International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

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STABALIZATION OF SOIL USING TERRAZYME FOR ROAD

CONSTRUCTION
Varun S. Chaurasia1, Atulkumar V. Mishra2, Anuj U. Pawar3
1U.G. Student, Civil Engineering Department, Thakur College of Engineering and Technology Mumbai, India
2U.G. Student, Civil Engineering Department, Thakur College of Engineering and Technology Mumbai, India
3 Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Thakur College of Engineering and Technology Mumbai, India

---------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - In developing countries like India the most the strength and durability of soil. The main aim of
important requirement of any project after performance stabilization is cost reduction and to efficiently use the
criteria is its economical, feasibility and serviceability criteria. locally available material. Most common application of
The traditional methods are not economically feasible also stabilization of soil is seen in construction of roads and
time consuming. Hence, it has created a need to discover the airfields pavement.
other possible ways to satisfy the performance as well as
Chemical stabilization is done by adding chemical additives
economical criteria. The present paper describes a study
to the soil that physically combines with soil particles and
carried out to check the improvements in the properties of
alter the geotechnical properties of soil. Enzymes enhance
black cotton soil (BCS) and red soil (RS) with a bio-enzyme,
the soil properties and provide higher soil compaction and
named Terrazyme. Bio-enzyme improves the engineering
strength. Recently Bio-Enzymes have emerged as a new
qualities of soil, facilitates higher soil compaction densities
chemical for stabilization. Bio-Enzymes are chemicals,
and increases stability. Bio-enzyme helps in easy mixing with
organic and liquid concentrated substances which are used
water at optimum moisture content (OMC) and then it is
to improve the stability of soil sub base of pavement
sprayed over soil and compacted. Soil with varying index
structures. Bio-enzyme is convenient to use, safe, effective
properties have been tested for virgin as well as stabilized soil
and dramatically improves road quality. In reality and
with different dosages. The test results indicate that
practice, addition of bio-enzyme gives better performance in
stabilization improves the soil strength up to great extent,
the field and ultimately ensures durable and maintenance
which implies that the bearing capacity and the resistance to
free pavement.
deformation increases in stabilized soil. The locally available
material can be used, and in case of scarcity of granular 1.2 OBJECTIVES
material, only bio-enzyme stabilized thin bituminous surfacing
can fulfill the pavement design requirement. Adopting the IRC  To study the geotechnical properties of the soil.
method based on soil CBR, the pavement design thickness on  To study change in the properties by stabilizing
stabilized soil also reduces 25 to 40 percent. The use of bio- with enzyme and to conduct parametric study.
enzyme in soil stabilization is not very popular due to lack of
 To optimize the use of locally available materials in
awareness between engineers and non-availability of
the design and construction of roads by improving
standardized data.
their engineering properties.
Key Words: Black Cotton Soil (BCS), Red Soil (RS), Bio-  To optimize the quantity of Terrazyme to be used as
Enzyme- Terrazyme, Soil Stabilization, OMC, IRC. a stabilizing agent.
 To increase the durability, strength, stiffness of soil
1.INTRODUCTION and improve workability.
As we all know that population of India is increasing day by
day which has created a need for better and economical
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
vehicular operation which requires good highways/roads  Output of this research will enhance development of
having proper geometric design, pavement condition and India economies, particularly rural economies.
maintenance. In many parts of India soil consist of high silt  Useful to policy makers in decision making and to
contents, low strengths and minimal bearing capacity. When economists in budgeting purposes.
poor quality soil is available at the construction site, the best
option is to modify the properties of the soil so that it meets
the pavement design requirements. This has led to the
development of soil stabilization techniques which improve
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW Vijay Rajorial, Suneet Kaur (2014) carried out a

Lacuoture and Gonzalez (1995) conducted a theoretical evaluation of enzyme. Reduction of about 18 to
comprehensive study of the Terrazyme soil stabilizer 26 % is seen in cost of construction of roads by using
product and its effectiveness on sub-base and sub-grade Terrazyme as a soil stabilizer, constructed by public work
soils. The reactions of the soils treated with the enzyme was department in Maharashtra. Structures made of bio enzyme
observed and recorded and compared to the untreated are economical and have greater strength. [1]
control samples. The variation in properties was observed
over a short period only and it was found that in cohesive Venika Saini et al (2015) In this work, the performance of
soils there was no major variation in properties during the Bio-Enzymatic soil has been scrutinized. From the results
early days but the soil showed improved performance obtained by the tests conducted on the soil, the following
progressively. [2] observations were made. Bio Enzymes are organic, non-toxic
and biodegradable in nature. The end products obtained by
Bergmann (2000) concluded from his study on bio enzyme usage of Terrazyme are biodegradable in nature and their
that for imparting strength to the soil, bio enzyme requires effect is perpetual. The initial cost for the application of
some clay content. He stated that for successful stabilization Terrazyme maybe high as compared to other traditional
of soil minimum 2% clay content is required and 10 to 15 % proposals but the benefit of using Terrazyme such as the
of clay content gives good results. Compared to 28 % of zero-maintenance cost and long durability makes this
untreated soil CBR after 1, 2, 3, 14 weeks was found as 37, approach economically cost-effective. [6]
62, 66 and 100 respectively. [3]
Priyanka Shaka et al (2016): Based on IS classification, red
Sharma (2006) has conducted laboratory studies on use of soil is classified as Clayey sand and the black cotton soil as
bio-enzyme stabilization of three types of soils namely clay highly compressible clay. Laboratory testing showed that
of high plasticity (CH), clay of low plasticity (CL) and silt of decrease in liquid limit and plasticity index was observed
low plasticity (ML). It was found that the CH soil had an with the increase in dosages of Terrazyme. Also, the
increase in CBR value with reduction in saturation moisture Terrazyme dosage of 200ml/0.75m3 of dry soil garnered the
from 40 to 21% after 4 weeks of stabilization. Also, it was best result. Further increase in the dosage does not alter the
found that there was 100% increase in unconfined plasticity characteristics of soils substantially. CBR Value of
compression strength. [2] the soil sample was increased by 2.75%. 3.345%. 3.47% and
3.56% by application of the bio-enzyme with a dosage of
Shankar et al. (2009) conducted tests on lateritic soil of 200ml/0.75m3. With further increase in the dosage of the
Dakshina Kannad (district of India). The initial liquid limit enzyme, no substantial increase was recorded. [6]
and plastic limit of soil were 25 % and 6% respectively. The
lateritic soil of the district was not satisfying the sub base Sandeep Panchal et al (2017): In this study different type
requirement. For satisfying the sub base course of geotechnical tests were performed on the soil sample
requirements sand is mixed with soil in different under study with and without enzyme. The duration of
proportions until specified values were attained. Study was treating bio-enzyme on the local soil played an important
done on the effect of enzyme, on soil properties like CBR, role in the improvement of strength. The CBR value with the
UCS and permeability for a period of 4 weeks. CBR value third dosage having two week curing period showed great
increased by 300% with about 10 % sand and 200ml/m3 of outcome and percentage increase as compared to local soil
enzyme mixed with soil after 4 weeks of curing. It was sample without Terrazyme is 131.49%. [6]
concluded from the CBR results of treated and untreated soil
that addition of enzyme in non-cohesive soil has no effect on 3. MATERIALS
the cohesion less soil. [3]
3.1 Terrazyme
Venkatasubramanian & Dhinakaran (2011) conducted
Terrazyme is a liquid enzyme which is organic in nature and
tests on three soils with varied properties and different
is formulated from the vegetable and fruit extract. It is
dosages of Bio-Enzyme. Three soils had liquid limits of 28, 30
brown in color with smell of molasses and can be easily used
and 46% and plasticity index of 6, 5 and 6%. Increase in
without the need of masks or gloves. It is easily mixed with
unconfined compressive strength after 4 weeks of curing
water and for optimal results should be diluted with
was reported as 246 to 404%. [2]
optimum moisture content of that soil. This decreases the
swelling capacity of the soil particles and reduces

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permeability. The required quantity of Terrazyme was  Mix water required + mls of Lab Application
supplied by Avijeet Agencies, Chennai. [1-2-3-4-5] Mixture uniformly with soil sample.

The dosage used in the experiments are 0.01 ml, 0.02 ml

Table 1- Properties of Terrazyme Supplied by & 0.03 ml on trial and error basis.
Manufacturer (Source- Avijeet Agencies)
3.2 Soils
Identify (As it appears on label) N-Zyme
Hazardous components None 3.2.1 Black Cotton Soil (BCS)

Boiling Point 100 Degree Celsius

Specific Gravity 1.05 Table 2- Properties of Black Cotton Soil (BCS)
Melting Point Liquid Sr. No. Property Value
pH value 4.4
1 Specific Gravity 2.5
Evaporating Rate Same as water
Solubility in water Complete 2 Atterberg’s limit
Brown Liquid, Non
Appearance/Odour Liquid Limit (%) 53.33
obnoxious
3.1.1. Mechanism of Terrazyme Plastic Limit (%) 29.20

In clay water mixture positively charged ions (cat-ions) are Plasticity Index 24.13
present around the clay particles, creating a film of water
Grain Size
around the clay particle that remains attached or adsorbed 3
Distribution
on the clay surface. The adsorbed water or double layer
gives clay particles their plasticity. Terrazyme replaces
a) Gravel (%) 52.50
adsorbed water with organic cations, thus neutralizing the
b) Coarse Sand
negative charge on a clay particle. The organic cations also 28.50
(%)
reduce the thickness of the electrical double layer. This
c) Fine Sand
allows Terrazyme treated soils to be compacted more tightly 13.75
(%)
together. Terrazyme resists being replaced by water, thus
d) Silt & Clay 03.25
reducing the tendency of some clay to swell. Terrazyme
(%)
promotes the development of cementitious compounds
4 IS Soil Classification GC
using the following, general reaction:
5 Free Swell Index % 02.00

Engineering
6
[1-2-4-5-7] Properties

3.1.2 Calculation of Terrazyme dosage a) M.D.D. (KN/m3) 18.25

 Determine quantity of soil to be treated with 1 liter b) O.M.C. (%) 22.50

of Terrazyme in cubic meters, based on plasticity
Co-efficient of
and gradation. 7 8.0*10^-8cm/sec
Permeability
 Read 0.01 ml of TZ Concentrate per Kg of soil mix.
 Lab Preparation = 0.01 ml of TZ Concentrate + 100 The black soil is very retentive of moisture. The black cotton
ml water (1:100 dilution). soil is found to contain montmorillonite clay mineral that has
 Withdraw from the Lab Preparation that ml as high expansive characteristics and these are mainly found in
required and add to the water required to bring Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, parts of Karnataka, Andhra
sample to within 2 % below Optimum Moisture Pradesh, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. [8]
Content.

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The black cotton soil in this experimental work was 4. Problem Statement:
brought from the Dhule district of Maharashtra.
The various problems faced due to poor quality of soil are
3.2.2 Red Soil (RS)
subgrade failure, freeze and thaw action and many more. In
this project we will examine roads against traffic and try to
Table 3- Properties of Red Soil (RS) minimize the problems faced by road users which are
Sr. No. Property Value generally attributed to poor subgrade conditions [Fig. 1].
We will reduce or eliminate the thickness of the different
1 Specific Gravity 2.36 layers of road by treating the subgrade layer with the
Terrazyme [Fig. 2] as per the design requirement. The
2 Atterberg’s limit purpose is to explain about the material used i.e. Terrazyme,
mechanism and its advantages by solving these
Liquid Limit (%) 60.90
consequences. Our main focus is to develop the
Plastic Limit (%) 31.40 infrastructure of the country by providing better quality
of subgrade layer.
Plasticity Index 29.50

Grain Size
3
Distribution

a) Gravel (%) 0.00

b) Coarse Sand
(%) 12.12
c) Fine Sand
25.85
(%)
d) Silt & Clay 61.02
(%)
4 IS Soil Classification CH
Fig. 1- Potholes (Source- Pothole Wikipedia)
5 Free Swell Index % 60.80

Engineering
6
Properties

a) M.D.D. (KN/m3) 15.20

b) O.M.C. (%) 28.00

Co-efficient of
7 1.6*10^-9cm/sec
Permeability

Red soils are usually poor growing soils, low in nutrients and Fig. 2- Proposed Model
humus and difficult to cultivate because of its low water
holding capacity. These soils can be found around in large 5. Concept
tracts of western Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, southern
Maharashtra and many part of India. [9] We are using Terrazyme in sub grade layer of road. The
Terrazyme is mixed with water and is spread over sub grade
The red soil used in this experimental work is from soil which makes the sub grade layer of road almost
Mumbai district of Maharashtra. impermeable. As the surface become impermeable it will not
absorb water which percolates from upper layer of road. It

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increases the durability of the road and prevent the process of cat-ion exchange with road grader or farm tractor
formation of rut, pot holes, etc. with any mixing equipment.

6. Methodology Step 4: Once the soil containing the Terrazyme is properly

It is necessary for both consultants and contractors, as mixed, the engineer can start with the formation of the
executors involved in a production process that is making camber, to meet design requirements with the help of road
use of Terrazyme, to understand that significant cost savings grader with blade adjustment for pitch, angle and side to
that can be achieved through the relatively fast speed of side elevation. As soon as the camber formation is
construction with Terrazyme. completed, the compaction of the soil can take place for
finishing the surface. This can be done with smooth drum
6.1 Pre-construction Phase rollers, vibrating compactors or sheep-foot rollers
 For companies or organizations without prior depending upon the composition of the soil.
experience with Terrazyme, it is advisable to
Step 5: After compaction, a spray of water containing a light
contact a certified consultant or the manufacturer
concentration of Terrazyme can be used under extremely
for advice on the dilution ratio and the crust
dry and hot conditions to enhance the curing. The
thickness of the sub-base and base layers of the
constructed road can be opened for traffic within two to
road structure. The certified consultants or the
three days after construction under dry conditions. It will
manufacture can provide design assistance to
also be ready for the application of pavement layers. Items
determine the need for pavement on the stabilized
being used for directing the traffic are barriers, signs, cones,
soil layers and the type of pavement that can be
tapes, etc.
selected.
 It is imperative to properly study the characteristics 6.3. Quality Control
of the selected soil to insure its suitability for
treatment. Depending on characteristics of the soil  The quality control of structures constructed
information on the plasticity and load bearing making use of the bio-enzymatic soil stabilizer,
capacity, it is necessary and prudent in some cases Terrazyme has to be done by engineers who have a
to submit the soil prior to the initiation of the proper understanding of soil mechanics and road
project to laboratory or field trials to ensure its construction. Attention can be given to the fact that
suitability. the proper soil that was selected is also actually
6.2 Construction Phase used during the construction of the road structures.
 After the construction of Terrazyme layers, density
Step 1: After the embankment or the box cutting has been
test such as the Proctor density test can provide
made according to the conventional construction methods,
information on the quality of compaction while load
the construction team puts a layer of scarified soil on top of
bearing test such as CBR or DCP test can provide
the sub-grade soil and remove all the large stones, roots and
information on the strength increase of the soil
trash from the loosened soil. Road grader or farm tractor
during its curing period.
with teeth is used.

Step 2: Pulverize the scarified soil, so that the mass is 7. Tests Performed & Results
separated from particles rather than breaking down of As per BIS, Indian Standard Methods of Test for soils- IS:
individual particles with the help of either road grader or 2720. [10]
farm tractor with roto-tiller, or any other mixing equipment.

Step 3: The engineer then starts with the Terrazyme

application by spraying water containing diluted Terrazyme
on the road surface. After a sufficient quantity of water has
been sprayed to bring the soil to OMC, the spraying of the
water is stopped, which is carried out with water truck with
distributor bar nozzle mounted at front or back. The soil has
to be mixed thoroughly to make sure that the enzymes
diluted in water are mixed through the soil and initiate the

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7.1 Liquid Limit

Liquid Limit
80
Table No. 4 – Liquid Limit Determination for RS 66.66 66.66
60 60
50 50
Sr. No. Particulars Red Soil 40

20
1 Container No. 1 2 3
0
2 No. Of Blows 56 34 27 Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
BCS RS

Mass of empty
3 20 15 20
container in gm
Chart No. 1 –Liquid Limit Determination
Mass of container + 7.2 Plastic Limit
4 35 30 40
wet soil in gm

Mass of container + Table No. 6 –Plastic Limit Determination for RS

5 30 25 32.5
dry soil in gm
Sr. No. Particulars Red Soil
6 Mass of water in gm 5 5 7.5
1 Container No. 1 2 3
7 Mass of dry soil in gm 10 10 12.5
Mass of empty
2 19.62 20.45 19.47
8 Water content (%) 50 50 60 container in gm

9 Average =53.33% Mass of container +

3 20.63 24.67 22.4
wet soil in gm

Table No. 5 – Liquid Limit Determination for RS Mass of container +

4 20.4 23.6 21.5
dry soil in gm
Sr. No. Particulars Black Cotton Soil
5 Mass of water in gm 0.23 1.07 0.9
1 Container No. 1 2 3
Mass of dry soil in
6 0.78 3.15 2.03
gm
2 No. Of Blows 68 72 70
7 Water content (w) 29.4 34 30
Mass of empty
3 35 35 35
container in gm
8 Average Wp =31.2%
Mass of container +
4 60 68 65 9 Plasticity Index =22.13%
wet soil in gm

Mass of container +
5 50 57 53
dry soil in gm

6 Mass of water in gm 10 11 12

Mass of dry soil in

7 15 22 18
gm

8 Water content (%) 66.66 50 66.66

9 Average =61.1% Chart No. 2 –Plastic Limit Determination

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Table No. 7 –Plastic Limit Determination for BCS

Sr. No. Particulars Black Cotton Soil

1 Container No. 1 2 3

Mass of empty 20 20 20
2
container in gm

Mass of container + 38.54 59.50 71.30

3
wet soil in gm

Mass of container + 33.52 48.50 62.43

4
dry soil in gm

5 Mass of water in gm 4.72 11 9.07 Chart No. 3 –UCS Determination for BCS
Mass of dry soil in 13.34 28.5 42.43 Table No. 9 – UCS Determination for RS
6
gm
Unconfined Compressive Strength (KPa)
Curing
7 Water content (w) 34.9 38.59 20.90 Period In
RS RS+TZ RS+TZ
Days
8 Average Wp =31.46% Alone (1) (2) RS+TZ (3)

Plasticity Index 0 160 177 195 182

9
=29.64%
7 175 192 258 239

15 - 250 316 291

7.3 Unconfined Compression Test
30 - 298 369 324

Table No. 8 – UCS Determination for BCS

Unconfined Compressive Strength (KPa)

Curing
Period In
BCS BCS+TZ BCS+TZ BCS+TZ
Days
Alone (1) (2) (3)

0 147 163 184 174

7 - 180 234 218

15 - 240 309 276

30 - 283 352 305

Chart No. 4 –UCS Determination for RS

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7.4 California Bearing Ratio Test 8. Advantages

 It increases the durability, shear strength, and

Table No. 9 – CBR Determination for BCS makes the sub grade layer of the soil almost
impermeable.
CBR (%)
Penetration  It reduces quantity of materials required in
BCS BCS+TZ BCS+TZ BCS+TZ
(mm) construction, reduction in cost of overall
Alone (1) (2) (3) construction of road.
2.5 2 3 3.5 2.98
 It does not have an adverse effect on soil or on
5 3 4 5 4.24 environment, hence it is an eco-friendly technique.
7.5 - 8 9 5.02  This technique can save a lot of money of
government required for the maintenance of road.

CBR of BCS in % 9. Disadvantages

9  It requires skilled labor and expertise supervision.
10 8
 Proper dilution ratio should be taken to get the
5 4.24 5.02 optimum strength.
5 3.5 2.98 4
2
3 3  Excess amount may lead to formation of cracks.
0  It is unsuitable for small construction work.
0
2.5 5 7.5 10. Cost Comparison- Estimated Cost for 1000 m
length, 2-way 2 lane - 8m wide road.
BCS Alone BCS+TZ (1) BCS+TZ (2) BCS+TZ (3)

Chart No. 5 –CBR Determination for BCS

Table No. 10 – CBR Determination for RS

CBR (%)
Penetration
RS RS+TZ RS+TZ
(mm) RS+TZ (1)
Alone (2) (3)
2.5 2.62 3.02 4 3.72
5 3.5 6.2 5.5 4.74
7.5 4 7.4 9.7 7.4

CBR of RS in %
20
6.2 5.5 4.74 7.4 9.7 7.4
10 2.62 3.02 4 3.72 3.5 4
0
2.5 5 7.5

RS Alone RS+TZ (1) RS+TZ (2) RS+TZ (3)

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 As we proceed in our research, we came to the

conclusion that there is not any improvement in
properties of red soil due to addition of Terrazyme
since red soil is a non-cohesive soil. Hence, it
concludes that Terrazyme improves the property of
cohesive soil only.
 It could play a pivotal role in this upcoming
revolution if their remarkable properties are been
exploited.
 The material to be used is eco-friendly and saves a
lot of resources. Thus, the product so formed after
the application of Terrazyme is biodegradable in
nature and the affect is permanent.
 Terrazyme eliminates the use of granular sub-base,
base course and surface course also in case of low
traffic. The benefits of using Terrazyme is that the
maintenance cost is almost zero, making this
approach economically cost effective.
 Terrazyme are proved not only smarter material
but also eco-friendly in coming years and are most
feasible in construction work as we have discussed.

Acknowledgement
Chart No. 8 –Estimated Cost of Treated Road
We would like to express our gratitude to Mr. Anuj U. Pawar
for his guidance, encouragement, co-operation and
Table No. 11 – Estimated Cost inspiration throughout the project. Special thanks to Avijeet
Agencies for their support for providing us Terrazyme and
various information regarding it. Finally, we would express
Estimated Cost our gratitude to our Parents, Friends, College and Faculty of
Without Civil Engineering, who have directly or indirectly helped us
Sr. Layer of With Treatment
treatment
No. Road in the successful completion of work.
Depth Cost in Dept Cost in
(m) K (Rs.) h(m) K (Rs.)
References
Sub-
1 0.1 2560 0.1 2560
Grade
1. Vijay Rajoria, Suneet Kaur –A Review on
Terrazy
2 1440 Stabilization of Soil Using Bio-Enzyme, IJRET,
me
Sub- Volume: 03 Issue: 01, Jan-2014.
3 0.2 5120 0.15 3840 http://www.ijret.org
Base
Base 2. Puneet Agarwal, Suneet Kaur - Effect of Bio-enzyme
4 0.15 3840 0.1 2560
Course Stabilization on Unconfined Compressive Strength
Surface of Expansive Soil, IJRET, Volume: 03 Issue: 05, May-
5 0.1 3392 0.07 2374
Course 2014. http://www.ijret.org
Total Cost 1,49,12,000 1,27,74,000 3. Venika Saini, Priyanka Vaishnava – Soil Stabilization
Cost Saving 21,37,600 by Using Terrazyme, IJAET, Vol. 8, Issue 4, Aug.
2015. www.ijaet.com
11. Conclusion: 4. Joydeep Sen, Jitendra Prasad Singh - Stabilization of
Black Cotton Soil using Bio-Enzyme for a Highway
 In reality and practice, addition of bio-enzyme gives Material, IJIRSET, Vol. 4, Issue 12, December 2015.
www.ijirset.com
better performance in the field and ultimately
5. Anjali Gupta, Vishal Saxena, Ayush Saxena, Mohd.
ensures durable and maintenance free pavement.
Salman, Shamshul Aarfin, Avinash Kumar - Review

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
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Paper on Soil Stabilization by Terrazyme, IJERA, Vol.

7, Issue 4, (Part -6) April 2017. www.ijera.com
6. Pradeep Singh Sodhi, Ocean, Yogesh Kumar –
Stabilization of Soil Using Acidic Bio-Enzyme
(Terrazyme), IJIRSET, Vol. 7, Issue 8, August 2018.
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7. Lekha B. M, Goutham Sarang, Chaitali N, Ravi
Shankar A. U. – Laboratory Investigation on Black
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oil_management/CONTENTS/Management%20of%
20black.htm.
9. RS-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_soil
10. Bureau of Indian Standards, Indian Standard
Methods of Test for soils-IS:2720

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