Part C

With reference to the following framework, enumerate with

examples the application of methodologies.
 What is methodology?
Methodology is a system of practices and procedures that a
teacher uses to teach. It will be based on beliefs about the
nature of language and how it is learnt known as approach.
 How does methodology operate?
It operates their lessons on a mixture of methods and
approaches in deciding how to teach the lesson include the
age and experience of learners, lesson, objectives and
expectations.
 Where does methodology derive from?
The English word method is derived from the Greek word
meta(following) and hodos(the way) the word method
implies that one should follow a certain way.
 ELT methodologies :

Grammar translation – in the 19th century the classical

method came to be known as the Grammar translation.
The focus is on grammatical rules, memorization of
vocabulary and translation of texts and excercises from
the second to the native language.
Direct method – Charles Berlitz , the founder of the
direct method. This method was similar to Gouin series
method. There is lot of oral interactions and
spontaneous uses of language, oral communication skills
are taught through question and answer exchanges
between teacher and students in small group.
Vocabulary is taught by ideas, speech, listening,
comprehension and pronunciation.
Oral and situational language teaching – the oral and
situational language teaching relied on the structural
view of language. Both speech and structure were seen
to be the basis of language and especially in speaking
ability and control in grammar and vocabulary.
Audio lingual method – Army method came to be
known as Audio lingual method. It was firmly grounded
in linguistic and psychological theory. ALM is accurate
pronunciation and grammar, the ability to respond
quickly and accurately in speech. Language skills are
learned more effectively, the meanings of words can be
learned only in this context. Vocabulary is limited and
learned in context, a lot of audio and visual aids are
used, great importance is given to pronunciation.
The communicative approach – it is based on the idea
that learning a language successfully comes through
interaction with peers and teachers. It emphasizes the
ability to communicate the meaning of the message. It
improves communicative proficiency of all skills
including reading, writing, listening and speaking. It
helps the learners to engage in linguistic interaction with
real life objectives.
Total physical response – James Asher developed total
physical response TRP in 1960. It is based on the
 coordination of language and physical movement, in TRP
teacher gives commands to the students in the target
language with body movements, as students respond
with whole body actions. This method is an example of
the comprehension approach to language teaching.
The silent way – Discovery learning, the learners should
develop independence, autonomy and responsibility. At
the same time learners had to cooperate with their
peers in the process of solving problems. The teacher
was silent much of the time hence the name of the
method.
The natural approach – it claims that the language
learning is a reproduction of the way humans naturally
acquire their native language.
Suggestopedia – this method was derived from
Bulgarian psychologist Georgi lozanov’s. Music is the
central to this method as it created the kind of relaxed
concentration that led to super learning. The goal of this
method is to increase the student’s confidence about
their successful.
 Current trends :
o Changing perspectives on English teaching and
learning
o Changes in goals of English teaching and learning
o Changes in approaches to teaching
o Changes in teaching content curriculum design and
assessment
How is the role of a student in CLT different from that in the
Audio lingual method?
The Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) and Audio-
lingual Method (ALM) have both importance in learning
second language or foreign language around the world to
develop communication skills. But they differ from each
other in different aspect. One deals with meaning for
communication, another deals with the structure, form and
rules.
The Communicative Language Teaching: The communicative
language teaching is an approach to the teaching of second
and foreign languages that emphasizes communication of a
language. The CLT was the product of educators and linguists
who had grown dissatisfied with earlier Grammar Translation
and Audio Lingual Methods, where students were not
learning enough realistic, socially necessary language.
Through this dissatisfaction the communicative language
teaching (CLT) emerged.
The Audio Lingual Method: The audio lingual method or the
Army method is the mode of language instruction based on
behaviourists’ ideology. This method emphasizes the
structure, form and rules of a language. The learner learns
this method by imitating. There is no explicit grammar
instruction everything is simply memorized in form. The
teacher would then continue by presenting new words for
the students to sample in the same structure.
The CLT and ALM differ from various aspects. Basic
differences are presented below.
Communicative Language The Audio Lingual Method (ALM)
Teaching (CLT)
Meaning is important Structure and form are more
important than meaning.
Context is a basic foundation. Language items are not necessarily
contextualized.
Language learning is learning Language Learning is learning
to communicate. structures, sounds or words.
Comprehensible Native-speaker-like pronunciation
pronunciation is sought. is sought.
Any device helps him to learn Grammatical explanation is
such as age, interest. avoided.
Attempts to communicate Communicative activities only
from the very beginning. come after a long process.
Native language is accepted Native language is forbidden.
Translation allow from very Translation is forbidden at early
beginning. levels.
Reading and writing can start Reading and writing cannot start
from the first day. from beginning.
Language is created by the Language is habit" so error must
individual through trial and be prevented at all costs.
error.
Fluency and acceptable Accuracy is the primary goal.
language is the primary goal.
Teachers help learners by The teacher controls and prevents
giving motivation to work with the learners from doing anything
the language. that conflict with the theory.
The teacher cannot know The teacher knows exactly what
exactly what language the language the learners will use.
learners will use.