Nebria, Jemelyn B.

VOLLEYBALL: A BRIEF HISTORY

WILLIAM G. MORGAN
(FATHER OF VOLLEYBALL)
 Originally known as “Mintonette,” volleyball was the brainchild of
American William G. Morgan, who came up with the idea for the
new sport in 1895.

 As a student at the Springfield College in Massachusetts, he had

befriended James Naismith who, in 1891, had himself invented
basketball. After graduating, Morgan went on to become director of
physical education at the Young Man’s Christian Association
(YMCA) in Holyoke, Massachusetts and it was there that he
devised his new sport, which was designed to be a combination of
basketball, baseball, tennis and handball.

 Alfred Halstead change the “mintonette” to “volley ball” due of the

demonstration of the game – noticeable is the volleying nature of
the ball back and forth, later, it was changed into its present name volleyball
 In France on 1947 FIVB was recognized as the official governing body of volleyball. This body
formulated for implementation of all the rules of the game
volleyball. Later, Laussane, Switzerland became its
headquarters. Headed by FIVB, the first volleyball Olympics was
held at Tokyo, Japan.

WORLDWIDE GROWTH
 The physical education directors of the YMCA, encouraged
particularly by two professional schools of
physical education, Springfield college in
Massachusetts and George Williams
College in Chicago (now at Downers Grove,
Illinois), adopted volleyball in all its societies
throughout the United States, Canada (in
1900 Canada became the first foreign country to adopt the game), and also in many other
countries: Elwood S. Brown in the Philippines (1910), J. Howard Crocker in China, Franklin H.
Brown in Japan (1908), Dr. J.H. Gray in Burma, in China and in India, and others in Mexico
and South American, European and African countries.
 Sports enthusiasts in Paris, France, founded the Federation Internationale De Volley Ball in the
late 1940s. In the 1950s, the first volleyball game was played during the Pan American Games.
The International Olympic Committee granted volleyball status as a team sport in 1957. The
United States won gold for men and silver for women in 1984 during the Los Angeles Olympic
Games.

VOLLEYBALL IN THE PHILIPPINES

 Informal Volleyball began in the Philippine in 1910. Elwood S. Brown, Physical Director of
YMCA introduced it in the country. As recreation, Filipinos borrowed tennis net and tied it n
between coconut tree approximately 6’6 high.

 There was no formal rule, games were on verbal agreement basis like one against one (1:1);
five against five (5;5) or ten. There is no limit in hitting
the ball as long as they can sent it back to the opponent.
Any manner of ending the ball is allowed.

 By 1913 the development of volleyball on the Asian

continent was assured as, in that year, the game was
included in the programme of the first Far-Eastern
Games, organized in Manila.

 In 1916, the offensive style of setting and spiking was

first seen in the Philippines. Filipinos tried to invent
another manner of playing it to find what effects would
be if one tries to jump and hit the ball above the net onto
the opponents’ court. Americans called it a “Filipino
bomb.”

 In the Philippines, PAVA, Philippine Amateur Volleyball Association was founded in July 4,
1961. This was the time Volleyball has been introduced 1916 YMCA and NCAA unified rules of the

to Philippine athletes. This gave birth to the renaming of game

PAVA to Philippine Volleyball Federation in 2006.

TIMELINE OF SIGNIFICANT VOLLEYBALL EVENTS

 In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.
 In 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck
by another player (the set and spike) were introduced.
 In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.
 In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.
 In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. Twenty-seven
teams from 11 states were represented.
 In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, so the United States

Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open was

staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.

 In 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.

 In 1934, national volleyball referees were approved and recognized.

 In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S. Volleyball

Association as the official national governing body in the U.S.

 In 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded.

 In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was held.

 In 1949, the initial World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.

 In 1964, volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.

 In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.

 In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.

 In 1975, the U.S. National Women’s team began a year-round training regime in Pasadena,

Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain Valley, CA, in 1980,

and San Diego, CA, in 1985).

 In 1977, the U.S. National Men’s Team began a year-round training regime in Dayton, Ohio

(moved to San Diego, CA, in 1981).

 In 1983, the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.

 In 1984, the U.S. won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The men won the gold,

and the women the silver.

 In 1986, the Women’s Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.

 In 1988, the U.S. men repeated the gold in the Olympics in Korea.

 In 1990, the World League was created.

 In 1995, the sport of volleyball was 100 years old!

 In 1996, two-person beach volleyball became an Olympic sport.

EQUIPMENT AND FACILITY

Antenna – It is a flexible rod, 1.80m long and 10mm in diameter, made of fibre glass or similar
material. An antenna is fastened at the outer edge of each side band.

Ball – Standards for balls (based on the international Rule Book of

FIVB):
The ball shall be spherical, made of flexible leather or synthetic leather
case with a bladder inside made of rubber or a similar material. Its color
may be a uniform light color of yellow and blue, or a combination of
colors. Circumference is 65-67 cm (25.59-26.38 inches). Weight is 260-
280g (8.36-9.00 ounces). The inside pressure shall be 0.30 to 0.325 kg/cm2 (4.26 to 4.61 psi)
(294.3 to 318 mbar or hPa).
Court – The playing area includes the playing court and the free zone. It shall be rectangular and
symmetrical. The court measures 18 meters in length and 9 meters in width. It is divided into two
halves of 9 meters each by the centerline and the net.

Net – It is 1 m wide and 9.50 to 10 meters long (with 25 to 50cm on each side of the bands),
made of 10 cm square black mesh. Height of net for men is 2.43m and for women is 2.24m.

Post – It is the stand that supports the net that is placed at a distance of 0.50n to 1.00m outside
the side line. They are 2.55m high and preferably adjustable.

Score sheet – It is the scoring material where records of the match like line-ups, points earned,
serving order, substitutions, charged time outs, time/place/ title of the match, and signature of the
officiating officials and captain ball of both teams are officially recorded for documentation and
references.
Side Vertical Markers – These are canvass tape 5cm wide attached at the end of the net just
above and aligned with the side lines.

BASIC SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL

1. Serve – It is the act of putting the ball into play. This is done by the right and back-line player
who hits the ball with his hand or any part of the arm in order to send the ball over the net into the
opponent’s court.

Types of Service

 Underhand Serve
An underhand serve is a volleyball serve in which the ball is given a slight under-hand toss
from about waist high and then struck with a closed fist by the opposite hand.
 Float Serve
The float serve is done by contacting the ball is such a way that the ball doesn’t spin which
makes it more likely to float. A floater is much tougher to pass because the flight of the ball
is much less predictable.
 Jump Serve
Jump serve is a serve in which the server tosses the ball, takes an approach and jumps to
spike the ball. Because of the importance of timing the toss and jump, the jump serve can
be very difficult to learn.
 Sky ball serve
Sky ball serve Is a specific type of underhand serve occasionally used in beach volleyball,
where the ball is hit so high it comes down almost in a straight line.
  Topspin
An overhand serve where the player tosses the ball high and hits it with a wrist span.
Topspin serves are generally hit hard with the aim at a specific returner or part of the court.
 Jump float
The serve is an overhand service where the ball is tossed high enough that the player may
jump before hitting at similarly to a standing float serve.

2. Pass – To receive a serve from the opposing team, it must use a forearm pass or “bump”. The
legs should be bent, both hands extended forward, and hands joined together to create a flat
surface for hitting the ball.

3. Set – It is usually the second contact that a team makes with the ball. The main goal of setting
is to put the ball in the air such a way that it can be driven by an attack into the opponent’s court.

4 Spike – Spike is also known as the attack, and is usually the third contact a team makes with
the ball. The object of attacking is to handle the ball so that it lands on the opponent’s court and
cannot be defended.

5 Block – It refer to the actions taken by players standing at the net to stop or alter an
opponent’s attack.

6. Dig- This is the ability to prevent the ball touching one’s court after a spike or attack,
particularly a ball that is nearly touching the ground.

BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS

1. TO SCORE A POINT

A team scores a point by:

 Successfully grounding a ball on the opponent’s court

 When the opponent team commits a fault; or
 When the opponent team receives a penalty

FAULT- A team commits a fault by making a playing action contrary to the rules (or by violating
them in some other way). The referees judge the faults and determine the consequences
according to the rules:

 If two or more faults are committed successively, only the first one is counted; or
 If two or more faults are committed by opponents simultaneously, a DOUBLE FAULT is
called and the rally is replayed.

RALLY AND COMPLETED RALLY - A rally is the sequence of playing actions from the moment
the service ball is hit by the server until the ball is out of play. A completed rally is the sequence
of playing actions which results in the award of a point.
  If the serving team wins a rally, it scores a point and the service of ball continues;
 If the receiving team wins a rally, the team scores a point and must serve next.

2. TO WIN A SET – A set (except the deciding 5th set) is won by the team which scores 25 points
first with a minimum lead of two points. In case of a 24-24 tie, play is continued until a two point
lead is achieved (26-24; 27-25:,,,)

3. TO WIN THE MATCH

 The match is won by the team that wins three sets.

 In the case of a 2-2 tie, the deciding 5th set off 15 points with a minimum lead of 2 points is
played for decision.

4. THE TOSS – Before the match, the 1st referee conducts a toss coin to decide wiho shall do the
first service and the sides of the court in the 1 st set.

If the deciding set is to be played, anew toss will be carried out.

 The toss us taken in the presence of the two team captains.

 The winner of the toss chooses:

Either the right to serve or to receive the service, and the side of the court to take. The loser takes
the remaining choice.

5. POSITIONS – At the moment the ball is hit by the server, each team must be positioned within
its own court in the rotational order (except the server).

 The position of the players are numbered as follows:

 The three players along the net are front-row players and occupy positions 4 (front-left), 3
(front-center), 2 (front-right);
 The other three are back – row players occupy positions 5 (back-left), 6 (back-center), and
1 (back-right).
 Relative position between players:
 Each back-row player must be positioned further back from the center line than the
corresponding front-row player;
 The front-row and back-row players, respectively, must be positioned laterally in the order
indicated in 1st rule.
 The positions of players are determined and controlled according to the positions of
their feet contacting the ground as follows:
 Each front-row player must have at least a part of his foot closer to the center line than the
feet of the corresponding back-row player;
  Each right (left) side player must have at least a part of his foot closer to the right (left) side
line than the feet of center player in that row.
 After service hit, the players may move around and occupy any position on their court and the
free zone.

5.1 POSITIONAL FAULT

 The team commits a positional fault, if any player is not in his correct position at the moment
the ball is hit by the server. This includes when a player is on court through illegal substitution.
 If the server commit a serving fault at the moment of the service hit, the server’s fault is
counted before a positional fault.
 If the service becomes faulty after the service hit, it is the positional fault that will be counted.
 A positional fault leads to the following consequences:
 The team is sanctioned with a point and service to the opponent or
 Players’ positions must be rectified.

5.2 ROTATION

 The rotational order is determined by the team’s starting line-up and controlled with the service
order and player’s positions throughout the set.
 When the receiving team has gained the right serve, its players rotate one position clockwise:
the player in position 2 rotates to position 1 to serve: the player in position 1 rotates to position
6, etc.
5.3 ROTATIONAL FAULT

 A rotational fault is committed when the service is not made according to the rotational order. It
leads to the following consequences:
 The team is sanctioned with a point and service to the opponent;
 The player’s rotational order must be rectified;
 In addition, the scorer should determine the exact moment the fault was committed, and all
points scored subsequently by the team at fault must be cancelled. The opponent’s score
remain valid; or
 If that moment cannot be determined, no point(s) cancellation takes place, and a point and
service to the opponent is the only sanction.

TERMINOLOGIES

Ace: A serve that results directly in a point, usually when the ball hits the floor untouched on the
receiving team’s side of the court.
Assist: Helping a teammate set up for a kill.
Attack: The offensive action of hitting the ball.
Attacker: Also “hitter” and “spiker.” A player who attempts to hit a ball offensively with the purpose
of terminating play.
Attack Block: The defensive team’s attempt to block a spiked ball.
Attack Error: An attack botched in one of 5 ways: ball lands out of bounds; ball goes into net;
attacker commits center line or net violation or attacker illegally contacts ball.
Attack Line: A line 3 meters/10 feet away from, and parallel to, the net. Separates the front-row
players from the back-row players. A back-row player cannot legally attack the ball above the net
unless he takes off from behind this line.
Back row/court: Space from baseline (endline) to attack line. There are 3 players whose court
positions are in this area (positions 1, 6 & 5 on court)
Back Row Attack: When a back-row player takes off from behind the attack line (10-foot/3-meter)
line and attacks the ball. Various terms A-B-C-D-PIPE-BIC.
Back set: Set delivered behind the setter.
Baseline: The back boundary of the court. Also called the end line
Block: One of the 6 basic skills. A defensive play by one or more front-row players meant to
intercept a spiked ball. The combination of one, 2 or 3 players jumping in front of the opposing
spiker and contacting the spiked ball with the hands.
Blocking Error: Touching the net, crossing the centerline, blocking a set or serve or any other
“local” violation that occurs while making a block attempt.
Center line: The boundary that runs under the net and divides the court into two equal halves.
Closing the block: The responsibility of the assisting blocker(s) to angle their body relative to the
first blocker.
“Cover”: Refers to the hitter having his/her teammates ready to retrieve rebounds from the
opposing blockers.
Cross-court attack: An attack directed diagonally from the point of attack. Also called an angle
hit.
Cut shot: A spike from the hitter’s strong side that travels at a sharp angle across the net.
Deep: Refers to sending the ball away from the net, toward the baseline of the opponent’s court.
Defense: One of the 6 basic skills. The key skills used to receive the opponent's attack are
digging and sprawling. The dig resembles a forearm pass from a low ready position and is used
more for balls that are hit near the defender. The sprawl is a result of an attempted dig for a ball hit
farther away from the defender. It resembles a dive.
Dig: Passing a spiked or rapidly hit ball and low to ground. Defensive play. Slang for retrieving an
attacked ball close to the floor. Statistically scored on a 3.0 point system.
Dink: A one-handed, soft hit into the opponent’s court using the fingertips. Also called a tip.
Double block: Two players working in unison to intercept a ball at the net.
Double hit: Violation. Two successive hits by the same player.
Down Ball: Type of attack. “Down” refers to the blockers who neither jump, nor raise their hands
above the net.
Dump: Usually performed by the setter, who delivers the ball into the opponent’s court on the
second contact.
Five-One (5-1): An offensive system that uses five hitters and one setter.
Floater: A serve with no spin so the ball follows an erratic path.
Follow: To move with and block an attacker. Athletes may change positions with another blocker
in the process.
Forearm Pass: Sometimes referred to as the “pass,” “bump” or “dig”.
Four-Two (4-2): An offensive system using four hitters and two setters.
Free ball: Returning the ball to the opponent without the intent to get a kill. Usually a slow, arcing
pass or “roll” shot rather than a spike.
Front: Position of a blocker so that she/he can block the attacker.
Front-row: Three players whose court position is in front of the attack line (3M/10 Foot), near the
net. These players are in positions 2, 3 & 4 on the court.
Game plan: Offensive and defensive emphasis for an opponent. Usually organized for each
rotation by the coaching staff.
Held ball: A ball that comes to rest during contact resulting in a violation.
Hit: One of the 6 basic skills. To jump and strike the ball with an overhand, forceful shot.
Hitter: Also “spiker” or “attacker.” The player who is responsible for hitting the ball.
Hitting percentage: A statistic derived from total kills minus total attack errors, divided by total
attempts.
Joust: When 2 opposing players contact the ball simultaneously above the net causing the ball to
momentarily come to rest; the point is replayed if this is called by the official.
Jump serve: The server uses an approach, toss, takeoff and serves the ball with a spiking motion
while in the air. There are two main types: jump float, jump spin.
Key player/play: To discern a team’s best player or probable next play by observation of patterns
or habits.
Kill: An attack that results directly in a point or sideout.
Libero: A player specialized in defensive skills. This player must wear a contrasting jersey color
from his or her teammates and cannot block or attack the ball when it is entirely above net height.
When the ball is not in play, the libero can replace any back-row player without prior notice to the
officials.
Lines: The marks that serve as boundaries of a court. 2 inches (5cm) wide.
Linesman: Officials located at the corners of the court; each linesman is responsible for ruling if
the ball is legally in play along the lines for which he or she is responsible. For indicating touches
and play outside of the antennae on their side of net.
Lineup: Players starting rotation and, therefore, serving order. Numbered 1,2,3,4,5,6.
Line serve: A straight-ahead serve landing near the opponent’s left sideline.
Line shot: A ball spiked along an opponent’s sideline, closest to the hitter and outside the block.
Load: Body position for the blockers so that they are most effective.
Middle back: A defensive system that uses the middle back player in 6 to cover deep spikes. Also
called “6 back” defense.
Middle blocker: Usually plays in the middle of the net when in the front row and moves laterally to
her blocking assignments.
Middle Up: A defensive system that uses the middle-back player in 6 to cover tips or short shots
along the 3 meter/10 foot line. Also called a “6 up” defense
Mintonette: The original name of the game of volleyball, created by William Morgan.
Net Height: Women – 7 feet, 4-1/8 inches high (2.24m),
Men – 7 feet, 11-5/8 inches high (2.43m).
Off-blocker: Outside blocker not included in the double block. Also called off-side blocker.
Off-Speed Shots: An attack that is intentionally slow. Ball spiked with less than maximum force
but with spin. Also called “roll” shot.
Opposite: Player who plays opposite the setter in the rotation. In some systems, this player is
also a setter. In other systems, this player is called a right-side.
Outside hitter: Usually plays at the ends of the net when in the front row. Also called right-side
(opposite) or left side (power).
Overhand pass: A pass with both hands open that is controlled by the fingers, with the face below
the ball. Both hands simultaneously contact the ball above the head and direct it to the intended
target.
Overhand serve: Serving the ball and striking it with the hand above the shoulder. Float or spin.
Overlap: A violation called if a team is lined up out of rotation when the ball is served.
Overpass: A ball passed across the net.
Overset: An errant set that crosses the net without being touched by another offensive player.
Pass: One of the 6 basic skills. Receiving a serve or the first contact of the ball with the intent to
control the ball to another player. Also called a “bump”.
Pancake: One-hand floor defensive technique where the hand is extended and slid along the floor
palm down while the player dives or extension rolls so the ball bounces off the back of the hand
and is considered legal.
Party ball: When the ball is passed across the net in front of attack line so the front-row attacker
can immediately hit the ball on the first contact.
Penetration: The blocker’s ability to reach over the net above the opponent’s court.
Perimeter: Backcourt defense where 4 players arrange themselves near the boundaries of the
court.
Pipe: A back-row attack from the middle of the court. Position 6.
Play: An attack with a planned fake, usually including 2 or more hitter.
Quick set: An extremely low vertical set used to beat the opponent’s block. Can be set at any
position on the net.
Rally scoring: Scoring method where points can be won by the serving or receiving team.
Ready position: The flexed, yet comfortable, posture a player assumes before moving to the
point of contact.
Red card: Given by the official to a player or coach for flagrant misconduct resulting in a point/side
out to the opponent. Results in automatic ejection and a point/side out for the opponent.
Roof: To block a spike, usually straight down for a point.
Rotation: The clockwise movement of players around the court and through the serving position
following a side out. Players must retain their initial rotational order throughout the entire game,
but once the ball is contacted on serve they are allowed to move anywhere.
 Seam: The mid-point between 2 players.
Serve: One of the 6 basic skills. Used to put the ball into play. It is the only skill controlled
exclusively by one player.
Set: One of the 6 basic skills. The tactical skill in which a ball is directed to a point where a player
can spike it into the opponent’s court. Sets can be set at different heights and different locations
on the net and offensively there are names for each of these. First number is location on net and
second number height of set. (Example: 13.) Sets can also be named.
Set attack: When a setter attempts to score rather than set the ball to a setter. Also called a shoot
set. Setter: The second passer whose job it is to position a pass to the hitter.
Shallow: Near the net.
Shank: Severely misdirected pass.
Side out: Change of service when a serving team has failed to score a point. Occurs when the
receiving team successfully puts the ball away against the
serving team, or when the serving team commits an unforced error.
Six-pack: Being hit in the face with the ball.
Six-two (6-2): An offense with four spikers and two spiker/setters. Setter comes from the back
row.
Slide/step: A quick attack behind the setter.
Spike: Also called a hit or attack. A ball contacted with force by a player on the offensive team
who intends to terminate the ball on the opponent’s floor or off the opponent’s blocker.
Split block: A double-block that leaves a space between the blockers.
Stuff: A ball deflected back to the attacking team’s floor by the opponent’s blockers.
Substitution: Allows one player to replace another player already on the court. Rules dictate
number of subs each team is allowed.
Switch: To change court positions after a ball is served to facilitate strongest player positions.
Tandem: A combination in which one player attacks immediately behind another.
Tape: The top of the net.
Telegraph: To show one’s intention to the opponents.
Three-meter line: The line extended across the court to signify the point which a back-row player
must leave the ground behind to attack the ball. Also call “attack line” and 10-foot line
Tip: A one-handed, soft hit into the opponent’s court using the fingertips. Also called a dink.
Tool: When an attacker hits the ball off an opposing blocker’s arms out of bounds. Also called a
wipe.
Touch: A player contacting the ball on the defensive play.
Transition: To switch from offense to defense and vice versa.
Triple-block: Block formed by all 3 front-row players.
Underhand serve: A serve performed with an underhand striking action. The ball is usually
contacted with the heel of the hand.
W serve-receive formation: Three players in the front row, two in the back.
Wipe: To deliberately spike the ball off an opponent’s hands and out of bounds. Also called a tool.
Yellow Card: Given by the official to a player or coach as a warning of misconduct. Two yellow
cards result in an automatic red card.

THE OFFICIALS OF THE GAME

1. Linemen positioned at the end corner of the court carefully watch out the exact landing point of
the ball whether in or out of bounds of the court.

2. Referee has the over-all control and authority in the conduct of the game. He can be viewed
across the top of the net making him possible to see all areas of the court and all moves of the
players.

3. Scorer or Scorekeeper is the official responsible to keeping the accurate information from the
scores to all other needed information about the game.

4. Umpire is also known as second referee who assists the referee and is positioned on the floor
opposite the referee. He is also accountable in decision making and ruling the game.

Official Hand Signals

INDOOR HAND SIGNALS

1. Move the hand to indicate the direction of service. 2. Extend the arm to the side of the team that will serve.

4. Place the palm of one hand over the fingers of the other,
3. Raise the forearms front and back and twist them
held vertically (forming a "T") and then indicate the requesting
around the body.
team.

5. Circular motion of the forearms around each other. 6. Show a yellow card for warning. Show a red card for penalty.
 7. Show both cards jointly for expulsion 8. Show red and yellow cards separately for disqualification

9. Cross the forearms in front of the chest, hands open 10. Life the extended arm, the palm of the hand facing upwards

11. Raise eight fingers, spread open 12. Raise both arms vertically, palms forward
 13. Make a circular motion with the forefinger 14. Point the arm and fingers toward the floor

15. Raise the forearms vertically, hands open, palms

16. Slowly lift the forearm, palm of the hand facing upwards
toward the body

17. Raise two fingers, spread open 18. Raise four fingers, spread open
 19. Indicate the respective side of the net 20. Place a hand above the net, palm facing downwards

21. Make a downward motion with the forearm, hand

22. Point to the center line or to the respective line
open

24. Brush with the palm of one hand the fingers of the other,
23. Raise both thumbs vertically held vertically. USAV: Brush fingers of opposite hand once over
palm of vertical hand
25. Cover the wrist with a yellow card (warning) and
26. Place hands together (palms facing each other) overhead
with a red card (penalty)

Lines 1. Point down with flag Lines 2. Raise flag vertically

 
 
Lines 3. Raise flag and touch the top with the palm of Lines 4. Wave flag over the head and point to the antenna or the 
the free hand respective line
   

 
Lines 5. Raise and cross both arms and hands in front
of the chest
  

    
BEACH HAND SIGNALS

   
1. Move the hand to indicate the direction of service 2. Extend the arm to the side of the team that will serve

    

   
4. Place the palm of one hand over the fingers of the other,
3. Raise the forearms front and back and twist them
held vertically (forming a "T") and then indicate the requesting
around the body
team

    
  

   
5. Show a yellow card for warning 6. Show a red card for penalty

   

7. Show both cards jointly for expulsion 8. Show red and yellow cards separately for disqualification

    

 
 
9. Cross the forearms in front of the chest, hands open 10. Life the extended arm, the palm of the hand facing upwards

    
  

   
11. Raise five fingers, spread open 12. Raise both arms vertically, palms forward

    

 
 
13. Make a circular motion with the forefinger 14. Point the arm and fingers toward the floor

   
15. Raise the forearms vertically, hands open, palms
16. Slowly lift the forearm, palm of the hand facing upwards
toward the body

    
  

   

17. Raise two fingers, spread open 18. Raise four fingers, spread open

    

   
19. Indicate the relevant side of the net with the
20. Place a hand above the net, palm facing downwards
corresponding hand

    

   
21. Make a downward motion with the forearm, hand
22. Point to the court under the net or to the respective line
open

    
  

   

24. Brush with the palm of one hand the fingers of the other, held
23. Raise both thumbs vertically
vertically

    

   

26. USAV: Make a circular motion of the forearms with closed

25. Cover the wrist with a yellow card (warning) or with
fists around each other. Subs will only be used in Triples, Quads
a red card (penalty)
and  Six-Person play

    

   
Lines 1. Point down with the flag Lines 2. Raise the flag vertically

    
  

 
 
Lines 3. Raise the flag and touch the top with the palm Lines 4. Wave flag over the head and point to the antenna or the
of the free hand respective line

    

  

 
Lines 5. Raise and cross both arms and hands in front
of the chest
 

Reference:

 https://www.volleyhall.org/page/show/3821594-history-of-volleyball
 https://www.britannica.com/sports/volleyball
 https://www.teamusa.org/USA-Volleyball/SportKit/Players/Guide-to-volleyball-
basics/Official-Hand-Signals