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WIRELESS
GEOLOCATION

SYSTEMS Chapter

7 . 1 . I N T R O D U C T I O N

radioloCation are terms thal are widely are terms t

location, and
Geolocation, position d e t e r m i n e the
l o c a t i o n of an MS, Location
indicate the ability to usall iache
to three dimensions, and 1sua
widely used today MS that may
be in two o r
the
implies the
coordinates of
and longitude where tlie MS
is located In indoor areas and
latitude
information such as
the
lechniques may be employed. Geole
coordinales and v i s u a l i z a t i o n
buildings,
allernative
in the
wireless market for
several reasons, primaily
prominence locatio
technologies are gaining earriers to be able to provide the
all wireless cellular
FCC mandate requiring
answering point.
However, geolocation tec
callers to a public safety
cmergency 911
both military and
commercial applications in generl by
for
has proved to be signilicant to locate puis
include the need for hospitals
location. Commercial applications
emergency
fashion, in homes to locale
children and pets. and
inthe ei
und equipment in a limely In the military and p
the need to provide location aware services.
toward 4G networks,
and firelighters with knowledge of their locai0n
sector, enabling soldiers, policemen,
to be invau
location of other personnel, victims, exits, dangers. and so on proves now s e
arcas, and we
in outdoor
GPS has been the most successful positioning technique Suces

been
GPS receiver as an inexpensive commonplace gadget.
Although GPS has hu espa
have discusseu so
it also has several drawbacks for use in the applications
that we
eless nen
in indoor areas. In this chapter, we discuss position location issues in today s in

allernative technologies that are being investigated and standardized for position i
and indoor areas, and trends in this area.

208
 eroid APP
209

G E O L O C A T I O N ?

wIRELESS
device o r human being's position in
IS to locate a
WHAT the ability and longitude
defined as
can be the latitude
172 simply be The
coordinates

Golcation or
local
coordinates.
coordinates can also be relative and local
global earth. The
known above the location information
height floor. The position
o well
w ace with a
on that distance
os and the room error in
refers to the
of a building Accuracy
athh e foor and precision. fraction of time
accuracy refers to the
with certain Precision

t a neciied position
and the
a c t u a l position.

system that locates a MS

needs to s e n s e
Any
she deternined number. determined
above is
than the location. The position
is smaller determine its there
he eror
related to
the MS to
as input. In
addition.
are

characteristics sensed
characteristics

determine the
that use these
lo entities
that
information
algorithms the sensed related to
ine some required
to transport
will describe these aspects
we
that are In this chapler,
nralocols services.
other
xation or provide mobile
station. u s e r s based
of a to mobile
the posilion denote services provided
lcating is used to based on a
"location-based
service These are primarily
The term o r known
presence. u s e r s . As
i n f o r m a t i o n of
location, position, obtain location
their geographic in place to both in
On
and system put of applications
infrastructure
have found a variety
geolocation systlems that are already
i n t r o d u c t i o n . positioning
such applicalions
mentioned in the There a r e
numerous
locations of
environments. directions or
and military provide driving
the civilian services (that weather. Iraffic.
eta), and
such as mapping local news,
available today
services (that provide s e r v i c e s . etc.)
information directory
businesses in an area), movie tickets,
dinner reservations, location dependent
services (for making services that
are
concierge
and personalization towards locating people
content,
advertising
been directed
Commercially. have and portable
traditionally In hospitals
applications patients
are Indoor
geolocation
mentally impaired n e v e r returned
m o v e d and
buildings. Finding that are often
and assets within and so o n locator services
wheelchairs,
so-called personal
projectors. The
quipment such
as
common
amples. that reside with a person
two deviCe
location are locator
1o a traceable
outdoors,
employ a s c e n a r i o s - i n
the first casc. someone

L3) that could

also operate
There a r e
t w o possible
and appropriate steps are
be
determined. lhe 1ndividual in some otk
whose location is to
them with
the location
ot is lost or

equests a service to
provide
location.
In the
second
case. the

Here, the
person
locator service will determ 65
to determine
the person's to request
help. the form
Ken panic
button
ror loeaing
equipment, only
ire straits andemploy acan
a5Sistance,

the requested
ine location and provide whieh is
of which
of simply
common
n
the most
most
scenario applies. applicalions, Information
traveling oonn the road.
geolocation road
outdoor while traveling
There are
several
ones
own
selt
using PS
cations far beyond this
self-location
simple
locating applicat of
of number
telecommunications and
the convergence of
he application the
increased

has
systems that combine
technolog
ogy
t e r m telemat
refer to
ved to refer to automobile
evolved
automol

application.
The
and it
has
sincethen c o m m u n i c a t i o n s for services such as
automatic
processing ined with wireless
to the
delivery (intormation and entertainment)
information
o n t e n t deliver
content
ind c and
GPS location mecna remote
diagnostics,
diagnosties,

a s s i s t a n c e .

roadside
b.co
Adboo awd SoAT
Motors
OnStar system [OnSta
nStar Muve
G e n e r a l

is navig enicles
system
a u t o n o m o u s l y

while na
20 example
refer
ofsuch
a

to he i
the
ability
to
conditions,
travel
aio vant
duration

ohtei
to btain
etc. Thisinformal
relev
iont
includea
A good (ITS) road order
automobile, In
Transportation
Systems information,

traffic
of
vehicles.

Lnternet,
the
vehicles
should be able
steering

use
of the
latest

welt
as
automalic

a
network
or
the

Alernatively.
the
service provider
nre

should be
as
across

management servers information.

or
providers destination

service
and location.
location

their vehicle's

the GEOLOCATION
determine

mobile
services is bascd
on
location. The l
FOR deinands fe fron
7.3.
NEED

powerful
ways
lo
personalize

best ot
the
service.

other
Recent

devices. The ahi

The
applpikatra
ability to 0D2n
the mosi very or
One of
subscribers

the lelephones
allows the netu

provides of
mobile
cellular
system
services,
the for theecellular
(MT) in
based capabilities motivation
positioning
Telephone
iminediale
ofsSl
most
require Mobile The The
geolocation

of the mobile
users. services.

to the
geolocation emergency

services accident

facilitatenew enhanced
in
is
position
provideMT services
like
salely,
could provide subscriber

service
for
Emergency
O
sensitive
billing.
Location
O
Cellular Fraud detection.

services.

transport
system management.
O Intelligent and
perfor1nance
effective network
and
a Efficient A R C H I T E C T U R E

SYSTEM
in Fig. 7.1.
GEOLoCATION

| 7.4. functional
architecture of a geolocation
system m
shown

the location estimatico dfh

A location are
ingredients for position network N. Geolocaia
two essential
functional with the
The attributes shared
this information with appropriate
a mobile
and a fixed set of recavs
MS U and that travel from
parameters
of radio signals
thus two ways
in which lUe
systems m e a s u r e mobile receiver. There are
transmitters to a Ms
from a fixed set of systen, the
be obtained. In a self-positioning
of the MS can
or
estimate of the location from known locations timt
m e a s u r e m e n t s of its
distance or direction
posilion using method or cu
dead reckoning, a predictive
Own
In some cases.
(1or example OPS receivers). traveled since to a previou 66
the course and distance
position of the mobile by applying nobj
systems as Known are often referred to
position, could be employed. Self-positioning
terminal-cenlric positioning systems. In. remote positioning systems, recei vers a i n emeasuremenis

on a network together compute the location of a mobile transmitter using tne ens t
distance or direction of this mobile from each of the receivers. Remote posilon ning 9
silionin

called network-based or network-centric positioning systems. Network-bas llsie

have the advantage that the MS can be implemented as a simple transcei ver wuTn doi
as *

power consumption lor easy carrying or attachment to valuable equipment

 ësHuB aDownload Android App 211

the mobile may transmit information

or self-positioning systems where of
location control center transmits the location
self-po
remoteor the
indirect ontrol
cont
center, or channel.
io location
fon toa
communications

an a p p r o p r i a t e
titself
adanoólletooi
through

Wireless
Network
Infrastructure

Position
Location

Geolocation System.
Architecture ofa
Fig. 7.1. Functional service provider
geolocation
is shown in Fig 7.2. A
architecture
of geolocation system
subscribers.
An example services to
location aware provider
information and the sérvice
about an MS,
provides location information subscriber
for location MS. This

Upon a request
from a s u b s c r i b e r it for the
coordinates

PSAP trying to
ofthe
answer

control centre
querying device or a
mobile
wIll Contacta
location
to track
a compute the
subscriber desiring required to
information

commercial will gather BTS ID.

could be a signal strength,
control centre. received

E-911 call The

location
parameters
such as
about theMS,
could be
information

an This
information
Depending
on past
obtain the locatio
discuss later,
NS's location, and so on
that we
and directly
or indirectly
this informat
QA of signals, the MS, (GIISS). Once 6/
could be
used to page base
stalions

the mobile
with ce
l o c a t i o n of
Geolocation

a sel of BS's called

are
sometimes determine
the
provider will
then
These çentre
can
The service
parameters, control provider. Sometimes the
the localion to the servicelocationthe subscriber,
to
1s collected, information

the MS's simplified,

MS's
this architecture will be
display and
accuracy and
convey
visually the massaging
the
to which
case

use this into

n f o r m a t i o n

itself,
in
the MS
self-positioning,

be
subscriber
iber could
could
involves

application

if the
Especially
CamScanner

Hub.co.in| Download Andrg

S e r v i c eP r o v i d e r

(2) Request users

coordinate

(6) Coordinates

( 2Sondlocation

inlormaron"
Location
control center
( 1 )R e q u e s

ocation
(5) ID, TOA,

RSS,data

Request
BTS ID,
(3) RSS. TOA, elc.

Subscriber

BTS/BSC
BTS/BSC

BTS/BSC

(4) Request response

(5) Response
data

MS

System.
Geolocation

Architecture of a
General
Fig. 7.2.
G E O L O C A T I O N

WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGIES
FOR
7.5.
7.5.1. Distance-Based Techniques

encen
Method
1.5.1.1. Signal Strength unknown
node lo i he
distances of an
be used for estimating the
This method can
radio signals. Her
This method can only be used with transmitedpo
based on signal strength. models. By knowing
the

from the path loss using radio propagation

The dislance oc v d i sn
esimated
loss can be calculated. tanc

the received power, the efective path

and the receiver can then be oblained by converting
the obtained paln To hthe
environment througn
the
appropriale path loss model that well represents