IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
https://doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2018.0712005 Received: 08-10-2018, Accepted: 17-11-2018, Published: 10-12-2018
EVALUATION ON PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS
WITH BIO-DIESEL AND ETHANOL BLENDING ON A DIESEL
ENGINE
K. Ganesh1, C.Sampath Kumar2, K.Arumuganainar3
1
Associate Professor, Department of Automobile Engineering, Ponjesly College of engineering, Nagercoil Tamil
Nadu, India.
2
Student, ME Thermal engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ponjesly college of engineering, Tamil
Nadu, India.
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Automobile Engineering, Ponjesly College of engineering, Nagercoil Tamil Nadu,
India.
Abstract
Due to Urbanized the demand of world energy raises, the 90 percentage of demand is equalized by the fossil fuels and the fossil
fuels causes huge measure of carbon rate it causes much more pollution in the atmosphere, this influenced the researcher to hunt
an alternative fuel that is friendly to the atmosphere, and it should be Renewable, non-flammable, biodegradable, and non-toxic,
by this condition choosing of bio- diesel is the suitable solution for the future. Last few years more number of countries
concentrate in the alternate energy source, in that bio- fuel play a virtual role. In this research, Via Transesterification techniques
Jatrophacurcas oil and CI oil have been Manufactured and the Properties of the Manufactured biodiesels have been compared
with the BIS standard: biodiesel well-known and trying out techniques. The important fuel properties are investigated through lab
test resulted in the limits.it shows both are eligible to use as an Bio-fuel in diesel engines. The diesel engine both oil are injected
and run the engine. By this emission parameters are evaluated. With various Brake power. Bio- diesel and diesel are compared.
Biodiesel–diesel blends. 20% Jatropha and of 30% of Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel-diesel blends shows low emission.
Keywords: bio-diesel, Jatropha curcas, calophyllum Inophyllum, blend, emission, Performance
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1. INTRODUCTION fuels. India becomes the fourth biggest consumer as well as
net importer of products such as petroleum and crude. By
The Diesel engine vehicle plays a virtual role in the world
way of, the country is basically reliant on the import of
wide transportation, this role directly influenced in the world
energy, any shortage because of unexpected geopolitical
energy demand and economic growth of the country [1].The
condition could affect severe energy inadequacies which is
diesel engines are used as primary movers in power
successively obstruct the evolution of the industrial and
generators, agriculture purpose, commercial transport,
commercial development.[6] So attain the energy liberation,
construction application and industrial purpose among
the imported oil dependency is to be condensed by evolving
several countries. Among all the developed and developing
the energy source alternation. The typical per capital energy
countries faces the issue in the demand and supply problem
consumption in India is quiet considerably smaller than the
in the fuel products, cost of fuels, emission causes due to the
countries which are already developed. Though, the
fuels and depletion , inadequate Infrastructure , Huge
equivalent is anticipated to increase abruptly because of high
population , undetermined Renewable Energy Options
development in economy and the possibility of quick
,Power Plants , Delay in Commission and Energy Wastage,
industrialization.[8]
,this all are opens a path to the countries in concentrate in
encyclopaedic expedition for the alternative fuels.[2] Due
increase in the population, the demand of fuel also increase
up to 20% in the upcoming years, in india the requirement of
energy resources may be raise up to 36% (in the year 2035)
more than current scenario.[17] In India, the most demand is
commercial energy that can meet largely with the imported
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Volume: 07 Issue: 12 | Dec-2018, Available @ www.ijret.org 31
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
https://doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2018.0712005 Received: 08-10-2018, Accepted: 17-11-2018, Published: 10-12-2018
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
2.1 Biodiesel Fuel as an Congruous Substitute of Diesel Fuel
Table 1: Fuel properties of diesel, Jatropha Curcas biodiesel and Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel
Calophyllum
Jatropha curcas BIS15607:2005
Properties Unit Diesel Inophyllum
Biodiesel Standard[18]
Biodiesel
Density Densit 858 833.1 870 861–899
y
kg/m3
Cetane
- - 46 52.5 56.5 46 min
number
2
Viscosity mm /s 3.459 4.64 4.1 1.8–6.1
Flash point C 78.5 190 142 129 min
Cloud point
C 7.9 5.9 12.9 2.9 to 11.9
C
Pour point C 6 2 4.2 -16 to 11
Calorific
value kJ/g 45.554 38.907 40.287 -
(lower)
2.2 Feed Stock 2.3 Biodiesel Production
2.2.1 Jatropha Curcas To examine the overall performance of the biodiesel. We
required to know the process involved in biodiesel
From the Euphorbiaceous family there is the Jatropha which production. Biodiesel was manufactured by esterification
is a small tree and the growth of this plant is around 5 to 7 in trailed by trans esterification. Filtering methods are utilized
height. Jatropha grows well in the dry, semi-dry, and in the to clean the oils and fats for eradicating the water and
tropical areas annual rainfall is 1100–1600 mm. This plant is impurities. The relied free fatty acids could be detached or
instinctive to the India, America, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, transmuted at the state of biodiesel via superior pre-
Bolivia, Africa and Paraguay. This seed comprises of around treatment method. The pre-treatment oils and fats are joined
20 to 60 % oil. After plantation of 12 months, this Jatropha utilizing an alcohol and a catalyst. Typically methanol is
yields seeds and reaches its extreme productivity through 5 used in place of alcohol and sodium meth oxide is applied in
years. Also they has the survivability rate of from 30 to 50 place of catalyst. The oil molecules which we called as
years. The extracted oil from this tree is primarily composed triglycerides are broken separately and transformed keen on
of linoleic which is 31.4–43.2% of unsaturated constituents esters and glycerol, which are then divided commencing
and oleic acids of 34.4–45.7%, and some other unsaturated every other and decontaminated.
species such as stearic of 7.1–7.4% and palmitic acids of
13.6–15.1%. The Jatropha oil and Calophyllum Inophyllum has acid
values of 3.0 and more than that which are experiences
2.2.2 Callophyllum Inophyllum esterification tracked by trans esterification. The methyl
A non-edible oilseed ornamental evergreen tree is the esters created by the aforementioned approaches are
Calophyllum inophyllum which can be generally mentioned examined to discover their appropriateness as per diesel
as polanga and it fits the clusiaceae family. Also it has some fuels. It is typically manufactured by the transesterification
other names among the various parts of the world such as reaction of triglycerides with a small chain alcohol,
kamani, Alexandrian laurel, honne, tamanu, pinnai, etc. generally methanol or ethanol, in existence of a catalyst,
Normally they has better growth in on sands of open sea or leading to the creation of combinations of fatty acid methyl
deep soil ,it requires 800 to 5000 mm rain fall for its growth. esters (FAMEs) or fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs).The
This plant has several origins comprising India, Eastern transesterification response involves a continuous
region of Africa, South East region of Asia, and Australia. rescindable reactions that befalls in three dissimilar phases,
Around 100 to 200 fruits are produced by the tree and the oil in the existence of an alcohol (A). In the primary step,
production is reported to be 2100 kg/ha. From the seed the triglycerides (TG) are transformed to diglycerides (DG)
high concentration of oil that is around 65 to 75% are which get converted to monoglycedies (MG) in the next
produced with tinted green and dense with the smell of step. In the third and last step monoglycerides are converted
woodsy or nutty oil. to glycerol (G). A mole of esters is enlightened at each step,
normally namely fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Thus
three FAMEs are attained from one triglycerides molecule.
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Volume: 07 Issue: 12 | Dec-2018, Available @ www.ijret.org 32
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
https://doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2018.0712005 Received: 08-10-2018, Accepted: 17-11-2018, Published: 10-12-2018
The reactions are revocable, while the steadiness place in the blend). JEB60 (60% Jatropha curcas and diesel
direction of the manufacture of fatty acid esters and combination),, CIEB60 (60% Calophyllum biodiesel- diesel
glycerol.The transesterification can be used; while acid blend). . The engine specification indexed in the In Table-2.
andnzymatic catalysis The acid catalysis is slower and BOSCH and AVL 4000 exhaust fuel analyser was used to
requires higher temperatures; while the enzymatic partake analyse the exhaust gas that came from the engine were used
slight or not at all manifestation catalysis suffers from the to measure the emissions. The engine was connected with
enzymes being too expensive the load and simultaneously it was connected with the
acquisition system, acquisition machine collects sign,
rectify, filter out and convert the sign to the statistics to be
study. The acquisition board and laptop interlinked with the
help of software named as REO-dCA. the researcher can
operate and view the statistics. With this arrangement the
test have been conducted for emission and performance
parameters in various blends of biodiesel and diesel.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In general, the blends have 5% ethanol which has close fuel
properties than diesel fuel. The experiment is conducted by
blend of these two biodiesels of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil
and Jatropha oil with the help of Ethanol. Performance and
emission experiments were conducted on the engine
utilizing blends of various concentrations (20%, 30%, 40%
and 60%) of biodiesel and diesel at different load. Blends of
The Jatropha oil with ethanol is mentioned JEB 20, JEB 30,
JEB 40, and JEB 60. Calophyllum Inophyllum oil blending
with ethanol is mentioned as CIEB 20, CIEB 30, CIEB 40
and CIEB 60. Best blend was selected based upon the
experimental results.
3.1 Brake Thermal Efficiency
Brake thermal efficiency of Jatropha oil and Calophyllum
Inophyllum oil is blended with ethanol at the fraction of
20%, 30%, 40%, and 60% and it is indicated in figure 3.1
Fig 1: Schematic diagram of engine test bed and 3.2 .Brake thermal efficiency of diesel shows high value
in all the cases of brake power. It was shown that JEB 20
2.4 Engine Specification and Setup and CIEB 30 shows better performance.
Table 2: Specification of the Engine
Engine type Single Cylinder
Displacement 2.5 L (1800 cc)
Rated power: 3.7 KW at 1500
rpm
Loading device: Eddy Current
Bore and stroke: 80 x 110 mm
Compression ratio 21:1
An single cylinder, water cooled engine is used to test the
biofuel and blending. An eddy current dynamometer is
coupled with the engine to given load and do the test. 20 kw
of maximum power is operated by the dynamometer with
running velocity Rated power of engine is 3.7 KW at 1500
rpm The engine test was conducted at different brake power
, Fuels tested had been: Diesel, JEB20 (20% Jatropha curcas
and diesel combination), CIEB20 (20% Calophyllum
biodiesel- diesel blend). JEB30 (30% Jatropha curcas and Fig 3.1: Brake thermal efficiency of Jatropha oil blended
diesel combination), CIEB30 (30% Calophyllum biodiesel- with Ethanol
diesel blend). JEB40 (40% Jatropha curcas and diesel
combination), CIEB40 (40% Calophyllum biodiesel- diesel
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Volume: 07 Issue: 12 | Dec-2018, Available @ www.ijret.org 33
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
https://doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2018.0712005 Received: 08-10-2018, Accepted: 17-11-2018, Published: 10-12-2018
3.3 Pressure - Crank Angle Diagram
Minimum difference occurs in the pressure crank angle
diagram. X axis indicates the Pressure in bar and Y axis
indicates the Crank angle in degree. The values are shown in
the figure 3.5 and 3.6 respectively.
Fig 3.2: Brake thermal efficiency of Calophyllum
Inophyllum blended with Ethanol
3.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
Fig 3.5: Pressure crank angle diagram of Jatropha oil
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption of Jatropha oil and
blended with Ethanol
Calophyllum Inophyllum oil is shown in figure 3.3 and 3.4
at various blends with ethanol. JEB 30 is achieved highest
value of SFC and diesel is achieved low SFC.
Fig 3.6: Pressure crank angle diagram of Calophyllum
Inophyllum blended with Ethanol
Fig 3.3: Specific Fuel Consumption of Jatropha oil blended 3.4 Heat Release Rate
with Ethanol
Heat release rate of Jatropha oil and Calophyllum
Inophyllum oil is indicated in the following figures of 3.7
and 3.8 respectively and it was observed that 60% blending
releases more heat in Jatropha oil next to the diesel and 20%
blending of CI releases more heat.
Fig 3.4: Specific Fuel Consumption of Calophyllum
Inophyllum Blended with Ethanol
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Volume: 07 Issue: 12 | Dec-2018, Available @ www.ijret.org 34
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
https://doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2018.0712005 Received: 08-10-2018, Accepted: 17-11-2018, Published: 10-12-2018
Fig 3.7: Heat Release Rate of Jatropha oil blended with Fig 3.10: CO emission of Calophyllum Inophyllum blended
Ethanol with Ethanol
3.6 Hydrocarbon Emission
The Hydro Carbon emission parameters of the Calophyllum
Inophyllum oil and Jatropha oil blended with Ethanol is
shown in the following figures 0f 3.11 and 3.12.
Fig 3.8: Heat Release Rate of Calophyllum Inophyllum
blended with Ethanol
Partially burned or completely unburned fuel causes the
carbon monoxide emission and hydro carbon emission. The
emission parameters of the Calophyllum Inophyllum oil and
Jatropha oil blended with Ethanol is shown in the following
figures 0f 3.9 and 3.10. Emission percentage of diesel is
higher than the bio diesel. Biodiesel is an oxygenated fuel Fig 3.11: HC emission of Jatropha oil blended with Ethanol
and oxygen contained in the bio diesel helps for complete
combustion.
3.5 Carbon Monoxide Emission
Fig 3.12: HC emission of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil
blended with Ethanol
Fig 3.9: CO emission of Jatropha oil blended with Ethanol 3.7 Oxides of Nitrogen Emission
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Volume: 07 Issue: 12 | Dec-2018, Available @ www.ijret.org 35
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
https://doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2018.0712005 Received: 08-10-2018, Accepted: 17-11-2018, Published: 10-12-2018
The NOx emission parameters of the Calophyllum
Inophyllum oil and Jatropha oil blended with Ethanol is
shown in the following figures 0f 3.13 and 3.14.
Fig 3.16: Smoke Density of Calophyllum Inophyllum Oil
Blended with Ethanol
Fig 3.13: NOX emission of Jatropha oil blended with
Ethanol 4. CONCLUSION
Compared to the engine parameters and emission parameters
of diesel engine under the various blends of Jatropha oil and
Calophyllum Inophyllum oil mixed with ethanol, the
Jatropha oil of 20% blend shown better performance (JEB
20) compared to the other blends of Jatropha oil and the
Calophyllum Inophyllum oil of 30% blend shows better
performance compared to the other blending. Compared to
the overall blends of Jatropha oil and Calophyllum
Inophyllum oil CIEB 30 shows better performance next to
the diesel engine.
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IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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