INDIAN PERSPECTIVES ON PEACE AND CONFLICT (BGP-002)
TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT
Course Code: BGP- 002
Assignment Code: BGP-002/ Asst/TMA/2020
Marks: 100
Answer five questions in all, selecting at least two questions from each section.
Each question is to be answered in about 500 words. Each question carries 20
marks.
SECTION- I
1. Trace the evolution and concept of peace movements in Indian perspective.
2. Describe the nature of religious pluralism in India.
3. Describe Gandhi’s thought on Rural-Urban Divide.
4. Examine the factors responsible for the breakdown of the joint family in
India.
5. Explain the nature of government policy and programme to reduce
economic disparity.
SECTION- II
Write a short note on each part of the following questions in about 250 words.
6. a) Approaches to determine quality of life
b) Sustainable management of natural resources
7. a) Principle of Structural Violence
b) Role of judiciary in protecting the Fundamental Rights of the Indian citizens
8. a) Gandhi’s non-violent resistance movement
b) The Role of United Nations to resolve conflicts and peace keeping
9. a) Inter-state conflicts in Asia
b) Ethnic conflicts in India
10. a) Difference between Imposed and Consensual Peace
b) Means of Justice in India
SECTION- I
2. Describe the nature of religious pluralism in India.
SOLUTION
In any general public there continue developing inside clashes or debates.
These are caused in light of different reasons social, financial and political. The
Social reasons emerge from the social structure of the general public. Divisions
or gatherings in the public eye, due the distinctions in values, openings,
admittance to assets or force or blends of social semantic, strict, ethnic and
monetary components cause clashes. In this manner to get reasons and
nature of inner clashes and approaches to oversee them it is imperative to
comprehend the social structure of society. The social structure comprises of
strict, social, ethnic, station, local and phonetic personalities. Based on these,
social orders might be homogenous or heterogeneous comprising of one
personality or other. While homogenous society comprises of it is possible
that one character or just about one personality with some minor different
personalities, heterogeneous social orders comprise of majority of gatherings.
One gathering might be in larger part however others – the minority
gatherings – are additionally critical in number and for the most part aware of
their personality.
India is among the most plural and complex social orders on the planet.
Practically all religions in the world are obvious here. The nation is contained
various districts whose individuals communicate in various dialects. 28 dialects
have been Recognized by the Constitution as public dialects. There are likewise
many dialects and lingos. Aside from Varna framework in Hindu Society
isolating it into four classifications, there are different positions, subcastes and
sub-sub ranks. Cultural fracture, on occasion, turns into the reason for social
or then again even political clashes. Among different social gatherings, position
and religions have been the premise of different clashes and debates
Another significant part of pluralism of India and now and again cause for a
social clash is religion. As is notable, India is home to numerous religions.
Practically all significant religions in the world have supporters in India. These
incorporate Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism and a
few others in little numbers. Hindus establish 79.8% of populace and are
available in pretty much all aspects of the nation. Islam is the second most
predominant religion with 14.2% populace; Sikhs, Christians and Buddhists are
relatively little in numbers yet are significant aspect of India's variety. Sikhs
comprise a lion's share of about 60% in the province of Punjab, Muslims
comprise lion's share in Jammu and Kashmir and have critical presence in
conditions of Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Kerala, Maharashtra and
Assam. Christians likewise are spread all over India with noteworthy populace
in North Eastern States, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. At Social level, by and large,
there is amicable conjunction and regard for one another's religion.
Notwithstanding, a few personal stakes especially for political help, abuse the
strict assumptions of masses to keep them partitioned. That now and again
causes clashes and development of communalism
3. Describe Gandhi’s thought on Rural-Urban Divide.
SOLUTION
The roots of Rural-Urban partition are first found in Gandhian financial idea.
Gandhi, who attempted profound investigation of Indian neediness in the light
of history of India and British India government approaches, set up the way
that Indian Poverty isn't because of its Culture of Poverty however British
private enterprise in India was forcefully occupied with what Schumpeter calls
imaginative annihilation. Above all else it crushed bungalow enterprises like
hand turning. Another basic reason for neediness was presentation of
metropolitan inclination by the British organization. This metropolitan
inclination strategy drove improvement of urban communities at the expense
of towns and agrarian area (B. N. Ghosh. 2012, pp. 64-65). As indicated by
Gandhi, when the English first settled themselves in Quite a while their
thought was to fabricate urban communities where all rich individuals will
float and help them in abusing the open country. These urban communities
were made somewhat lovely; administrations of assorted types were made
accessible to their inhabitation while the a large number of towns were left
overflowing with sad obliviousness and hopelessness. To Gandhi, metropolitan
predisposition by suggestion implied the development of current capital
serious ventures, dehumanization and misuse of work and convergence of
financial power. Gandhi had a procedure of advancement that obviously was
rustic one-sided. He engaged this thought of town swaraj (Gandhi 1942). He
clarified that India's salvation could just get through the rancher (Erikson,
1969, p. 283).
Since India decided on the westernized model with the weakened arrangement
of Communist/ Communist organization under the blended economy focusing
on fair communism key interest in large enterprises/essential ventures and
urbanization was made more prominent than interest in agribusiness and
town improvement. The seeds of rustic metropolitan separation subsequently,
got planted in Indian arranging. 'I am contemplating Gandhi's Approach, I am
mindful of the best machines and innovation yet looking to the situation of
India, notwithstanding the quick advancement that we can make in current
age; for the long time, it won't contact ordinary citizens hand. We should pick
creation frameworks where individuals can partake underway regardless of
whether it is less productive in contrast with current procedures' (Nehru,
11-12-1963 in Lok Sabha).
Micheal Lipton (1980) in his examination on Rural-Urban gap draws out that
individuals in South Asia and India are generally poor because of metropolitan
inclination as in arranging and assets got redirected for the improvement of
metropolitan urban communities at the expense of country towns.
Subsequently, uncalled for circulation of assets and helpless portion of
interest in horticulture, considerably less assets for the advancement of
provincial foundation and social overheads prompted three major harming
results, in particular (1) Denial of equity as in biggest non-provincial individuals
(80%) got not even 20% of arranged assets (2) the restricted assets in this
manner drove to wasteful use as more prominent rate gets back with huge
country business might have been conceivable and (3) Rural area got misused
to create metropolitan area as could be seen in different confirmations of
various provincial metropolitan similar pointers, for example, (I) Investment in
Horticulture (ii) Investment in Rural street and Electricity and water and so
forth (iii) Correction of Ominous Terms of exchange Agriculture and so forth
4. Examine the factors responsible for the breakdown of the joint family in
India.
SOLUTION
Causes of breakdown of Joint Family:
The causes responsible for the breakdown of the joint family system are as
follows.
1. Industrialisation:
With the coming of the British in India a cycle of industrialisation began which
achieved expansive changes in the Indian social and monetary life.
Industrialisation brought about the progression of rustic populace to the
metropolitan regions.
2. Urbanization:
Alongside the cycle of industrialisation, the cycle of urbanization has brought
about the debilitating of the joint family framework in India. Metropolitan
populace has developed at a quicker rate in our nation in most recent couple
of many years
3 education
Education has influenced joint family framework in a larger number of ways
than one. It has achieved changes in mentalities, convictions, qualities and
philosophies of the individuals. These progressions are obvious among the two
guys and females who are instructed. Education has additionally made
individualistic mentalities among the informed people. Thus, education has
neutralized the support of the joint family framework.
4. Edification of Women:
The informed Indian ladies are dazzled by the advanced family life. They have
gotten aware of their privileges and balance with men. They have begun
utilizing educational and business openings.
5. The Impact of Western Culture:
The effect of Western culture can be seen from numerous points of view. First
it brought about the beliefs of freedom and fairness. Second, it brought about
independence. Third, it brought about realism. As a consolidated aftereffect of
this Western impact, the old and conventional Hindu qualities went through
enormous changes and the very idea of joint living was influenced.
6. Over-Population:
Over-populace has caused unreasonable weight on the agrarian and private
land. The horticulture no longer gives work to the ever-expanding number of
individuals relying upon it. Poor people and the jobless desert their homes
looking for work somewhere else.
7. Family Quarrels:
Struggle or family squabble has caused the breakdown of joint family
framework. Clashes with respect to family property, its salary and use,
inconsistent dispersion of work at home and individual conflicts between ladies
lead to the separation of joint families.
SECTION- II
Write a short note on each part of the following questions in about 250
words.
9. a) Inter-state conflicts in Asia
SOLUTION
Europe since the 1990s was 'prepared for harmony' due to the melting away of
elements like offense strength, militarism and hyper-patriotism in their
international strategy arranging and usage. Furthermore, democratization,
less delineation of social orders on social and monetary grounds and missing
'warlike' forceful progressive states at their inward 'foundational' level.
Interestingly, Asia, since the 1990s saw the dominance of frail/fizzled
(generally a Western {American} imagine) states attributable to delayed inside
common wars, political flimsiness, absence of common society, ethnic, racial
distortions presenting overwhelming difficulties to the statecraft and
administration. In South Asia, for example, India and Pakistan have been
examples of feeble states. Pakistan, since its initiation, needed to attempt
numerous difficulties like framing the administration, establishment of
Constitution, incessant and proceeded with military autocracy, partisan
viciousness, financial unrest, defilement, exercises of assailants and numerous
undemocratic practices. The Islamic personality which was previously the
cornerstone of the establishment of the state has been utilized to raise,
sustain and spoil revolutionaries. With the outcome that US President Barak
Obama once labeled Pakistan as the 'spoon of illegal intimidation'. Any
researcher would have questioned the very presence of the state for what it's
worth. India as a country state has been seen both as a solid and a feeble state
by its faultfinders what's more, admirers. While one considered the to be as
an 'abusive monopolist of intensity', others accepted that it came up short on
the will and the solidarity to face the West or put its own minorities in their
place. One appeared to invite the conceivable crumbling of the
nation; others were 'alarmed by the separation of India,' imagining that 'India
has still not recuperated from parcel and any further severances would
prompt 'Balkanization' of the nation. Jawaharlal Nehru once brought up that
India was home to all that is really sickening just as really respectable in the
human condition. Contemporary India, says Ramchandra Guha, similar to
bygone eras, is home to pluralists and liberals just as to devotees and
sectarians; to caring social laborers just as to voracious government officials; to
legit and upstanding authorities just as to authorities who are deadbeats; to
industrialists who disperse their riches unobtrusively and broadly just as to the
individuals who look for just to openly what's more, provocatively show it.
"We are somehow or another where Europe needs to be, however we have a
gigantic activity of change, of fixing our harmed establishments, and of
creating new ones."
b) Ethnic conflicts in India
SOLUTION
Language Conflict
In 1980s strain and struggle emerged over the issue of language. The
government's longing to make a more extensive public development in a
something else segmental ethnic culture sped up pressures in a few pieces of
the nation. The Government chose Hindi as the public language to make a
public network by joining all the individuals from the distinctive ethnic
networks. This endeavor at 'solidarity in variety' had antagonistic impact on
the Indian populace. We have confirmations of brutality in the South like Tamil
Nadu, where extreme revolting occurred over the Hindi issue. As indicated by
the non-Hindi speakers, the language strategy of the legislature implied a bit
of leeway for the Hindi speakers, who are seen to overwhelm the monetary
establishments and have political power. To represent this kind of contention,
we will portray the language struggle in Assam
religious Conflict
The beginning of strict clashes in India is regularly credited to the approach of
Muslims to this nation. Yet, this sort of theorisation is incorrect, as
communalism, as a socio-political structure is a cutting edge wonder. Pressures
had won between the Hindus and Muslims preceding the provincial standard,
due to the seizure or dispossession of intensity of the Hindus by the Muslims
(Malabar). In any case, these strains were highlighted later with the British
presentation of appointive strategy and the radical gap and-rule strategy; this
offered ascend to the seriousness and aggression between the two networks.
This later appeared in the rise of the Muslim League driving later to the
arrangement of Pakistan.
10. a) Difference between Imposed and Consensual Peace
SOLUTION
Haavelsrud (1975) proposed that harmony instruction, as on account of all
training, ought to be directed in three territories: (1) Information; (2)
Attitudes; and (3) Action. It comprises of Awareness, Investigation and Action.
Harmony training is a section in the bigger system focusing on social change. It
is an extraordinary change for better. In this plan, the change of the individual
is the essential imperative. This individual change bit by bit gets a change in
the framework/structure. Separately and all in all, it gets basic to meet up for
'figuring out how to live respectively, making mindfulness about others'
adversities, dissecting the circumstance soundly and making a move with
eagerness to create the positive outcomes'. It is critical to note that harmony
instruction can be advanced uniquely in a climate of peacefulness. There is a
vital connection between human instinct and savagery. As Gandhi accepted,
the evil can be defeat by an unflinching adherence to peacefulness. In any
case, comprehensively, he accepted that all human creatures are inalienably
acceptable. It is through this conviction that he drew out the outline for
improvement, 'Useful Program'. It focuses on social change through
peacefulness. So also, during the time spent harmony instruction, the
individual is presented to the obvious real factors of the world wherein there
are extreme differences and makes him/her comprehend the ground real
factors in which a huge number of their brethren live. This builds up the
capacity to get others, and furthermore the eagerness to change things for
better. This is the thing that John Dewey named as 'world energy', or making a
superior world.
b) Means of Justice in India
SOLUTION
The Judiciary is a system of courts which interpret and apply the law.
The role of the courts is to decide cases by determining the relevant
facts and the relevant law, and applying the relevant facts to the relevant
law. The Indian Judiciary administers a common law system in which
customs, securities and legislation, all codify the law of the land. It has,
in fact, inherited the legacy of the legal system established by the then
colonial powers and the princely states since the mid-19th century, and
has partly retained the characteristics of practices from the ancient[ and
medieval times.
The Indian Judicial system is totally managed and administrated by
officers of judicial service unlike in the past when civil service officers
also were part of judicial system. As per the Constitution of India, judicial
service in India is an arm of the All India Services but, due to various
reasons, judges are appointed through the respective state public
service commissions or by the High Court up to the post of district judge.
Judges of the High Court and Supreme Court are appointed by the
President of India on the recommendation of a collegium. The Judicial
system of India is classified into three levels with subsidiary parts.
The Supreme Court of India, also known as the Apex Court, is the top
court and the last appellate court in India, and the Chief Justice of India
is its top authority. High Courts are the top judicial bodies in the states
controlled and managed by Chief Justices of States. Below the High
Court are District Courts, also known as subordinate courts, controlled
and managed by the District & Sessions Judges. The subordinate court
system is further classified into two: the civil court of which a Sub-Judge
is the head followed by the munsif court at the lower level, and the
criminal court headed by Chief Judicial/Metropolitan Magistrate at top
and followed by ACJM /ACMM & JM/MM at the lower level.
The another court is executive & revenue court which are managed and
controlled by state government through District Magistrate &
Commissioner, respectively. Although the executive courts are not the
part of judiciary but various provisions and judgements empower the
High Courts and the Session Judges to inspect or direct the working of
executive courts
