International Journal of Management Studies ISSN(Print) 2249-0302 ISSN (Online)2231-2528

http://www.researchersworld.com/ijms/

DOI : 10.18843/ijms/v5i3(9)/15
DOIURL :http://dx.doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v5i3(9)/15

A Systematic Literature Review of Work Stress

Richa Burman, Dr. Tulsee Giri Goswami,

Research Scholar, Assistant Professor,
Department of Management , Department of Management,
Central University of Rajasthan, Central University of Rajasthan,
Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India. Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.

ABSTRACT

Purpose- The purpose of this paper was to review Work stress literature and its various definitions,
demographics, methodologies and industries/ research unit.
Design/methodology/approach- The paper contains different definitions of work stress stated by
different authors or researchers of different countries. A total of 203 papers have been reviewed
from the year 1993 to 2017. These research papers have been classified into year of publication,
demography profile of authors, country of research, research methodology and type of research/
research unit.
Findings- It was observed that the work stress not only affects the physical and psychological state
but also had an adverse impact on family and social life of employees. The findings also reveal
some of the major work stressors and the coping strategies to reduce the stress. This paper also
helps to understand the conceptual knowledge of work stress, its causes and consequences in the
workplace.
Practical implications-Stress management workshops can be conducted in different organization
on regular basis which can educate workers about the source of stress and its harmful
consequences on their health and how they can reduce stress effectively. A list of coping strategies
has been mention in the paper to cope with the stress.
Originality/value – This paper reviews total 203 research papers. Further the paper is classified
on the basis year, author profile, research methodology and type of industry.

Keywords: Work stress, stress, coping strategies, work stressors.

INTRODUCTION:
Hans Seyle known as ―father of modern stress‖ coined the term ―stress‖. The word stress has come from the
Latin word ―stringere‖ which means to "draw tight‖. Hans Seyle in 1936 defined stress as, ―a syndrome
produced by diverse nocuous agents‖. He described stress as a non-specific response of the body to ―noxious
stimuli‖. According to Lazarus, (1976), ―Stress occurs when there are demands on the person, which taxes or
exceeds his adjustive resources.‖
Richard Carlson defines stress as ―Stress is nothing more than a socially acceptable form of mental illness‖. We
are currently living in stressful times holding down two or more jobs, building and trying to hold up
unreasonable performance parameters which all result in higher stress levels. Work stress can be referred as a
strain, depression, fretfulness, anxiety, angst etc one‘s faces in his workplace when he is overloaded with
copious demands and expectations which he/she has to complete within a limited time-frame. Work stress is
also termed as ―job stress‖ or ―occupational stress‖.
Therefore this paper has attempted to analyze the status of work stress in different countries and different sectors
or unit by reviewing 203 research journal published from 1993 to 2017. The study includes the different meaning
of work stress and its impact on physical and mental state of employees of different industries/ research unit.

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Various definition of Stress and Work stress:

To have a better understanding about the work stress, various definitions of stress and work stress has been
compiled by different authors from year 1993 to 2017 (below in the Table I).

Table I: Various definition of stress and work stress.

Sl.
Author(s) Stress definitions
No.
Stress is a state of mind which reflects certain biochemical reactions in the
Jit, S. Chandan, human body and is projected by a sense of anxiety, tension and depression
1.
(1995) and is caused by such demands by the environmental forces or internal
factors that cannot be met by the resources available to the person
Stress is cost by a multitude of demands (stressors) such an inadequate fit
2. Levi (1996) between what we need and what we capable of, and what our environment
offers and what it demands of us.
Stress designates the aggression itself leading to discomfort, or the consequences
5. Bernik (1997)
of it. It is our organism‘s response to a challenge, be it right or wrong.
Kristensen et al, Stress is an individual, arousal, psychophysiology, and subjective state,
8.
(1998) characterized by a combination of high arousal and displeasure.
The Health and Safety Stress is the reaction that people have to excessive pressures or other types of
9.
Executive (1999) demand placed upon them.
Moorhead, G., & Stress is caused by a stimulus, that the stimulus can be either physical or
11.
Griffin, R. W. (2001) psychological, and that the individual responds to the stimulus in some way
People may feel stressed when their resources in the form of their
12. Leka, et al., (2004) comprehension and capabilities about the situation are found to be
inadequate to cope with the hassles and difficulties in environment.
Stress as a latent construct that indicates a state of elevated activation of the
Siegrist J, Rodel A.,
14. autonomic nervous system with coordinated manifestations at the affective,
(2006)
cognitive, and behavioral levels.
A dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an
Stephen P. Robbins et
15. opportunity, constraint or demand related to what he/she desires and for
al (2007)
which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important
Stress is the key component and has positive significant correlation with high
R. Abualrub et al.,
16. turnover and turnover intentions, absenteeism and costs substantial health
(2008)
problems.
Work stress definitions
Occupational stress, in particular, is the inability to cope with pressures in a
Comish R. job, because of a poor fit between someone‘s abilities and his/her work
18.
& Swindle B. (1994) requirements and conditions. It is a mental and physical condition which affect
an individual‘s productivity, effectiveness, personal health and quality of work
European Work stress is ‗the emotional, cognitive, behavioral and physiological
Commission, DG, reaction to aversive and noxious aspects of work, work environments and
19.
guidance on work– work organizations. It is a state characterized by high levels of arousal and
related stress (1999) distress often by feelings of not coping‘.
European
Job stress refers to the emotional, cognitive, behavioral and physiological
Commission,
reaction to aversive and noxious aspects of work, work environments and
20. Directorate- General
work organisations. It is a state characterized by high levels of arousal and
for Employment and
distress and often by feelings of not coping.
Social Affairs (2000)
Work stress is transitional arousal state between objective stressors and strain
22. Dollar et al., (2001)
where strain is reaction to the condition of stress.
Occupational stress is any discomfort which is felt and perceived at a
personal level and triggered by instances, events or situations that are too
23. Malta, (2004)
intense and frequent in nature so as to exceed a person‘s coping capabilities
and resources to handle them adequately.

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Sl.
Author(s) Stress definitions
No.
Holmlund-Rytkönen, It‘s as an inability of an individual to meet the demands from job due to the
24. M., & Strandvik, T. imbalance in the ‗person-environment‘ perceptions. It is the situation where
(2005) individuals‘ job performance, both physical and mental health, is affected poorly
P. Anna Raja and Work stress means "the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur
26. Nima M Joseph., when the requirements of a job do not match the capabilities, resources or
(2007) needs of the worker".
Chen, J. C., &
Labeled job stress as a work related psychological pressure and a worker‘s
27. Silverthorne, C.
ability to respond and grip the specific situation at work place skillfully.
(2008)
Occupational stress can be defined as the experience of unpleasant negative
29. Salami O. S. (2010) emotions such as tension, anxiety, frustration, anger and depression resulting
from aspects of work
Work stress define as a series of physiological, psychological and behavioral
Yan, H., & Xie, S.
30. responses due to the continuing effects of one or more stressors on
(2016)
individuals in an organization

METHODOLOGY:
This paper consists of three phases which is adopted from Tranfield et al. (2003). In the first phase, journal and
research article were gathered from Emerald, JSTOR, Science Direct, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, Elsevier and
Google Scholar by using key words such as ―stress‖, ―work stress‖, ―occupational stress‖, ―job stress‖ etc. All
the papers were searched from January 1993 to April 2017.
At the second phase, the paper related to work stress were reviewed and classified on the basis of year of
publication, demography profile of author, research methodology, type of industry or research unit (Dangayac
and Deshmukh, 2001; Reosekar and Pohekar, 2014) ( in Figure I).
In the third and final phase, all the journal papers were categorize under four groups as journals, author profile,
research methodology and type of industries/research unit in a tabular form (in table III). Later a detailed study
was done to identify gaps, scope for future research, implications followed by key findings and conclusions.

Figure1: Literature classification

Work Stress

Journals Demography Research methodology Type of industries/

Research Unit

Conceptual
Journal wise Number Authors Country
Distribution of Profile wise-
Authors distribution Descriptive

Year of
Publication Empirical
Academician

Exploratory –
Professional Cross-section

Both Exploratory -
Longitudinal

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Time distribution of Work Stress articles:
Hans Seyle in 1936 brought the concept of stress. In 1976, he stated that stress is caused by physiological,
psychological and environmental demands. According to the study the highest number of paper published is
during the last 10 years. The study of work stress has gained the importance in both science and social science
in recent years. A table below shows the number of paper published during 1993 to 2017 (April).

Table II: Year wise distribution

Year No. of articles
1993-1997 33
1998-2002 34
2003-2007 46
2008-2012 42
2013-2017 48

Distribution of publications across the different countries:

The research on work stress is being carried out in different countries and through this study it can be said that
around 35 countries has analyzed the impact of work stress on employees of different sector. Out of 203 papers,
159 are of multiple authors whereas 44 are of single authors. U.S.A has contributed highest number of papers
followed by U.K and India.
Out of 203 articles, 166 articles (81 per cent) were contributed by academicians, 12articles (7 per cent) were
contributed by professionals and 24 articles (12 per cent) were contributed by both academicians and
professionals together (shown in Figure 4).

Figure 2: Country-wise spread

Country of Publication

23%
USA

UK

India
55%
14% Others

8%

ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

In this review paper the journal were classified according to research methodology proposed by Reosekar and
Pohekar (2014). There are total 203 papers out of which 166 are quantitative, 37 are qualitative. Further, out of
166 quantitative articles 120 are empirical papers. It means the most of the research is based on empirical
studies followed by cross-sectional studies. Empirical research is actually based on experiments, survey or
observations and then knowledge is derived from actual experience rather than from theory or belief whereas
cross-sectional research refers to the study where data is collected from a representative subset at a specific or
particular point of time. While there are only 37 qualitative articles in which 27 are descriptive and 10 are
conceptual.

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Figure 4: Background of authors

Year of Publication
60

40

20

0
1993-'95 1996-'00 2001-'05 2006-'10 2011-'15 2016-'17

12%
7% Academic

Professional

Both
81%

Figure 5: A schematic tree of research methodology used by authors

Work stress papers (203)

Qualitative (37) Quantitative (166)

Conceptual (10) Descriptive (27) Exploratory (6) Empirica Cross- Longitudinal

l (120) sectional (31) (9)

Table III: Work stress classification

S. Author’s Type of industry/
Year Authors Country Methodology
no Profile Research unit
Staff & faculty of
1 1993 Wilson, S. M., et al. Academic USA Empirical
university
2 1993 Burke, R. J. Academic Canada Empirical Canadian Physicians
3 1993 Shirom, A., et al. Academic Israel Empirical Teachers
4 1993 Reichel, A., et al Academic Israel; USA Empirical Israeli executives
5 1993 Fox, M. L., et al. Academic USA Empirical Nurses
6 1993 Gaziel, H. H. Academic Israel Empirical Teachers
7 1993 Bennett, P., et al. Academic UK Empirical Social workers
Commercial &
8 1993 Bennett, P., et al. Academic India Empirical
technical

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S. Author’s Type of industry/

Year Authors Country Methodology
no Profile Research unit
9 1993 Smith, E., et al. Academic USA Empirical University faculty
Professional
Secretaries
10 1994 Fenlason, K. J., et al. Academic USA Empirical
Association
International
11 1995 Hurrell, J. J. Academic _ Descriptive Police Officers
Landsbergis, P. A., et
12 1995 Academic U.S.A Empirical Public health agency
al.
Social service
13 1995 Bradley, J., et al. Professional England Empirical
employees
14 1995 Sager, J. K., et al. Professional U.S.A Empirical Sales people
15 1995 Doby, V. J., et al. Academic USA Empirical Staff accountants
16 1995 Xie, J. L., et al. Academic Canada Empirical Full time employees
Police officers and
17 1995 Beehr, T. A., et al. Academic USA Empirical
spouses
Entrepreneurs &
18 1995 RAHIM, M. A. Academic USA Empirical
managers
Audit And
Management
19 1995 Rahman, M., et al Academic USA Empirical
Advisory Services
(MAS)
Health insurance &
20 1996 Manning, M. R., et al. Academic USA Empirical chemical
manufacturing org
21 1996 Von Onciul, J. Academic Germany Descriptive _
Marketing
22 1996 Boles, J. S., et al. Academic USA Empirical
professionals
23 1996 Thorsen, E. J. Professional Canada Empirical University faculty
Cross National employee
24 1996 Martin, J. K., et al. Academic USA
Sectional survey
25 1996 Collings, J. A., et al. Academic UK Empirical Social workers
26 1996 Thompson, N., et al. Academic UK Empirical Social work staffs
Al-Shammari, S. A.,
27 1996 Both Saudi Arabia Empirical Doctors
etal.
AIDS service
28 1997 LIOU, K. T. Both U.S.A Empirical
organization
29 1997 Chand, P., et al. Academic India Empirical Bank employees
30 1997 Roberts, J. A., et al. Academic U.S.A Empirical Industrial distributor
31 1997 Srivastava, A. K. Academic India Descriptive _
32 1997 Lynch, D. R. Academic USA Empirical Public defenders
Employees (Blue
33 1997 Furnham, A. Academic London(UK) Empirical
&white)
34 1998 Guglielmi, R. S., et al. Academic U.S.A Conceptual Teachers
Wood product
35 1998 Grunberg, L., et al. Academic U.S.A Empirical
industry
36 1998 DeFrank, R. S., et al. Academic U.S.A Descriptive _
37 1998 Chan, D. W. Academic Hong kong Empirical Teachers
38 1998 Barnes, L. L., et al. Academic USA Empirical University faculty
39 1998 Parkes, K. R. Academic UK Descriptive Offshore personnel
Clerical and sale
40 1999 Narayanan, L., et al. Academic U.S.A Empirical workers, university
professors

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S. Author’s Type of industry/

Year Authors Country Methodology
no Profile Research unit
41 1999 Abel, M. H., et al. Academic USA Empirical Teachers
Machine production
42 1999 Mino, Y., et al. Academic Japan; UK Empirical
org
43 2000 Stephens, C., et al. Academic New Zealand Empirical Police officers
44 2000 He, X. X., et al. Academic China Empirical University faculty
45 2000 Shigemi, J., et al. Academic Japan Longitudinal Electronic company
46 2000 Nelson, D. L., et al. Academic USA Descriptive Executive women
47 2000 Folkman, S., et al. Academic USA Descriptive _
48 2000 Collins, S., et al. Academic UK Empirical Lecturers
49 2000 Glasby, J. Academic UK Descriptive
50 2001 Tennant, C. Academic Berkeley Empirical
Hongkong; Cross
51 2001 Roberts, N. A., et al. Academic Police couples
germany Sectional
52 2001 Tang, C. S. K., et al. Academic USA Empirical Chinese teachers
Married couples and
53 2001 Pittman, J. F., et al. Academic USA Empirical
graduate student
Nordstrom, C. K., et
54 2001 Academic Spain Empirical Utility company
al.
55 2001 Takkouche, B., et al. Academic UK Empirical Faculty and staff
56 2001 Storey, J., et al. Academic Australia Empirical Social worker
Australian newsprint
57 2001 Lewig, K. A., et al. Academic Australia Descriptive
media
Public and private
58 2002 Vigoda, E. Both Israel Empirical
company
59 2002 Spector, P. E. Academic USA Descriptive _
60 2002 Lait, J., et al. Academic Canada Empirical Senior administrators
61 2002 Bun, C. K. Academic Hong kong Empirical Life Insurance agents
Cross Social service
62 2002 Burke, R. J. Academic Canada
Sectional employees
63 2002 Michie, S. Academic UK Descriptive _
De Croon, E. M., et
64 2002 Academic Netherland, Empirical Lorry drivers
al.
65 2002 Jain, M., et al. Academic India Exploratory Doctors & engineers
66 2002 He, N., et al. Both USA Empirical Police officers
67 2002 Feskanich, D., et al. Academic USA Empirical Female nurses
68 2003 Shah, F. A. Academic India Empirical Bank employees
Air Traffic
69 2003 Mishra, P. K., et al. Both India Empirical
Controllers
70 2004 Kang, L. S., et al. Academic India Empirical Electronic industry
Cross
71 2004 Bovier, P. A., et al. Academic Switzerland University students
Sectional
72 2004 Goeders, N. E. Academic USA Descriptive _
Dziegielewski, S. F.,
73 2004 Academic USA Empirical University students
et al.
74 2004 Coffey, M., et al. Academic UK Empirical Social work staffs
Kunz-Ebrecht, S. R., White Hall II
75 2004 Academic UK; Germany Empirical
et al. volunteer
76 2004 Tsutsumi, A., et al. Both Japan Conceptual _
77 2004 Dillenburger, K. Academic UK Empirical Social workers
78 2004 Harris, C., et al. Academic UK Descriptive _
79 2004 MacKay, C. J., et al. Academic UK Descriptive _
80 2004 Caulfield, N., et al. Academic Australia Descriptive _
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S. Author’s Type of industry/

Year Authors Country Methodology
no Profile Research unit
81 2004 Chaudhry, A. Q. Professional Pakistan Empirical University faculty
Third European
Cross
82 2004 Daniels, K. Academic UK Survey of Working
Sectional
Conditions
Oil installation
83 2005 Chen, W. Q., et al. Academic China Empirical
workers
Medical
84 2005 Kang, L. S. Academic India Empirical
Representatives
85 2005 Suraj-Narayan, G. Academic South Africa Empirical Women managers
86 2005 Wallace, J. E. Academic Canada Empirical Lawyers
87 2005 Huxley, P., et al. Academic London(UK) Empirical Social workers
labour union office
88 2005 Dahlgren, A., et al. Academic Sweden Empirical
workers
89 2005 Kinman, G., et al. Academic UK Empirical Lay representative
Female clerical
90 2005 Harkness, A. M., et al. Professional Canada, UK Empirical
workers
91 2005 Johnson, S., et al. Academic UK Conceptual _
Human service
92 2005 Oginska-Bulik, N. Both Poland Empirical
employees
Municipalities and
93 2005 Kouvonen, A., et al. Both Finland Empirical
hospitals
Human service
94 2006 Wieclaw, J., et al. Academic Denmark Empirical
employees
Electronic equipment
95 2006 Kang, L. S., et al. Both India Empirical and service
organization
96 2006 Jamal, M., et al. Professional Canada Empirical Managers and nurses
97 2006 Srivastav, A. K. Academic India Descriptive _
Finland;
98 2006 Härmä, M., et al. Academic Descriptive _
Netherland
99 2006 Siegrist, J., et al. Academic Germany Descriptive _
100 2006 Härmä, M. Both Finland Descriptive _
101 2006 Semmer, N. K. Academic Switzerland Descriptive _
Adriaenssens, L., et
102 2006 Professional Belgium Conceptual Academic staff
al.
Cross
103 2006 Munce, S. E., et al. Academic Canada; USA CCHS
Sectional
104 2006 Moran, C. C., et al. Academic Australia Empirical Social work students
105 2006 Morash, M., et al. Academic USA Empirical Police officers
106 2007 Hunter, L. W., et al. Academic U.S.A Empirical Bank employees
107 2007 Liu, C., et al. Both U.S.A Empirical University employees
Zeytinoglu, I. U., et Nurses( private
108 2007 Academic Canada Empirical
al. hospital)
109 2007 Campolieti, M., et al. Academic Canada Empirical Physicians
110 2007 Clays, E., et al. Academic Belgium Longitudinal Public administration
Students, nurses, Colg
111 2007 Edwards, J. A., et al. Academic UK Longitudinal
staff
112 2007 Cox, T., et al. Academic UK Descriptive _
Cross
113 2007 Park, J. Academic Canada CCHS
Sectional
Hong kong,
114 2008 Geok-choo, L., et al. Academic Empirical Lawyers
Japan
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S. Author’s Type of industry/

Year Authors Country Methodology
no Profile Research unit
115 2008 Collins, S. Professional UK Descriptive Social workers
116 2008 Virtanen, P., et al. Academic Finland; UK Empirical Physicians
117 2008 Sen, K. Academic India Empirical Teachers &Managers
118 2008 Robotham, D. Academic UK Descriptive Students
Canadian national
119 2008 Wang, J., et al. Academic Canada Empirical
mental health survey
Cross
120 2008 Kinman, G. Academic UK Academic staff
Sectional
Richardson, K. M., et
121 2008 Academic New York Conceptual _
al.
Civil Service
122 2008 Chandola, T., et al. Academic UK Empirical
employees
123 2008 Byrne, D. G., et al. Academic Australia Descriptive _
Elementary school
124 2009 McCarthy, C. J., et al. Academic USA Empirical
teachers
Australia;
125 2009 Keegel, T., et al. Academic Empirical Australia workers
Canada
Employees of
126 2009 Saif-ur-Rehman, et al. Academic Islamabad Empirical
WAPDA
127 2009 Luria, G., et al. Academic Israel Empirical IDF
128 2009 Olusoga, P., et al. Academic UK Empirical Sport coaches
Social service
129 2009 Pasupuleti, S., et al. Academic USA Exploratory
workers
University office
130 2009 Zakerian, S. A., et al. Academic Malaysia Empirical
workers
131 2009 Noblet, A. J., et al. Academic Australia Empirical Police officers
132 2010 Crothers, L. M., et al. Academic USA Empirical Teachers
133 2010 Thoits, P. A. Academic USA Descriptive _
134 2010 Higgins, C. A., et al. Academic UK Empirical Dual earner families
135 2010 Chandra, A., et al. Academic India Exploratory Managers
136 2010 Virtanen, M. Academic Finland Descriptive _
137 2010 Collins, S., et al. Both UK Empirical Social work students
138 2010 McLinton, S. S., et al. Professional Australia Empirical Japanese workers
Physicians (health
139 2010 Siegrist, J., et al. Academic US; Germany Empirical
care)
140 2010 Nema, G., et al. Academic India Empirical College teachers
Air Traffic
141 2010 Sayeed, O. B., et al. Both India Empirical
Controllers
142 2011 Kang, L. S., et al. Academic India Empirical Bank manager
Abdulghani, H. M., et Cross
143 2011 Academic Saudi Arabia Medical Students
al. Sectional
Swiss service
144 2011 Berset, M., et al. Academic Switzerland Longitudinal
provider
145 2011 Dahl, M. S. Academic Denmark Empirical Private sector firm
146 2011 Thielen, K., et al. Both Denmark Longitudinal Danish employees
Cross
147 2011 Knezevic, B., et al. Academic Croatia; UK Health care workers
Sectional
Gray-Stanley, J. A., et
148 2011 Academic USA Empirical Direct care workers
al.
149 2012 Pasca, R., et al. Both Canada Empirical Canadian employees
150 2012 Hall, J. C., et al. Academic USA Exploratory Black women
151 2012 Johnson, R. R. Academic USA Longitudinal Police officers
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S. Author’s Type of industry/

Year Authors Country Methodology
no Profile Research unit
152 2012 Ipsen, C., et al. Academic Denmark Conceptual Consulting companies
Cross
153 2012 Smith, A. P., et al. Academic UK Cardiff University
Sectional
154 2012 Huss, E. Academic Israel Conceptual Social workers
Cross
155 2012 Wells, C. R., et al. Academic USA Clerical Profession
Sectional
Mutual Insurance
156 2013 Julià, M., et al. Academic Spain Empirical
Company
USA; Cross
157 2013 Kath, L. M., et al. Academic Nurse & managers
Germany Sectional
Mackenzie, S. H., et
158 2013 Professional USA; Canada Longitudinal Tourism guide‘s
al.
Germany;Ban Cross
159 2013 Steinisch, M., et al. Academic Ready-Made garment
gladesh Sectional
160 2013 Lucas, T., et al. Academic USA Empirical Police officers
161 2013 Jain, A. K., et al. Academic Denmark; Uk Empirical Call centres
162 2014 Huss, E., et al. Academic Israel Empirical Health professionals
Cross Chinese working
163 2014 Sznajder, K. K., et al. Academic USA; China
Sectional women
Germany,Ban Cross
164 2014 Steinisch, M., et al. Academic Readymade garments
gladesh Sectional
165 2014 Liu, S., et al. Both China; USA Conceptual Teachers
Cross
166 2014 Johnson, S. J., et al. Academic UK Pharmacists
Sectional
Cross
167 2014 Honda, A., et al. Academic Japan Japanese workers
Sectional
Cross
168 2014 Kraan, K. O., et al. Academic Netherland EWCS
Sectional
Law enforcement
169 2014 Avdija, A. S. Academic USA Empirical
officers
170 2014 Lian, S. Y., et al. Academic Malaysia Conceptual Working females
171 2015 Fiori, M., et al. Academic Switzerland Longitudinal SFSO
Van Laethem, M., et Netherland,
172 2015 Academic Longitudinal Dutch employees
al. Sweden
173 2015 d'Ettorre, G., et al. Academic Italy Empirical Doctors and nurses
González- Cross
174 2015 Both Spain Migrane patients
Quintanilla,et al Sectional
Cross
175 2015 Wang, S. M., et al. Professional Taiwan, USA Psychiatric nurses
Sectional
Disability support
176 2015 Smyth, E., et al. Professional UK, Ireland Empirical
staff
177 2015 Ronchetti, M., et al. Academic Italy Conceptual _
178 2015 Sailaxmi, G., et al. Both India Empirical Nurses
Australia; Cross Healthcare
179 2015 Yang, S., et al. Professional
Singapore Sectional professionals
Cross
180 2015 Ma, C. C., et al. Professional USA Police officers
Sectional
Austria; Hong
181 2015 Ninaus, K., et al. Both Exploratory Journalism industry
Kong
Germany;
182 2015 Li, J., et al. Both Descriptive _
China
183 2016 Huet, V., et al. Academic UK Exploratory Staffs in health care

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S. Author’s Type of industry/

Year Authors Country Methodology
no Profile Research unit
Germany; Cross Chinese working
184 2016 Li, J., et al. Academic
China Sectional women
185 2016 Zandara, M., et al. Both Spain Empirical Spanish nationality
186 2016 Peter, R., et al. Both Germany Empirical (IEB)
Participants of
187 2016 Damaske, S., et al. Academic USA Empirical
Metropolitan
188 2016 Marcatto, F., et al. Academic Italy Empirical Public workers
189 2016 Lai, G. J., et al. Academic Taiwan Empirical College students
Canada;UK;
190 2016 Boyle, T. A., et al. Both Empirical Pharmacists
USA
Cross
191 2016 Hoshino, A., et al. Academic Japan Paid workers
Sectional
Cross
192 2016 Alosaimi, F. D., et al. Academic Saudi Arabia Hospital employees
Sectional
Shares company
193 2016 Yan, H., & Xie, S. Academic China Empirical
(auditors)
Cross
194 2016 Gharibi, V., et al. Both Iran Iranian workers
Sectional
Cross
195 2016 Tsuno, K., et al. Academic Japan Japanese workers
Sectional
Cross
196 2016 Stanley, S., et al. Academic UK; India Social work students
Sectional
197 2016 Wiegel, C., et al. Academic Germany Empirical University faculty
198 2016 Frone, M. R. Academic USA Empirical Civilian labour force
Cross Petrochemical
199 2017 Hoboubi, N., et al. Academic Iran
Sectional company
Manaul mid-aged
200 2017 Black, J. K., et al. Academic UK Empirical
workers
Antonopoulou, P., et
201 2017 Academic UK; USA Empirical Social workers
al.
Public and private
202 2017 Halkos, G., et Academic Greece Empirical
sector
Cross
203 2017 Geronazzo-Alman, L., Academic NY; USA First responders
Sectional

LITERATURE REVIEW – GAPS AND AGENDA FOR FUTURE RESEARCH:

 The group or research unit in the article had shown moderate level of work stress. The level of work stress
may be different among the employees of different sector or units. Hence, a comparative study of the work
stress among the employees of different sector (manufacturing sector, agro based sector, service sector etc)
can be focused on as less study has been focused on these sectors.
 Similarly in any given society, the environment and experience of work differ from one type of organization
to other. For example the public and private organizations appear to differ significantly in this regard. Thus it
will be interesting and useful to undertake a comparative research study of work stress of employees working
in government as well as in the private organizations.
 To reduce the stress the employees have been given more preference to techniques like spending time with
family/friends, sleep, relaxation etc. But it is also obvious from the study that a majority of the employees are
unaware of the importance and effectiveness of coping techniques. Therefore they lack systematic training in
various relaxation techniques to reduce stress.
 There was hardly any longitudinal study where the level of stress among employees was measured and
provided with any treatment or workshops/ training or other coping strategies to reduce stress and measuring
again the level of stress among those particular set of employees. Therefore there is a scope of future research.

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 So far there is only few experimental research studies conducted during the selected period therefore
upcoming researchers may take this advantage for further research.
 In this globalization era the organizations and work environments/work culture keeps on changing constantly
and also the causes of work stress also changes. Therefore, there is a need to incessantly and constantly
observe the organizations and the work environments for causes of work stress along with other health risks.

IMPLICATIONS:
The study focused on the field of work stress providing the concept and basic understanding about the work
stress through the literature review. The paper also provides the in-depth knowledge about the research
conducted in work stress in different countries as well as different sectors in last 25 years. The study shows that
though various work stressors and coping techniques have been identified but few sectors are working on it to
make stress free environment. Future research can be focused on designing an organizational framework which
should be in accord with the developmental aspects and should provide encouraging environment to the
employees in turn reducing the stress. Research suggest that stress management workshops should be conducted
on regular basis which can educate workers about the source of stress and its harmful consequences on their
health and how they can reduce stress effectively. It should be backed by practical stress reduction techniques
that workers can use on and off the job.

LIMITATIONS:
This review paper includes the research papers gathered from Emerald, JSTOR, Science Direct, Scopus, Taylor
and Francis, Elsevier and Google Scholar. But there is probability that some paper may have been left out due to
accessibility of the journals. The sources such as working papers, reports published by government and other
firms, eBooks, conference proceedings and dissertations were not included.

FINDINGS:
Some of the major work stressors are as follows:

Figure 6: Major work stressors

Fewer opportunities of career Lack of resources and opportunities

Role ambiguity growth to improve their job skills

Job dissatisfaction & Jobs insecurity

poor performance
Long working hours
Poor peer relations
Work Low income
stressor
Unsupportive Spouse/
Inadequate resources to
family
complete the allotted task

Poor individual
Workload (overloads and
beliefs and values
under load)

Role ambiguity (lack Unsound

of clarity about Poor physical Role conflict (conflicting
Organizational environment (noise, job demands, multiple
responsibilities, Policies and
expectations) air quality, etc) supervisors)
Practices

Below mentioned are the consequences of work stress

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Figure 7: Consequences of work stress

Work stress
consequences

Cognitive Behavioral Emotional Physical

Consequences Consequences Consequences Consequences
Mental illness, Sleeping disorder, Short temper, Back and neck
Concentration Poor eating habits, Restless, Impatient, pains, Heart
problem, Poor Use of drugs and Depression, Sense problems, Blood
judgment, Constant alcohols, Neglect the of isolation etc pressure, Nausea,
nervous etc responsibilities etc Anxiety etc.

The below mentioned are the stress reduction strategies for coping up from stress:-
 Recently mindfulness techniques are often included into other practices such as yoga or meditation. This
helps in health benefits such as normalizing the blood pressure, treat heart disease, reduce chronic pain and
improve sleeping habits. It also helps to build your ability to pay attention and increase concentration.
 A new therapy known as shock therapy device has been introduced by the NHS (The National Health
Service) to deal with depression, stress and anxiety. In this a mild electric pulses is used to stimulate the brain
instead of drug treatment.
 Vacations, recreational activities, sports should be provided to employees after specific intervals to avoid the
sense of isolation, sleeping disorder etc.
 Stress Management Counselling is another technique to reduce stress where professional assistance and
guidance is provided to trigger the personal and psychological problems.
 Restructuring the workplace.
 Establish work schedules that are compatible with demands and responsibilities of the job.
 Ensure job rotation to avoid repetitive and monotonous work.
 There should be a clear job descriptions and job promotion policy and paths.
 There should be a proper communication channel.
 Organization should conduct a stress management workshop on a regular basis.
 Restructuring the salary package.
 Organization should provide emotional support as well as support in fulfilling tasks and other assigned
responsibilities.
 Training methods of the organization should be reformed and enhanced.
 Focusing on performance evaluation system which helps to identify the strength and weakness of employees
and then providing training accordingly. It reduces the stress as well as helps in skill development to achieve
the organizational goals.

CONCLUSION:
Following conclusions can be drawn from the review:
 Basic knowledge and understanding of work stress can be drawn from the descriptive and conceptual papers
of the work stress. According to the study there are more empirical studies rather than exploratory and
longitudinal studies. Besides, the majority of the articles are published by the academicians as compared to
the professionals.
 A number of papers have been contributed by the different countries across the globe. U.S.A has contributed
highest number of papers followed by U.K and India.
 India has published research paper based on both conceptual knowledge and practical problems in a
continuous span-of-time which shows that researchers are aware about the work stress and its consequences
but nothing much has been done to cope with it.

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 Large number of study has been conducted on work stress but little is done to reduce it. It has been observed
that proper copings mechanism and tools are not being used to reduce stress. These mechanisms can only be
read in the papers.
 The studies shows that impact of work stress not only affect the physical and psychological state but also
affect the employee‘s job performance and productivity.
 Work stress had an adverse impact on employee‘s health and they suffer from different disease such as
coronary heart disease, blood pressure, depression, anxiety, nervousness etc.

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