BASAVESHWAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) BAGALKOT 587102

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

SUBJECT: Research methodology and statistics

SUBJECT CODE: PBA227C

Topic:

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

MURUGESH HUGAR DR. RASHMI
HUNNUR
“A Study on individual, family and interpersonal coping with the covid-19 emergency”

History of Coronavirus(COVID-19)

COVID-19 is the disease that has emerged from Wuhan, a city in China, in December 2019.

How does the coronavirus spread?

As of now, researchers know that the new coronavirus is spread through droplets released
into the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The droplets generally do not travel
more than a few feet, and they fall to the ground (or onto surfaces) in a few seconds — this
is why social and physical distancing is effective in preventing the spread.

What are symptoms of COVID-19?

COVID-19 symptoms include:

 Cough
 Fever
 Shortness of breath
 Muscle aches
 Sore throat
 Unexplained loss of taste or smell
 Diarrhea
 Headache

In rare cases, COVID-19 can lead to severe respiratory problems, kidney failure or death.
How is COVID-19 diagnosed?

Diagnosis may be difficult with only a physical exam because mild cases of COVID-19 may
appear similar to the flu or a bad cold. A laboratory test can confirm the diagnosis

Types of test:

 CDC 2019-ncov Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel

 Cepheid Xpert Xpress SARS-cov-2 Test
 Abbott ID NOW COVID-19 rapid test
 Labcorp 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19), NAA
 Hologic Panther Fusion SARS-COV-2 Assay
 Hologic Panther Fusion SARS-COV-2 Assay

Results:

Positive: This means that you have been infected by the virus.

Negative: This means that you have not been infected by the virus.

How is COVID-19 treated?

There is no specific treatment for coronavirus (COVID-19). People with COVID 19 should
receive supportive care to relieve symptoms. Currently there is no vaccine to prevent the
disease

What is the incubation period for COVID-19?

It appears that symptoms are showing up in people within 14 days of exposure to the virus.

How do you protect yourself from this coronavirus?

1. Avoid close contact with others.

 Stay home as much as possible and reduce visitors.
 Practice social and physical distancing:
  Ask your employer if it’s possible to work from home.
 Avoid people who appear sick.
 Wearing cloth face coverings in public where other social distancing measures are
difficult to maintain
2. Practice good hygiene wherever you are.
 Wash your hands with soap and water frequently and thoroughly for at least 20
seconds, especially:
1. After being in public places and touching door handles, shopping carts,
elevator buttons, etc.
2. After using the bathroom
3. Before preparing food
 If soap and water are not available, use hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol.
 Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth, especially with unwashed hands.
 If you cough or sneeze, do so in the bend of your elbow. If you use a tissue, throw
it away immediately

Problems found by observation:

Since the government has made a lock down, there are several problems found by
observation and it has made problems in almost all the sectors. Here are some of the
problems faced:

 The emergence of covid-19 has made the government to do the lockdown and
because of this the people who are earning on the basis of daily wages are facing a
lot of problems like food problem etc. So to overcome this government are providing
the food to the needy people.
 Even because of lockdown the materials that are essential for the daily use we are
facing problems to get those items like groceries, bakery items, stationeries,
vegetables etc.
 Lockdown has made the India’s economy to come down, not only the India’s
economy but also the worldwide the economy has come down.
  The lockdown has resulted in the behavioural and mental health issues among
people. The senior citizens living alone with no help amid are facing some challenges
so to overcome their problems the residents are coming out to help those senior
citizens and according to their demands (medicines, groceries etc) and are helping
them.
 Physical distancing, the closure of schools and workplaces are the challenges that
affect us, and it is natural to feel stress, anxiety, fear and loneliness at this time.

So these are some of the problems the government and the common people are facing
because of lockdown. The government are helping the people to overcome from all these
problems.

From the problem statement given that is “A Study on individual, family and interpersonal
coping with the covid-19 emergency” there are several coping techniques:

 Detached coping
 Emotional coping
 Avoidance coping
 Rational coping

Coping means to invest one's own conscious effort, to solve personal and interpersonal
problems, in order to, minimize or tolerate stress and conflict. In other words coping
means being able to deal with problems and troubles encountered in life.

Detached coping is something where we know the fact that there is a problem, but here we
will try to ignore the problem and do not take any precautions for the problem. The name
itself indicates that, separate yourself from the problem.

Emotional coping involves the conscious use of emotional expression and processing to
better deal with a stressful suitation. Here everyone is supporting each other that I will be
there for you and they will become emotionally stronger.
Avoidance coping is something where we will try to avoid the problem that is here we will
just ignore the problem itself or we will be least bothered about the problem.

Rational coping is something which involves facing the problem and working to overcome
it; involves the three steps ,

 Acceptance- accepts the fact they are facing a problem.

 Exposure- Instead of avoiding it, talking about it and exposing yourself more to it
until you are used to it.
 Understanding- What can I do moving forward.

Below is the table which shows how many people are affected by covid-19 and many people
are recovered and how many people has lost their lives.

Total
Confirmed
Name of State cases Cured Death

Andaman and Nicobar

Islands 16 11 0

Andhra Pradesh 722 92 20

Arunachal Pradesh 1 0 0

Assam 35 19 1

Bihar 113 42 2

Chandigarh 26 13 0

Chhattishgarh 36 25 0

Delhi 2081 431 47

Goa 7 7 0

Gujarat 1939 131 71

Haryana 254 127 3

Himachal Pradesh 39 16 1
 Jharkhand 46 0 2

Karnataka 408 112 16

Kerala 408 291 3

Madhya Pradesh 1485 137 74

Maharashtra 4666 572 232

Manipur 2 2 0

Mizoram 1 0 0

Meghalaya 11 0 1

Odisha 74 24 1

Puduchery 7 3 0

Punjab 245 38 16

Rajasthan 1576 205 25

Tamil Nadu 1520 457 17

Telangana 873 190 23

UT of J&K 368 71 5

UT of Ladakh 18 14 0

Uttar Pradesh 1184 140 18

Uttarakhand 46 18 0

West Bengal 392 73 12

Tripura 2 1 0

Number of confirmed
cases in India 18601 3252 590

Literature Review:

1. Coronaviruses make up a large family of viruses that can infect birds and mammals,
including humans, according to world health organization (WHO). A novel coronavirus,
designated as 2019-ncov, emerged in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019. In the last 15 years,
we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic Human coronavirus:
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-cov) and Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-cov). Replication of Human coronavirusis regulated by a
diversity of host factors and induces drastic alterations in cellular structure and
physiology. These viruses have been responsible for several outbreaks around the world,
including the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), while some coronaviruses have
caused devastating epidemics; others cause mild to moderate respiratory infections, like the
common cold. It also includes how coronavirus is spread, what are its symptoms, how it
can be diagnosed, treated and can make prevention.

The finding of this paper is the author has found out all the information about the
coronavirus.

2. SARS-cov-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) is a newly emerging

human infectious coronavirus, originated in Wuhan, China, and has been spreading
rapidly in China and other countries since December 2019 (1). The World Health
Organization (WHO) also declared a global emergency on January 31st due to increasing
concerns over its fast spread, and on March 11th the disease was recognized as a pandemic.
Since the bases for pathogenesis of this virus and its proliferation is unclear, there is still no
vaccine or definitive treatment against it. Thus, medications used against SARS-cov-2 are
mainly based on their effectiveness on earlier strains of coronavirus, SARS-cov and MERS-
cov. Therefore, the immediate introduction of potential COVID19 treatments can be
essential and salvaging. In this article, new potentialcovid-19 therapies are briefly reviewed.

The findings of this papers are In addition to these medications, Tocilizumab has recently
been suggested as a COVID-19 treatment. Studies have shownthatil-
6levelssignificantlycorrelatedwiththeseverity of COVID-19, C-reactive protein (CRP),
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and D-dimer levels and T cell counts, and it has been
suggested that Tocilizumab, with its inhibitory effect on IL-6, may be effective in treatment
of COVID-19 (10, 11). However, no clinical study has demonstrated the effects of
Tocilizumab on COVID-19 and further studies are indeed required.
3. The study examines gender differences in stress and coping in a sample of 2816 people
(1566 women and 1250 men) between 18 and 65 years old, with different socio demographic
characteristics. The results of MANCOVA, after adjusting for socio demographic
variables, indicated that the women scored significantly higher than the men in chronic
stress and minor daily stressors. Although there was no difference in the number of life
events experienced in the previous two years, the women rated their life events as more
negative and less controllable than the men. Furthermore, we found gender differences in
14 of the 31 items listed, with the women listing family and health-related events more
frequently than the men, whereas the men listed relationship, finance and work-related
events. The women scored significantly higher than the men on the emotional and
avoidance coping styles and lower on rational and detachment coping. The men were found
to have more emotional inhibition than the women. And the women scored significantly
higher than the men on somatic symptoms and psychological distress. Although the effect
sizes are low, the results of this study suggest that women suffer more stress than men and
their coping style is more emotion-focused than that of men.

The finding of this paper is women have more stress compared to men, although these
differences are small. For women life events and changes seen to be less controllable and
more negative. In addition women coping style is more emotion focused and less problem
centered than that of men. Perhaps because of this, the women suffer more somatic
symptoms and psychological distress then the men. We have concluded, therefore, that
helping women to achieve a greater sense of control over their circumstances and to engage
in problem solving rather than emotionality when dealing with stressors, as well as
changing the social circumstances that cause these reactions, would be useful.

4. The present research aims to find out the difference in coping strategies of male and
female engineering students. The Coping Response Inventory-Adult [CRI-A] was the
instrument used to assess the difference between students stress. Nearly 450 engineering
students were used as the sample for were used for the study. The study revealed that
female engineering students are prone to Emotion Focused Strategies when compared to
male students. The study also revealed male students are much prone to Problem Focused
Strategies than Female students. The study also showed that Female students handle their
stress situation easily when compared to Male students to increase their Academic
Performance. The function of coping is to solve the daily life stressors & problems. Moos
(1993) give importance on two main types of coping strategies first is Problem Focused,
when individual use approaches coping response & second is Emotion Focused, where
person adopts avoidance coping responses.

In this there are findings:

 The first hypothesis is regarding the difference in adopting Emotion Focused

Strategies between Male & Female college students. The difference indicates the
insignificant difference between scores of Emotion Focused Strategies The Female
college students have a high mean score of (44.68) when compared to Male students
with a mean score of (35.17).This clearly indicates female students try to manage the
stress situation taking Emotion strategy rather than Problem Focused.
 The second hypothesis revealed the difference in adopting Problem Focused Coping
Strategy between Male & Female college students. The study indicates there is a
significant difference between scores of Problem Focused Strategies. It has a positive
influence on Male students than Female with a high mean score (37.85) compared to
female score (36.91)

5. Feelings of stress are a part of university students’ life. Stress is simply the body's
response to changes that create taxing demands. There is a difference between eustress,
which is a term for positive stress, and distress, which refers to negative stress. Coping
mechanism plays a significant part to overcome or reduce the stress experienced by
individuals. People use different types of coping strategies to overcome their stress. The
purpose of the study was to study the relationship between stress and coping strategies
among university students. Eighty- six university students participated in the study. A
quantitative study utilizing a cross sectional non-probability sampling research design was
used to gather data. The data was collected using a questionnaire with the addition of
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Adolescent Coping Scale (ACS) were administered.
The result of this study indicated that majority of the university students have moderate
level of stress. There was a significant inverse relationship between stress level and coping
strategies among undergraduates. Some levels of stress can be good, as the right kind of
stress encourages them towards change and growth. However, when students are unable to
cope with stress, they can become a burden.

The finding of this paper is, feelings of stress are a part of university students’ life. Some
levels of stress can be good, as the right kind of stress encourages them toward change and
growth. However, when students are unable to cope with stress, they can become a burden.
It is recommended that students should be encouraged to take part in extra-curricular
activities such as sports to reduce stress.

6. The main objective of this study was to examine emotional labour coping strategies
adopted and practiced by customer-contact employees in hotel organizations. Given the
crucial role emotional labour plays during service encounters, the study emphasized and
was motivated by the importance of managing employee emotions in relation to quality
service delivery. In order to achieve above main objective, four specific objectives were
examined. Data were gathered by the use of structured questionnaires designed in Likert
format, and interviews. The focus groups were customer-service employees of the selected
hotels. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 17.0 software. Formulated hypotheses were
tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Z-test and t-test for tests of significance.
Analysis revealed that most service employees use surface acting (SA) more often than deep
acting (DA) as coping strategies. It was observed that in all the variables studied, 5-star
hotels were rated better than the others. The likely implication of above findings is that at
the end of the shift, employees go home emotionally drained-up.

Findings in this study have led us to conclude that emotional labour is not properly
managed in the hotels under study. Service employees use surface acting (associated with
emotional dissonance) most of the times rather than deep acting. . It is very well known
that long term performance of emotional labour can have negative consequences on well-
being of workers who perform such jobs. Service workers in the hotels particularly those in
1 to 3-star hotels are likely to experience emotional exhaustion, a condition that can render
a worker ineffective. One other notable finding in this study was that employees of the 1
and 2-star hotels were less professional than those of them in the 3 to 5-star hotels.
Employees at the 1 and 2-star hotels perform less emotional labour than those in the 3 to 5-
star hotels, and are likely to experience more emotional dissonance and emotional
exhaustion; because they use surface acting more often than deep acting.

7. The present study explores the general stressors as perceived by the first year
postgraduate students of Physical Sciences as well as Social Sciences in the different aspects
of post-graduate education, covering the domains career related stress, interpersonal
relationships, expectation from self and others, stress from emerging challenges and time
management, as well as their coping strategies. Data was collected invoking top-of-the-
mind responses about the issues in question and was analyzed through content analysis
involving inductive coding. Qualitative analysis revealed the major stressors in each area.
Subjects reported being assailed by mostly psychological consequences of stress – such as
tension, anxiety, worry, temper tantrums and hopelessness. Most subjects reported
employing problem focused coping to deal with stress

The findings of this paper are:

 The respondents identified the transition from the relatively less demanding
undergraduate level to the postgraduate level as the major stressor. More than
three-fifths of the respondents reported negative effects such as ‘tension’,
‘confusion’ and ‘lower self confidence’.‘Hard work’ was reported by one-third of
the respondents as the primary means adopted by them to come with the emerging
challenges.
 Nearly all the respondents reported that they have problems in time management.
Further, nearly one fourth of the respondents reported that they have no time for
co-curricular or leisure activities.. Almost all the strategies named involved problem
focused coping – such as ‘making lists of priorities’, ‘making active efforts to finish
work in time’ and ‘minimizing unnecessary socializations and recreations.’

8. The concept of emotional intelligence proposed by Salovey and Mayer (1990) was defined
as ‘‘the ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate
among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions (p. 189).’’
Mayer and Salovey (1997) identified four components of emotional intelligence, involving
emotional perception, emotional facilitation, emotional understanding, and emotional
management. Emotional perception refers to the ability to perceive and to express feelings.
Emotional facilitation refers to the ability to use emotion to facilitate cognitive activities.
Emotional understanding concerns the ability to label emotions with words and to
understand how emotions can change. Emotional management refers to the ability to
manage emotions for both emotional and personal growth (Mayer & Salovey,1997). There
is increasing interest in the associations of EI with health and well-being. EI covers
individual differences in emotional capabilities, both intrapersonal (e.g. Stress
management) and interpersonal (e.g. Perceiving emotions). Several ways in which EI might
be associated with health behaviors can be identified.

The finding of this paper was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence
(EI) and coping styles with stress in a sample of students. Four hundred and thirteen
students (140 boys, 273 girls) were included in this study. All participants completed the
Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) and the Tehran Coping Styles Scale (TCSS). The results
of research showed that EI has positive relationship with problem-focused coping and
positive emotional-focused coping and negative emotional-focused coping style are
negatively correlated.

9. This research presents the crisis theory (bareli&Tenenbaum,1989)and its related

approach for determining individual affect-related performance zones(IAPZ:Kamata,
Tenenbaum, & Hanin, 2002). The theory and methodology delineate the uniqueness of each
individual’s ability to appraise stressful conditions and perceive them as functional or
dysfunctional to his performance. In addition, the theory and methodology allow
incorporating self-regulatory behaviors and coping strategies used during the encounter
with situations, which vary in stress appraisal. The article also describes coping
mechanisms used to energize (i.e., activate) and relax persons facing situations that vary in
cognitive, physical, and affective demands. In particular, the use of imagery and self-talk as
coping strategies in stressful situations are presented in more details. Since performance of
military personnel involves substantially stressful circumstances (Wallenius ,
Larsson,&Johansson,2004),the reserach advises how sport psychology theories,
methodology, and findings can be used in the military environment
10. The nature of work of professionals and their family life may very often expose them to
high level of stress which has the potential of affecting their productive and earning
capacity. Coping strategies have been the subject of many studies and various suggestions
have been made regarding the most appropriate way to categorize them in terms of
function and efficacy (Amble, 2006; Buys et al., 2010). The goal of the current study was to
examine how social coping mechanisms are helpful to employees in reducing stress and the
stressful situations for their behavioral and emotional well-being. In achieving this goal, the
researcher collected the data from the field through a structured questionnaire consisting
of three phases- the demographic details, the stressors at workplace, social coping
mechanisms adopted by them. Findings from the study show the existence of high level of
stress among the working professionals. The sources of stress among the working
professionals range from their nature of their work to work-family imbalance. In terms of
coping strategies of stress, it was revealed that the respondents indulge in setting their
goals, relaxing, exercising, diet, using sedatives and various others strategies suiting their
needs. The need for appropriate mechanisms to be put in place by the managements of
these organizations to address the stress needs of employees is essential to help reduce their
stress levels.

The findings of this study reveal that most of the professionals have family, work and
personal concerns which need to be address to ensure their social, psychological, physical
and emotional needs. Most professionals find it difficult spending quality time with their
families due to their busy schedules. Moreover, these professionals practise certain stress
coping strategies. But there is also the need to put in place adequate and proper strategies
regarding working hours, interpersonal relationships and communication patterns to
reduce stress and to better manage the performance of these professionals.

11. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of teachers' personal and job
characteristics on the level of stress they experience from various sources, as well as their
perception of the effectiveness of cognitive, behavioral and emotional coping strategies.
Data were obtained from a sample of 425 Israeli schoolteachers using an extended version
of Kyriacou and Chien's (2004) Teacher Stress and Coping Strategies Scale. Results
indicate that among the personal and job characteristics examined, the effects of gender,
experience, school level and culture on levels of stress caused by some stressor categories
and in the degree to which teachers believe in the effectiveness of some coping strategies
were found significant.

Findings from this study highlight the relationship between teachers' stress levels [caused
by various stressor factors] and perceptions of the effectiveness of different coping
strategies and their personal and job characteristics. Results also demonstrate the
differential effects of personal and job features on teachers' perceptions of various stressors
and coping strategies. The results indicating that more experienced teachers, compared to
less experienced peers, experience more stress due to students' misbehavior and
educational policy can stem from losing tolerance due to burnout. The finding that more
experienced teachers value the effectiveness of coping by behavioral change and emotional
control more than less experienced teachers can be interpreted as a product of more
familiarity with the teaching context and disbelief in their ability to change it.
Consequently, compared with less experienced teacher, they perceive coping by working on
self as more effective

12. Nursing students often encounter high levels of stress through clinical practice that may
cause psychological or emotional problems during their professional life eventually
affecting the quality of patient care they provide. The aims of the current study were to
identify the level and types of stress perceived by nursing students in their clinical practice
and to identify the coping strategies that students used to relieve their stress. A descriptive,
cross-sectional design was used in this study. A total of 200 students who were enrolled in
the nursing program were taken as study respondents. Research data were collected using
the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Coping Behavior Inventory (CBI).Data was
analyzed using one-way ANOVA test, Pearson’s test, and independent sample 𝑡-test on
SPSS version 22.

The current study findings, the researchers suggest that the assignment plan should be
revised, as reducing assignments number and the workload for nursing students is essential
in order to create a motivating clinical environment, as well as providing a supportive
environment prior clinical exposure so as to lessen stress of nursing students. Including
advance simulators in the nursing education is one of the supportive actions that would
decrease students’ stress.

The current study was consistent with previous investigations conducted on level of stress
and coping strategies among nursing students. Assignments and workload and lack of
professional knowledge and skills emerged as most reported stressors in this study. The
most common coping strategies used by nursing students in stressful events were problem
solving and staying optimistic

13. This study aims to understand how thirteen secondary mathematics students who do
not do well in mathematics learning cope with it in a classroom. The participants included
a total of thirteen students in a Singaporean mathematics classroom at secondary school
level. Observational and interview data were collected over a period of 6 weeks to
understand the strategies formulated by these students to cope with mathematics learning.
Grounded theory analytical methods were used in the analysis of the data. From this study,
three main categories of defense mechanisms utilized by these thirteen students evolved –
Avoidance, Denial and Apathy. “Avoidance”, the stage where the students attempt to avoid
mathematics learning. Students may also use the coping mechanism of “Denial” where they
imagine and maintain the picture of them doing well in future mathematics assessments.
“Apathy” the stage where they start to resist against mathematics learning.

Findings from this study, three main categories of coping behaviors of such students who
do not do well in mathematics learning evolve from the literature of defense mechanisms.
They are the categories of Avoidance, Denial and Apathy, which achieve the aims of
reducing the psychological and physiological pains of mathematics learning in class. In
order to provide the most effective solution to a problem, there is a need to understand the
problem thoroughly. This applies for the case of students who do badly in mathematics
learning in Singapore and these findings present some important implications for the
stakeholders in education (policy makers, teachers, counselors, researchers and students)
as below.
A) With a clear presence of a comprehensive inventory of behaviors of students who do not
do well in mathematics in a mathematics class, it will create an awareness of the problem of
maladaptive learning behaviors among the stakeholders in education.

B) A conscious awareness of such coping mechanisms of mathematics anxious students is a

great step towards the understanding of students who used maladaptive coping in
mathematics learning. Knowing the exercise of such behaviors, policy makers and teachers
dealing with such students will also be obliged to focus on them.

C) Such maladaptive coping strategies in mathematics learning can be made know to all
students. Being aware of such unconstructive coping strategies, students can consciously
refrain from engaging in them during mathematics learning.

D) Lastly, researchers can use it as a platform to study other aspects of coping in

mathematics learning.

14. The study was intended to investigate the stress coping strategies among College of
Education (coe) students in Eritrea Institute of Technology, Mainefhi. To investigate the
students’ stress coping strategies, descriptive research was carried out among a total of 123
students participants who were randomly drawn from the coe. A self-developed College
Students Coping Strategies Scale which entails 15 items has been utilized. The results of
the study presented that the students were found to use more positive stress coping
strategies than the negative ones

The finding of this study indicates that the students use more positive stress coping
strategies than negative ones. Meaning that when the students feel stressed, they prefer to
employ healthy stress managing techniques to deal with their feeling of stress. Another
finding of the present study also described that sleeping and taking enough rest, chatting
and sharing a problem with parents, friends, and teachers, avoiding the stress causing
situation and watching movies and entertaining comedies are the typical stress coping
strategies used by college students. This result is consistent with the documented literature
that prayers, meditation, and sleep social (family) support and avoidance are among the
commonly practiced coping strategies among college students
15. According to a research, 10–19% of older persons in the general population suffer from
symptoms of depression, and 2–4% suffers from a major depressive disorder. Among older
people living in an institution, a systematic review reports a median prevalence of major
depression of 10%, and of depressive symptoms in 29% of the residents. Another study
showed that about 50% of elderly people in long-term care suffer from depressive
symptoms and 20% from major depression. A further study reported that about 30% of
all referrals to the specialist psychiatric health service are older people suffering from
depression. Since older persons constitute the fastest growing part of the population and
because depression is among the most common psychiatric disorders in this group, the
future cost of depression to the patient, the career and the health services will be
significant. This makes it important to further investigate the prognosis for older persons
suffering from depression and to include the concept of coping, as this factor is reported to
be relevant in the understanding of depression in older persons.

The findings of this review imply that the instruments for measuring coping strategies and
resources among older persons should be further theoretically and methodologically
developed to reduce validity and reliability challenges. Despite the multitude of
instruments of coping and the different settings where the studies took place, the results are
quite unambiguous and show a significant relation between strategies and resources of
coping and depressive symptoms in older persons, and the results are stable over time.
There is also a need for validation and research on the instruments used for assessing
strategies and resources of coping in samples of older persons with cognitive decline,
including those who suffer from disorders like dementia and major depression.
Instruments to assess resources and strategies of coping can be used to identify those at risk
of developing a late-onset depressive disorder, a chronic course of recurrent depression, or
worsening of depressive symptoms.

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Author: salmanh.Alsaqri
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Published year: October 2013

Volume 4

14. Stress Coping Strategies among College Students: A Case in the College of Education,
Eritrea Institute of Technology

Author: Dawit Yikealo , Werede Tareke

Published date: 18th September 2018

15. Coping and Depression in Old Age: A Literature Review

Author: Guro Hanevold

Published on: February 5, 2013.

Problem Statement:

From the research papers we got to know that, for different situations how the people will
handle the stress that is how they cope up with the situations that comes to them. So we
want to find out how the people are coping up the situations that is caused by the COVID-
19.

Title:

“A Study on individual, family and interpersonal coping with the covid-19 emergency”

Objectives:

 To understand the coping styles adapted by the families during COVID-19

 To study the coping process and the role it plays in ones emotional stability
 To understand the techniques to strengthen individual coping skills.