SAN BEDA COLLEGE ALABANG

SOC116 REVIEWER
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS

REVIEWER SOC116 Local Government Code of 1991 adopted

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE Decentralization of ADMINISTRATION
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (Deconcentration) and not of POWER (Devolution).

PUBLIC CORPORATION - It is the created by the Rule: Political Power (Power of Sovereign People)
State either by general or special act for purposes of given to the President cannot be delegated or be
administration of local government or rendering shared. Power of the LGUs came from the Popular
service in the public interest (Rodriguez, p. 2 LGS 5th Sovereignty as well (through Elections)
Edition)
DECENTRALIZATION OF POWER VS.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC CORPORATION DECENTRALIZATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE
• Public or governmental – acts as an agent of • Decentralization of Administrative -
the State for the government of the territory Consists of merely in the delegation of
and its inhabitants administrative powers of broaden the base of
• Private or proprietary – acts as an agents of governmental power
the community in the administration of local • Decentralization of Power - Involves
affairs. abdication by the national government of
political power in favor of LGUs declared
PUBLIC CORPORATIONS autonomous (only for Autonomous Regions)
• Government Owned and Controlled
Corporations (GOCCs) ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
• Municipal Corporations - Local Government • The Philippines is divided into three group of
Units (LGUs) islands: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. These
are divided into into 17 regions, 81 provinces,
MUNICIPAL CORPORATION - It is body politic and 144 cities, 1,490 municipalities and 42,028
corporate constituted by the incorporation of barangays (PSGC Summary. National
inhabitants for purposes of local government. Statistical Coordination Board. December 31,
(Rodriguez p.4, LGC 5th Edition) 2013)

ELEMENTS OF MUNICIPAL CORPORATION REGION – A sub-national administrative units

a. Legal creation comprising of several provinces having more or less
b. Corporate name homogenous characteristics, such as ethnic origin of
c. Inhabitants constituting the population who inhabitants, dialect spoken, agricultural procedure,
are vested with political and corporate etc.
powers
d. Territory PROVINCE – the largest unit in the political structure
of the Philippines. It consists, in varying numbers, of
LOCAL AUTONOMY – It simply means municipalities and, in some cases, of component
Decengtralization. Adopted from concept Imperium in cities. Its functions and duties in relation in relation
imperio (Empire within an Empire) but not totally to its component cities and municipalities are
adopted; Decentralization with three variations generally coordinative and supervisory.
(Devolution or Political, Debureaucratization,
Deconcentration or Administration). CITY - There are three (3) classes of cities in the
Philippines: Highly Urbanized, Independent
Component City, Component City

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SAN BEDA COLLEGE ALABANG
SOC116 REVIEWER
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS

MUNICIPALITY - is a political corporate body which REQUISITES OF CREATION OF LOCAL

is endowed with the facilities of a municipal GOVERNMENT UNITS (CONGRESSIONAL
corporation, exercised by and through the municipal CONSIDERATIONS)
government in conformity with law. 1. Plebiscite requirement – must be approved by
majority of the vote cast in a plebiscite called
BARANGAY – The smallest political unit into which for such purpose in the political unit or units
cities and municipalities in the Philippines are directly affected.
divded. 2. Income requirement – must be sufficient on
acceptable standards to provide for all
CITY CLASSIFICATION essential government facilities and services
 HIGHLY URBANIZED CITIES - Cities with a and special functions commensurate with the
minimum of 200,000 inhabitants with latest size of its population as expected of the local
annual income of Php 50M government unit concerned.
 INDEPENDENT COMPONENT CITIES – Cities 3. Population requirement – to be determined as
whose charters prohibit their voters from the total number of inhabitants within the
voting for provincial elective officials territorial concerned.
independent component cities shall be 4. Land requirement – must be contiguous,
independent of the provinces. unless it comprises two or more islands or is
 COMPONENT CITIES – Cities which do not separated by a local government unit;
meet the above requirements shall be properly identified by metes and bounds; and
considered component cities of the provinces provide for such basic services and facilities.
in which they are geographically located. If a
component city is located within the REQUIREMENTS PER UNIT
boundaries of two (2) or more provinces, PROVINCE
such city shall be considered a component of Income: Php 20 Million per annum
the provinces, such city shall be considered a Population: 250,000 pax
component of the province of which it used to Land: 2,000 square km
be a municipality. BENEFIT : One national seat; 1 District
Representative (250,000 = 1 Representative)
CREATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS
General Rule: HIGHLY URBANIZED CITIES
1. LGUs were created by the Congress thru Income: Php 50 Million per annum
CHARTER Population: 150,000 pax
2. By the ordinance passed by the Sangguniang Land: 100 square km
Panlalawigan or Sangguniang Panglungsod BENEFIT: One national seat; 1 District
concerned in the case of barangay (in their Representative (250,000 = 1 Representative)
respective territorial jurisdictions)
Exception: INDEPENDENT COMPONENT CITIES
 Autonomous Regions were created thru Plebiscite: the voting population voted to be
ORGANIC LAW separated from the Province
 Autonomous Regions can created LGUs on Income: Php 20 Million per annum
their area (Component Cities, Municipalities Population: 150,000 pax
and Barangays ONLY) Land: 100 square km
BENEFIT: One representative in Congress; 1 District
Representative = 250,000 pax

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SAN BEDA COLLEGE ALABANG
SOC116 REVIEWER
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS

LAYERS OF LOCAL AUTHORITY

COMPONENT CITIES
Income: Php 20 Million per annum
Population: 150,000 pax
Land: 100 square km
BENEFIT: No representative in Congress

MUNICIPALITIES
Income: Php 2.5 Million
Population: 25,000 pax
Land: 50 square km
BENEFIT: No representative in Congress
FOR PROVINCE: Is the intermediate unit, providing
BARANGAYS supervision to the municipalities and component
Population: 2,000 pax (5,000 pax in Highly Urbanized cities under it and performing services for the
City) national government
BENEFIT: No representative in Congress
FOR CITIES/MUNICIPALITIES: Performing services
REQUIREMENTS WHEN ESTABLISHED for people who live together in a community
At least six establishments:
• Commercial FOR BARANGAYS: Provides opportunity for face to
• Manufacturing face interaction among the people
• Recreational
• Personal services INCOME CLASSIFICATION
At least three of the following: PROVINCE
1. A town hall First Class P 350M or more
2. Church or chapel with religious service at Second
least once a month Class P 280M to P 350M
3. A public plaza or park (MUST REQUIRED: P 210M to P
Freedom Parks) or Cemetery Third Class P280M
4. A market place, or building, where trading Fourth
Class P 140M to P210M
activities are carried on at least once a week
5. A public building, like a school, hospital, Fifth Class P 70 M to P 140M
puericulture and health center or library Sixth Class Below P 70M

CITIES
per Pres. Decree
Special 465
First Class P 300M or more
Second
Class P 240M to P300M
Third Class P 180M to P 240M
Fourth
Class P 120M to P 180M
Fifth Class P 60M to P 120M
Sixth Class Below P 60M
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SAN BEDA COLLEGE ALABANG
SOC116 REVIEWER
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS

• President of Provincial chapter of Liga ng

MUNICIPALITIES mga Barangay
First Class P 50M to more • President of Provincial chapter Federation of
Second Sangguniang Kabataan
Class P 40M to P50M • Sectoral Representatives
Third Class P 30M to P 40M
Foruth MAYOR – City/Municipal Local Chief Executive; The
Class P 20M to P 30M one ensuring that Barangays are doing their
Fifth Class P 10M to P20M respective duties.
Sixth Class Below P 10M
VICE MAYOR - Will help the mayor and replace if
POLITICAL STRUCTURE incapacitated to fulfill such job. Head of the
Requirements/Election: Sangguniang Panglungsod / Pambayan
• An elective local official must be a citizen of
the Philippines CITY ASSEMBLY (Sangguniang Panglungsod)
• a qualified voter • Manila: 36 councilors, 6 elected per District
• resident of the district, municipality, city or • Davao: 24 councilors, 8 elected per district
province where he proposes to be elected • Quezon City: 24 councilors, 6 elected per
• For at least six (6) months at the time of the district
filing of his certificate of candidacy; • Antipolo, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu City, Makati,
• Must be at least twenty one (21) years of age Muntinlupa, Parañaque, Zamboanga City: 16
on election day; and must be able to read and councilors, 8 per district
write. • Rest of Metro Manila, Calbayog, San Jose del
Term: Monte: 12 councilors, 6 per district
• Three-year term; Consecutive Three Terms • Samal, Sorsogon City: 12 councilors, 6 elected
per district
GOVERNOR – Provincial Local Chief Executive. The
• Baguio, General Santos, Iloilo City, San
one ensuring that component cities and
Fernando, La Union, Tuguegarao: 12
municipalities are doing their respective powers and
councilors, elected at large
duties
• All other cities: 10 councilors, elected at large
VICE GOVERNOR - Will help the governor and • President of city chapter of Liga ng mga
replace if incapacitated to fulfill such job. Head of the Barangay
Sangguniang Panlalawigan • President of city chapter Federation of
Sangguniang Kabataan
PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLY (Sangguniang • Sectoral Representatives
Panlalawigan):
• Cebu, Negros Occidental, Pangasinan: 12 SP MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLY (Sangguniang Pambayan)
Members, 2 elected per districts • Pateros, Metro Manila: 12 councilors, 6 per
• First Class/2nd Class districts: 10 SP district
Members, with varying numbers of members • All other municipalities: 8 elected at large
per district • President of municipal chapter of Liga ng mga
• 3rd and 4th Class districts: 8 SP Member, with Barangay
varying numbers of members per district • President of municipal chapter Federation of
• 5th and 6th Class districts: 6 SP Members, Sangguniang Kabataan
with varying numbers per district • Sectoral Representatives
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SAN BEDA COLLEGE ALABANG
SOC116 REVIEWER
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS

CRITICAL VIEWS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS

BARANGAY CHAIRMAN – Barangay Local Chief SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS (Takeshi Kawanaka)
Executive BOSSISM (John T. Sidel, 1999)
• Views local politics thru two factors:
BARANGAY ASSEMBLY (Sangguniang Barangay) Existence of Coercion and Emergence of “new
• 7 members elected at-large men”
• Sangguniang Kabataan chairperson • The Institutions Americans introduced which
• Sectoral Representatives allows subordination of state to elected
officials which can make them enable
SANGGUNIANG KABATAAN monopolize coercive and economic resources
• 7 members elected at-large of the State
• Headed by Sangguniang Kabataan Chairman
CASE STUDIES
POWERS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS Cavite Set-up
➢ Police Power • Cavite with two layers of power: Provincial
➢ Taxation Power and Municipal.
➢ Power of Eminent Domain (Expropriation • Bosses are (1) Cavite bosses depend on illegal
Power) economic activities, (2) they failed to
➢ Power to generate and apply resources maintain power on generations, (3)
➢ Basic services and facilities dependent to superior boss.
➢ Reclassification Cebu Set-up
➢ Local legislative power • Cebu with 3 layers of power: Municipal,
➢ Closure and opening of roads Congressional, and Provincial.
➢ Corporate powers • Bosses are (1) Wealthy with land holdings
➢ Liability of LGUs and legal businesses, (2) maintained power
➢ Settlement of Boundary Disputes for generations, (3) less dependency to boss
➢ Succession of Local Officials
➢ Discipline of Local Officials PREDATORY STATE - Philippines state is neither
➢ Authority over police units simply a resource for patron-client nor merely an
object of oligarchical plunder. It is also a complex of
SOURCES OF FUNDS predatory mechanisms for the private exploitation
Internal and accumulation of resources
 Taxes, Fees, Charges
 Income from Investments, privatized and MUTUAL ACCOMODATION (Patricio N. Abinales,
development enterprises and Inter- 2000)
Governmental Corporation • Accepts the concept of “Strong Societies and
External Weak States” which considers
 Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) interdependence of state and society.
 Share from the Utilization of National Wealth • Abinales proposes notion of
 Grants and Donations “accommodation” whereby state
 Domestic Loans accommodates social strongmen in order to
 Credit Financing Schemes implement the rules.
• The process was coined as “Mutual
accommodation” which social strongmen play

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SAN BEDA COLLEGE ALABANG
SOC116 REVIEWER
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS

dual roles: representative of the state to the by embracing business value: commercialism,
society and society to state. economy, and efficiency.
• Market Oriented Enabling Authority: focus
HISTORICAL APPROACH IN UNDERSTANDING on the role of market in service delivery.
STATE-SOCIETY NETWORK Create conducive policy framework for local
• The era of Filipinization when introduction of economic development
new institutions and appointment of officials • Community- Oriented Enabling Authority:
in the construction of state-society relations Citizen participation in the decision making
• Postcolonial era wherein rise of several processes. Values participatory democracy
prominent politicians in Cotabato (Salipada and community accountability
Pendatun) and Davao (Alejandro Almendras) LOCAL GOVERNMENT ON MARKET (Prastyawan)
• Marcos era collapsed the mutual
accommodation which led to violence and • Local governance is essentially concerned
coercion with the various policies that affect and are
affected by local communities, despite the fact
STATE-SOCIETY NETWORK - In structurally weak that local communities are rarely involved in
states like the Philippines, state capacity is defined by decision-making processes in which they are
an exchange between state and society, through going to feel the impact of the policy
mediations of regional and local strongmen • Howleet & Ramesh (in Muluk, 2009) to
MAKING LGU INSTITUTIONS WORK (Salome et. Al, distinguish the role of local government in
2013) three categories, namely: (1) mandatory
instruments (compulsory instruments), (2)
SOCIAL CHANGE - is transformation, over time, of voluntary instrument, (3) instrument mix.
the institutions of society.
THREE DIMENSIONS ON INFLUENCING POLICY
TYPES OF SOCIAL CHANGE MAKING FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT (Prastyawan)

(1) displacement or the total removal of existing ▹ Economic Dimension - sources of supply of
rules and their respective with new ones public services, both concerning the
production and distribution of commodities
(2) conversion, when rules remain the same but are
and services at the local level.
interpreted & enacted in different

(3) drift with changes brought about by the shift in ▹ Governance Dimension - strong role and
the environmental conditions thereby resulting in a there is a weak role.
changed impact
▹ Public Participation Dimension - associated
(4) layering, introduction of new rules with a form of local democracy that reflects
how local governments make decisions.
MODELS OF ENABLING AUTHORITY (Leach et. Al,
1994)

• Traditional Bureaucratic Authority: LGU as

direct service provider
• Residual Enabling Authority: a combination
of strong market with weak government role
and standing on a neutral form of democracy