were reputed to have money.
Had heard it said among the neighbors that Madame L. told fortunes—did not
believe it. Had never seen any person enter the door except the old lady and her
daughter, a porter once or twice, and a physician some eight or ten times.
“Many other persons, neighbors, gave evidence to the same effect. No one
was spoken of as frequenting the house. It was not known whether there were
any living connexions of Madame L. and her daughter. The shutters of the front
windows were seldom opened. Those in the rear were always closed, with the
exception of the large back room, fourth story. The house was a good house—
not very old.
“Isidore Muset, gendarme, deposes that he was called to the house about three
o’clock in the morning, and found some twenty or thirty persons at the gateway,
endeavoring to gain admittance. Forced it open, at length, with a bayonet—not
with a crowbar. Had but little difficulty in getting it open, on account of its being
a double or folding gate, and bolted neither at bottom not top. The shrieks were
continued until the gate was forced—and then suddenly ceased. They seemed to
be screams of some person (or persons) in great agony—were loud and drawn
out, not short and quick. Witness led the way up stairs. Upon reaching the first
landing, heard two voices in loud and angry contention—the one a gruff voice,
the other much shriller—a very strange voice. Could distinguish some words of
the former, which was that of a Frenchman. Was positive that it was not a
woman’s voice. Could distinguish the words ‘sacré’ and ‘diable.’ The shrill
voice was that of a foreigner. Could not be sure whether it was the voice of a
man or of a woman. Could not make out what was said, but believed the
language to be Spanish. The state of the room and of the bodies was described
by this witness as we described them yesterday.
“Henri Duval, a neighbor, and by trade a silver-smith, deposes that he was one
of the party who first entered the house. Corroborates the testimony of Muset in
general. As soon as they forced an entrance, they reclosed the door, to keep out
the crowd, which collected very fast, notwithstanding the lateness of the hour.
The shrill voice, this witness thinks, was that of an Italian. Was certain it was not
French. Could not be sure that it was a man’s voice. It might have been a
woman’s. Was not acquainted with the Italian language. Could not distinguish
the words, but was convinced by the intonation that the speaker was an Italian.
Knew Madame L. and her daughter. Had conversed with both frequently. Was
sure that the shrill voice was not that of either of the deceased.
“—Odenheimer, restaurateur. This witness volunteered his testimony. Not
speaking French, was examined through an interpreter. Is a native of
Amsterdam. Was passing the house at the time of the shrieks. They lasted for
several minutes—probably ten. They were long and loud—very awful and
distressing. Was one of those who entered the building. Corroborated the
previous evidence in every respect but one. Was sure that the shrill voice was
that of a man—of a Frenchman. Could not distinguish the words uttered. They
were loud and quick—unequal—spoken apparently in fear as well as in anger.
The voice was harsh—not so much shrill as harsh. Could not call it a shrill
voice. The gruff voice said repeatedly ‘sacré,’ ‘diable,’ and once ‘mon Dieu.’
“Jules Mignaud, banker, of the firm of Mignaud et Fils, Rue Deloraine. Is the
elder Mignaud. Madame L’Espanaye had some property. Had opened an account
with his banking house in the spring of the year—(eight years previously). Made
frequent deposits in small sums. Had checked for nothing until the third day
before her death, when she took out in person the sum of 4000 francs. This sum
was paid in gold, and a clerk went home with the money.
“Adolphe Le Bon, clerk to Mignaud et Fils, deposes that on the day in
question, about noon, he accompanied Madame L’Espanaye to her residence
with the 4000 francs, put up in two bags. Upon the door being opened,
Mademoiselle L. appeared and took from his hands one of the bags, while the
old lady relieved him of the other. He then bowed and departed. Did not see any
person in the street at the time. It is a bye-street—very lonely.
“William Bird, tailor deposes that he was one of the party who entered the
house. Is an Englishman. Has lived in Paris two years. Was one of the first to
ascend the stairs. Heard the voices in contention. The gruff voice was that of a
Frenchman. Could make out several words, but cannot now remember all. Heard
distinctly ‘sacré’ and ‘mon Dieu.’ There was a sound at the moment as if of
several persons struggling—a scraping and scuffling sound. The shrill voice was
very loud—louder than the gruff one. Is sure that it was not the voice of an
Englishman. Appeared to be that of a German. Might have been a woman’s
voice. Does not understand German.
“Four of the above-named witnesses, being recalled, deposed that the door of
the chamber in which was found the body of Mademoiselle L. was locked on the
inside when the party reached it. Every thing was perfectly silent—no groans or
noises of any kind. Upon forcing the door no person was seen. The windows,
both of the back and front room, were down and firmly fastened from within. A
door between the two rooms was closed, but not locked. The door leading from
the front room into the passage was locked, with the key on the inside. A small
room in the front of the house, on the fourth story, at the head of the passage was
open, the door being ajar. This room was crowded with old beds, boxes, and so
forth. These were carefully removed and searched. There was not an inch of any
portion of the house which was not carefully searched. Sweeps were sent up and
down the chimneys. The house was a four story one, with garrets (mansardes.) A
trap-door on the roof was nailed down very securely—did not appear to have
been opened for years. The time elapsing between the hearing of the voices in
contention and the breaking open of the room door, was variously stated by the
witnesses. Some made it as short as three minutes—some as long as five. The
door was opened with difficulty.
“Alfonzo Garcio, undertaker, deposes that he resides in the Rue Morgue. Is a
native of Spain. Was one of the party who entered the house. Did not proceed up
stairs. Is nervous, and was apprehensive of the consequences of agitation. Heard
the voices in contention. The gruff voice was that of a Frenchman. Could not
distinguish what was said. The shrill voice was that of an Englishman—is sure
of this. Does not understand the English language, but judges by the intonation.
“Alberto Montani, confectioner, deposes that he was among the first to ascend
the stairs. Heard the voices in question. The gruff voice was that of a Frenchman.
Distinguished several words. The speaker appeared to be expostulating. Could
not make out the words of the shrill voice. Spoke quick and unevenly. Thinks it
the voice of a Russian. Corroborates the general testimony. Is an Italian. Never
conversed with a native of Russia.
“Several witnesses, recalled, here testified that the chimneys of all the rooms
on the fourth story were too narrow to admit the passage of a human being. By
‘sweeps’ were meant cylindrical sweeping brushes, such as are employed by
those who clean chimneys. These brushes were passed up and down every flue
in the house. There is no back passage by which any one could have descended
while the party proceeded up stairs. The body of Mademoiselle L’Espanaye was
so firmly wedged in the chimney that it could not be got down until four or five
of the party united their strength.
“Paul Dumas, physician, deposes that he was called to view the bodies about
day-break. They were both then lying on the sacking of the bedstead in the
chamber where Mademoiselle L. was found. The corpse of the young lady was
much bruised and excoriated. The fact that it had been thrust up the chimney
would sufficiently account for these appearances. The throat was greatly chafed.
There were several deep scratches just below the chin, together with a series of
livid spots which were evidently the impression of fingers. The face was
fearfully discolored, and the eye-balls protruded. The tongue had been partially
bitten through. A large bruise was discovered upon the pit of the stomach,
produced, apparently, by the pressure of a knee. In the opinion of M. Dumas,
Mademoiselle L’Espanaye had been throttled to death by some person or persons
unknown. The corpse of the mother was horribly mutilated. All the bones of the
right leg and arm were more or less shattered. The left tibia much splintered, as
well as all the ribs of the left side. Whole body dreadfully bruised and
discolored. It was not possible to say how the injuries had been inflicted. A
heavy club of wood, or a broad bar of iron—a chair—any large, heavy, and
obtuse weapon would have produced such results, if wielded by the hands of a
very powerful man. No woman could have inflicted the blows with any weapon.
The head of the deceased, when seen by witness, was entirely separated from the
body, and was also greatly shattered. The throat had evidently been cut with
some very sharp instrument—probably with a razor.
“Alexandre Etienne, surgeon, was called with M. Dumas to view the bodies.
Corroborated the testimony, and the opinions of M. Dumas.
“Nothing farther of importance was elicited, although several other persons
were examined. A murder so mysterious, and so perplexing in all its particulars,
was never before committed in Paris—if indeed a murder has been committed at
all. The police are entirely at fault—an unusual occurrence in affairs of this
nature. There is not, however, the shadow of a clew apparent.”
The evening edition of the paper stated that the greatest excitement still
continued in the Quartier St. Roch—that the premises in question had been
carefully re-searched, and fresh examinations of witnesses instituted, but all to
no purpose. A postscript, however, mentioned that Adolphe Le Bon had been
arrested and imprisoned—although nothing appeared to criminate him, beyond
the facts already detailed.
Dupin seemed singularly interested in the progress of this affair—at least so I
judged from his manner, for he made no comments. It was only after the
announcement that Le Bon had been imprisoned, that he asked me my opinion
respecting the murders.
I could merely agree with all Paris in considering them an insoluble mystery. I
saw no means by which it would be possible to trace the murderer.
“We must not judge of the means,” said Dupin, “by this shell of an
examination. The Parisian police, so much extolled for acumen, are cunning, but
no more. There is no method in their proceedings, beyond the method of the
moment. They make a vast parade of measures; but, not unfrequently, these are
so ill adapted to the objects proposed, as to put us in mind of Monsieur
Jourdain’s calling for his robe-de-chambre—pour mieux entendre la musique.
The results attained by them are not unfrequently surprising, but, for the most
part, are brought about by simple diligence and activity. When these qualities are
unavailing, their schemes fail. Vidocq, for example, was a good guesser and a
persevering man. But, without educated thought, he erred continually by the very
intensity of his investigations. He impaired his vision by holding the object too
close. He might see, perhaps, one or two points with unusual clearness, but in so
doing he, necessarily, lost sight of the matter as a whole. Thus there is such a
thing as being too profound. Truth is not always in a well. In fact, as regards the
more important knowledge, I do believe that she is invariably superficial. The
depth lies in the valleys where we seek her, and not upon the mountain-tops
where she is found. The modes and sources of this kind of error are well typified
in the contemplation of the heavenly bodies. To look at a star by glances—to
view it in a side-long way, by turning toward it the exterior portions of the retina
(more susceptible of feeble impressions of light than the interior), is to behold
the star distinctly—is to have the best appreciation of its lustre—a lustre which
grows dim just in proportion as we turn our vision fully upon it. A greater
number of rays actually fall upon the eye in the latter case, but, in the former,
there is the more refined capacity for comprehension. By undue profundity we
perplex and enfeeble thought; and it is possible to make even Venus herself
vanish from the firmament by a scrutiny too sustained, too concentrated, or too
direct.
“As for these murders, let us enter into some examinations for ourselves,
before we make up an opinion respecting them. An inquiry will afford us
amusement,” [I thought this an odd term, so applied, but said nothing] “and,
besides, Le Bon once rendered me a service for which I am not ungrateful. We
will go and see the premises with our own eyes. I know G——, the Prefect of
Police, and shall have no difficulty in obtaining the necessary permission.”
The permission was obtained, and we proceeded at once to the Rue Morgue.
This is one of those miserable thoroughfares which intervene between the Rue
Richelieu and the Rue St. Roch. It was late in the afternoon when we reached it;
as this quarter is at a great distance from that in which we resided. The house
was readily found; for there were still many persons gazing up at the closed
shutters, with an objectless curiosity, from the opposite side of the way. It was an
ordinary Parisian house, with a gateway, on one side of which was a glazed
watch-box, with a sliding panel in the window, indicating a loge de concierge.
Before going in we walked up the street, turned down an alley, and then, again
turning, passed in the rear of the building—Dupin, meanwhile examining the
whole neighborhood, as well as the house, with a minuteness of attention for
which I could see no possible object.
Retracing our steps, we came again to the front of the dwelling, rang, and,
having shown our credentials, were admitted by the agents in charge. We went
up stairs—into the chamber where the body of Mademoiselle L’Espanaye had
been found, and where both the deceased still lay. The disorders of the room had,
as usual, been suffered to exist. I saw nothing beyond what had been stated in the
“Gazette des Tribunaux.” Dupin scrutinized every thing—not excepting the
bodies of the victims. We then went into the other rooms, and into the yard; a
gendarme accompanying us throughout. The examination occupied us until dark,
when we took our departure. On our way home my companion stepped in for a
moment at the office of one of the daily papers.
I have said that the whims of my friend were manifold, and that Je les
ménageais:—for this phrase there is no English equivalent. It was his humor,
now, to decline all conversation on the subject of the murder, until about noon
the next day. He then asked me, suddenly, if I had observed any thing peculiar at
the scene of the atrocity.
There was something in his manner of emphasizing the word “peculiar,”
which caused me to shudder, without knowing why.
“No, nothing peculiar,” I said; “nothing more, at least, than we both saw
stated in the paper.”
“The ‘Gazette,’” he replied, “has not entered, I fear, into the unusual horror of
the thing. But dismiss the idle opinions of this print. It appears to me that this
mystery is considered insoluble, for the very reason which should cause it to be
regarded as easy of solution—I mean for the outré character of its features. The
police are confounded by the seeming absence of motive—not for the murder
itself—but for the atrocity of the murder. They are puzzled, too, by the seeming
impossibility of reconciling the voices heard in contention, with the facts that no
one was discovered up stairs but the assassinated Mademoiselle L’Espanaye, and
that there were no means of egress without the notice of the party ascending. The
wild disorder of the room; the corpse thrust, with the head downward, up the
chimney; the frightful mutilation of the body of the old lady; these
considerations, with those just mentioned, and others which I need not mention,
have sufficed to paralyze the powers, by putting completely at fault the boasted
acumen, of the government agents. They have fallen into the gross but common
error of confounding the unusual with the abstruse. But it is by these deviations
from the plane of the ordinary, that reason feels its way, if at all, in its search for
the true. In investigations such as we are now pursuing, it should not be so much
asked ‘what has occurred,’ as ‘what has occurred that has never occurred before.’
In fact, the facility with which I shall arrive, or have arrived, at the solution of
this mystery, is in the direct ratio of its apparent insolubility in the eyes of the
police.”
I stared at the speaker in mute astonishment.
“I am now awaiting,” continued he, looking toward the door of our apartment
—“I am now awaiting a person who, although perhaps not the perpetrator of
these butcheries, must have been in some measure implicated in their
perpetration. Of the worst portion of the crimes committed, it is probable that he
is innocent. I hope that I am right in this supposition; for upon it I build my
expectation of reading the entire riddle. I look for the man here—in this room—
every moment. It is true that he may not arrive; but the probability is that he will.
Should he come, it will be necessary to detain him. Here are pistols; and we both
know how to use them when occasion demands their use.”
I took the pistols, scarcely knowing what I did, or believing what I heard,
while Dupin went on, very much as if in a soliloquy. I have already spoken of his
abstract manner at such times. His discourse was addressed to myself; but his
voice, although by no means loud, had that intonation which is commonly
employed in speaking to some one at a great distance. His eyes, vacant in
expression, regarded only the wall.
“That the voices heard in contention,” he said, “by the party upon the stairs,
were not the voices of the women themselves, was fully proved by the evidence.
This relieves us of all doubt upon the question whether the old lady could have
first destroyed the daughter and afterward have committed suicide. I speak of
this point chiefly for the sake of method; for the strength of Madame L’Espanaye
would have been utterly unequal to the task of thrusting her daughter’s corpse up
the chimney as it was found; and the nature of the wounds upon her own person
entirely preclude the idea of self-destruction. Murder, then, has been committed
by some third party; and the voices of this third party were those heard in
contention. Let me now advert—not to the whole testimony respecting these
voices—but to what was peculiar in that testimony. Did you observe any thing
peculiar about it?”
I remarked that, while all the witnesses agreed in supposing the gruff voice to
be that of a Frenchman, there was much disagreement in regard to the shrill, or,
as one individual termed it, the harsh voice.
 “That was the evidence itself,” said Dupin, “but it was not the peculiarity of
the evidence. You have observed nothing distinctive. Yet there was something to
be observed. The witnesses, as you remark, agreed about the gruff voice; they
were here unanimous. But in regard to the shrill voice, the peculiarity is—not
that they disagreed—but that, while an Italian, an Englishman, a Spaniard, a
Hollander, and a Frenchman attempted to describe it, each one spoke of it as that
of a foreigner. Each is sure that it was not the voice of one of his own
countrymen. Each likens it—not to the voice of an individual of any nation with
whose language he is conversant—but the converse. The Frenchman supposes it
the voice of a Spaniard, and ‘might have distinguished some words had he been
acquainted with the Spanish.’ The Dutchman maintains it to have been that of a
Frenchman; but we find it stated that ‘not understanding French this witness was
examined through an interpreter.’ The Englishman thinks it the voice of a
German, and ‘does not understand German.’ The Spaniard ‘is sure’ that it was
that of an Englishman, but ‘judges by the intonation’ altogether, ‘as he has no
knowledge of the English.’ The Italian believes it the voice of a Russian, but ‘has
never conversed with a native of Russia.’ A second Frenchman differs, moreover,
with the first, and is positive that the voice was that of an Italian; but, not being
cognizant of that tongue, is, like the Spaniard, ‘convinced by the intonation.’
Now, how strangely unusual must that voice have really been, about which such
testimony as this could have been elicited!—in whose tones, even, denizens of
the five great divisions of Europe could recognise nothing familiar! You will say
that it might have been the voice of an Asiatic—of an African. Neither Asiatics
nor Africans abound in Paris; but, without denying the inference, I will now
merely call your attention to three points. The voice is termed by one witness
‘harsh rather than shrill.’ It is represented by two others to have been ‘quick and
unequal.’ No words—no sounds resembling words—were by any witness
mentioned as distinguishable.
“I know not,” continued Dupin, “what impression I may have made, so far,
upon your own understanding; but I do not hesitate to say that legitimate
deductions even from this portion of the testimony—the portion respecting the
gruff and shrill voices—are in themselves sufficient to engender a suspicion
which should give direction to all farther progress in the investigation of the
mystery. I said ‘legitimate deductions;’ but my meaning is not thus fully
expressed. I designed to imply that the deductions are the sole proper ones, and
that the suspicion arises inevitably from them as the single result. What the
suspicion is, however, I will not say just yet. I merely wish you to bear in mind
that, with myself, it was sufficiently forcible to give a definite form—a certain
tendency—to my inquiries in the chamber.
“Let us now transport ourselves, in fancy, to this chamber. What shall we first
seek here? The means of egress employed by the murderers. It is not too much to
say that neither of us believe in præternatural events. Madame and Mademoiselle
L’Espanaye were not destroyed by spirits. The doers of the deed were material,
and escaped materially. Then how? Fortunately, there is but one mode of
reasoning upon the point, and that mode must lead us to a definite decision.—Let
us examine, each by each, the possible means of egress. It is clear that the
assassins were in the room where Mademoiselle L’Espanaye was found, or at
least in the room adjoining, when the party ascended the stairs. It is then only
from these two apartments that we have to seek issues. The police have laid bare
the floors, the ceilings, and the masonry of the walls, in every direction. No
secret issues could have escaped their vigilance. But, not trusting to their eyes, I
examined with my own. There were, then, no secret issues. Both doors leading
from the rooms into the passage were securely locked, with the keys inside. Let
us turn to the chimneys. These, although of ordinary width for some eight or ten
feet above the hearths, will not admit, throughout their extent, the body of a large
cat. The impossibility of egress, by means already stated, being thus absolute, we
are reduced to the windows. Through those of the front room no one could have
escaped without notice from the crowd in the street. The murderers must have
passed, then, through those of the back room. Now, brought to this conclusion in
so unequivocal a manner as we are, it is not our part, as reasoners, to reject it on
account of apparent impossibilities. It is only left for us to prove that these
apparent ‘impossibilities’ are, in reality, not such.
“There are two windows in the chamber. One of them is unobstructed by
furniture, and is wholly visible. The lower portion of the other is hidden from
view by the head of the unwieldy bedstead which is thrust close up against it.
The former was found securely fastened from within. It resisted the utmost force
of those who endeavored to raise it. A large gimlet-hole had been pierced in its
frame to the left, and a very stout nail was found fitted therein, nearly to the
head. Upon examining the other window, a similar nail was seen similarly fitted
in it; and a vigorous attempt to raise this sash, failed also. The police were now
entirely satisfied that egress had not been in these directions. And, therefore, it
was thought a matter of supererogation to withdraw the nails and open the
windows.
“My own examination was somewhat more particular, and was so for the
reason I have just given—because here it was, I knew, that all apparent
impossibilities must be proved to be not such in reality.
 “I proceeded to think thus—a posteriori. The murderers did escape from one
of these windows. This being so, they could not have refastened the sashes from
the inside, as they were found fastened;—the consideration which put a stop,
through its obviousness, to the scrutiny of the police in this quarter. Yet the
sashes were fastened. They must, then, have the power of fastening themselves.
There was no escape from this conclusion. I stepped to the unobstructed
casement, withdrew the nail with some difficulty and attempted to raise the sash.
It resisted all my efforts, as I had anticipated. A concealed spring must, I now
know, exist; and this corroboration of my idea convinced me that my premises at
least, were correct, however mysterious still appeared the circumstances
attending the nails. A careful search soon brought to light the hidden spring. I
pressed it, and, satisfied with the discovery, forbore to upraise the sash.
“I now replaced the nail and regarded it attentively. A person passing out
through this window might have reclosed it, and the spring would have caught—
but the nail could not have been replaced. The conclusion was plain, and again
narrowed in the field of my investigations. The assassins must have escaped
through the other window. Supposing, then, the springs upon each sash to be the
same, as was probable, there must be found a difference between the nails, or at
least between the modes of their fixture. Getting upon the sacking of the
bedstead, I looked over the head-board minutely at the second casement. Passing
my hand down behind the board, I readily discovered and pressed the spring,
which was, as I had supposed, identical in character with its neighbor. I now
looked at the nail. It was as stout as the other, and apparently fitted in the same
manner—driven in nearly up to the head.
“You will say that I was puzzled; but, if you think so, you must have
misunderstood the nature of the inductions. To use a sporting phrase, I had not
been once ‘at fault.’ The scent had never for an instant been lost. There was no
flaw in any link of the chain. I had traced the secret to its ultimate result,—and
that result was the nail. It had, I say, in every respect, the appearance of its
fellow in the other window; but this fact was an absolute nullity (conclusive us it
might seem to be) when compared with the consideration that here, at this point,
terminated the clew. ‘There must be something wrong,’ I said, ‘about the nail.’ I
touched it; and the head, with about a quarter of an inch of the shank, came off in
my fingers. The rest of the shank was in the gimlet-hole where it had been
broken off. The fracture was an old one (for its edges were incrusted with rust),
and had apparently been accomplished by the blow of a hammer, which had
partially imbedded, in the top of the bottom sash, the head portion of the nail. I
now carefully replaced this head portion in the indentation whence I had taken it,
and the resemblance to a perfect nail was complete—the fissure was invisible.
Pressing the spring, I gently raised the sash for a few inches; the head went up
with it, remaining firm in its bed. I closed the window, and the semblance of the
whole nail was again perfect.
“The riddle, so far, was now unriddled. The assassin had escaped through the
window which looked upon the bed. Dropping of its own accord upon his exit
(or perhaps purposely closed), it had become fastened by the spring; and it was
the retention of this spring which had been mistaken by the police for that of the
nail,—farther inquiry being thus considered unnecessary.
“The next question is that of the mode of descent. Upon this point I had been
satisfied in my walk with you around the building. About five feet and a half
from the casement in question there runs a lightning-rod. From this rod it would
have been impossible for any one to reach the window itself, to say nothing of
entering it. I observed, however, that the shutters of the fourth story were of the
peculiar kind called by Parisian carpenters ferrades—a kind rarely employed at
the present day, but frequently seen upon very old mansions at Lyons and
Bordeaux. They are in the form of an ordinary door, (a single, not a folding door)
except that the lower half is latticed or worked in open trellis—thus affording an
excellent hold for the hands. In the present instance these shutters are fully three
feet and a half broad. When we saw them from the rear of the house, they were
both about half open—that is to say, they stood off at right angles from the wall.
It is probable that the police, as well as myself, examined the back of the
tenement; but, if so, in looking at these ferrades in the line of their breadth (as
they must have done), they did not perceive this great breadth itself, or, at all
events, failed to take it into due consideration. In fact, having once satisfied
themselves that no egress could have been made in this quarter, they would
naturally bestow here a very cursory examination. It was clear to me, however,
that the shutter belonging to the window at the head of the bed, would, if swung
fully back to the wall, reach to within two feet of the lightning-rod. It was also
evident that, by exertion of a very unusual degree of activity and courage, an
entrance into the window, from the rod, might have been thus effected.—By
reaching to the distance of two feet and a half (we now suppose the shutter open
to its whole extent) a robber might have taken a firm grasp upon the trellis-work.
Letting go, then, his hold upon the rod, placing his feet securely against the wall,
and springing boldly from it, he might have swung the shutter so as to close it,
and, if we imagine the window open at the time, might even have swung himself
into the room.
“I wish you to bear especially in mind that I have spoken of a very unusual
degree of activity as requisite to success in so hazardous and so difficult a feat. It
is my design to show you, first, that the thing might possibly have been
accomplished:—but, secondly and chiefly, I wish to impress upon your
understanding the very extraordinary—the almost præternatural character of that
agility which could have accomplished it.
“You will say, no doubt, using the language of the law, that ‘to make out my
case,’ I should rather undervalue, than insist upon a full estimation of the activity
required in this matter. This may be the practice in law, but it is not the usage of
reason. My ultimate object is only the truth. My immediate purpose is to lead
you to place in juxtaposition, that very unusual activity of which I have just
spoken with that very peculiar shrill (or harsh) and unequal voice, about whose
nationality no two persons could be found to agree, and in whose utterance no
syllabification could be detected.”
At these words a vague and half-formed conception of the meaning of Dupin
flitted over my mind. I seemed to be upon the verge of comprehension without
power to comprehend—men, at times, find themselves upon the brink of
remembrance without being able, in the end, to remember. My friend went on
with his discourse.
“You will see,” he said, “that I have shifted the question from the mode of
egress to that of ingress. It was my design to convey the idea that both were
effected in the same manner, at the same point. Let us now revert to the interior
of the room. Let us survey the appearances here. The drawers of the bureau, it is
said, had been rifled, although many articles of apparel still remained within
them. The conclusion here is absurd. It is a mere guess—a very silly one—and
no more. How are we to know that the articles found in the drawers were not all
these drawers had originally contained? Madame L’Espanaye and her daughter
lived an exceedingly retired life—saw no company—seldom went out—had
little use for numerous changes of habiliment. Those found were at least of as
good quality as any likely to be possessed by these ladies. If a thief had taken
any, why did he not take the best—why did he not take all? In a word, why did
he abandon four thousand francs in gold to encumber himself with a bundle of
linen? The gold was abandoned. Nearly the whole sum mentioned by Monsieur
Mignaud, the banker, was discovered, in bags, upon the floor. I wish you,
therefore, to discard from your thoughts the blundering idea of motive,
engendered in the brains of the police by that portion of the evidence which
speaks of money delivered at the door of the house. Coincidences ten times as
remarkable as this (the delivery of the money, and murder committed within
three days upon the party receiving it), happen to all of us every hour of our
lives, without attracting even momentary notice. Coincidences, in general, are
great stumbling-blocks in the way of that class of thinkers who have been
educated to know nothing of the theory of probabilities—that theory to which
the most glorious objects of human research are indebted for the most glorious
of illustration. In the present instance, had the gold been gone, the fact of its
delivery three days before would have formed something more than a
coincidence. It would have been corroborative of this idea of motive. But, under
the real circumstances of the case, if we are to suppose gold the motive of this
outrage, we must also imagine the perpetrator so vacillating an idiot as to have
abandoned his gold and his motive together.
“Keeping now steadily in mind the points to which I have drawn your
attention—that peculiar voice, that unusual agility, and that startling absence of
motive in a murder so singularly atrocious as this—let us glance at the butchery
itself. Here is a woman strangled to death by manual strength, and thrust up a
chimney, head downward. Ordinary assassins employ no such modes of murder
as this. Least of all, do they thus dispose of the murdered. In the manner of
thrusting the corpse up the chimney, you will admit that there was something
excessively outré—something altogether irreconcilable with our common
notions of human action, even when we suppose the actors the most depraved of
men. Think, too, how great must have been that strength which could have thrust
the body up such an aperture so forcibly that the united vigor of several persons
was found barely sufficient to drag it down!
“Turn, now, to other indications of the employment of a vigor most
marvellous. On the hearth were thick tresses—very thick tresses—of grey
human hair. These had been torn out by the roots. You are aware of the great
force necessary in tearing thus from the head even twenty or thirty hairs together.
You saw the locks in question as well as myself. Their roots (a hideous sight!)
were clotted with fragments of the flesh of the scalp—sure token of the
prodigious power which had been exerted in uprooting perhaps half a million of
hairs at a time. The throat of the old lady was not merely cut, but the head
absolutely severed from the body: the instrument was a mere razor. I wish you
also to look at the brutal ferocity of these deeds. Of the bruises upon the body of
Madame L’Espanaye I do not speak. Monsieur Dumas, and his worthy coadjutor
Monsieur Etienne, have pronounced that they were inflicted by some obtuse
instrument; and so far these gentlemen are very correct. The obtuse instrument
was clearly the stone pavement in the yard, upon which the victim had fallen
from the window which looked in upon the bed. This idea, however simple it
may now seem, escaped the police for the same reason that the breadth of the
shutters escaped them—because, by the affair of the nails, their perceptions had
been hermetically sealed against the possibility of the windows having ever been
opened at all.
“If now, in addition to all these things, you have properly reflected upon the
odd disorder of the chamber, we have gone so far as to combine the ideas of an
agility astounding, a strength superhuman, a ferocity brutal, a butchery without
motive, a grotesquerie in horror absolutely alien from humanity, and a voice
foreign in tone to the ears of men of many nations, and devoid of all distinct or
intelligible syllabification. What result, then, has ensued? What impression have
I made upon your fancy?”
I felt a creeping of the flesh as Dupin asked me the question. “A madman,” I
said, “has done this deed—some raving maniac, escaped from a neighboring
Maison de Santé.”
“In some respects,” he replied, “your idea is not irrelevant. But the voices of
madmen, even in their wildest paroxysms, are never found to tally with that
peculiar voice heard upon the stairs. Madmen are of some nation, and their
language, however incoherent in its words, has always the coherence of
syllabification. Besides, the hair of a madman is not such as I now hold in my
hand. I disentangled this little tuft from the rigidly clutched fingers of Madame
L’Espanaye. Tell me what you can make of it.”
“Dupin!” I said, completely unnerved; “this hair is most unusual—this is no
human hair.”
“I have not asserted that it is,” said he; “but, before we decide this point, I
wish you to glance at the little sketch I have here traced upon this paper. It is a
fac-simile drawing of what has been described in one portion of the testimony as
‘dark bruises, and deep indentations of finger nails,’ upon the throat of
Mademoiselle L’Espanaye, and in another, (by Messrs. Dumas and Etienne,) as a
‘series of livid spots, evidently the impression of fingers.’
“You will perceive,” continued my friend, spreading out the paper upon the
table before us, “that this drawing gives the idea of a firm and fixed hold. There
is no slipping apparent. Each finger has retained—possibly until the death of the
victim—the fearful grasp by which it originally imbedded itself. Attempt, now,
to place all your fingers, at the same time, in the respective impressions as you
see them.”
I made the attempt in vain.
“We are possibly not giving this matter a fair trial,” he said. “The paper is
spread out upon a plane surface; but the human throat is cylindrical. Here is a
billet of wood, the circumference of which is about that of the throat. Wrap the
drawing around it, and try the experiment again.”
I did so; but the difficulty was even more obvious than before. “This,” I said,
“is the mark of no human hand.”
“Read now,” replied Dupin, “this passage from Cuvier.”
It was a minute anatomical and generally descriptive account of the large
fulvous Ourang-Outang of the East Indian Islands. The gigantic stature, the
prodigious strength and activity, the wild ferocity, and the imitative propensities
of these mammalia are sufficiently well known to all. I understood the full
horrors of the murder at once.
“The description of the digits,” said I, as I made an end of reading, “is in exact
accordance with this drawing. I see that no animal but an Ourang-Outang, of the
species here mentioned, could have impressed the indentations as you have
traced them. This tuft of tawny hair, too, is identical in character with that of the
beast of Cuvier. But I cannot possibly comprehend the particulars of this
frightful mystery. Besides, there were two voices heard in contention, and one of
them was unquestionably the voice of a Frenchman.”
“True; and you will remember an expression attributed almost unanimously,
by the evidence, to this voice,—the expression, ‘mon Dieu!’ This, under the
circumstances, has been justly characterized by one of the witnesses (Montani,
the confectioner,) as an expression of remonstrance or expostulation. Upon these
two words, therefore, I have mainly built my hopes of a full solution of the
riddle. A Frenchman was cognizant of the murder. It is possible—indeed it is far
more than probable—that he was innocent of all participation in the bloody
transactions which took place. The Ourang-Outang may have escaped from him.
He may have traced it to the chamber; but, under the agitating circumstances
which ensued, he could never have re-captured it. It is still at large. I will not
pursue these guesses—for I have no right to call them more—since the shades of
reflection upon which they are based are scarcely of sufficient depth to be
appreciable by my own intellect, and since I could not pretend to make them
intelligible to the understanding of another. We will call them guesses then, and
speak of them as such. If the Frenchman in question is indeed, as I suppose,
innocent of this atrocity, this advertisement which I left last night, upon our
return home, at the office of ‘Le Monde,’ (a paper devoted to the shipping
interest, and much sought by sailors,) will bring him to our residence.”
He handed me a paper, and I read thus:
CAUGHT—In the Bois de Boulogne, early in the morning of the—inst., (the
morning of the murder,) a very large, tawny Ourang-Outang of the Bornese
species. The owner, (who is ascertained to be a sailor, belonging to a Maltese
vessel,) may have the animal again, upon identifying it satisfactorily, and paying
a few charges arising from its capture and keeping. Call at No. ——, Rue ——,
Faubourg St. Germain—au troisième.
“How was it possible,” I asked, “that you should know the man to be a sailor,
and belonging to a Maltese vessel?”
“I do not know it,” said Dupin. “I am not sure of it. Here, however, is a small
piece of ribbon, which from its form, and from its greasy appearance, has
evidently been used in tying the hair in one of those long queues of which sailors
are so fond. Moreover, this knot is one which few besides sailors can tie, and is
peculiar to the Maltese. I picked the ribbon up at the foot of the lightning-rod. It
could not have belonged to either of the deceased. Now if, after all, I am wrong
in my induction from this ribbon, that the Frenchman was a sailor belonging to a
Maltese vessel, still I can have done no harm in saying what I did in the
advertisement. If I am in error, he will merely suppose that I have been misled
by some circumstance into which he will not take the trouble to inquire. But if I
am right, a great point is gained. Cognizant although innocent of the murder, the
Frenchman will naturally hesitate about replying to the advertisement—about
demanding the Ourang-Outang. He will reason thus:—‘I am innocent; I am poor;
my Ourang-Outang is of great value—to one in my circumstances a fortune of
itself—why should I lose it through idle apprehensions of danger? Here it is,
within my grasp. It was found in the Bois de Boulogne—at a vast distance from
the scene of that butchery. How can it ever be suspected that a brute beast should
have done the deed? The police are at fault—they have failed to procure the
slightest clew. Should they even trace the animal, it would be impossible to
prove me cognizant of the murder, or to implicate me in guilt on account of that
cognizance. Above all, I am known. The advertiser designates me as the
possessor of the beast. I am not sure to what limit his knowledge may extend.
Should I avoid claiming a property of so great value, which it is known that I
possess, I will render the animal at least, liable to suspicion. It is not my policy
to attract attention either to myself or to the beast. I will answer the
advertisement, get the Ourang-Outang, and keep it close until this matter has
blown over.’”
At this moment we heard a step upon the stairs.
“Be ready,” said Dupin, “with your pistols, but neither use them nor show
them until at a signal from myself.”
The front door of the house had been left open, and the visitor had entered,
without ringing, and advanced several steps upon the staircase. Now, however,
he seemed to hesitate. Presently we heard him descending. Dupin was moving
quickly to the door, when we again heard him coming up. He did not turn back a
second time, but stepped up with decision, and rapped at the door of our
chamber.
“Come in,” said Dupin, in a cheerful and hearty tone.
A man entered. He was a sailor, evidently,—a tall, stout, and muscular-looking
person, with a certain dare-devil expression of countenance, not altogether
unprepossessing. His face, greatly sunburnt, was more than half hidden by
whisker and mustachio. He had with him a huge oaken cudgel, but appeared to
be otherwise unarmed. He bowed awkwardly, and bade us “good evening,” in
French accents, which, although somewhat Neufchatelish, were still sufficiently
indicative of a Parisian origin.
“Sit down, my friend,” said Dupin. “I suppose you have called about the
Ourang-Outang. Upon my word, I almost envy you the possession of him; a
remarkably fine, and no doubt a very valuable animal. How old do you suppose
him to be?”
The sailor drew a long breath, with the air of a man relieved of some
intolerable burden, and then replied, in an assured tone:
“I have no way of telling—but he can’t be more than four or five years old.
Have you got him here?”
“Oh no, we had no conveniences for keeping him here. He is at a livery stable
in the Rue Dubourg, just by. You can get him in the morning. Of course you are
prepared to identify the property?”
“To be sure I am, sir.”
“I shall be sorry to part with him,” said Dupin.
“I don’t mean that you should be at all this trouble for nothing, sir,” said the
man. “Couldn’t expect it. Am very willing to pay a reward for the finding of the
animal—that is to say, any thing in reason.”
“Well,” replied my friend, “that is all very fair, to be sure. Let me think!—
what should I have? Oh! I will tell you. My reward shall be this. You shall give
me all the information in your power about these murders in the Rue Morgue.”
Dupin said the last words in a very low tone, and very quietly. Just as quietly,
too, he walked toward the door, locked it and put the key in his pocket. He then
drew a pistol from his bosom and placed it, without the least flurry, upon the
table.
 The sailor’s face flushed up as if he were struggling with suffocation. He
started to his feet and grasped his cudgel, but the next moment he fell back into
his seat, trembling violently, and with the countenance of death itself. He spoke
not a word. I pitied him from the bottom of my heart.
“My friend,” said Dupin, in a kind tone, “you are alarming yourself
unnecessarily—you are indeed. We mean you no harm whatever. I pledge you
the honor of a gentleman, and of a Frenchman, that we intend you no injury. I
perfectly well know that you are innocent of the atrocities in the Rue Morgue. It
will not do, however, to deny that you are in some measure implicated in them.
From what I have already said, you must know that I have had means of
information about this matter—means of which you could never have dreamed.
Now the thing stands thus. You have done nothing which you could have
avoided—nothing, certainly, which renders you culpable. You were not even
guilty of robbery, when you might have robbed with impunity. You have nothing
to conceal. You have no reason for concealment. On the other hand, you are
bound by every principle of honor to confess all you know. An innocent man is
now imprisoned, charged with that crime of which you can point out the
perpetrator.”
The sailor had recovered his presence of mind, in a great measure, while
Dupin uttered these words; but his original boldness of bearing was all gone.
“So help me God,” said he, after a brief pause, “I will tell you all I know about
this affair;—but I do not expect you to believe one half I say—I would be a fool
indeed if I did. Still, I am innocent, and I will make a clean breast if I die for it.”
What he stated was, in substance, this. He had lately made a voyage to the
Indian Archipelago. A party, of which he formed one, landed at Borneo, and
passed into the interior on an excursion of pleasure. Himself and a companion
had captured the Ourang-Outang. This companion dying, the animal fell into his
own exclusive possession. After great trouble, occasioned by the intractable
ferocity of his captive during the home voyage, he at length succeeded in
lodging it safely at his own residence in Paris, where, not to attract toward
himself the unpleasant curiosity of his neighbors, he kept it carefully secluded,
until such time as it should recover from a wound in the foot, received from a
splinter on board ship. His ultimate design was to sell it.
Returning home from some sailors’ frolic the night, or rather in the morning of
the murder, he found the beast occupying his own bed-room, into which it had
broken from a closet adjoining, where it had been, as was thought, securely
confined. Razor in hand, and fully lathered, it was sitting before a looking-glass,
attempting the operation of shaving, in which it had no doubt previously
watched its master through the key-hole of the closet. Terrified at the sight of so
dangerous a weapon in the possession of an animal so ferocious, and so well
able to use it, the man, for some moments, was at a loss what to do. He had been
accustomed, however, to quiet the creature, even in its fiercest moods, by the use
of a whip, and to this he now resorted. Upon sight of it, the Ourang-Outang
sprang at once through the door of the chamber, down the stairs, and thence,
through a window, unfortunately open, into the street.
The Frenchman followed in despair; the ape, razor still in hand, occasionally
stopping to look back and gesticulate at its pursuer, until the latter had nearly
come up with it. It then again made off. In this manner the chase continued for a
long time. The streets were profoundly quiet, as it was nearly three o’clock in the
morning. In passing down an alley in the rear of the Rue Morgue, the fugitive’s
attention was arrested by a light gleaming from the open window of Madame
L’Espanaye’s chamber, in the fourth story of her house. Rushing to the building,
it perceived the lightning rod, clambered up with inconceivable agility, grasped
the shutter, which was thrown fully back against the wall, and, by its means,
swung itself directly upon the headboard of the bed. The whole feat did not
occupy a minute. The shutter was kicked open again by the Ourang-Outang as it
entered the room.
The sailor, in the meantime, was both rejoiced and perplexed. He had strong
hopes of now recapturing the brute, as it could scarcely escape from the trap into
which it had ventured, except by the rod, where it might be intercepted as it
came down. On the other hand, there was much cause for anxiety as to what it
might do in the house. This latter reflection urged the man still to follow the
fugitive. A lightning rod is ascended without difficulty, especially by a sailor;
but, when he had arrived as high as the window, which lay far to his left, his
career was stopped; the most that he could accomplish was to reach over so as to
obtain a glimpse of the interior of the room. At this glimpse he nearly fell from
his hold through excess of horror. Now it was that those hideous shrieks arose
upon the night, which had startled from slumber the inmates of the Rue Morgue.
Madame L’Espanaye and her daughter, habited in their night clothes, had
apparently been occupied in arranging some papers in the iron chest already
mentioned, which had been wheeled into the middle of the room. It was open,
and its contents lay beside it on the floor. The victims must have been sitting
with their backs toward the window; and, from the time elapsing between the
ingress of the beast and the screams, it seems probable that it was not
immediately perceived. The flapping-to of the shutter would naturally have been
attributed to the wind.
 As the sailor looked in, the gigantic animal had seized Madame L’Espanaye
by the hair, (which was loose, as she had been combing it,) and was flourishing
the razor about her face, in imitation of the motions of a barber. The daughter lay
prostrate and motionless; she had swooned. The screams and struggles of the old
lady (during which the hair was torn from her head) had the effect of changing
the probably pacific purposes of the Ourang-Outang into those of wrath. With
one determined sweep of its muscular arm it nearly severed her head from her
body. The sight of blood inflamed its anger into phrenzy. Gnashing its teeth, and
flashing fire from its eyes, it flew upon the body of the girl, and imbedded its
fearful talons in her throat, retaining its grasp until she expired. Its wandering
and wild glances fell at this moment upon the head of the bed, over which the
face of its master, rigid with horror, was just discernible. The fury of the beast,
who no doubt bore still in mind the dreaded whip, was instantly converted into
fear. Conscious of having deserved punishment, it seemed desirous of concealing
its bloody deeds, and skipped about the chamber in an agony of nervous
agitation; throwing down and breaking the furniture as it moved, and dragging
the bed from the bedstead. In conclusion, it seized first the corpse of the
daughter, and thrust it up the chimney, as it was found; then that of the old lady,
which it immediately hurled through the window headlong.
As the ape approached the casement with its mutilated burden, the sailor
shrank aghast to the rod, and, rather gliding than clambering down it, hurried at
once home—dreading the consequences of the butchery, and gladly abandoning,
in his terror, all solicitude about the fate of the Ourang-Outang. The words heard
by the party upon the staircase were the Frenchman’s exclamations of horror and
affright, commingled with the fiendish jabberings of the brute.
I have scarcely anything to add. The Ourang-Outang must have escaped from
the chamber, by the rod, just before the break of the door. It must have closed the
window as it passed through it. It was subsequently caught by the owner himself,
who obtained for it a very large sum at the Jardin des Plantes. Le Don was
instantly released, upon our narration of the circumstances (with some comments
from Dupin) at the bureau of the Prefect of Police. This functionary, however
well disposed to my friend, could not altogether conceal his chagrin at the turn
which affairs had taken, and was fain to indulge in a sarcasm or two, about the
propriety of every person minding his own business.
“Let him talk,” said Dupin, who had not thought it necessary to reply. “Let
him discourse; it will ease his conscience, I am satisfied with having defeated
him in his own castle. Nevertheless, that he failed in the solution of this mystery,
is by no means that matter for wonder which he supposes it; for, in truth, our
friend the Prefect is somewhat too cunning to be profound. In his wisdom is no
stamen. It is all head and no body, like the pictures of the Goddess Laverna,—or,
at best, all head and shoulders, like a codfish. But he is a good creature after all.
I like him especially for one master stroke of cant, by which he has attained his
reputation for ingenuity. I mean the way he has ‘de nier ce qui est, et d’expliquer
ce qui n’est pas.’” (*)
(*) Rousseau—Nouvelle Heloise.
 THE MYSTERY OF MARIE ROGET.(*1)
A SEQUEL TO “THE MURDERS IN THE RUE MORGUE.”
Es giebt eine Reihe idealischer Begebenheiten, die der Wirklichkeit
parallel lauft. Selten fallen sie zusammen. Menschen und zufalle
modifieiren gewohulich die idealische Begebenheit, so dass sie
unvollkommen erscheint, und ihre Folgen gleichfalls unvollkommen
sind. So bei der Reformation; statt des Protestantismus kam das
Lutherthum hervor.

There are ideal series of events which run parallel with the real
ones. They rarely coincide. Men and circumstances generally modify
the ideal train of events, so that it seems imperfect, and its
consequences are equally imperfect. Thus with the Reformation;
instead of Protestantism came Lutheranism.

—Novalis. (*2) Moral Ansichten.

THERE are few persons, even among the calmest thinkers, who have not
occasionally been startled into a vague yet thrilling half-credence in the
supernatural, by coincidences of so seemingly marvellous a character that, as
mere coincidences, the intellect has been unable to receive them. Such
sentiments—for the half-credences of which I speak have never the full force of
thought—such sentiments are seldom thoroughly stifled unless by reference to
the doctrine of chance, or, as it is technically termed, the Calculus of
Probabilities. Now this Calculus is, in its essence, purely mathematical; and thus
we have the anomaly of the most rigidly exact in science applied to the shadow
and spirituality of the most intangible in speculation.
The extraordinary details which I am now called upon to make public, will be
found to form, as regards sequence of time, the primary branch of a series of
scarcely intelligible coincidences, whose secondary or concluding branch will be
recognized by all readers in the late murder of Mary Cecila Rogers, at New
York.
When, in an article entitled “The Murders in the Rue Morgue,” I endeavored,
about a year ago, to depict some very remarkable features in the mental character
of my friend, the Chevalier C. Auguste Dupin, it did not occur to me that I
should ever resume the subject. This depicting of character constituted my
design; and this design was thoroughly fulfilled in the wild train of
circumstances brought to instance Dupin’s idiosyncrasy. I might have adduced
other examples, but I should have proven no more. Late events, however, in their
surprising development, have startled me into some farther details, which will
carry with them the air of extorted confession. Hearing what I have lately heard,
it would be indeed strange should I remain silent in regard to what I both heard
and saw so long ago.
Upon the winding up of the tragedy involved in the deaths of Madame
L’Espanaye and her daughter, the Chevalier dismissed the affair at once from his
attention, and relapsed into his old habits of moody reverie. Prone, at all times,
to abstraction, I readily fell in with his humor; and, continuing to occupy our
chambers in the Faubourg Saint Germain, we gave the Future to the winds, and
slumbered tranquilly in the Present, weaving the dull world around us into
dreams.
But these dreams were not altogether uninterrupted. It may readily be
supposed that the part played by my friend, in the drama at the Rue Morgue, had
not failed of its impression upon the fancies of the Parisian police. With its
emissaries, the name of Dupin had grown into a household word. The simple
character of those inductions by which he had disentangled the mystery never
having been explained even to the Prefect, or to any other individual than
myself, of course it is not surprising that the affair was regarded as little less than
miraculous, or that the Chevalier’s analytical abilities acquired for him the credit
of intuition. His frankness would have led him to disabuse every inquirer of such
prejudice; but his indolent humor forbade all farther agitation of a topic whose
interest to himself had long ceased. It thus happened that he found himself the
cynosure of the political eyes; and the cases were not few in which attempt was
made to engage his services at the Prefecture. One of the most remarkable
instances was that of the murder of a young girl named Marie Rogêt.
This event occurred about two years after the atrocity in the Rue Morgue.
Marie, whose Christian and family name will at once arrest attention from their
resemblance to those of the unfortunate “cigargirl,” was the only daughter of the
widow Estelle Rogêt. The father had died during the child’s infancy, and from
the period of his death, until within eighteen months before the assassination
which forms the subject of our narrative, the mother and daughter had dwelt
together in the Rue Pavée Saint Andrée; (*3) Madame there keeping a pension,
assisted by Marie. Affairs went on thus until the latter had attained her twenty-
second year, when her great beauty attracted the notice of a perfumer, who
occupied one of the shops in the basement of the Palais Royal, and whose
custom lay chiefly among the desperate adventurers infesting that neighborhood.
Monsieur Le Blanc (*4) was not unaware of the advantages to be derived from
the attendance of the fair Marie in his perfumery; and his liberal proposals were
accepted eagerly by the girl, although with somewhat more of hesitation by
Madame.
The anticipations of the shopkeeper were realized, and his rooms soon became
notorious through the charms of the sprightly grisette. She had been in his
employ about a year, when her admirers were thrown info confusion by her
sudden disappearance from the shop. Monsieur Le Blanc was unable to account
for her absence, and Madame Rogêt was distracted with anxiety and terror. The
public papers immediately took up the theme, and the police were upon the point
of making serious investigations, when, one fine morning, after the lapse of a
week, Marie, in good health, but with a somewhat saddened air, made her re-
appearance at her usual counter in the perfumery. All inquiry, except that of a
private character, was of course immediately hushed. Monsieur Le Blanc
professed total ignorance, as before. Marie, with Madame, replied to all
questions, that the last week had been spent at the house of a relation in the
country. Thus the affair died away, and was generally forgotten; for the girl,
ostensibly to relieve herself from the impertinence of curiosity, soon bade a final
adieu to the perfumer, and sought the shelter of her mother’s residence in the
Rue Pavée Saint Andrée.
It was about five months after this return home, that her friends were alarmed
by her sudden disappearance for the second time. Three days elapsed, and
nothing was heard of her. On the fourth her corpse was found floating in the
Seine, * near the shore which is opposite the Quartier of the Rue Saint Andree,
and at a point not very far distant from the secluded neighborhood of the
Barrière du Roule. (*6)
The atrocity of this murder, (for it was at once evident that murder had been
committed,) the youth and beauty of the victim, and, above all, her previous
notoriety, conspired to produce intense excitement in the minds of the sensitive
Parisians. I can call to mind no similar occurrence producing so general and so
intense an effect. For several weeks, in the discussion of this one absorbing
theme, even the momentous political topics of the day were forgotten. The
Prefect made unusual exertions; and the powers of the whole Parisian police
were, of course, tasked to the utmost extent.
Upon the first discovery of the corpse, it was not supposed that the murderer
would be able to elude, for more than a very brief period, the inquisition which
was immediately set on foot. It was not until the expiration of a week that it was
deemed necessary to offer a reward; and even then this reward was limited to a
thousand francs. In the mean time the investigation proceeded with vigor, if not
always with judgment, and numerous individuals were examined to no purpose;
while, owing to the continual absence of all clue to the mystery, the popular
excitement greatly increased. At the end of the tenth day it was thought
advisable to double the sum originally proposed; and, at length, the second week
having elapsed without leading to any discoveries, and the prejudice which
always exists in Paris against the Police having given vent to itself in several
serious émeutes, the Prefect took it upon himself to offer the sum of twenty
thousand francs “for the conviction of the assassin,” or, if more than one should
prove to have been implicated, “for the conviction of any one of the assassins.”
In the proclamation setting forth this reward, a full pardon was promised to any
accomplice who should come forward in evidence against his fellow; and to the
whole was appended, wherever it appeared, the private placard of a committee of
citizens, offering ten thousand francs, in addition to the amount proposed by the
Prefecture. The entire reward thus stood at no less than thirty thousand francs,
which will be regarded as an extraordinary sum when we consider the humble
condition of the girl, and the great frequency, in large cities, of such atrocities as
the one described.
No one doubted now that the mystery of this murder would be immediately
brought to light. But although, in one or two instances, arrests were made which
promised elucidation, yet nothing was elicited which could implicate the parties
suspected; and they were discharged forthwith. Strange as it may appear, the
third week from the discovery of the body had passed, and passed without any
light being thrown upon the subject, before even a rumor of the events which
had so agitated the public mind, reached the ears of Dupin and myself. Engaged
in researches which absorbed our whole attention, it had been nearly a month
since either of us had gone abroad, or received a visitor, or more than glanced at
the leading political articles in one of the daily papers. The first intelligence of
the murder was brought us by G ——, in person. He called upon us early in the
afternoon of the thirteenth of July, 18—, and remained with us until late in the
night. He had been piqued by the failure of all his endeavors to ferret out the
assassins. His reputation—so he said with a peculiarly Parisian air—was at
stake. Even his honor was concerned. The eyes of the public were upon him; and
there was really no sacrifice which he would not be willing to make for the
development of the mystery. He concluded a somewhat droll speech with a
compliment upon what he was pleased to term the tact of Dupin, and made him a
direct, and certainly a liberal proposition, the precise nature of which I do not
feel myself at liberty to disclose, but which has no bearing upon the proper
subject of my narrative.
The compliment my friend rebutted as best he could, but the proposition he
accepted at once, although its advantages were altogether provisional. This point
being settled, the Prefect broke forth at once into explanations of his own views,
interspersing them with long comments upon the evidence; of which latter we
were not yet in possession. He discoursed much, and beyond doubt, learnedly;
while I hazarded an occasional suggestion as the night wore drowsily away.
Dupin, sitting steadily in his accustomed arm-chair, was the embodiment of
respectful attention. He wore spectacles, during the whole interview; and an
occasional signal glance beneath their green glasses, sufficed to convince me
that he slept not the less soundly, because silently, throughout the seven or eight
leaden-footed hours which immediately preceded the departure of the Prefect.
In the morning, I procured, at the Prefecture, a full report of all the evidence
elicited, and, at the various newspaper offices, a copy of every paper in which,
from first to last, had been published any decisive information in regard to this
sad affair. Freed from all that was positively disproved, this mass of information
stood thus:
Marie Rogêt left the residence of her mother, in the Rue Pavée St. Andrée,
about nine o’clock in the morning of Sunday June the twenty-second, 18—. In
going out, she gave notice to a Monsieur Jacques St. Eustache, (*7) and to him
only, of her intent intention to spend the day with an aunt who resided in the Rue
des Drâmes. The Rue des Drâmes is a short and narrow but populous
thoroughfare, not far from the banks of the river, and at a distance of some two
miles, in the most direct course possible, from the pension of Madame Rogêt. St.
Eustache was the accepted suitor of Marie, and lodged, as well as took his meals,
at the pension. He was to have gone for his betrothed at dusk, and to have
escorted her home. In the afternoon, however, it came on to rain heavily; and,
supposing that she would remain all night at her aunt’s, (as she had done under
similar circumstances before,) he did not think it necessary to keep his promise.
As night drew on, Madame Rogêt (who was an infirm old lady, seventy years of
age,) was heard to express a fear “that she should never see Marie again;” but
this observation attracted little attention at the time.
On Monday, it was ascertained that the girl had not been to the Rue des
Drâmes; and when the day elapsed without tidings of her, a tardy search was
instituted at several points in the city, and its environs. It was not, however until
the fourth day from the period of disappearance that any thing satisfactory was
ascertained respecting her. On this day, (Wednesday, the twenty-fifth of June,) a
Monsieur Beauvais, (*8) who, with a friend, had been making inquiries for
Marie near the Barrière du Roule, on the shore of the Seine which is opposite the
Rue Pavée St. Andrée, was informed that a corpse had just been towed ashore by
some fishermen, who had found it floating in the river. Upon seeing the body,
Beauvais, after some hesitation, identified it as that of the perfumery-girl. His
friend recognized it more promptly.
The face was suffused with dark blood, some of which issued from the mouth.
No foam was seen, as in the case of the merely drowned. There was no
discoloration in the cellular tissue. About the throat were bruises and
impressions of fingers. The arms were bent over on the chest and were rigid. The
right hand was clenched; the left partially open. On the left wrist were two
circular excoriations, apparently the effect of ropes, or of a rope in more than
one volution. A part of the right wrist, also, was much chafed, as well as the back
throughout its extent, but more especially at the shoulder-blades. In bringing the
body to the shore the fishermen had attached to it a rope; but none of the
excoriations had been effected by this. The flesh of the neck was much swollen.
There were no cuts apparent, or bruises which appeared the effect of blows. A
piece of lace was found tied so tightly around the neck as to be hidden from
sight; it was completely buried in the flesh, and was fasted by a knot which lay
just under the left ear. This alone would have sufficed to produce death. The
medical testimony spoke confidently of the virtuous character of the deceased.
She had been subjected, it said, to brutal violence. The corpse was in such
condition when found, that there could have been no difficulty in its recognition
by friends.
The dress was much torn and otherwise disordered. In the outer garment, a
slip, about a foot wide, had been torn upward from the bottom hem to the waist,
but not torn off. It was wound three times around the waist, and secured by a sort
of hitch in the back. The dress immediately beneath the frock was of fine muslin;
and from this a slip eighteen inches wide had been torn entirely out—torn very
evenly and with great care. It was found around her neck, fitting loosely, and
secured with a hard knot. Over this muslin slip and the slip of lace, the strings of
a bonnet were attached; the bonnet being appended. The knot by which the
strings of the bonnet were fastened, was not a lady’s, but a slip or sailor’s knot.
After the recognition of the corpse, it was not, as usual, taken to the Morgue,
(this formality being superfluous,) but hastily interred not far from the spot at
which it was brought ashore. Through the exertions of Beauvais, the matter was
industriously hushed up, as far as possible; and several days had elapsed before
any public emotion resulted. A weekly paper, (*9) however, at length took up the
theme; the corpse was disinterred, and a re-examination instituted; but nothing
was elicited beyond what has been already noted. The clothes, however, were
now submitted to the mother and friends of the deceased, and fully identified as
those worn by the girl upon leaving home.
Meantime, the excitement increased hourly. Several individuals were arrested
and discharged. St. Eustache fell especially under suspicion; and he failed, at
first, to give an intelligible account of his whereabouts during the Sunday on
which Marie left home. Subsequently, however, he submitted to Monsieur G
——, affidavits, accounting satisfactorily for every hour of the day in question.
As time passed and no discovery ensued, a thousand contradictory rumors were
circulated, and journalists busied themselves in suggestions. Among these, the
one which attracted the most notice, was the idea that Marie Rogêt still lived—
that the corpse found in the Seine was that of some other unfortunate. It will be
proper that I submit to the reader some passages which embody the suggestion
alluded to. These passages are literal translations from L’Etoile, (*10) a paper
conducted, in general, with much ability.
“Mademoiselle Rogêt left her mother’s house on Sunday morning, June the
twenty-second, 18—, with the ostensible purpose of going to see her aunt, or
some other connexion, in the Rue des Drâmes. From that hour, nobody is proved
to have seen her. There is no trace or tidings of her at all.... There has no person,
whatever, come forward, so far, who saw her at all, on that day, after she left her
mother’s door.... Now, though we have no evidence that Marie Rogêt was in the
land of the living after nine o’clock on Sunday, June the twenty-second, we have
proof that, up to that hour, she was alive. On Wednesday noon, at twelve, a
female body was discovered afloat on the shore of the Barrière de Roule. This
was, even if we presume that Marie Rogêt was thrown into the river within three
hours after she left her mother’s house, only three days from the time she left her
home—three days to an hour. But it is folly to suppose that the murder, if murder
was committed on her body, could have been consummated soon enough to have
enabled her murderers to throw the body into the river before midnight. Those
who are guilty of such horrid crimes, choose darkness rather the light.... Thus we
see that if the body found in the river was that of Marie Rogêt, it could only have
been in the water two and a half days, or three at the outside. All experience has
shown that drowned bodies, or bodies thrown into the water immediately after
death by violence, require from six to ten days for decomposition to take place to
bring them to the top of the water. Even where a cannon is fired over a corpse,
and it rises before at least five or six days’ immersion, it sinks again, if let alone.
Now, we ask, what was there in this case to cause a departure from the ordinary
course of nature?... If the body had been kept in its mangled state on shore until
Tuesday night, some trace would be found on shore of the murderers. It is a
doubtful point, also, whether the body would be so soon afloat, even were it
thrown in after having been dead two days. And, furthermore, it is exceedingly
improbable that any villains who had committed such a murder as is here
supposed, would have thrown the body in without weight to sink it, when such a
precaution could have so easily been taken.”
The editor here proceeds to argue that the body must have been in the water
“not three days merely, but, at least, five times three days,” because it was so far
decomposed that Beauvais had great difficulty in recognizing it. This latter point,
however, was fully disproved. I continue the translation:
“What, then, are the facts on which M. Beauvais says that he has no doubt the
body was that of Marie Rogêt? He ripped up the gown sleeve, and says he found
marks which satisfied him of the identity. The public generally supposed those
marks to have consisted of some description of scars. He rubbed the arm and
found hair upon it—something as indefinite, we think, as can readily be
imagined—as little conclusive as finding an arm in the sleeve. M. Beauvais did
not return that night, but sent word to Madame Rogêt, at seven o’clock, on
Wednesday evening, that an investigation was still in progress respecting her
daughter. If we allow that Madame Rogêt, from her age and grief, could not go
over, (which is allowing a great deal,) there certainly must have been some one
who would have thought it worth while to go over and attend the investigation, if
they thought the body was that of Marie. Nobody went over. There was nothing
said or heard about the matter in the Rue Pavée St. Andrée, that reached even the
occupants of the same building. M. St. Eustache, the lover and intended husband
of Marie, who boarded in her mother’s house, deposes that he did not hear of the
discovery of the body of his intended until the next morning, when M. Beauvais
came into his chamber and told him of it. For an item of news like this, it strikes
us it was very coolly received.”
In this way the journal endeavored to create the impression of an apathy on
the part of the relatives of Marie, inconsistent with the supposition that these
relatives believed the corpse to be hers. Its insinuations amount to this:—that
Marie, with the connivance of her friends, had absented herself from the city for
reasons involving a charge against her chastity; and that these friends, upon the
discovery of a corpse in the Seine, somewhat resembling that of the girl, had
availed themselves of the opportunity to impress the public with the belief of her
death. But L’Etoile was again over-hasty. It was distinctly proved that no apathy,
such as was imagined, existed; that the old lady was exceedingly feeble, and so
agitated as to be unable to attend to any duty, that St. Eustache, so far from
receiving the news coolly, was distracted with grief, and bore himself so
frantically, that M. Beauvais prevailed upon a friend and relative to take charge
of him, and prevent his attending the examination at the disinterment. Moreover,
although it was stated by L’Etoile, that the corpse was re-interred at the public
expense—that an advantageous offer of private sculpture was absolutely
declined by the family—and that no member of the family attended the
ceremonial:—although, I say, all this was asserted by L’Etoile in furtherance of
the impression it designed to convey—yet all this was satisfactorily disproved.
In a subsequent number of the paper, an attempt was made to throw suspicion
upon Beauvais himself. The editor says:
“Now, then, a change comes over the matter. We are told that on one occasion,
while a Madame B—— was at Madame Rogêt’s house, M. Beauvais, who was
going out, told her that a gendarme was expected there, and she, Madame B.,
must not say anything to the gendarme until he returned, but let the matter be for
him.... In the present posture of affairs, M. Beauvais appears to have the whole
matter locked up in his head. A single step cannot be taken without M. Beauvais;
for, go which way you will, you run against him.... For some reason, he
determined that nobody shall have any thing to do with the proceedings but
himself, and he has elbowed the male relatives out of the way, according to their
representations, in a very singular manner. He seems to have been very much
averse to permitting the relatives to see the body.”
By the following fact, some color was given to the suspicion thus thrown upon
Beauvais. A visitor at his office, a few days prior to the girl’s disappearance, and
during the absence of its occupant, had observed a rose in the key-hole of the
door, and the name “Marie” inscribed upon a slate which hung near at hand.
The general impression, so far as we were enabled to glean it from the
newspapers, seemed to be, that Marie had been the victim of a gang of
desperadoes—that by these she had been borne across the river, maltreated and
murdered. Le Commerciel, (*11) however, a print of extensive influence, was
earnest in combating this popular idea. I quote a passage or two from its
columns:
“We are persuaded that pursuit has hitherto been on a false scent, so far as it
has been directed to the Barrière du Roule. It is impossible that a person so well
known to thousands as this young woman was, should have passed three blocks
without some one having seen her; and any one who saw her would have
remembered it, for she interested all who knew her. It was when the streets were
full of people, when she went out.... It is impossible that she could have gone to
the Barrière du Roule, or to the Rue des Drâmes, without being recognized by a
dozen persons; yet no one has come forward who saw her outside of her
mother’s door, and there is no evidence, except the testimony concerning her
expressed intentions, that she did go out at all. Her gown was torn, bound round
her, and tied; and by that the body was carried as a bundle. If the murder had
been committed at the Barrière du Roule, there would have been no necessity for
any such arrangement. The fact that the body was found floating near the
Barrière, is no proof as to where it was thrown into the water..... A piece of one
of the unfortunate girl’s petticoats, two feet long and one foot wide, was torn out
and tied under her chin around the back of her head, probably to prevent
screams. This was done by fellows who had no pocket-handkerchief.”
A day or two before the Prefect called upon us, however, some important
information reached the police, which seemed to overthrow, at least, the chief
portion of Le Commerciel’s argument. Two small boys, sons of a Madame
Deluc, while roaming among the woods near the Barrière du Roule, chanced to
penetrate a close thicket, within which were three or four large stones, forming a
kind of seat, with a back and footstool. On the upper stone lay a white petticoat;
on the second a silk scarf. A parasol, gloves, and a pocket-handkerchief were
also here found. The handkerchief bore the name “Marie Rogêt.” Fragments of
dress were discovered on the brambles around. The earth was trampled, the
bushes were broken, and there was every evidence of a struggle. Between the
thicket and the river, the fences were found taken down, and the ground bore
evidence of some heavy burthen having been dragged along it.
A weekly paper, Le Soleil,(*12) had the following comments upon this
discovery—comments which merely echoed the sentiment of the whole Parisian
press:
“The things had all evidently been there at least three or four weeks; they were
all mildewed down hard with the action of the rain and stuck together from
mildew. The grass had grown around and over some of them. The silk on the
parasol was strong, but the threads of it were run together within. The upper part,
where it had been doubled and folded, was all mildewed and rotten, and tore on
its being opened..... The pieces of her frock torn out by the bushes were about
three inches wide and six inches long. One part was the hem of the frock, and it
had been mended; the other piece was part of the skirt, not the hem. They looked
like strips torn off, and were on the thorn bush, about a foot from the ground.....
There can be no doubt, therefore, that the spot of this appalling outrage has been
discovered.”
Consequent upon this discovery, new evidence appeared. Madame Deluc
testified that she keeps a roadside inn not far from the bank of the river, opposite
the Barrière du Roule. The neighborhood is secluded—particularly so. It is the
usual Sunday resort of blackguards from the city, who cross the river in boats.
About three o’clock, in the afternoon of the Sunday in question, a young girl
arrived at the inn, accompanied by a young man of dark complexion. The two
remained here for some time. On their departure, they took the road to some
thick woods in the vicinity. Madame Deluc’s attention was called to the dress
worn by the girl, on account of its resemblance to one worn by a deceased
relative. A scarf was particularly noticed. Soon after the departure of the couple,
a gang of miscreants made their appearance, behaved boisterously, ate and drank
without making payment, followed in the route of the young man and girl,
returned to the inn about dusk, and re-crossed the river as if in great haste.
It was soon after dark, upon this same evening, that Madame Deluc, as well as
her eldest son, heard the screams of a female in the vicinity of the inn. The
screams were violent but brief. Madame D. recognized not only the scarf which
was found in the thicket, but the dress which was discovered upon the corpse.
An omnibus driver, Valence, (*13) now also testified that he saw Marie Rogêt
cross a ferry on the Seine, on the Sunday in question, in company with a young
man of dark complexion. He, Valence, knew Marie, and could not be mistaken in
her identity. The articles found in the thicket were fully identified by the
relatives of Marie.
The items of evidence and information thus collected by myself, from the
newspapers, at the suggestion of Dupin, embraced only one more point—but this
was a point of seemingly vast consequence. It appears that, immediately after the
discovery of the clothes as above described, the lifeless, or nearly lifeless body
of St. Eustache, Marie’s betrothed, was found in the vicinity of what all now
supposed the scene of the outrage. A phial labelled “laudanum,” and emptied,
was found near him. His breath gave evidence of the poison. He died without
speaking. Upon his person was found a letter, briefly stating his love for Marie,
with his design of self-destruction.
“I need scarcely tell you,” said Dupin, as he finished the perusal of my notes,
“that this is a far more intricate case than that of the Rue Morgue; from which it
differs in one important respect. This is an ordinary, although an atrocious
instance of crime. There is nothing peculiarly outré about it. You will observe
that, for this reason, the mystery has been considered easy, when, for this reason,
it should have been considered difficult, of solution. Thus; at first, it was thought
unnecessary to offer a reward. The myrmidons of G—— were able at once to
comprehend how and why such an atrocity might have been committed. They
could picture to their imaginations a mode—many modes—and a motive—many
motives; and because it was not impossible that either of these numerous modes
and motives could have been the actual one, they have taken it for granted that
one of them must. But the case with which these variable fancies were
entertained, and the very plausibility which each assumed, should have been
understood as indicative rather of the difficulties than of the facilities which
must attend elucidation. I have before observed that it is by prominences above
the plane of the ordinary, that reason feels her way, if at all, in her search for the
true, and that the proper question in cases such as this, is not so much ‘what has
occurred?’ as ‘what has occurred that has never occurred before?’ In the
investigations at the house of Madame L’Espanaye, (*14) the agents of G——
were discouraged and confounded by that very unusualness which, to a properly
regulated intellect, would have afforded the surest omen of success; while this
same intellect might have been plunged in despair at the ordinary character of all
that met the eye in the case of the perfumery-girl, and yet told of nothing but
easy triumph to the functionaries of the Prefecture.
“In the case of Madame L’Espanaye and her daughter there was, even at the
beginning of our investigation, no doubt that murder had been committed. The
idea of suicide was excluded at once. Here, too, we are freed, at the
commencement, from all supposition of self-murder. The body found at the
Barrière du Roule, was found under such circumstances as to leave us no room
for embarrassment upon this important point. But it has been suggested that the
corpse discovered, is not that of the Marie Rogêt for the conviction of whose
assassin, or assassins, the reward is offered, and respecting whom, solely, our
agreement has been arranged with the Prefect. We both know this gentleman
well. It will not do to trust him too far. If, dating our inquiries from the body
found, and thence tracing a murderer, we yet discover this body to be that of
some other individual than Marie; or, if starting from the living Marie, we find
her, yet find her unassassinated—in either case we lose our labor; since it is
Monsieur G—— with whom we have to deal. For our own purpose, therefore, if
not for the purpose of justice, it is indispensable that our first step should be the
determination of the identity of the corpse with the Marie Rogêt who is missing.
“With the public the arguments of L’Etoile have had weight; and that the
journal itself is convinced of their importance would appear from the manner in
which it commences one of its essays upon the subject—‘Several of the morning
papers of the day,’ it says, ‘speak of the conclusive article in Monday’s Etoile.’
To me, this article appears conclusive of little beyond the zeal of its inditer. We
should bear in mind that, in general, it is the object of our newspapers rather to
create a sensation—to make a point—than to further the cause of truth. The latter
end is only pursued when it seems coincident with the former. The print which
merely falls in with ordinary opinion (however well founded this opinion may
be) earns for itself no credit with the mob. The mass of the people regard as
profound only him who suggests pungent contradictions of the general idea. In
ratiocination, not less than in literature, it is the epigram which is the most
immediately and the most universally appreciated. In both, it is of the lowest
order of merit.
“What I mean to say is, that it is the mingled epigram and melodrame of the
idea, that Marie Rogêt still lives, rather than any true plausibility in this idea,
which have suggested it to L’Etoile, and secured it a favorable reception with the
public. Let us examine the heads of this journal’s argument; endeavoring to
avoid the incoherence with which it is originally set forth.
“The first aim of the writer is to show, from the brevity of the interval between
Marie’s disappearance and the finding of the floating corpse, that this corpse
cannot be that of Marie. The reduction of this interval to its smallest possible
dimension, becomes thus, at once, an object with the reasoner. In the rash pursuit
of this object, he rushes into mere assumption at the outset. ‘It is folly to
suppose,’ he says, ‘that the murder, if murder was committed on her body, could
have been consummated soon enough to have enabled her murderers to throw
the body into the river before midnight.’ We demand at once, and very naturally,
why? Why is it folly to suppose that the murder was committed within five
minutes after the girl’s quitting her mother’s house? Why is it folly to suppose
that the murder was committed at any given period of the day? There have been
assassinations at all hours. But, had the murder taken place at any moment
between nine o’clock in the morning of Sunday, and a quarter before midnight,
there would still have been time enough ‘to throw the body into the river before
midnight.’ This assumption, then, amounts precisely to this—that the murder
was not committed on Sunday at all—and, if we allow L’Etoile to assume this,
we may permit it any liberties whatever. The paragraph beginning ‘It is folly to
suppose that the murder, etc.,’ however it appears as printed in L’Etoile, may be
imagined to have existed actually thus in the brain of its inditer—‘It is folly to
suppose that the murder, if murder was committed on the body, could have been
committed soon enough to have enabled her murderers to throw the body into
the river before midnight; it is folly, we say, to suppose all this, and to suppose at
the same time, (as we are resolved to suppose,) that the body was not thrown in
until after midnight’—a sentence sufficiently inconsequential in itself, but not so
utterly preposterous as the one printed.
 “Were it my purpose,” continued Dupin, “merely to make out a case against
this passage of L’Etoile’s argument, I might safely leave it where it is. It is not,
however, with L’Etoile that we have to do, but with the truth. The sentence in
question has but one meaning, as it stands; and this meaning I have fairly stated:
but it is material that we go behind the mere words, for an idea which these
words have obviously intended, and failed to convey. It was the design of the
journalist to say that, at whatever period of the day or night of Sunday this
murder was committed, it was improbable that the assassins would have
ventured to bear the corpse to the river before midnight. And herein lies, really,
the assumption of which I complain. It is assumed that the murder was
committed at such a position, and under such circumstances, that the bearing it
to the river became necessary. Now, the assassination might have taken place
upon the river’s brink, or on the river itself; and, thus, the throwing the corpse in
the water might have been resorted to, at any period of the day or night, as the
most obvious and most immediate mode of disposal. You will understand that I
suggest nothing here as probable, or as cöincident with my own opinion. My
design, so far, has no reference to the facts of the case. I wish merely to caution
you against the whole tone of L’Etoile’s suggestion, by calling your attention to
its ex parte character at the outset.
“Having prescribed thus a limit to suit its own preconceived notions; having
assumed that, if this were the body of Marie, it could have been in the water but
a very brief time; the journal goes on to say:
‘All experience has shown that drowned bodies, or bodies thrown into the
water immediately after death by violence, require from six to ten days for
sufficient decomposition to take place to bring them to the top of the water. Even
when a cannon is fired over a corpse, and it rises before at least five or six days’
immersion, it sinks again if let alone.’
“These assertions have been tacitly received by every paper in Paris, with the
exception of Le Moniteur. (*15) This latter print endeavors to combat that
portion of the paragraph which has reference to ‘drowned bodies’ only, by citing
some five or six instances in which the bodies of individuals known to be
drowned were found floating after the lapse of less time than is insisted upon by
L’Etoile. But there is something excessively unphilosophical in the attempt on
the part of Le Moniteur, to rebut the general assertion of L’Etoile, by a citation of
particular instances militating against that assertion. Had it been possible to
adduce fifty instead of five examples of bodies found floating at the end of two
or three days, these fifty examples could still have been properly regarded only
as exceptions to L’Etoile’s rule, until such time as the rule itself should be
confuted. Admitting the rule, (and this Le Moniteur does not deny, insisting
merely upon its exceptions,) the argument of L’Etoile is suffered to remain in
full force; for this argument does not pretend to involve more than a question of
the probability of the body having risen to the surface in less than three days;
and this probability will be in favor of L’Etoile’s position until the instances so
childishly adduced shall be sufficient in number to establish an antagonistical
rule.
“You will see at once that all argument upon this head should be urged, if at
all, against the rule itself; and for this end we must examine the rationale of the
rule. Now the human body, in general, is neither much lighter nor much heavier
than the water of the Seine; that is to say, the specific gravity of the human body,
in its natural condition, is about equal to the bulk of fresh water which it
displaces. The bodies of fat and fleshy persons, with small bones, and of women
generally, are lighter than those of the lean and large-boned, and of men; and the
specific gravity of the water of a river is somewhat influenced by the presence of
the tide from sea. But, leaving this tide out of question, it may be said that very
few human bodies will sink at all, even in fresh water, of their own accord.
Almost any one, falling into a river, will be enabled to float, if he suffer the
specific gravity of the water fairly to be adduced in comparison with his own—
that is to say, if he suffer his whole person to be immersed, with as little
exception as possible. The proper position for one who cannot swim, is the
upright position of the walker on land, with the head thrown fully back, and
immersed; the mouth and nostrils alone remaining above the surface. Thus
circumstanced, we shall find that we float without difficulty and without
exertion. It is evident, however, that the gravities of the body, and of the bulk of
water displaced, are very nicely balanced, and that a trifle will cause either to
preponderate. An arm, for instance, uplifted from the water, and thus deprived of
its support, is an additional weight sufficient to immerse the whole head, while
the accidental aid of the smallest piece of timber will enable us to elevate the
head so as to look about. Now, in the struggles of one unused to swimming, the
arms are invariably thrown upwards, while an attempt is made to keep the head
in its usual perpendicular position. The result is the immersion of the mouth and
nostrils, and the inception, during efforts to breathe while beneath the surface, of
water into the lungs. Much is also received into the stomach, and the whole body
becomes heavier by the difference between the weight of the air originally
distending these cavities, and that of the fluid which now fills them. This
difference is sufficient to cause the body to sink, as a general rule; but is
insufficient in the cases of individuals with small bones and an abnormal
quantity of flaccid or fatty matter. Such individuals float even after drowning.
“The corpse, being supposed at the bottom of the river, will there remain until,
by some means, its specific gravity again becomes less than that of the bulk of
water which it displaces. This effect is brought about by decomposition, or
otherwise. The result of decomposition is the generation of gas, distending the
cellular tissues and all the cavities, and giving the puffed appearance which is so
horrible. When this distension has so far progressed that the bulk of the corpse is
materially increased without a corresponding increase of mass or weight, its
specific gravity becomes less than that of the water displaced, and it forthwith
makes its appearance at the surface. But decomposition is modified by
innumerable circumstances—is hastened or retarded by innumerable agencies;
for example, by the heat or cold of the season, by the mineral impregnation or
purity of the water, by its depth or shallowness, by its currency or stagnation, by
the temperament of the body, by its infection or freedom from disease before
death. Thus it is evident that we can assign no period, with any thing like
accuracy, at which the corpse shall rise through decomposition. Under certain
conditions this result would be brought about within an hour; under others, it
might not take place at all. There are chemical infusions by which the animal
frame can be preserved forever from corruption; the Bi-chloride of Mercury is
one. But, apart from decomposition, there may be, and very usually is, a
generation of gas within the stomach, from the acetous fermentation of vegetable
matter (or within other cavities from other causes) sufficient to induce a
distension which will bring the body to the surface. The effect produced by the
firing of a cannon is that of simple vibration. This may either loosen the corpse
from the soft mud or ooze in which it is imbedded, thus permitting it to rise
when other agencies have already prepared it for so doing; or it may overcome
the tenacity of some putrescent portions of the cellular tissue; allowing the
cavities to distend under the influence of the gas.
“Having thus before us the whole philosophy of this subject, we can easily test
by it the assertions of L’Etoile. ‘All experience shows,’ says this paper, ‘that
drowned bodies, or bodies thrown into the water immediately after death by
violence, require from six to ten days for sufficient decomposition to take place
to bring them to the top of the water. Even when a cannon is fired over a corpse,
and it rises before at least five or six days’ immersion, it sinks again if let alone.’
“The whole of this paragraph must now appear a tissue of inconsequence and
incoherence. All experience does not show that ‘drowned bodies’ require from
six to ten days for sufficient decomposition to take place to bring them to the
surface. Both science and experience show that the period of their rising is, and
necessarily must be, indeterminate. If, moreover, a body has risen to the surface
through firing of cannon, it will not ‘sink again if let alone,’ until decomposition
has so far progressed as to permit the escape of the generated gas. But I wish to
call your attention to the distinction which is made between ‘drowned bodies,’
and ‘bodies thrown into the water immediately after death by violence.’
Although the writer admits the distinction, he yet includes them all in the same
category. I have shown how it is that the body of a drowning man becomes
specifically heavier than its bulk of water, and that he would not sink at all,
except for the struggles by which he elevates his arms above the surface, and his
gasps for breath while beneath the surface—gasps which supply by water the
place of the original air in the lungs. But these struggles and these gasps would
not occur in the body ‘thrown into the water immediately after death by
violence.’ Thus, in the latter instance, the body, as a general rule, would not sink
at all—a fact of which L’Etoile is evidently ignorant. When decomposition had
proceeded to a very great extent—when the flesh had in a great measure left the
bones—then, indeed, but not till then, should we lose sight of the corpse.
“And now what are we to make of the argument, that the body found could
not be that of Marie Rogêt, because, three days only having elapsed, this body
was found floating? If drowned, being a woman, she might never have sunk; or
having sunk, might have reappeared in twenty-four hours, or less. But no one
supposes her to have been drowned; and, dying before being thrown into the
river, she might have been found floating at any period afterwards whatever.
“‘But,’ says L’Etoile, ‘if the body had been kept in its mangled state on shore
until Tuesday night, some trace would be found on shore of the murderers.’ Here
it is at first difficult to perceive the intention of the reasoner. He means to
anticipate what he imagines would be an objection to his theory—viz: that the
body was kept on shore two days, suffering rapid decomposition—more rapid
than if immersed in water. He supposes that, had this been the case, it might have
appeared at the surface on the Wednesday, and thinks that only under such
circumstances it could so have appeared. He is accordingly in haste to show that
it was not kept on shore; for, if so, ‘some trace would be found on shore of the
murderers.’ I presume you smile at the sequitur. You cannot be made to see how
the mere duration of the corpse on the shore could operate to multiply traces of
the assassins. Nor can I.
“‘And furthermore it is exceedingly improbable,’ continues our journal, ‘that
any villains who had committed such a murder as is here supposed, would have
thrown the body in without weight to sink it, when such a precaution could have
so easily been taken.’ Observe, here, the laughable confusion of thought! No one
—not even L’Etoile—disputes the murder committed on the body found. The
marks of violence are too obvious. It is our reasoner’s object merely to show that
this body is not Marie’s. He wishes to prove that Marie is not assassinated—not
that the corpse was not. Yet his observation proves only the latter point. Here is a
corpse without weight attached. Murderers, casting it in, would not have failed
to attach a weight. Therefore it was not thrown in by murderers. This is all which
is proved, if any thing is. The question of identity is not even approached, and
L’Etoile has been at great pains merely to gainsay now what it has admitted only
a moment before. ‘We are perfectly convinced,’ it says, ‘that the body found was
that of a murdered female.’
“Nor is this the sole instance, even in this division of his subject, where our
reasoner unwittingly reasons against himself. His evident object, I have already
said, is to reduce, as much as possible, the interval between Marie’s
disappearance and the finding of the corpse. Yet we find him urging the point
that no person saw the girl from the moment of her leaving her mother’s house.
‘We have no evidence,’ he says, ‘that Marie Rogêt was in the land of the living
after nine o’clock on Sunday, June the twenty-second.’ As his argument is
obviously an ex parte one, he should, at least, have left this matter out of sight;
for had any one been known to see Marie, say on Monday, or on Tuesday, the
interval in question would have been much reduced, and, by his own
ratiocination, the probability much diminished of the corpse being that of the
grisette. It is, nevertheless, amusing to observe that L’Etoile insists upon its point
in the full belief of its furthering its general argument.
“Reperuse now that portion of this argument which has reference to the
identification of the corpse by Beauvais. In regard to the hair upon the arm,
L’Etoile has been obviously disingenuous. M. Beauvais, not being an idiot, could
never have urged, in identification of the corpse, simply hair upon its arm. No
arm is without hair. The generality of the expression of L’Etoile is a mere
perversion of the witness’ phraseology. He must have spoken of some peculiarity
in this hair. It must have been a peculiarity of color, of quantity, of length, or of
situation.
“‘Her foot,’ says the journal, ‘was small—so are thousands of feet. Her garter
is no proof whatever—nor is her shoe—for shoes and garters are sold in
packages. The same may be said of the flowers in her hat. One thing upon which
M. Beauvais strongly insists is, that the clasp on the garter found, had been set
back to take it in. This amounts to nothing; for most women find it proper to take
a pair of garters home and fit them to the size of the limbs they are to encircle,
rather than to try them in the store where they purchase.’ Here it is difficult to
suppose the reasoner in earnest. Had M. Beauvais, in his search for the body of
Marie, discovered a corpse corresponding in general size and appearance to the
missing girl, he would have been warranted (without reference to the question of
habiliment at all) in forming an opinion that his search had been successful. If, in
addition to the point of general size and contour, he had found upon the arm a
peculiar hairy appearance which he had observed upon the living Marie, his
opinion might have been justly strengthened; and the increase of positiveness
might well have been in the ratio of the peculiarity, or unusualness, of the hairy
mark. If, the feet of Marie being small, those of the corpse were also small, the
increase of probability that the body was that of Marie would not be an increase
in a ratio merely arithmetical, but in one highly geometrical, or accumulative.
Add to all this shoes such as she had been known to wear upon the day of her
disappearance, and, although these shoes may be ‘sold in packages,’ you so far
augment the probability as to verge upon the certain. What, of itself, would be no
evidence of identity, becomes through its corroborative position, proof most
sure. Give us, then, flowers in the hat corresponding to those worn by the
missing girl, and we seek for nothing farther. If only one flower, we seek for
nothing farther—what then if two or three, or more? Each successive one is
multiple evidence—proof not added to proof, but multiplied by hundreds or
thousands. Let us now discover, upon the deceased, garters such as the living
used, and it is almost folly to proceed. But these garters are found to be
tightened, by the setting back of a clasp, in just such a manner as her own had
been tightened by Marie, shortly previous to her leaving home. It is now
madness or hypocrisy to doubt. What L’Etoile says in respect to this abbreviation
of the garter’s being an usual occurrence, shows nothing beyond its own
pertinacity in error. The elastic nature of the clasp-garter is self-demonstration of
the unusualness of the abbreviation. What is made to adjust itself, must of
necessity require foreign adjustment but rarely. It must have been by an accident,
in its strictest sense, that these garters of Marie needed the tightening described.
They alone would have amply established her identity. But it is not that the
corpse was found to have the garters of the missing girl, or found to have her
shoes, or her bonnet, or the flowers of her bonnet, or her feet, or a peculiar mark
upon the arm, or her general size and appearance—it is that the corpse had each,
and all collectively. Could it be proved that the editor of L’Etoile really
entertained a doubt, under the circumstances, there would be no need, in his
case, of a commission de lunatico inquirendo. He has thought it sagacious to
echo the small talk of the lawyers, who, for the most part, content themselves
with echoing the rectangular precepts of the courts. I would here observe that
very much of what is rejected as evidence by a court, is the best of evidence to
the intellect. For the court, guiding itself by the general principles of evidence—
the recognized and booked principles—is averse from swerving at particular
instances. And this steadfast adherence to principle, with rigorous disregard of
the conflicting exception, is a sure mode of attaining the maximum of attainable
truth, in any long sequence of time. The practice, in mass, is therefore
philosophical; but it is not the less certain that it engenders vast individual error.
(*16)
“In respect to the insinuations levelled at Beauvais, you will be willing to
dismiss them in a breath. You have already fathomed the true character of this
good gentleman. He is a busy-body, with much of romance and little of wit. Any
one so constituted will readily so conduct himself, upon occasion of real
excitement, as to render himself liable to suspicion on the part of the over acute,
or the ill-disposed. M. Beauvais (as it appears from your notes) had some
personal interviews with the editor of L’Etoile, and offended him by venturing
an opinion that the corpse, notwithstanding the theory of the editor, was, in sober
fact, that of Marie. ‘He persists,’ says the paper, ‘in asserting the corpse to be
that of Marie, but cannot give a circumstance, in addition to those which we
have commented upon, to make others believe.’ Now, without re-adverting to the
fact that stronger evidence ‘to make others believe,’ could never have been
adduced, it may be remarked that a man may very well be understood to believe,
in a case of this kind, without the ability to advance a single reason for the belief
of a second party. Nothing is more vague than impressions of individual identity.
Each man recognizes his neighbor, yet there are few instances in which any one
is prepared to give a reason for his recognition. The editor of L’Etoile had no
right to be offended at M. Beauvais’ unreasoning belief.
“The suspicious circumstances which invest him, will be found to tally much
better with my hypothesis of romantic busy-bodyism, than with the reasoner’s
suggestion of guilt. Once adopting the more charitable interpretation, we shall
find no difficulty in comprehending the rose in the key-hole; the ‘Marie’ upon
the slate; the ‘elbowing the male relatives out of the way;’ the ‘aversion to
permitting them to see the body;’ the caution given to Madame B——, that she
must hold no conversation with the gendarme until his return (Beauvais’); and,
lastly, his apparent determination ‘that nobody should have anything to do with
the proceedings except himself.’ It seems to me unquestionable that Beauvais
was a suitor of Marie’s; that she coquetted with him; and that he was ambitious
of being thought to enjoy her fullest intimacy and confidence. I shall say nothing
more upon this point; and, as the evidence fully rebuts the assertion of L’Etoile,
touching the matter of apathy on the part of the mother and other relatives—an
apathy inconsistent with the supposition of their believing the corpse to be that
of the perfumery-girl—we shall now proceed as if the question of identity were
settled to our perfect satisfaction.”
“And what,” I here demanded, “do you think of the opinions of Le
Commerciel?”
“That, in spirit, they are far more worthy of attention than any which have
been promulgated upon the subject. The deductions from the premises are
philosophical and acute; but the premises, in two instances, at least, are founded
in imperfect observation. Le Commerciel wishes to intimate that Marie was
seized by some gang of low ruffians not far from her mother’s door. ‘It is
impossible,’ it urges, ‘that a person so well known to thousands as this young
woman was, should have passed three blocks without some one having seen her.’
This is the idea of a man long resident in Paris—a public man—and one whose
walks to and fro in the city, have been mostly limited to the vicinity of the public
offices. He is aware that he seldom passes so far as a dozen blocks from his own
bureau, without being recognized and accosted. And, knowing the extent of his
personal acquaintance with others, and of others with him, he compares his
notoriety with that of the perfumery-girl, finds no great difference between them,
and reaches at once the conclusion that she, in her walks, would be equally liable
to recognition with himself in his. This could only be the case were her walks of
the same unvarying, methodical character, and within the same species of limited
region as are his own. He passes to and fro, at regular intervals, within a
confined periphery, abounding in individuals who are led to observation of his
person through interest in the kindred nature of his occupation with their own.
But the walks of Marie may, in general, be supposed discursive. In this particular
instance, it will be understood as most probable, that she proceeded upon a route
of more than average diversity from her accustomed ones. The parallel which we
imagine to have existed in the mind of Le Commerciel would only be sustained
in the event of the two individuals’ traversing the whole city. In this case,
granting the personal acquaintances to be equal, the chances would be also equal
that an equal number of personal rencounters would be made. For my own part, I
should hold it not only as possible, but as very far more than probable, that
Marie might have proceeded, at any given period, by any one of the many routes
between her own residence and that of her aunt, without meeting a single
individual whom she knew, or by whom she was known. In viewing this
question in its full and proper light, we must hold steadily in mind the great
disproportion between the personal acquaintances of even the most noted
individual in Paris, and the entire population of Paris itself.
 “But whatever force there may still appear to be in the suggestion of Le
Commerciel, will be much diminished when we take into consideration the hour
at which the girl went abroad. ‘It was when the streets were full of people,’ says
Le Commerciel, ‘that she went out.’ But not so. It was at nine o’clock in the
morning. Now at nine o’clock of every morning in the week, with the exception
of Sunday, the streets of the city are, it is true, thronged with people. At nine on
Sunday, the populace are chiefly within doors preparing for church. No
observing person can have failed to notice the peculiarly deserted air of the
town, from about eight until ten on the morning of every Sabbath. Between ten
and eleven the streets are thronged, but not at so early a period as that
designated.
“There is another point at which there seems a deficiency of observation on
the part of Le Commerciel. ‘A piece,’ it says, ‘of one of the unfortunate girl’s
petticoats, two feet long, and one foot wide, was torn out and tied under her chin,
and around the back of her head, probably to prevent screams. This was done, by
fellows who had no pocket-handkerchiefs.’ Whether this idea is, or is not well
founded, we will endeavor to see hereafter; but by ‘fellows who have no pocket-
handkerchiefs’ the editor intends the lowest class of ruffians. These, however,
are the very description of people who will always be found to have
handkerchiefs even when destitute of shirts. You must have had occasion to
observe how absolutely indispensable, of late years, to the thorough blackguard,
has become the pocket-handkerchief.”
“And what are we to think,” I asked, “of the article in Le Soleil?”
“That it is a vast pity its inditer was not born a parrot—in which case he
would have been the most illustrious parrot of his race. He has merely repeated
the individual items of the already published opinion; collecting them, with a
laudable industry, from this paper and from that. ‘The things had all evidently
been there,’ he says, ‘at least, three or four weeks, and there can be no doubt that
the spot of this appalling outrage has been discovered.’ The facts here re-stated
by Le Soleil, are very far indeed from removing my own doubts upon this
subject, and we will examine them more particularly hereafter in connexion with
another division of the theme.
“At present we must occupy ourselves with other investigations. You cannot
fail to have remarked the extreme laxity of the examination of the corpse. To be
sure, the question of identity was readily determined, or should have been; but
there were other points to be ascertained. Had the body been in any respect
despoiled? Had the deceased any articles of jewelry about her person upon
leaving home? if so, had she any when found? These are important questions
utterly untouched by the evidence; and there are others of equal moment, which
have met with no attention. We must endeavor to satisfy ourselves by personal
inquiry. The case of St. Eustache must be re-examined. I have no suspicion of
this person; but let us proceed methodically. We will ascertain beyond a doubt
the validity of the affidavits in regard to his whereabouts on the Sunday.
Affidavits of this character are readily made matter of mystification. Should
there be nothing wrong here, however, we will dismiss St. Eustache from our
investigations. His suicide, however corroborative of suspicion, were there found
to be deceit in the affidavits, is, without such deceit, in no respect an
unaccountable circumstance, or one which need cause us to deflect from the line
of ordinary analysis.
“In that which I now propose, we will discard the interior points of this
tragedy, and concentrate our attention upon its outskirts. Not the least usual
error, in investigations such as this, is the limiting of inquiry to the immediate,
with total disregard of the collateral or circumstantial events. It is the mal-
practice of the courts to confine evidence and discussion to the bounds of
apparent relevancy. Yet experience has shown, and a true philosophy will always
show, that a vast, perhaps the larger portion of truth, arises from the seemingly
irrelevant. It is through the spirit of this principle, if not precisely through its
letter, that modern science has resolved to calculate upon the unforeseen. But
perhaps you do not comprehend me. The history of human knowledge has so
uninterruptedly shown that to collateral, or incidental, or accidental events we
are indebted for the most numerous and most valuable discoveries, that it has at
length become necessary, in any prospective view of improvement, to make not
only large, but the largest allowances for inventions that shall arise by chance,
and quite out of the range of ordinary expectation. It is no longer philosophical
to base, upon what has been, a vision of what is to be. Accident is admitted as a
portion of the substructure. We make chance a matter of absolute calculation. We
subject the unlooked for and unimagined, to the mathematical formulae of the
schools.
“I repeat that it is no more than fact, that the larger portion of all truth has
sprung from the collateral; and it is but in accordance with the spirit of the
principle involved in this fact, that I would divert inquiry, in the present case,
from the trodden and hitherto unfruitful ground of the event itself, to the
contemporary circumstances which surround it. While you ascertain the validity
of the affidavits, I will examine the newspapers more generally than you have as
yet done. So far, we have only reconnoitred the field of investigation; but it will
be strange indeed if a comprehensive survey, such as I propose, of the public
prints, will not afford us some minute points which shall establish a direction for
inquiry.”
In pursuance of Dupin’s suggestion, I made scrupulous examination of the
affair of the affidavits. The result was a firm conviction of their validity, and of
the consequent innocence of St. Eustache. In the mean time my friend occupied
himself, with what seemed to me a minuteness altogether objectless, in a
scrutiny of the various newspaper files. At the end of a week he placed before
me the following extracts:
“About three years and a half ago, a disturbance very similar to the present,
was caused by the disappearance of this same Marie Rogêt, from the parfumerie
of Monsieur Le Blanc, in the Palais Royal. At the end of a week, however, she
re-appeared at her customary comptoir, as well as ever, with the exception of a
slight paleness not altogether usual. It was given out by Monsieur Le Blanc and
her mother, that she had merely been on a visit to some friend in the country; and
the affair was speedily hushed up. We presume that the present absence is a freak
of the same nature, and that, at the expiration of a week, or perhaps of a month,
we shall have her among us again.”—Evening Paper—Monday June 23. (*17)
“An evening journal of yesterday, refers to a former mysterious disappearance
of Mademoiselle Rogêt. It is well known that, during the week of her absence
from Le Blanc’s parfumerie, she was in the company of a young naval officer,
much noted for his debaucheries. A quarrel, it is supposed, providentially led to
her return home. We have the name of the Lothario in question, who is, at
present, stationed in Paris, but, for obvious reasons, forbear to make it public.”—
Le Mercurie—Tuesday Morning, June 24. (*18)
“An outrage of the most atrocious character was perpetrated near this city the
day before yesterday. A gentleman, with his wife and daughter, engaged, about
dusk, the services of six young men, who were idly rowing a boat to and fro near
the banks of the Seine, to convey him across the river. Upon reaching the
opposite shore, the three passengers stepped out, and had proceeded so far as to
be beyond the view of the boat, when the daughter discovered that she had left in
it her parasol. She returned for it, was seized by the gang, carried out into the
stream, gagged, brutally treated, and finally taken to the shore at a point not far
from that at which she had originally entered the boat with her parents. The
villains have escaped for the time, but the police are upon their trail, and some of
them will soon be taken.”—Morning Paper—June 25. (*19)
“We have received one or two communications, the object of which is to
fasten the crime of the late atrocity upon Mennais; (*20) but as this gentleman
has been fully exonerated by a loyal inquiry, and as the arguments of our several
correspondents appear to be more zealous than profound, we do not think it
advisable to make them public.”—Morning Paper—June 28. (*21)
“We have received several forcibly written communications, apparently from
various sources, and which go far to render it a matter of certainty that the
unfortunate Marie Rogêt has become a victim of one of the numerous bands of
blackguards which infest the vicinity of the city upon Sunday. Our own opinion
is decidedly in favor of this supposition. We shall endeavor to make room for
some of these arguments hereafter.”—Evening Paper—Tuesday, June 31. (*22)
“On Monday, one of the bargemen connected with the revenue service, saw a
empty boat floating down the Seine. Sails were lying in the bottom of the boat.
The bargeman towed it under the barge office. The next morning it was taken
from thence, without the knowledge of any of the officers. The rudder is now at
the barge office.”—Le Diligence—Thursday, June 26.
Upon reading these various extracts, they not only seemed to me irrelevant,
but I could perceive no mode in which any one of them could be brought to bear
upon the matter in hand. I waited for some explanation from Dupin.
“It is not my present design,” he said, “to dwell upon the first and second of
those extracts. I have copied them chiefly to show you the extreme remissness of
the police, who, as far as I can understand from the Prefect, have not troubled
themselves, in any respect, with an examination of the naval officer alluded to.
Yet it is mere folly to say that between the first and second disappearance of
Marie, there is no supposable connection. Let us admit the first elopement to
have resulted in a quarrel between the lovers, and the return home of the
betrayed. We are now prepared to view a second elopement (if we know that an
elopement has again taken place) as indicating a renewal of the betrayer’s
advances, rather than as the result of new proposals by a second individual—we
are prepared to regard it as a ‘making up’ of the old amour, rather than as the
commencement of a new one. The chances are ten to one, that he who had once
eloped with Marie, would again propose an elopement, rather than that she to
whom proposals of elopement had been made by one individual, should have
them made to her by another. And here let me call your attention to the fact, that
the time elapsing between the first ascertained, and the second supposed
elopement, is a few months more than the general period of the cruises of our
men-of-war. Had the lover been interrupted in his first villany by the necessity of
departure to sea, and had he seized the first moment of his return to renew the
base designs not yet altogether accomplished—or not yet altogether
accomplished by him? Of all these things we know nothing.
“You will say, however, that, in the second instance, there was no elopement
as imagined. Certainly not—but are we prepared to say that there was not the
frustrated design? Beyond St. Eustache, and perhaps Beauvais, we find no
recognized, no open, no honorable suitors of Marie. Of none other is there any
thing said. Who, then, is the secret lover, of whom the relatives (at least most of
them) know nothing, but whom Marie meets upon the morning of Sunday, and
who is so deeply in her confidence, that she hesitates not to remain with him
until the shades of the evening descend, amid the solitary groves of the Barrière
du Roule? Who is that secret lover, I ask, of whom, at least, most of the relatives
know nothing? And what means the singular prophecy of Madame Rogêt on the
morning of Marie’s departure?—‘I fear that I shall never see Marie again.’
“But if we cannot imagine Madame Rogêt privy to the design of elopement,
may we not at least suppose this design entertained by the girl? Upon quitting
home, she gave it to be understood that she was about to visit her aunt in the Rue
des Drâmes and St. Eustache was requested to call for her at dark. Now, at first
glance, this fact strongly militates against my suggestion;—but let us reflect.
That she did meet some companion, and proceed with him across the river,
reaching the Barrière du Roule at so late an hour as three o’clock in the
afternoon, is known. But in consenting so to accompany this individual, (for
whatever purpose—to her mother known or unknown,) she must have thought of
her expressed intention when leaving home, and of the surprise and suspicion
aroused in the bosom of her affianced suitor, St. Eustache, when, calling for her,
at the hour appointed, in the Rue des Drâmes, he should find that she had not
been there, and when, moreover, upon returning to the pension with this
alarming intelligence, he should become aware of her continued absence from
home. She must have thought of these things, I say. She must have foreseen the
chagrin of St. Eustache, the suspicion of all. She could not have thought of
returning to brave this suspicion; but the suspicion becomes a point of trivial
importance to her, if we suppose her not intending to return.
“We may imagine her thinking thus—‘I am to meet a certain person for the
purpose of elopement, or for certain other purposes known only to myself. It is
necessary that there be no chance of interruption—there must be sufficient time
given us to elude pursuit—I will give it to be understood that I shall visit and
spend the day with my aunt at the Rue des Drâmes—I well tell St. Eustache not
to call for me until dark—in this way, my absence from home for the longest
possible period, without causing suspicion or anxiety, will be accounted for, and
I shall gain more time than in any other manner. If I bid St. Eustache call for me
at dark, he will be sure not to call before; but, if I wholly neglect to bid him call,
my time for escape will be diminished, since it will be expected that I return the
earlier, and my absence will the sooner excite anxiety. Now, if it were my design
to return at all—if I had in contemplation merely a stroll with the individual in
question—it would not be my policy to bid St. Eustache call; for, calling, he will
be sure to ascertain that I have played him false—a fact of which I might keep
him for ever in ignorance, by leaving home without notifying him of my
intention, by returning before dark, and by then stating that I had been to visit
my aunt in the Rue des Drâmes. But, as it is my design never to return—or not
for some weeks—or not until certain concealments are effected—the gaining of
time is the only point about which I need give myself any concern.’
“You have observed, in your notes, that the most general opinion in relation to
this sad affair is, and was from the first, that the girl had been the victim of a
gang of blackguards. Now, the popular opinion, under certain conditions, is not
to be disregarded. When arising of itself—when manifesting itself in a strictly
spontaneous manner—we should look upon it as analogous with that intuition
which is the idiosyncrasy of the individual man of genius. In ninety-nine cases
from the hundred I would abide by its decision. But it is important that we find
no palpable traces of suggestion. The opinion must be rigorously the public’s
own; and the distinction is often exceedingly difficult to perceive and to
maintain. In the present instance, it appears to me that this ‘public opinion’ in
respect to a gang, has been superinduced by the collateral event which is detailed
in the third of my extracts. All Paris is excited by the discovered corpse of
Marie, a girl young, beautiful and notorious. This corpse is found, bearing marks
of violence, and floating in the river. But it is now made known that, at the very
period, or about the very period, in which it is supposed that the girl was
assassinated, an outrage similar in nature to that endured by the deceased,
although less in extent, was perpetuated, by a gang of young ruffians, upon the
person of a second young female. Is it wonderful that the one known atrocity
should influence the popular judgment in regard to the other unknown? This
judgment awaited direction, and the known outrage seemed so opportunely to
afford it! Marie, too, was found in the river; and upon this very river was this
known outrage committed. The connexion of the two events had about it so
much of the palpable, that the true wonder would have been a failure of the
populace to appreciate and to seize it. But, in fact, the one atrocity, known to be
so committed, is, if any thing, evidence that the other, committed at a time nearly
coincident, was not so committed. It would have been a miracle indeed, if, while
a gang of ruffians were perpetrating, at a given locality, a most unheard-of
wrong, there should have been another similar gang, in a similar locality, in the
same city, under the same circumstances, with the same means and appliances,
engaged in a wrong of precisely the same aspect, at precisely the same period of
time! Yet in what, if not in this marvellous train of coincidence, does the
accidentally suggested opinion of the populace call upon us to believe?
 “Before proceeding farther, let us consider the supposed scene of the
assassination, in the thicket at the Barrière du Roule. This thicket, although
dense, was in the close vicinity of a public road. Within were three or four large
stones, forming a kind of seat with a back and footstool. On the upper stone was
discovered a white petticoat; on the second, a silk scarf. A parasol, gloves, and a
pocket-handkerchief, were also here found. The handkerchief bore the name,
‘Marie Rogêt.’ Fragments of dress were seen on the branches around. The earth
was trampled, the bushes were broken, and there was every evidence of a violent
struggle.
“Notwithstanding the acclamation with which the discovery of this thicket
was received by the press, and the unanimity with which it was supposed to
indicate the precise scene of the outrage, it must be admitted that there was some
very good reason for doubt. That it was the scene, I may or I may not believe—
but there was excellent reason for doubt. Had the true scene been, as Le
Commerciel suggested, in the neighborhood of the Rue Pavée St. Andrée, the
perpetrators of the crime, supposing them still resident in Paris, would naturally
have been stricken with terror at the public attention thus acutely directed into
the proper channel; and, in certain classes of minds, there would have arisen, at
once, a sense of the necessity of some exertion to redivert this attention. And
thus, the thicket of the Barrière du Roule having been already suspected, the idea
of placing the articles where they were found, might have been naturally
entertained. There is no real evidence, although Le Soleil so supposes, that the
articles discovered had been more than a very few days in the thicket; while
there is much circumstantial proof that they could not have remained there,
without attracting attention, during the twenty days elapsing between the fatal
Sunday and the afternoon upon which they were found by the boys. ‘They were
all mildewed down hard,’ says Le Soleil, adopting the opinions of its
predecessors, ‘with the action of the rain, and stuck together from mildew. The
grass had grown around and over some of them. The silk of the parasol was
strong, but the threads of it were run together within. The upper part, where it
had been doubled and folded, was all mildewed and rotten, and tore on being
opened.’ In respect to the grass having ‘grown around and over some of them,’ it
is obvious that the fact could only have been ascertained from the words, and
thus from the recollections, of two small boys; for these boys removed the
articles and took them home before they had been seen by a third party. But
grass will grow, especially in warm and damp weather, (such as was that of the
period of the murder,) as much as two or three inches in a single day. A parasol
lying upon a newly turfed ground, might, in a single week, be entirely concealed
from sight by the upspringing grass. And touching that mildew upon which the
editor of Le Soleil so pertinaciously insists, that he employs the word no less
than three times in the brief paragraph just quoted, is he really unaware of the
nature of this mildew? Is he to be told that it is one of the many classes of
fungus, of which the most ordinary feature is its upspringing and decadence
within twenty-four hours?
“Thus we see, at a glance, that what has been most triumphantly adduced in
support of the idea that the articles had been ‘for at least three or four weeks’ in
the thicket, is most absurdly null as regards any evidence of that fact. On the
other hand, it is exceedingly difficult to believe that these articles could have
remained in the thicket specified, for a longer period than a single week—for a
longer period than from one Sunday to the next. Those who know any thing of
the vicinity of Paris, know the extreme difficulty of finding seclusion unless at a
great distance from its suburbs. Such a thing as an unexplored, or even an
unfrequently visited recess, amid its woods or groves, is not for a moment to be
imagined. Let any one who, being at heart a lover of nature, is yet chained by
duty to the dust and heat of this great metropolis—let any such one attempt, even
during the weekdays, to slake his thirst for solitude amid the scenes of natural
loveliness which immediately surround us. At every second step, he will find the
growing charm dispelled by the voice and personal intrusion of some ruffian or
party of carousing blackguards. He will seek privacy amid the densest foliage,
all in vain. Here are the very nooks where the unwashed most abound—here are
the temples most desecrate. With sickness of the heart the wanderer will flee
back to the polluted Paris as to a less odious because less incongruous sink of
pollution. But if the vicinity of the city is so beset during the working days of the
week, how much more so on the Sabbath! It is now especially that, released from
the claims of labor, or deprived of the customary opportunities of crime, the
town blackguard seeks the precincts of the town, not through love of the rural,
which in his heart he despises, but by way of escape from the restraints and
conventionalities of society. He desires less the fresh air and the green trees, than
the utter license of the country. Here, at the road-side inn, or beneath the foliage
of the woods, he indulges, unchecked by any eye except those of his boon
companions, in all the mad excess of a counterfeit hilarity—the joint offspring of
liberty and of rum. I say nothing more than what must be obvious to every
dispassionate observer, when I repeat that the circumstance of the articles in
question having remained undiscovered, for a longer period—than from one
Sunday to another, in any thicket in the immediate neighborhood of Paris, is to
be looked upon as little less than miraculous.
 “But there are not wanting other grounds for the suspicion that the articles
were placed in the thicket with the view of diverting attention from the real
scene of the outrage. And, first, let me direct your notice to the date of the
discovery of the articles. Collate this with the date of the fifth extract made by
myself from the newspapers. You will find that the discovery followed, almost
immediately, the urgent communications sent to the evening paper. These
communications, although various and apparently from various sources, tended
all to the same point—viz., the directing of attention to a gang as the perpetrators
of the outrage, and to the neighborhood of the Barrière du Roule as its scene.
Now here, of course, the suspicion is not that, in consequence of these
communications, or of the public attention by them directed, the articles were
found by the boys; but the suspicion might and may well have been, that the
articles were not before found by the boys, for the reason that the articles had not
before been in the thicket; having been deposited there only at so late a period as
at the date, or shortly prior to the date of the communications by the guilty
authors of these communications themselves.
“This thicket was a singular—an exceedingly singular one. It was unusually
dense. Within its naturally walled enclosure were three extraordinary stones,
forming a seat with a back and footstool. And this thicket, so full of a natural art,
was in the immediate vicinity, within a few rods, of the dwelling of Madame
Deluc, whose boys were in the habit of closely examining the shrubberies about
them in search of the bark of the sassafras. Would it be a rash wager—a wager of
one thousand to one—that a day never passed over the heads of these boys
without finding at least one of them ensconced in the umbrageous hall, and
enthroned upon its natural throne? Those who would hesitate at such a wager,
have either never been boys themselves, or have forgotten the boyish nature. I
repeat—it is exceedingly hard to comprehend how the articles could have
remained in this thicket undiscovered, for a longer period than one or two days;
and that thus there is good ground for suspicion, in spite of the dogmatic
ignorance of Le Soleil, that they were, at a comparatively late date, deposited
where found.
“But there are still other and stronger reasons for believing them so deposited,
than any which I have as yet urged. And, now, let me beg your notice to the
highly artificial arrangement of the articles. On the upper stone lay a white
petticoat; on the second a silk scarf; scattered around, were a parasol, gloves, and
a pocket-handkerchief bearing the name, ‘Marie Rogêt.’ Here is just such an
arrangement as would naturally be made by a not over-acute person wishing to
dispose the articles naturally. But it is by no means a really natural arrangement.
I should rather have looked to see the things all lying on the ground and
trampled under foot. In the narrow limits of that bower, it would have been
scarcely possible that the petticoat and scarf should have retained a position
upon the stones, when subjected to the brushing to and fro of many struggling
persons. ‘There was evidence,’ it is said, ‘of a struggle; and the earth was
trampled, the bushes were broken,’—but the petticoat and the scarf are found
deposited as if upon shelves. ‘The pieces of the frock torn out by the bushes
were about three inches wide and six inches long. One part was the hem of the
frock and it had been mended. They looked like strips torn off.’ Here,
inadvertently, Le Soleil has employed an exceedingly suspicious phrase. The
pieces, as described, do indeed ‘look like strips torn off;’ but purposely and by
hand. It is one of the rarest of accidents that a piece is ‘torn off,’ from any
garment such as is now in question, by the agency of a thorn. From the very
nature of such fabrics, a thorn or nail becoming entangled in them, tears them
rectangularly—divides them into two longitudinal rents, at right angles with
each other, and meeting at an apex where the thorn enters—but it is scarcely
possible to conceive the piece ‘torn off.’ I never so knew it, nor did you. To tear
a piece off from such fabric, two distinct forces, in different directions, will be,
in almost every case, required. If there be two edges to the fabric—if, for
example, it be a pocket-handkerchief, and it is desired to tear from it a slip, then,
and then only, will the one force serve the purpose. But in the present case the
question is of a dress, presenting but one edge. To tear a piece from the interior,
where no edge is presented, could only be effected by a miracle through the
agency of thorns, and no one thorn could accomplish it. But, even where an edge
is presented, two thorns will be necessary, operating, the one in two distinct
directions, and the other in one. And this in the supposition that the edge is
unhemmed. If hemmed, the matter is nearly out of the question. We thus see the
numerous and great obstacles in the way of pieces being ‘torn off’ through the
simple agency of ‘thorns;’ yet we are required to believe not only that one piece
but that many have been so torn. ‘And one part,’ too, ‘was the hem of the frock!’
Another piece was ‘part of the skirt, not the hem,’—that is to say, was torn
completely out through the agency of thorns, from the uncaged interior of the
dress! These, I say, are things which one may well be pardoned for disbelieving;
yet, taken collectedly, they form, perhaps, less of reasonable ground for
suspicion, than the one startling circumstance of the articles’ having been left in
this thicket at all, by any murderers who had enough precaution to think of
removing the corpse. You will not have apprehended me rightly, however, if you
suppose it my design to deny this thicket as the scene of the outrage. There
might have been a wrong here, or, more possibly, an accident at Madame
Deluc’s. But, in fact, this is a point of minor importance. We are not engaged in
an attempt to discover the scene, but to produce the perpetrators of the murder.
What I have adduced, notwithstanding the minuteness with which I have
adduced it, has been with the view, first, to show the folly of the positive and
headlong assertions of Le Soleil, but secondly and chiefly, to bring you, by the
most natural route, to a further contemplation of the doubt whether this
assassination has, or has not been, the work of a gang.
“We will resume this question by mere allusion to the revolting details of the
surgeon examined at the inquest. It is only necessary to say that his published
inferences, in regard to the number of ruffians, have been properly ridiculed as
unjust and totally baseless, by all the reputable anatomists of Paris. Not that the
matter might not have been as inferred, but that there was no ground for the
inference:—was there not much for another?
“Let us reflect now upon ‘the traces of a struggle;’ and let me ask what these
traces have been supposed to demonstrate. A gang. But do they not rather
demonstrate the absence of a gang? What struggle could have taken place—what
struggle so violent and so enduring as to have left its ‘traces’ in all directions—
between a weak and defenceless girl and the gang of ruffians imagined? The
silent grasp of a few rough arms and all would have been over. The victim must
have been absolutely passive at their will. You will here bear in mind that the
arguments urged against the thicket as the scene, are applicable in chief part,
only against it as the scene of an outrage committed by more than a single
individual. If we imagine but one violator, we can conceive, and thus only
conceive, the struggle of so violent and so obstinate a nature as to have left the
‘traces’ apparent.
“And again. I have already mentioned the suspicion to be excited by the fact
that the articles in question were suffered to remain at all in the thicket where
discovered. It seems almost impossible that these evidences of guilt should have
been accidentally left where found. There was sufficient presence of mind (it is
supposed) to remove the corpse; and yet a more positive evidence than the
corpse itself (whose features might have been quickly obliterated by decay,) is
allowed to lie conspicuously in the scene of the outrage—I allude to the
handkerchief with the name of the deceased. If this was accident, it was not the
accident of a gang. We can imagine it only the accident of an individual. Let us
see. An individual has committed the murder. He is alone with the ghost of the
departed. He is appalled by what lies motionless before him. The fury of his
passion is over, and there is abundant room in his heart for the natural awe of the
deed. His is none of that confidence which the presence of numbers inevitably
inspires. He is alone with the dead. He trembles and is bewildered. Yet there is a
necessity for disposing of the corpse. He bears it to the river, but leaves behind
him the other evidences of guilt; for it is difficult, if not impossible to carry all
the burthen at once, and it will be easy to return for what is left. But in his
toilsome journey to the water his fears redouble within him. The sounds of life
encompass his path. A dozen times he hears or fancies the step of an observer.
Even the very lights from the city bewilder him. Yet, in time and by long and
frequent pauses of deep agony, he reaches the river’s brink, and disposes of his
ghastly charge—perhaps through the medium of a boat. But now what treasure
does the world hold—what threat of vengeance could it hold out—which would
have power to urge the return of that lonely murderer over that toilsome and
perilous path, to the thicket and its blood chilling recollections? He returns not,
let the consequences be what they may. He could not return if he would. His sole
thought is immediate escape. He turns his back forever upon those dreadful
shrubberies and flees as from the wrath to come.
“But how with a gang? Their number would have inspired them with
confidence; if, indeed confidence is ever wanting in the breast of the arrant
blackguard; and of arrant blackguards alone are the supposed gangs ever
constituted. Their number, I say, would have prevented the bewildering and
unreasoning terror which I have imagined to paralyze the single man. Could we
suppose an oversight in one, or two, or three, this oversight would have been
remedied by a fourth. They would have left nothing behind them; for their
number would have enabled them to carry all at once. There would have been no
need of return.
“Consider now the circumstance that in the outer garment of the corpse when
found, ‘a slip, about a foot wide had been torn upward from the bottom hem to
the waist wound three times round the waist, and secured by a sort of hitch in the
back.’ This was done with the obvious design of affording a handle by which to
carry the body. But would any number of men have dreamed of resorting to such
an expedient? To three or four, the limbs of the corpse would have afforded not
only a sufficient, but the best possible hold. The device is that of a single
individual; and this brings us to the fact that ‘between the thicket and the river,
the rails of the fences were found taken down, and the ground bore evident
traces of some heavy burden having been dragged along it!’ But would a number
of men have put themselves to the superfluous trouble of taking down a fence,
for the purpose of dragging through it a corpse which they might have lifted over
any fence in an instant? Would a number of men have so dragged a corpse at all
as to have left evident traces of the dragging?
 “And here we must refer to an observation of Le Commerciel; an observation
upon which I have already, in some measure, commented. ‘A piece,’ says this
journal, ‘of one of the unfortunate girl’s petticoats was torn out and tied under
her chin, and around the back of her head, probably to prevent screams. This was
done by fellows who had no pocket-handkerchiefs.’
“I have before suggested that a genuine blackguard is never without a pocket-
handkerchief. But it is not to this fact that I now especially advert. That it was
not through want of a handkerchief for the purpose imagined by Le Commerciel,
that this bandage was employed, is rendered apparent by the handkerchief left in
the thicket; and that the object was not ‘to prevent screams’ appears, also, from
the bandage having been employed in preference to what would so much better
have answered the purpose. But the language of the evidence speaks of the strip
in question as ‘found around the neck, fitting loosely, and secured with a hard
knot.’ These words are sufficiently vague, but differ materially from those of Le
Commerciel. The slip was eighteen inches wide, and therefore, although of
muslin, would form a strong band when folded or rumpled longitudinally. And
thus rumpled it was discovered. My inference is this. The solitary murderer,
having borne the corpse, for some distance, (whether from the thicket or
elsewhere) by means of the bandage hitched around its middle, found the weight,
in this mode of procedure, too much for his strength. He resolved to drag the
burthen—the evidence goes to show that it was dragged. With this object in
view, it became necessary to attach something like a rope to one of the
extremities. It could be best attached about the neck, where the head would
prevent its slipping off. And, now, the murderer bethought him, unquestionably,
of the bandage about the loins. He would have used this, but for its volution
about the corpse, the hitch which embarrassed it, and the reflection that it had
not been ‘torn off’ from the garment. It was easier to tear a new slip from the
petticoat. He tore it, made it fast about the neck, and so dragged his victim to the
brink of the river. That this ‘bandage,’ only attainable with trouble and delay, and
but imperfectly answering its purpose—that this bandage was employed at all,
demonstrates that the necessity for its employment sprang from circumstances
arising at a period when the handkerchief was no longer attainable—that is to
say, arising, as we have imagined, after quitting the thicket, (if the thicket it
was), and on the road between the thicket and the river.
“But the evidence, you will say, of Madame Deluc, (!) points especially to the
presence of a gang, in the vicinity of the thicket, at or about the epoch of the
murder. This I grant. I doubt if there were not a dozen gangs, such as described
by Madame Deluc, in and about the vicinity of the Barrière du Roule at or about
the period of this tragedy. But the gang which has drawn upon itself the pointed
animadversion, although the somewhat tardy and very suspicious evidence of
Madame Deluc, is the only gang which is represented by that honest and
scrupulous old lady as having eaten her cakes and swallowed her brandy,
without putting themselves to the trouble of making her payment. Et hinc illæ
iræ?
“But what is the precise evidence of Madame Deluc? ‘A gang of miscreants
made their appearance, behaved boisterously, ate and drank without making
payment, followed in the route of the young man and girl, returned to the inn
about dusk, and recrossed the river as if in great haste.’
“Now this ‘great haste’ very possibly seemed greater haste in the eyes of
Madame Deluc, since she dwelt lingeringly and lamentingly upon her violated
cakes and ale—cakes and ale for which she might still have entertained a faint
hope of compensation. Why, otherwise, since it was about dusk, should she
make a point of the haste? It is no cause for wonder, surely, that even a gang of
blackguards should make haste to get home, when a wide river is to be crossed
in small boats, when storm impends, and when night approaches.
“I say approaches; for the night had not yet arrived. It was only about dusk
that the indecent haste of these ‘miscreants’ offended the sober eyes of Madame
Deluc. But we are told that it was upon this very evening that Madame Deluc, as
well as her eldest son, ‘heard the screams of a female in the vicinity of the inn.’
And in what words does Madame Deluc designate the period of the evening at
which these screams were heard? ‘It was soon after dark,’ she says. But ‘soon
after dark,’ is, at least, dark; and ‘about dusk’ is as certainly daylight. Thus it is
abundantly clear that the gang quitted the Barrière du Roule prior to the screams
overheard (?) by Madame Deluc. And although, in all the many reports of the
evidence, the relative expressions in question are distinctly and invariably
employed just as I have employed them in this conversation with yourself, no
notice whatever of the gross discrepancy has, as yet, been taken by any of the
public journals, or by any of the Myrmidons of police.
“I shall add but one to the arguments against a gang; but this one has, to my
own understanding at least, a weight altogether irresistible. Under the
circumstances of large reward offered, and full pardon to any King’s evidence, it
is not to be imagined, for a moment, that some member of a gang of low
ruffians, or of any body of men, would not long ago have betrayed his
accomplices. Each one of a gang so placed, is not so much greedy of reward, or
anxious for escape, as fearful of betrayal. He betrays eagerly and early that he
may not himself be betrayed. That the secret has not been divulged, is the very
best of proof that it is, in fact, a secret. The horrors of this dark deed are known
only to one, or two, living human beings, and to God.
“Let us sum up now the meagre yet certain fruits of our long analysis. We
have attained the idea either of a fatal accident under the roof of Madame Deluc,
or of a murder perpetrated, in the thicket at the Barrière du Roule, by a lover, or
at least by an intimate and secret associate of the deceased. This associate is of
swarthy complexion. This complexion, the ‘hitch’ in the bandage, and the
‘sailor’s knot,’ with which the bonnet-ribbon is tied, point to a seaman. His
companionship with the deceased, a gay, but not an abject young girl, designates
him as above the grade of the common sailor. Here the well written and urgent
communications to the journals are much in the way of corroboration. The
circumstance of the first elopement, as mentioned by Le Mercurie, tends to blend
the idea of this seaman with that of the ‘naval officer’ who is first known to have
led the unfortunate into crime.
“And here, most fitly, comes the consideration of the continued absence of
him of the dark complexion. Let me pause to observe that the complexion of this
man is dark and swarthy; it was no common swarthiness which constituted the
sole point of remembrance, both as regards Valence and Madame Deluc. But
why is this man absent? Was he murdered by the gang? If so, why are there only
traces of the assassinated girl? The scene of the two outrages will naturally be
supposed identical. And where is his corpse? The assassins would most probably
have disposed of both in the same way. But it may be said that this man lives,
and is deterred from making himself known, through dread of being charged
with the murder. This consideration might be supposed to operate upon him now
—at this late period—since it has been given in evidence that he was seen with
Marie—but it would have had no force at the period of the deed. The first
impulse of an innocent man would have been to announce the outrage, and to aid
in identifying the ruffians. This policy would have suggested. He had been seen
with the girl. He had crossed the river with her in an open ferry-boat. The
denouncing of the assassins would have appeared, even to an idiot, the surest
and sole means of relieving himself from suspicion. We cannot suppose him, on
the night of the fatal Sunday, both innocent himself and incognizant of an
outrage committed. Yet only under such circumstances is it possible to imagine
that he would have failed, if alive, in the denouncement of the assassins.
“And what means are ours, of attaining the truth? We shall find these means
multiplying and gathering distinctness as we proceed. Let us sift to the bottom
this affair of the first elopement. Let us know the full history of ‘the officer,’
with his present circumstances, and his whereabouts at the precise period of the
murder. Let us carefully compare with each other the various communications
sent to the evening paper, in which the object was to inculpate a gang. This done,
let us compare these communications, both as regards style and MS., with those
sent to the morning paper, at a previous period, and insisting so vehemently upon
the guilt of Mennais. And, all this done, let us again compare these various
communications with the known MSS. of the officer. Let us endeavor to
ascertain, by repeated questionings of Madame Deluc and her boys, as well as of
the omnibus driver, Valence, something more of the personal appearance and
bearing of the ‘man of dark complexion.’ Queries, skilfully directed, will not fail
to elicit, from some of these parties, information on this particular point (or upon
others)—information which the parties themselves may not even be aware of
possessing. And let us now trace the boat picked up by the bargeman on the
morning of Monday the twenty-third of June, and which was removed from the
barge-office, without the cognizance of the officer in attendance, and without the
rudder, at some period prior to the discovery of the corpse. With a proper caution
and perseverance we shall infallibly trace this boat; for not only can the
bargeman who picked it up identify it, but the rudder is at hand. The rudder of a
sail-boat would not have been abandoned, without inquiry, by one altogether at
ease in heart. And here let me pause to insinuate a question. There was no
advertisement of the picking up of this boat. It was silently taken to the barge-
office, and as silently removed. But its owner or employer—how happened he, at
so early a period as Tuesday morning, to be informed, without the agency of
advertisement, of the locality of the boat taken up on Monday, unless we imagine
some connexion with the navy—some personal permanent connexion leading to
cognizance of its minute in interests—its petty local news?
“In speaking of the lonely assassin dragging his burden to the shore, I have
already suggested the probability of his availing himself of a boat. Now we are
to understand that Marie Rogêt was precipitated from a boat. This would
naturally have been the case. The corpse could not have been trusted to the
shallow waters of the shore. The peculiar marks on the back and shoulders of the
victim tell of the bottom ribs of a boat. That the body was found without weight
is also corroborative of the idea. If thrown from the shore a weight would have
been attached. We can only account for its absence by supposing the murderer to
have neglected the precaution of supplying himself with it before pushing off. In
the act of consigning the corpse to the water, he would unquestionably have
noticed his oversight; but then no remedy would have been at hand. Any risk
would have been preferred to a return to that accursed shore. Having rid himself
of his ghastly charge, the murderer would have hastened to the city. There, at
some obscure wharf, he would have leaped on land. But the boat—would he
have secured it? He would have been in too great haste for such things as
securing a boat. Moreover, in fastening it to the wharf, he would have felt as if
securing evidence against himself. His natural thought would have been to cast
from him, as far as possible, all that had held connection with his crime. He
would not only have fled from the wharf, but he would not have permitted the
boat to remain. Assuredly he would have cast it adrift. Let us pursue our fancies.
—In the morning, the wretch is stricken with unutterable horror at finding that
the boat has been picked up and detained at a locality which he is in the daily
habit of frequenting —at a locality, perhaps, which his duty compels him to
frequent. The next night, without daring to ask for the rudder, he removes it.
Now where is that rudderless boat? Let it be one of our first purposes to
discover. With the first glimpse we obtain of it, the dawn of our success shall
begin. This boat shall guide us, with a rapidity which will surprise even
ourselves, to him who employed it in the midnight of the fatal Sabbath.
Corroboration will rise upon corroboration, and the murderer will be traced.”
[For reasons which we shall not specify, but which to many readers will
appear obvious, we have taken the liberty of here omitting, from the MSS.
placed in our hands, such portion as details the following up of the apparently
slight clew obtained by Dupin. We feel it advisable only to state, in brief, that the
result desired was brought to pass; and that the Prefect fulfilled punctually,
although with reluctance, the terms of his compact with the Chevalier. Mr. Poe’s
article concludes with the following words.—Eds. (*23)]
It will be understood that I speak of coincidences and no more. What I have
said above upon this topic must suffice. In my own heart there dwells no faith in
præter-nature. That Nature and its God are two, no man who thinks, will deny.
That the latter, creating the former, can, at will, control or modify it, is also
unquestionable. I say “at will;” for the question is of will, and not, as the insanity
of logic has assumed, of power. It is not that the Deity cannot modify his laws,
but that we insult him in imagining a possible necessity for modification. In their
origin these laws were fashioned to embrace all contingencies which could lie in
the Future. With God all is Now.
I repeat, then, that I speak of these things only as of coincidences. And farther:
in what I relate it will be seen that between the fate of the unhappy Mary Cecilia
Rogers, so far as that fate is known, and the fate of one Marie Rogêt up to a
certain epoch in her history, there has existed a parallel in the contemplation of
whose wonderful exactitude the reason becomes embarrassed. I say all this will
be seen. But let it not for a moment be supposed that, in proceeding with the sad
narrative of Marie from the epoch just mentioned, and in tracing to its
dénouement the mystery which enshrouded her, it is my covert design to hint at
an extension of the parallel, or even to suggest that the measures adopted in Paris
for the discovery of the assassin of a grisette, or measures founded in any similar
ratiocination, would produce any similar result.
For, in respect to the latter branch of the supposition, it should be considered
that the most trifling variation in the facts of the two cases might give rise to the
most important miscalculations, by diverting thoroughly the two courses of
events; very much as, in arithmetic, an error which, in its own individuality, may
be inappreciable, produces, at length, by dint of multiplication at all points of the
process, a result enormously at variance with truth. And, in regard to the former
branch, we must not fail to hold in view that the very Calculus of Probabilities to
which I have referred, forbids all idea of the extension of the parallel:—forbids it
with a positiveness strong and decided just in proportion as this parallel has
already been long-drawn and exact. This is one of those anomalous propositions
which, seemingly appealing to thought altogether apart from the mathematical, is
yet one which only the mathematician can fully entertain. Nothing, for example,
is more difficult than to convince the merely general reader that the fact of sixes
having been thrown twice in succession by a player at dice, is sufficient cause
for betting the largest odds that sixes will not be thrown in the third attempt. A
suggestion to this effect is usually rejected by the intellect at once. It does not
appear that the two throws which have been completed, and which lie now
absolutely in the Past, can have influence upon the throw which exists only in
the Future. The chance for throwing sixes seems to be precisely as it was at any
ordinary time—that is to say, subject only to the influence of the various other
throws which may be made by the dice. And this is a reflection which appears so
exceedingly obvious that attempts to controvert it are received more frequently
with a derisive smile than with anything like respectful attention. The error here
involved—a gross error redolent of mischief—I cannot pretend to expose within
the limits assigned me at present; and with the philosophical it needs no
exposure. It may be sufficient here to say that it forms one of an infinite series of
mistakes which arise in the path of Reason through her propensity for seeking
truth in detail.
 FOOTNOTES—Marie Rogêt
(*1) Upon the original publication of “Marie Roget,” the foot-notes now
appended were considered unnecessary; but the lapse of several years since the
tragedy upon which the tale is based, renders it expedient to give them, and also
to say a few words in explanation of the general design. A young girl, Mary
Cecilia Rogers, was murdered in the vicinity of New York; and, although her
death occasioned an intense and long-enduring excitement, the mystery
attending it had remained unsolved at the period when the present paper was
written and published (November, 1842). Herein, under pretence of relating the
fate of a Parisian grisette, the author has followed in minute detail, the essential,
while merely paralleling the inessential facts of the real murder of Mary Rogers.
Thus all argument founded upon the fiction is applicable to the truth: and the
investigation of the truth was the object. The “Mystery of Marie Roget” was
composed at a distance from the scene of the atrocity, and with no other means
of investigation than the newspapers afforded. Thus much escaped the writer of
which he could have availed himself had he been upon the spot, and visited the
localities. It may not be improper to record, nevertheless, that the confessions of
two persons, (one of them the Madame Deluc of the narrative) made, at different
periods, long subsequent to the publication, confirmed, in full, not only the
general conclusion, but absolutely all the chief hypothetical details by which that
conclusion was attained.
(*2) The nom de plume of Von Hardenburg.
(*3) Nassau Street.
(*4) Anderson.
(*5) The Hudson.
(*6) Weehawken.
(*7) Payne.
(*8) Crommelin.
(*9) The New York “Mercury.”
(*10) The New York “Brother Jonathan,” edited by H. Hastings Weld, Esq.
(*11) New York “Journal of Commerce.”
(*12) Philadelphia “Saturday Evening Post,” edited by C. I. Peterson, Esq.
 (*13) Adam
(*14) See “Murders in the Rue Morgue.”
(*15) The New York “Commercial Advertiser,” edited by Col. Stone.
(*16) “A theory based on the qualities of an object, will prevent its being
unfolded according to its objects; and he who arranges topics in reference to
their causes, will cease to value them according to their results. Thus the
jurisprudence of every nation will show that, when law becomes a science and a
system, it ceases to be justice. The errors into which a blind devotion to
principles of classification has led the common law, will be seen by observing
how often the legislature has been obliged to come forward to restore the equity
its scheme had lost.”—Landor.
(*17) New York “Express”
(*18) New York “Herald.”
(*19) New York “Courier and Inquirer.”
(*20) Mennais was one of the parties originally suspected and arrested, but
discharged through total lack of evidence.
(*21) New York “Courier and Inquirer.”
(*22) New York “Evening Post.”
(*23) Of the Magazine in which the article was originally published.
 THE BALLOON-HOAX
[Astounding News by Express, via Norfolk!—The Atlantic
crossed in Three Days! Signal Triumph of Mr. Monck Mason’s Flying
Machine!—Arrival at Sullivan’s Island, near Charlestown, S.C., of
Mr. Mason, Mr. Robert Holland, Mr. Henson, Mr. Harrison Ainsworth,
and four others, in the Steering Balloon, “Victoria,” after a passage
of Seventy-five Hours from Land to Land! Full Particulars of the
Voyage!

The subjoined jeu d’esprit with the preceding heading in

magnificent capitals, well interspersed with notes of admiration, was
originally published, as matter of fact, in the “New York Sun,” a
daily newspaper, and therein fully subserved the purpose of creating
indigestible aliment for the quidnuncs during the few hours
intervening between a couple of the Charleston mails. The rush for
the “sole paper which had the news,” was something beyond even the
prodigious; and, in fact, if (as some assert) the “Victoria” did not absolutely
accomplish the voyage recorded, it will be difficult
to assign a reason why she should not have accomplished it.]

THE great problem is at length solved! The air, as well as the earth and the
ocean, has been subdued by science, and will become a common and convenient
highway for mankind. The Atlantic has been actually crossed in a Balloon! and
this too without difficulty—without any great apparent danger—with thorough
control of the machine—and in the inconceivably brief period of seventy-five
hours from shore to shore! By the energy of an agent at Charleston, S.C., we are
enabled to be the first to furnish the public with a detailed account of this most
extraordinary voyage, which was performed between Saturday, the 6th instant, at
11, A.M., and 2, P.M., on Tuesday, the 9th instant, by Sir Everard Bringhurst;
Mr. Osborne, a nephew of Lord Bentinck’s; Mr. Monck Mason and Mr. Robert
Holland, the well-known æronauts; Mr. Harrison Ainsworth, author of “Jack
Sheppard,” &c.; and Mr. Henson, the projector of the late unsuccessful flying
machine—with two seamen from Woolwich—in all, eight persons. The
particulars furnished below may be relied on as authentic and accurate in every
respect, as, with a slight exception, they are copied verbatim from the joint
diaries of Mr. Monck Mason and Mr. Harrison Ainsworth, to whose politeness
our agent is also indebted for much verbal information respecting the balloon
itself, its construction, and other matters of interest. The only alteration in the
MS. received, has been made for the purpose of throwing the hurried account of
our agent, Mr. Forsyth, into a connected and intelligible form.
“THE BALLOON.
“Two very decided failures, of late—those of Mr. Henson and Sir George
Cayley—had much weakened the public interest in the subject of aerial
navigation. Mr. Henson’s scheme (which at first was considered very feasible
even by men of science,) was founded upon the principle of an inclined plane,
started from an eminence by an extrinsic force, applied and continued by the
revolution of impinging vanes, in form and number resembling the vanes of a
windmill. But, in all the experiments made with models at the Adelaide Gallery,
it was found that the operation of these fans not only did not propel the machine,
but actually impeded its flight. The only propelling force it ever exhibited, was
the mere impetus acquired from the descent of the inclined plane; and this
impetus carried the machine farther when the vanes were at rest, than when they
were in motion—a fact which sufficiently demonstrates their inutility; and in the
absence of the propelling, which was also the sustaining power, the whole fabric
would necessarily descend. This consideration led Sir George Cayley to think
only of adapting a propeller to some machine having of itself an independent
power of support—in a word, to a balloon; the idea, however, being novel, or
original, with Sir George, only so far as regards the mode of its application to
practice. He exhibited a model of his invention at the Polytechnic Institution.
The propelling principle, or power, was here, also, applied to interrupted
surfaces, or vanes, put in revolution. These vanes were four in number, but were
found entirely ineffectual in moving the balloon, or in aiding its ascending
power. The whole project was thus a complete failure.
“It was at this juncture that Mr. Monck Mason (whose voyage from Dover to
Weilburg in the balloon, “Nassau,” occasioned so much excitement in 1837,)
conceived the idea of employing the principle of the Archimedean screw for the
purpose of propulsion through the air—rightly attributing the failure of Mr.
Henson’s scheme, and of Sir George Cayley’s, to the interruption of surface in
the independent vanes. He made the first public experiment at Willis’s Rooms,
but afterward removed his model to the Adelaide Gallery.
“Like Sir George Cayley’s balloon, his own was an ellipsoid. Its length was
thirteen feet six inches—height, six feet eight inches. It contained about three
hundred and twenty cubic feet of gas, which, if pure hydrogen, would support
twenty-one pounds upon its first inflation, before the gas has time to deteriorate
or escape. The weight of the whole machine and apparatus was seventeen
pounds—leaving about four pounds to spare. Beneath the centre of the balloon,
was a frame of light wood, about nine feet long, and rigged on to the balloon
itself with a network in the customary manner. From this framework was
suspended a wicker basket or car.
“The screw consists of an axis of hollow brass tube, eighteen inches in length,
through which, upon a semi-spiral inclined at fifteen degrees, pass a series of
steel wire radii, two feet long, and thus projecting a foot on either side. These
radii are connected at the outer extremities by two bands of flattened wire—the
whole in this manner forming the framework of the screw, which is completed
by a covering of oiled silk cut into gores, and tightened so as to present a
tolerably uniform surface. At each end of its axis this screw is supported by
pillars of hollow brass tube descending from the hoop. In the lower ends of these
tubes are holes in which the pivots of the axis revolve. From the end of the axis
which is next the car, proceeds a shaft of steel, connecting the screw with the
pinion of a piece of spring machinery fixed in the car. By the operation of this
spring, the screw is made to revolve with great rapidity, communicating a
progressive motion to the whole. By means of the rudder, the machine was
readily turned in any direction. The spring was of great power, compared with its
dimensions, being capable of raising forty-five pounds upon a barrel of four
inches diameter, after the first turn, and gradually increasing as it was wound up.
It weighed, altogether, eight pounds six ounces. The rudder was a light frame of
cane covered with silk, shaped somewhat like a battle-door, and was about three
feet long, and at the widest, one foot. Its weight was about two ounces. It could
be turned flat, and directed upwards or downwards, as well as to the right or left;
and thus enabled the æronaut to transfer the resistance of the air which in an
inclined position it must generate in its passage, to any side upon which he might
desire to act; thus determining the balloon in the opposite direction.
“This model (which, through want of time, we have necessarily described in
an imperfect manner,) was put in action at the Adelaide Gallery, where it
accomplished a velocity of five miles per hour; although, strange to say, it
excited very little interest in comparison with the previous complex machine of
Mr. Henson—so resolute is the world to despise anything which carries with it
an air of simplicity. To accomplish the great desideratum of ærial navigation, it
was very generally supposed that some exceedingly complicated application
must be made of some unusually profound principle in dynamics.
“So well satisfied, however, was Mr. Mason of the ultimate success of his
invention, that he determined to construct immediately, if possible, a balloon of
sufficient capacity to test the question by a voyage of some extent—the original
design being to cross the British Channel, as before, in the Nassau balloon. To
carry out his views, he solicited and obtained the patronage of Sir Everard
Bringhurst and Mr. Osborne, two gentlemen well known for scientific
acquirement, and especially for the interest they have exhibited in the progress
of ærostation. The project, at the desire of Mr. Osborne, was kept a profound
secret from the public—the only persons entrusted with the design being those
actually engaged in the construction of the machine, which was built (under the
superintendence of Mr. Mason, Mr. Holland, Sir Everard Bringhurst, and Mr.
Osborne,) at the seat of the latter gentleman near Penstruthal, in Wales. Mr.
Henson, accompanied by his friend Mr. Ainsworth, was admitted to a private
view of the balloon, on Saturday last—when the two gentlemen made final
arrangements to be included in the adventure. We are not informed for what
reason the two seamen were also included in the party—but, in the course of a
day or two, we shall put our readers in possession of the minutest particulars
respecting this extraordinary voyage.
“The balloon is composed of silk, varnished with the liquid gum caoutchouc.
It is of vast dimensions, containing more than 40,000 cubic feet of gas; but as
coal gas was employed in place of the more expensive and inconvenient
hydrogen, the supporting power of the machine, when fully inflated, and
immediately after inflation, is not more than about 2500 pounds. The coal gas is
not only much less costly, but is easily procured and managed.
“For its introduction into common use for purposes of aerostation, we are
indebted to Mr. Charles Green. Up to his discovery, the process of inflation was
not only exceedingly expensive, but uncertain. Two, and even three days, have
frequently been wasted in futile attempts to procure a sufficiency of hydrogen to
fill a balloon, from which it had great tendency to escape, owing to its extreme
subtlety, and its affinity for the surrounding atmosphere. In a balloon sufficiently
perfect to retain its contents of coal-gas unaltered, in quantity or amount, for six
months, an equal quantity of hydrogen could not be maintained in equal purity
for six weeks.
“The supporting power being estimated at 2500 pounds, and the united
weights of the party amounting only to about 1200, there was left a surplus of
1300, of which again 1200 was exhausted by ballast, arranged in bags of
different sizes, with their respective weights marked upon them—by cordage,
barometers, telescopes, barrels containing provision for a fortnight, water-casks,
cloaks, carpet-bags, and various other indispensable matters, including a coffee-
warmer, contrived for warming coffee by means of slack-lime, so as to dispense
altogether with fire, if it should be judged prudent to do so. All these articles,
with the exception of the ballast, and a few trifles, were suspended from the
hoop overhead. The car is much smaller and lighter, in proportion, than the one
appended to the model. It is formed of a light wicker, and is wonderfully strong,
for so frail looking a machine. Its rim is about four feet deep. The rudder is also
very much larger, in proportion, than that of the model; and the screw is
considerably smaller. The balloon is furnished besides with a grapnel, and a
guide-rope; which latter is of the most indispensable importance. A few words,
in explanation, will here be necessary for such of our readers as are not
conversant with the details of aerostation.
“As soon as the balloon quits the earth, it is subjected to the influence of many
circumstances tending to create a difference in its weight; augmenting or
diminishing its ascending power. For example, there may be a deposition of dew
upon the silk, to the extent, even, of several hundred pounds; ballast has then to
be thrown out, or the machine may descend. This ballast being discarded, and a
clear sunshine evaporating the dew, and at the same time expanding the gas in
the silk, the whole will again rapidly ascend. To check this ascent, the only
recourse is, (or rather was, until Mr. Green’s invention of the guide-rope,) the
permission of the escape of gas from the valve; but, in the loss of gas, is a
proportionate general loss of ascending power; so that, in a comparatively brief
period, the best-constructed balloon must necessarily exhaust all its resources,
and come to the earth. This was the great obstacle to voyages of length.
“The guide-rope remedies the difficulty in the simplest manner conceivable. It
is merely a very long rope which is suffered to trail from the car, and the effect
of which is to prevent the balloon from changing its level in any material degree.
If, for example, there should be a deposition of moisture upon the silk, and the
machine begins to descend in consequence, there will be no necessity for
discharging ballast to remedy the increase of weight, for it is remedied, or
counteracted, in an exactly just proportion, by the deposit on the ground of just
so much of the end of the rope as is necessary. If, on the other hand, any
circumstances should cause undue levity, and consequent ascent, this levity is
immediately counteracted by the additional weight of rope upraised from the
earth. Thus, the balloon can neither ascend or descend, except within very
narrow limits, and its resources, either in gas or ballast, remain comparatively
unimpaired. When passing over an expanse of water, it becomes necessary to
employ small kegs of copper or wood, filled with liquid ballast of a lighter
nature than water. These float, and serve all the purposes of a mere rope on land.
Another most important office of the guide-rope, is to point out the direction of
the balloon. The rope drags, either on land or sea, while the balloon is free; the
latter, consequently, is always in advance, when any progress whatever is made:
a comparison, therefore, by means of the compass, of the relative positions of the
two objects, will always indicate the course. In the same way, the angle formed
by the rope with the vertical axis of the machine, indicates the velocity. When
there is no angle—in other words, when the rope hangs perpendicularly, the
whole apparatus is stationary; but the larger the angle, that is to say, the farther
the balloon precedes the end of the rope, the greater the velocity; and the
converse.
“As the original design was to cross the British Channel, and alight as near
Paris as possible, the voyagers had taken the precaution to prepare themselves
with passports directed to all parts of the Continent, specifying the nature of the
expedition, as in the case of the Nassau voyage, and entitling the adventurers to
exemption from the usual formalities of office: unexpected events, however,
rendered these passports superfluous.
“The inflation was commenced very quietly at daybreak, on Saturday
morning, the 6th instant, in the Court-Yard of Weal-Vor House, Mr. Osborne’s
seat, about a mile from Penstruthal, in North Wales; and at 7 minutes past 11,
every thing being ready for departure, the balloon was set free, rising gently but
steadily, in a direction nearly South; no use being made, for the first half hour, of
either the screw or the rudder. We proceed now with the journal, as transcribed
by Mr. Forsyth from the joint MSS. of Mr. Monck Mason, and Mr. Ainsworth.
The body of the journal, as given, is in the hand-writing of Mr. Mason, and a P.
S. is appended, each day, by Mr. Ainsworth, who has in preparation, and will
shortly give the public a more minute, and no doubt, a thrillingly interesting
account of the voyage.
“THE JOURNAL.
“Saturday, April the 6th.—Every preparation likely to embarrass us, having
been made over night, we commenced the inflation this morning at daybreak;
but owing to a thick fog, which encumbered the folds of the silk and rendered it
unmanageable, we did not get through before nearly eleven o’clock. Cut loose,
then, in high spirits, and rose gently but steadily, with a light breeze at North,
which bore us in the direction of the British Channel. Found the ascending force
greater than we had expected; and as we arose higher and so got clear of the
cliffs, and more in the sun’s rays, our ascent became very rapid. I did not wish,
however, to lose gas at so early a period of the adventure, and so concluded to
ascend for the present. We soon ran out our guide-rope; but even when we had
raised it clear of the earth, we still went up very rapidly. The balloon was
unusually steady, and looked beautifully. In about ten minutes after starting, the
barometer indicated an altitude of 15,000 feet. The weather was remarkably fine,
and the view of the subjacent country—a most romantic one when seen from any
point,—was now especially sublime. The numerous deep gorges presented the
appearance of lakes, on account of the dense vapors with which they were filled,
and the pinnacles and crags to the South East, piled in inextricable confusion,
resembling nothing so much as the giant cities of eastern fable. We were rapidly
approaching the mountains in the South; but our elevation was more than
sufficient to enable us to pass them in safety. In a few minutes we soared over
them in fine style; and Mr. Ainsworth, with the seamen, was surprised at their
apparent want of altitude when viewed from the car, the tendency of great
elevation in a balloon being to reduce inequalities of the surface below, to nearly
a dead level. At half-past eleven still proceeding nearly South, we obtained our
first view of the Bristol Channel; and, in fifteen minutes afterward, the line of
breakers on the coast appeared immediately beneath us, and we were fairly out at
sea. We now resolved to let off enough gas to bring our guide-rope, with the
buoys affixed, into the water. This was immediately done, and we commenced a
gradual descent. In about twenty minutes our first buoy dipped, and at the touch
of the second soon afterwards, we remained stationary as to elevation. We were
all now anxious to test the efficiency of the rudder and screw, and we put them
both into requisition forthwith, for the purpose of altering our direction more to
the eastward, and in a line for Paris. By means of the rudder we instantly
effected the necessary change of direction, and our course was brought nearly at
right angles to that of the wind; when we set in motion the spring of the screw,
and were rejoiced to find it propel us readily as desired. Upon this we gave nine
hearty cheers, and dropped in the sea a bottle, enclosing a slip of parchment with
a brief account of the principle of the invention. Hardly, however, had we done
with our rejoicings, when an unforeseen accident occurred which discouraged us
in no little degree. The steel rod connecting the spring with the propeller was
suddenly jerked out of place, at the car end, (by a swaying of the car through
some movement of one of the two seamen we had taken up,) and in an instant
hung dangling out of reach, from the pivot of the axis of the screw. While we
were endeavoring to regain it, our attention being completely absorbed, we
became involved in a strong current of wind from the East, which bore us, with
rapidly increasing force, towards the Atlantic. We soon found ourselves driving
out to sea at the rate of not less, certainly, than fifty or sixty miles an hour, so
that we came up with Cape Clear, at some forty miles to our North, before we
had secured the rod, and had time to think what we were about. It was now that
Mr. Ainsworth made an extraordinary, but to my fancy, a by no means
unreasonable or chimerical proposition, in which he was instantly seconded by
Mr. Holland—viz.: that we should take advantage of the strong gale which bore
us on, and in place of beating back to Paris, make an attempt to reach the coast
of North America. After slight reflection I gave a willing assent to this bold
proposition, which (strange to say) met with objection from the two seamen
only. As the stronger party, however, we overruled their fears, and kept
resolutely upon our course. We steered due West; but as the trailing of the buoys
materially impeded our progress, and we had the balloon abundantly at
command, either for ascent or descent, we first threw out fifty pounds of ballast,
and then wound up (by means of a windlass) so much of the rope as brought it
quite clear of the sea. We perceived the effect of this manoeuvre immediately, in
a vastly increased rate of progress; and, as the gale freshened, we flew with a
velocity nearly inconceivable; the guide-rope flying out behind the car, like a
streamer from a vessel. It is needless to say that a very short time sufficed us to
lose sight of the coast. We passed over innumerable vessels of all kinds, a few of
which were endeavoring to beat up, but the most of them lying to. We
occasioned the greatest excitement on board all—an excitement greatly relished
by ourselves, and especially by our two men, who, now under the influence of a
dram of Geneva, seemed resolved to give all scruple, or fear, to the wind. Many
of the vessels fired signal guns; and in all we were saluted with loud cheers
(which we heard with surprising distinctness) and the waving of caps and
handkerchiefs. We kept on in this manner throughout the day, with no material
incident, and, as the shades of night closed around us, we made a rough estimate
of the distance traversed. It could not have been less than five hundred miles,
and was probably much more. The propeller was kept in constant operation, and,
no doubt, aided our progress materially. As the sun went down, the gale
freshened into an absolute hurricane, and the ocean beneath was clearly visible
on account of its phosphorescence. The wind was from the East all night, and
gave us the brightest omen of success. We suffered no little from cold, and the
dampness of the atmosphere was most unpleasant; but the ample space in the car
enabled us to lie down, and by means of cloaks and a few blankets, we did
sufficiently well.
“P.S. (by Mr. Ainsworth.) The last nine hours have been unquestionably the
most exciting of my life. I can conceive nothing more sublimating than the
strange peril and novelty of an adventure such as this. May God grant that we
succeed! I ask not success for mere safety to my insignificant person, but for the
sake of human knowledge and—for the vastness of the triumph. And yet the feat
is only so evidently feasible that the sole wonder is why men have scrupled to
attempt it before. One single gale such as now befriends us—let such a tempest
whirl forward a balloon for four or five days (these gales often last longer) and
the voyager will be easily borne, in that period, from coast to coast. In view of
such a gale the broad Atlantic becomes a mere lake. I am more struck, just now,
with the supreme silence which reigns in the sea beneath us, notwithstanding its
agitation, than with any other phenomenon presenting itself. The waters give up
no voice to the heavens. The immense flaming ocean writhes and is tortured
uncomplainingly. The mountainous surges suggest the idea of innumerable dumb
gigantic fiends struggling in impotent agony. In a night such as is this to me, a
man lives—lives a whole century of ordinary life—nor would I forego this
rapturous delight for that of a whole century of ordinary existence.
“Sunday, the seventh. [Mr. Mason’s MS.] This morning the gale, by 10, had
subsided to an eight or nine—knot breeze, (for a vessel at sea,) and bears us,
perhaps, thirty miles per hour, or more. It has veered, however, very
considerably to the north; and now, at sundown, we are holding our course due
west, principally by the screw and rudder, which answer their purposes to
admiration. I regard the project as thoroughly successful, and the easy navigation
of the air in any direction (not exactly in the teeth of a gale) as no longer
problematical. We could not have made head against the strong wind of
yesterday; but, by ascending, we might have got out of its influence, if requisite.
Against a pretty stiff breeze, I feel convinced, we can make our way with the
propeller. At noon, to-day, ascended to an elevation of nearly 25,000 feet, by
discharging ballast. Did this to search for a more direct current, but found none
so favorable as the one we are now in. We have an abundance of gas to take us
across this small pond, even should the voyage last three weeks. I have not the
slightest fear for the result. The difficulty has been strangely exaggerated and
misapprehended. I can choose my current, and should I find all currents against
me, I can make very tolerable headway with the propeller. We have had no
incidents worth recording. The night promises fair.
P.S. [By Mr. Ainsworth.] I have little to record, except the fact (to me quite a
surprising one) that, at an elevation equal to that of Cotopaxi, I experienced
neither very intense cold, nor headache, nor difficulty of breathing; neither, I
find, did Mr. Mason, nor Mr. Holland, nor Sir Everard. Mr. Osborne complained
of constriction of the chest—but this soon wore off. We have flown at a great
rate during the day, and we must be more than half way across the Atlantic. We
have passed over some twenty or thirty vessels of various kinds, and all seem to
be delightfully astonished. Crossing the ocean in a balloon is not so difficult a
feat after all. Omne ignotum pro magnifico. Mem: at 25,000 feet elevation the
sky appears nearly black, and the stars are distinctly visible; while the sea does
not seem convex (as one might suppose) but absolutely and most unequivocally
concave.(*1)
“Monday, the 8th. [Mr. Mason’s MS.] This morning we had again some little
trouble with the rod of the propeller, which must be entirely remodelled, for fear
of serious accident—I mean the steel rod—not the vanes. The latter could not be
improved. The wind has been blowing steadily and strongly from the north-east
all day and so far fortune seems bent upon favoring us. Just before day, we were
all somewhat alarmed at some odd noises and concussions in the balloon,
accompanied with the apparent rapid subsidence of the whole machine. These
phenomena were occasioned by the expansion of the gas, through increase of
heat in the atmosphere, and the consequent disruption of the minute particles of
ice with which the network had become encrusted during the night. Threw down
several bottles to the vessels below. Saw one of them picked up by a large ship—
seemingly one of the New York line packets. Endeavored to make out her name,
but could not be sure of it. Mr. Osborne’s telescope made it out something like
“Atalanta.” It is now 12, at night, and we are still going nearly west, at a rapid
pace. The sea is peculiarly phosphorescent.
“P.S. [By Mr. Ainsworth.] It is now 2, A.M., and nearly calm, as well as I can
judge—but it is very difficult to determine this point, since we move with the air
so completely. I have not slept since quitting Wheal-Vor, but can stand it no
longer, and must take a nap. We cannot be far from the American coast.
“Tuesday, the 9th. [Mr. Ainsworth’s MS.] One, P.M. We are in full view of the
low coast of South Carolina. The great problem is accomplished. We have
crossed the Atlantic—fairly and easily crossed it in a balloon! God be praised!
Who shall say that anything is impossible hereafter?”
The Journal here ceases. Some particulars of the descent were communicated,
however, by Mr. Ainsworth to Mr. Forsyth. It was nearly dead calm when the
voyagers first came in view of the coast, which was immediately recognized by
both the seamen, and by Mr. Osborne. The latter gentleman having
acquaintances at Fort Moultrie, it was immediately resolved to descend in its
vicinity. The balloon was brought over the beach (the tide being out and the sand
hard, smooth, and admirably adapted for a descent,) and the grapnel let go,
which took firm hold at once. The inhabitants of the island, and of the fort,
thronged out, of course, to see the balloon; but it was with the greatest difficulty
that any one could be made to credit the actual voyage—the crossing of the
Atlantic. The grapnel caught at 2, P.M., precisely; and thus the whole voyage
was completed in seventy-five hours; or rather less, counting from shore to
shore. No serious accident occurred. No real danger was at any time
apprehended. The balloon was exhausted and secured without trouble; and when
the MS. from which this narrative is compiled was despatched from Charleston,
the party were still at Fort Moultrie. Their farther intentions were not
ascertained; but we can safely promise our readers some additional information
either on Monday or in the course of the next day, at farthest.
 This is unquestionably the most stupendous, the most interesting, and the most
important undertaking, ever accomplished or even attempted by man. What
magnificent events may ensue, it would be useless now to think of determining.
(*1) Note.—Mr. Ainsworth has not attempted to account for this phenomenon,
which, however, is quite susceptible of explanation. A line dropped from an
elevation of 25,000 feet, perpendicularly to the surface of the earth (or sea),
would form the perpendicular of a right-angled triangle, of which the base would
extend from the right angle to the horizon, and the hypothenuse from the horizon
to the balloon. But the 25,000 feet of altitude is little or nothing, in comparison
with the extent of the prospect. In other words, the base and hypothenuse of the
supposed triangle would be so long when compared with the perpendicular, that
the two former may be regarded as nearly parallel. In this manner the horizon of
the æronaut would appear to be on a level with the car. But, as the point
immediately beneath him seems, and is, at a great distance below him, it seems,
of course, also, at a great distance below the horizon. Hence the impression of
concavity; and this impression must remain, until the elevation shall bear so
great a proportion to the extent of prospect, that the apparent parallelism of the
base and hypothenuse disappears—when the earth’s real convexity must become
apparent.
 MS. FOUND IN A BOTTLE
Qui n’a plus qu’un moment a vivre

N’a plus rien a dissimuler.

—Quinault—Atys.

OF my country and of my family I have little to say. Ill usage and length of
years have driven me from the one, and estranged me from the other. Hereditary
wealth afforded me an education of no common order, and a contemplative turn
of mind enabled me to methodize the stores which early study very diligently
garnered up.—Beyond all things, the study of the German moralists gave me
great delight; not from any ill-advised admiration of their eloquent madness, but
from the ease with which my habits of rigid thought enabled me to detect their
falsities. I have often been reproached with the aridity of my genius; a deficiency
of imagination has been imputed to me as a crime; and the Pyrrhonism of my
opinions has at all times rendered me notorious. Indeed, a strong relish for
physical philosophy has, I fear, tinctured my mind with a very common error of
this age—I mean the habit of referring occurrences, even the least susceptible of
such reference, to the principles of that science. Upon the whole, no person
could be less liable than myself to be led away from the severe precincts of truth
by the ignes fatui of superstition. I have thought proper to premise thus much,
lest the incredible tale I have to tell should be considered rather the raving of a
crude imagination, than the positive experience of a mind to which the reveries
of fancy have been a dead letter and a nullity.
After many years spent in foreign travel, I sailed in the year 18— , from the
port of Batavia, in the rich and populous island of Java, on a voyage to the
Archipelago of the Sunda islands. I went as passenger—having no other
inducement than a kind of nervous restlessness which haunted me as a fiend.
Our vessel was a beautiful ship of about four hundred tons, copper-fastened,
and built at Bombay of Malabar teak. She was freighted with cotton-wool and
oil, from the Lachadive islands. We had also on board coir, jaggeree, ghee,
cocoa-nuts, and a few cases of opium. The stowage was clumsily done, and the
vessel consequently crank.
We got under way with a mere breath of wind, and for many days stood along
the eastern coast of Java, without any other incident to beguile the monotony of
our course than the occasional meeting with some of the small grabs of the
Archipelago to which we were bound.
One evening, leaning over the taffrail, I observed a very singular, isolated
cloud, to the N.W. It was remarkable, as well for its color, as from its being the
first we had seen since our departure from Batavia. I watched it attentively until
sunset, when it spread all at once to the eastward and westward, girting in the
horizon with a narrow strip of vapor, and looking like a long line of low beach.
My notice was soon afterwards attracted by the dusky-red appearance of the
moon, and the peculiar character of the sea. The latter was undergoing a rapid
change, and the water seemed more than usually transparent. Although I could
distinctly see the bottom, yet, heaving the lead, I found the ship in fifteen
fathoms. The air now became intolerably hot, and was loaded with spiral
exhalations similar to those arising from heat iron. As night came on, every
breath of wind died away, an more entire calm it is impossible to conceive. The
flame of a candle burned upon the poop without the least perceptible motion, and
a long hair, held between the finger and thumb, hung without the possibility of
detecting a vibration. However, as the captain said he could perceive no
indication of danger, and as we were drifting in bodily to shore, he ordered the
sails to be furled, and the anchor let go. No watch was set, and the crew,
consisting principally of Malays, stretched themselves deliberately upon deck. I
went below—not without a full presentiment of evil. Indeed, every appearance
warranted me in apprehending a Simoom. I told the captain my fears; but he paid
no attention to what I said, and left me without deigning to give a reply. My
uneasiness, however, prevented me from sleeping, and about midnight I went
upon deck.—As I placed my foot upon the upper step of the companion-ladder, I
was startled by a loud, humming noise, like that occasioned by the rapid
revolution of a mill-wheel, and before I could ascertain its meaning, I found the
ship quivering to its centre. In the next instant, a wilderness of foam hurled us
upon our beam-ends, and, rushing over us fore and aft, swept the entire decks
from stem to stern.
The extreme fury of the blast proved, in a great measure, the salvation of the
ship. Although completely water-logged, yet, as her masts had gone by the
board, she rose, after a minute, heavily from the sea, and, staggering awhile
beneath the immense pressure of the tempest, finally righted.
By what miracle I escaped destruction, it is impossible to say. Stunned by the
shock of the water, I found myself, upon recovery, jammed in between the stern-
post and rudder. With great difficulty I gained my feet, and looking dizzily
around, was, at first, struck with the idea of our being among breakers; so
terrific, beyond the wildest imagination, was the whirlpool of mountainous and
foaming ocean within which we were engulfed. After a while, I heard the voice
of an old Swede, who had shipped with us at the moment of our leaving port. I
hallooed to him with all my strength, and presently he came reeling aft. We soon
discovered that we were the sole survivors of the accident. All on deck, with the
exception of ourselves, had been swept overboard;—the captain and mates must
have perished as they slept, for the cabins were deluged with water. Without
assistance, we could expect to do little for the security of the ship, and our
exertions were at first paralyzed by the momentary expectation of going down.
Our cable had, of course, parted like pack-thread, at the first breath of the
hurricane, or we should have been instantaneously overwhelmed. We scudded
with frightful velocity before the sea, and the water made clear breaches over us.
The frame-work of our stern was shattered excessively, and, in almost every
respect, we had received considerable injury; but to our extreme Joy we found
the pumps unchoked, and that we had made no great shifting of our ballast. The
main fury of the blast had already blown over, and we apprehended little danger
from the violence of the wind; but we looked forward to its total cessation with
dismay; well believing, that, in our shattered condition, we should inevitably
perish in the tremendous swell which would ensue. But this very just
apprehension seemed by no means likely to be soon verified. For five entire days
and nights—during which our only subsistence was a small quantity of jaggeree,
procured with great difficulty from the forecastle—the hulk flew at a rate
defying computation, before rapidly succeeding flaws of wind, which, without
equalling the first violence of the Simoom, were still more terrific than any
tempest I had before encountered. Our course for the first four days was, with
trifling variations, S.E. and by S.; and we must have run down the coast of New
Holland.—On the fifth day the cold became extreme, although the wind had
hauled round a point more to the northward.—The sun arose with a sickly
yellow lustre, and clambered a very few degrees above the horizon—emitting no
decisive light.—There were no clouds apparent, yet the wind was upon the
increase, and blew with a fitful and unsteady fury. About noon, as nearly as we
could guess, our attention was again arrested by the appearance of the sun. It
gave out no light, properly so called, but a dull and sullen glow without
reflection, as if all its rays were polarized. Just before sinking within the turgid
sea, its central fires suddenly went out, as if hurriedly extinguished by some
unaccountable power. It was a dim, sliver-like rim, alone, as it rushed down the
unfathomable ocean.
We waited in vain for the arrival of the sixth day—that day to me has not
arrived—to the Swede, never did arrive. Thenceforward we were enshrouded in
patchy darkness, so that we could not have seen an object at twenty paces from
the ship. Eternal night continued to envelop us, all unrelieved by the phosphoric
sea-brilliancy to which we had been accustomed in the tropics. We observed too,
that, although the tempest continued to rage with unabated violence, there was
no longer to be discovered the usual appearance of surf, or foam, which had
hitherto attended us. All around were horror, and thick gloom, and a black
sweltering desert of ebony.—Superstitious terror crept by degrees into the spirit
of the old Swede, and my own soul was wrapped up in silent wonder. We
neglected all care of the ship, as worse than useless, and securing ourselves, as
well as possible, to the stump of the mizen-mast, looked out bitterly into the
world of ocean. We had no means of calculating time, nor could we form any
guess of our situation. We were, however, well aware of having made farther to
the southward than any previous navigators, and felt great amazement at not
meeting with the usual impediments of ice. In the meantime every moment
threatened to be our last—every mountainous billow hurried to overwhelm us.
The swell surpassed anything I had imagined possible, and that we were not
instantly buried is a miracle. My companion spoke of the lightness of our cargo,
and reminded me of the excellent qualities of our ship; but I could not help
feeling the utter hopelessness of hope itself, and prepared myself gloomily for
that death which I thought nothing could defer beyond an hour, as, with every
knot of way the ship made, the swelling of the black stupendous seas became
more dismally appalling. At times we gasped for breath at an elevation beyond
the albatross—at times became dizzy with the velocity of our descent into some
watery hell, where the air grew stagnant, and no sound disturbed the slumbers of
the kraken.
We were at the bottom of one of these abysses, when a quick scream from my
companion broke fearfully upon the night. “See! see!” cried he, shrieking in my
ears, “Almighty God! see! see!” As he spoke, I became aware of a dull, sullen
glare of red light which streamed down the sides of the vast chasm where we lay,
and threw a fitful brilliancy upon our deck. Casting my eyes upwards, I beheld a
spectacle which froze the current of my blood. At a terrific height directly above
us, and upon the very verge of the precipitous descent, hovered a gigantic ship
of, perhaps, four thousand tons. Although upreared upon the summit of a wave
more than a hundred times her own altitude, her apparent size exceeded that of
any ship of the line or East Indiaman in existence. Her huge hull was of a deep
dingy black, unrelieved by any of the customary carvings of a ship. A single row
of brass cannon protruded from her open ports, and dashed from their polished
surfaces the fires of innumerable battle-lanterns, which swung to and fro about
her rigging. But what mainly inspired us with horror and astonishment, was that
she bore up under a press of sail in the very teeth of that supernatural sea, and of
that ungovernable hurricane. When we first discovered her, her bows were alone
to be seen, as she rose slowly from the dim and horrible gulf beyond her. For a
moment of intense terror she paused upon the giddy pinnacle, as if in
contemplation of her own sublimity, then trembled and tottered, and—came
down.
At this instant, I know not what sudden self-possession came over my spirit.
Staggering as far aft as I could, I awaited fearlessly the ruin that was to
overwhelm. Our own vessel was at length ceasing from her struggles, and
sinking with her head to the sea. The shock of the descending mass struck her,
consequently, in that portion of her frame which was already under water, and
the inevitable result was to hurl me, with irresistible violence, upon the rigging
of the stranger.
As I fell, the ship hove in stays, and went about; and to the confusion ensuing
I attributed my escape from the notice of the crew. With little difficulty I made
my way unperceived to the main hatchway, which was partially open, and soon
found an opportunity of secreting myself in the hold. Why I did so I can hardly
tell. An indefinite sense of awe, which at first sight of the navigators of the ship
had taken hold of my mind, was perhaps the principle of my concealment. I was
unwilling to trust myself with a race of people who had offered, to the cursory
glance I had taken, so many points of vague novelty, doubt, and apprehension. I
therefore thought proper to contrive a hiding-place in the hold. This I did by
removing a small portion of the shifting-boards, in such a manner as to afford me
a convenient retreat between the huge timbers of the ship.
I had scarcely completed my work, when a footstep in the hold forced me to
make use of it. A man passed by my place of concealment with a feeble and
unsteady gait. I could not see his face, but had an opportunity of observing his
general appearance. There was about it an evidence of great age and infirmity.
His knees tottered beneath a load of years, and his entire frame quivered under
the burthen. He muttered to himself, in a low broken tone, some words of a
language which I could not understand, and groped in a corner among a pile of
singular-looking instruments, and decayed charts of navigation. His manner was
a wild mixture of the peevishness of second childhood, and the solemn dignity of
a God. He at length went on deck, and I saw him no more.

A feeling, for which I have no name, has taken possession of my soul —a

sensation which will admit of no analysis, to which the lessons of bygone times
are inadequate, and for which I fear futurity itself will offer me no key. To a
mind constituted like my own, the latter consideration is an evil. I shall never—I
know that I shall never—be satisfied with regard to the nature of my
conceptions. Yet it is not wonderful that these conceptions are indefinite, since
they have their origin in sources so utterly novel. A new sense—a new entity is
added to my soul.

It is long since I first trod the deck of this terrible ship, and the rays of my
destiny are, I think, gathering to a focus. Incomprehensible men! Wrapped up in
meditations of a kind which I cannot divine, they pass me by unnoticed.
Concealment is utter folly on my part, for the people will not see. It was but just
now that I passed directly before the eyes of the mate—it was no long while ago
that I ventured into the captain’s own private cabin, and took thence the
materials with which I write, and have written. I shall from time to time continue
this Journal. It is true that I may not find an opportunity of transmitting it to the
world, but I will not fall to make the endeavour. At the last moment I will
enclose the MS. in a bottle, and cast it within the sea.

An incident has occurred which has given me new room for meditation. Are
such things the operation of ungoverned Chance? I had ventured upon deck and
thrown myself down, without attracting any notice, among a pile of ratlin-stuff
and old sails in the bottom of the yawl. While musing upon the singularity of my
fate, I unwittingly daubed with a tar-brush the edges of a neatly-folded studding-
sail which lay near me on a barrel. The studding-sail is now bent upon the ship,
and the thoughtless touches of the brush are spread out into the word
DISCOVERY.
I have made many observations lately upon the structure of the vessel.
Although well armed, she is not, I think, a ship of war. Her rigging, build, and
general equipment, all negative a supposition of this kind. What she is not, I can
easily perceive—what she is I fear it is impossible to say. I know not how it is,
but in scrutinizing her strange model and singular cast of spars, her huge size
and overgrown suits of canvas, her severely simple bow and antiquated stern,
there will occasionally flash across my mind a sensation of familiar things, and
there is always mixed up with such indistinct shadows of recollection, an
unaccountable memory of old foreign chronicles and ages long ago.

I have been looking at the timbers of the ship. She is built of a material to
which I am a stranger. There is a peculiar character about the wood which strikes
me as rendering it unfit for the purpose to which it has been applied. I mean its
extreme porousness, considered independently by the worm-eaten condition
which is a consequence of navigation in these seas, and apart from the rottenness
attendant upon age. It will appear perhaps an observation somewhat over-
curious, but this wood would have every characteristic of Spanish oak, if
Spanish oak were distended by any unnatural means.
In reading the above sentence a curious apothegm of an old weather-beaten
Dutch navigator comes full upon my recollection. “It is as sure,” he was wont to
say, when any doubt was entertained of his veracity, “as sure as there is a sea
where the ship itself will grow in bulk like the living body of the seaman.”

About an hour ago, I made bold to thrust myself among a group of the crew.
They paid me no manner of attention, and, although I stood in the very midst of
them all, seemed utterly unconscious of my presence. Like the one I had at first
seen in the hold, they all bore about them the marks of a hoary old age. Their
knees trembled with infirmity; their shoulders were bent double with
decrepitude; their shrivelled skins rattled in the wind; their voices were low,
tremulous and broken; their eyes glistened with the rheum of years; and their
gray hairs streamed terribly in the tempest. Around them, on every part of the
deck, lay scattered mathematical instruments of the most quaint and obsolete
construction.

I mentioned some time ago the bending of a studding-sail. From that period
the ship, being thrown dead off the wind, has continued her terrific course due
south, with every rag of canvas packed upon her, from her trucks to her lower
studding-sail booms, and rolling every moment her top-gallant yard-arms into
the most appalling hell of water which it can enter into the mind of a man to
imagine. I have just left the deck, where I find it impossible to maintain a
footing, although the crew seem to experience little inconvenience. It appears to
me a miracle of miracles that our enormous bulk is not swallowed up at once and
forever. We are surely doomed to hover continually upon the brink of Eternity,
without taking a final plunge into the abyss. From billows a thousand times more
stupendous than any I have ever seen, we glide away with the facility of the
arrowy sea-gull; and the colossal waters rear their heads above us like demons of
the deep, but like demons confined to simple threats and forbidden to destroy. I
am led to attribute these frequent escapes to the only natural cause which can
account for such effect.—I must suppose the ship to be within the influence of
some strong current, or impetuous under-tow.
 I have seen the captain face to face, and in his own cabin—but, as I expected,
he paid me no attention. Although in his appearance there is, to a casual
observer, nothing which might bespeak him more or less than man—still a
feeling of irrepressible reverence and awe mingled with the sensation of wonder
with which I regarded him. In stature he is nearly my own height; that is, about
five feet eight inches. He is of a well-knit and compact frame of body, neither
robust nor remarkably otherwise. But it is the singularity of the expression which
reigns upon the face—it is the intense, the wonderful, the thrilling evidence of
old age, so utter, so extreme, which excites within my spirit a sense—a sentiment
ineffable. His forehead, although little wrinkled, seems to bear upon it the stamp
of a myriad of years.—His gray hairs are records of the past, and his grayer eyes
are Sybils of the future. The cabin floor was thickly strewn with strange, iron-
clasped folios, and mouldering instruments of science, and obsolete long-
forgotten charts. His head was bowed down upon his hands, and he pored, with a
fiery unquiet eye, over a paper which I took to be a commission, and which, at
all events, bore the signature of a monarch. He muttered to himself, as did the
first seaman whom I saw in the hold, some low peevish syllables of a foreign
tongue, and although the speaker was close at my elbow, his voice seemed to
reach my ears from the distance of a mile.

The ship and all in it are imbued with the spirit of Eld. The crew glide to and
fro like the ghosts of buried centuries; their eyes have an eager and uneasy
meaning; and when their fingers fall athwart my path in the wild glare of the
battle-lanterns, I feel as I have never felt before, although I have been all my life
a dealer in antiquities, and have imbibed the shadows of fallen columns at
Balbec, and Tadmor, and Persepolis, until my very soul has become a ruin.

When I look around me I feel ashamed of my former apprehensions. If I

trembled at the blast which has hitherto attended us, shall I not stand aghast at a
warring of wind and ocean, to convey any idea of which the words tornado and
simoom are trivial and ineffective? All in the immediate vicinity of the ship is
the blackness of eternal night, and a chaos of foamless water; but, about a league
on either side of us, may be seen, indistinctly and at intervals, stupendous
ramparts of ice, towering away into the desolate sky, and looking like the walls
of the universe.

As I imagined, the ship proves to be in a current; if that appellation can

properly be given to a tide which, howling and shrieking by the white ice,
thunders on to the southward with a velocity like the headlong dashing of a
cataract.

To conceive the horror of my sensations is, I presume, utterly impossible; yet

a curiosity to penetrate the mysteries of these awful regions, predominates even
over my despair, and will reconcile me to the most hideous aspect of death. It is
evident that we are hurrying onwards to some exciting knowledge—some never-
to-be-imparted secret, whose attainment is destruction. Perhaps this current leads
us to the southern pole itself. It must be confessed that a supposition apparently
so wild has every probability in its favor.

The crew pace the deck with unquiet and tremulous step; but there is upon
their countenances an expression more of the eagerness of hope than of the
apathy of despair.
In the meantime the wind is still in our poop, and, as we carry a crowd of
canvas, the ship is at times lifted bodily from out the sea—Oh, horror upon
horror! the ice opens suddenly to the right, and to the left, and we are whirling
dizzily, in immense concentric circles, round and round the borders of a gigantic
amphitheatre, the summit of whose walls is lost in the darkness and the distance.
But little time will be left me to ponder upon my destiny—the circles rapidly
grow small—we are plunging madly within the grasp of the whirlpool—and
amid a roaring, and bellowing, and thundering of ocean and of tempest, the ship
is quivering, oh God! and—going down.
NOTE.—The “MS. Found in a Bottle,” was originally published in 1831, and
it was not until many years afterwards that I became acquainted with the maps of
Mercator, in which the ocean is represented as rushing, by four mouths, into the
(northern) Polar Gulf, to be absorbed into the bowels of the earth; the Pole itself
being represented by a black rock, towering to a prodigious height.
 THE OVAL PORTRAIT
THE chateau into which my valet had ventured to make forcible entrance,
rather than permit me, in my desperately wounded condition, to pass a night in
the open air, was one of those piles of commingled gloom and grandeur which
have so long frowned among the Appennines, not less in fact than in the fancy of
Mrs. Radcliffe. To all appearance it had been temporarily and very lately
abandoned. We established ourselves in one of the smallest and least
sumptuously furnished apartments. It lay in a remote turret of the building. Its
decorations were rich, yet tattered and antique. Its walls were hung with tapestry
and bedecked with manifold and multiform armorial trophies, together with an
unusually great number of very spirited modern paintings in frames of rich
golden arabesque. In these paintings, which depended from the walls not only in
their main surfaces, but in very many nooks which the bizarre architecture of the
chateau rendered necessary—in these paintings my incipient delirium, perhaps,
had caused me to take deep interest; so that I bade Pedro to close the heavy
shutters of the room—since it was already night—to light the tongues of a tall
candelabrum which stood by the head of my bed—and to throw open far and
wide the fringed curtains of black velvet which enveloped the bed itself. I
wished all this done that I might resign myself, if not to sleep, at least alternately
to the contemplation of these pictures, and the perusal of a small volume which
had been found upon the pillow, and which purported to criticise and describe
them.
Long—long I read—and devoutly, devotedly I gazed. Rapidly and gloriously
the hours flew by and the deep midnight came. The position of the candelabrum
displeased me, and outreaching my hand with difficulty, rather than disturb my
slumbering valet, I placed it so as to throw its rays more fully upon the book.
But the action produced an effect altogether unanticipated. The rays of the
numerous candles (for there were many) now fell within a niche of the room
which had hitherto been thrown into deep shade by one of the bed-posts. I thus
saw in vivid light a picture all unnoticed before. It was the portrait of a young
girl just ripening into womanhood. I glanced at the painting hurriedly, and then
closed my eyes. Why I did this was not at first apparent even to my own
perception. But while my lids remained thus shut, I ran over in my mind my
reason for so shutting them. It was an impulsive movement to gain time for
thought—to make sure that my vision had not deceived me—to calm and subdue
my fancy for a more sober and more certain gaze. In a very few moments I again
looked fixedly at the painting.
That I now saw aright I could not and would not doubt; for the first flashing of
the candles upon that canvas had seemed to dissipate the dreamy stupor which
was stealing over my senses, and to startle me at once into waking life.
The portrait, I have already said, was that of a young girl. It was a mere head
and shoulders, done in what is technically termed a vignette manner; much in the
style of the favorite heads of Sully. The arms, the bosom, and even the ends of
the radiant hair melted imperceptibly into the vague yet deep shadow which
formed the back-ground of the whole. The frame was oval, richly gilded and
filigreed in Moresque. As a thing of art nothing could be more admirable than
the painting itself. But it could have been neither the execution of the work, nor
the immortal beauty of the countenance, which had so suddenly and so
vehemently moved me. Least of all, could it have been that my fancy, shaken
from its half slumber, had mistaken the head for that of a living person. I saw at
once that the peculiarities of the design, of the vignetting, and of the frame, must
have instantly dispelled such idea—must have prevented even its momentary
entertainment. Thinking earnestly upon these points, I remained, for an hour
perhaps, half sitting, half reclining, with my vision riveted upon the portrait. At
length, satisfied with the true secret of its effect, I fell back within the bed. I had
found the spell of the picture in an absolute life-likeliness of expression, which,
at first startling, finally confounded, subdued, and appalled me. With deep and
reverent awe I replaced the candelabrum in its former position. The cause of my
deep agitation being thus shut from view, I sought eagerly the volume which
discussed the paintings and their histories. Turning to the number which
designated the oval portrait, I there read the vague and quaint words which
follow:
“She was a maiden of rarest beauty, and not more lovely than full of glee. And
evil was the hour when she saw, and loved, and wedded the painter. He,
passionate, studious, austere, and having already a bride in his Art; she a maiden
of rarest beauty, and not more lovely than full of glee; all light and smiles, and
frolicsome as the young fawn; loving and cherishing all things; hating only the
Art which was her rival; dreading only the pallet and brushes and other untoward
instruments which deprived her of the countenance of her lover. It was thus a
terrible thing for this lady to hear the painter speak of his desire to portray even
his young bride. But she was humble and obedient, and sat meekly for many
weeks in the dark, high turret-chamber where the light dripped upon the pale
canvas only from overhead. But he, the painter, took glory in his work, which
went on from hour to hour, and from day to day. And he was a passionate, and
wild, and moody man, who became lost in reveries; so that he would not see that
the light which fell so ghastly in that lone turret withered the health and the
spirits of his bride, who pined visibly to all but him. Yet she smiled on and still
on, uncomplainingly, because she saw that the painter (who had high renown)
took a fervid and burning pleasure in his task, and wrought day and night to
depict her who so loved him, yet who grew daily more dispirited and weak. And
in sooth some who beheld the portrait spoke of its resemblance in low words, as
of a mighty marvel, and a proof not less of the power of the painter than of his
deep love for her whom he depicted so surpassingly well. But at length, as the
labor drew nearer to its conclusion, there were admitted none into the turret; for
the painter had grown wild with the ardor of his work, and turned his eyes from
canvas merely, even to regard the countenance of his wife. And he would not see
that the tints which he spread upon the canvas were drawn from the cheeks of
her who sate beside him. And when many weeks had passed, and but little
remained to do, save one brush upon the mouth and one tint upon the eye, the
spirit of the lady again flickered up as the flame within the socket of the lamp.
And then the brush was given, and then the tint was placed; and, for one
moment, the painter stood entranced before the work which he had wrought; but
in the next, while he yet gazed, he grew tremulous and very pallid, and aghast,
and crying with a loud voice, ‘This is indeed Life itself!’ turned suddenly to
regard his beloved:—She was dead!”

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