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Midterm 3 Exam and Answers

Introduction To Human Nutrition (University of California, Berkeley)

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NST 10: Spring 2017

Midterm 3 – Wednesday, April 26th 2017

Instructions
- DO NOT OPEN THE TEST until you are instructed by the GSIs to begin.
- Use only a #2 pencil to fill out your Scantron.
- No calculators or cell phones are allowed during the exam.
- Choose the BEST answer for each question.
Cheating will not be tolerated and can result in failing the course and expulsion. Please
see the Center for Student Conduct’s website (http://sa.berkeley.edu/conduct) for more
information.

HONOR CODE STATEMENT

On my honor I confirm that I have neither given nor received any unauthorized aid on this exam.

______________________________________
Signature

Please fill out the Scantron exactly as instructed below:

● Print your FULL NAME on the line provided
● Put your SECTION NUMBER and your OFFICIAL GSI’S NAME on the subject line.
● You do NOT need to fill out the ID number bubbles.

When finished, show your ID to your GSI and turn in your Scantron and question sheet.

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1. You have version C of the exam. Please mark C for question 1.

2. Which of the following might increase risk for developing goiter?

a. Low iodine content in the soil in which food is grown
b. Lack of access to iodized salt
c. Lack of seafood in the diet
d. Both A and B
e. All of the above

3. Which of the following has the strongest influence on your body's healthy setting zone?
a. Disease state
b. Genetics
c. Anatomy
d. Appetite
e. Environment

4. Which of the following factor(s) may affect iron (Fe) absorption?

a. Amount of iron (Fe) stored in the body
b. Synthesis of red blood cells in bone marrow
c. Concentration of hemoglobin in the blood
d. Concentration of oxygen in the blood
e. All of the above

5. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for osteoporosis?

a. Race
b. Gender
c. Sedentary lifestyle
d. Obesity
e. All of the above are risk factors for osteoporosis.

6. What was the original goal of Dr. Ancel Keys and his colleagues in conducting the Minnesota
Starvation Experiment?
a. Determine the calorie deficiency required to promote weight loss
b. Determine the potential impact of semistarvation on the US obesity epidemic
c. Determine the potential reduction in cancer incidence with chronic semistarvation
d. Determine the physical and psychologic effects of semistarvation and of refeeding
civilians who had been starved during WWII
e. Determine the negative effect of semistarvation on soldier’s capabilities during WWII

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7. __________ deficiency is the leading preventable cause of blindness.

a. Vitamin A
b. Calcium
c. Vitamin C
d. Iodine
e. Iron

8. Oxidative energy sources are important for which characteristic of muscle energy systems?
a. Speed
b. Power
c. Endurance
d. Both A and B
e. All of the above

9. Which of the following phase(s) was included in the Minnesota Starvation Experiment?
a. Semi-starvation
b. Rehabilitation
c. Observation under normal conditions
d. Both A and B
e. All of the above

10. Which of the following describes how visceral fat is distinct from subcutaneous or
retroperitoneal fat?
a. It releases fewer free fatty acids.
b. It secretes fatty acids in sufficient amounts that can increase the risk of chronic heart
disease.
c. It has smaller fat cells.
d. Its concentration is incorporated in the calculation of BMI, which indicates body composition.
e. It is associated with lower risk of chronic heart disease.

11. Which of the following nutrients is required to produce a hormone that can alter our BMR?
a. Vitamin A
b. Calcium
c. Vitamin C
d. Iodine
e. Iron

12. True or False: According to the “crossover concept,” the shift from low-intensity exercise to
high-intensity exercise requires that the main energy source be switched from fat to
carbohydrate.
a. True
b. False

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13. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) depends on which tissue(s)/organ(s)?

a. Skeletal muscle
b. Lungs
c. Heart
d. Brain
e. All of the above

14. Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium in the body?

a. Bone mineralization
b. Enzyme activity
c. Muscle contraction
d. Chemical signaling
e. All of the above are functions of calcium.

15. True or False: Phytates found in foods that are rich in dietary fiber can inhibit iron (Fe)
absorption.
a. True
b. False

16. To what extent do nongenetic factors contribute to an individual’s body fat?

a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
e. 100%

17. Which of the following is NOT an example of a phytochemical or zoochemical found in food?
a. Omega-3 fatty acids in fish
b. Sulfur compounds in garlic
c. Soluble fiber in oatmeal
d. Trans fats in potato chips
e. All of the above are phytochemicals.

Read the following abstract and answer the corresponding questions (18—19):

As previous research has suggested that exposure to vitamin D insufficiency in utero

may have relevance for the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS), we aimed to examine the direct
association between level of neonatal vitamin D and risk of MS. We carried out a ___________.
Dried blood spots samples (DBSS) belonging to 521 patients with MS were identified in the
Danish Newborn Screening Biobank. For every patient with MS, 1–2 controls with the same sex
and birth date were retrieved from the Biobank (n = 972). Level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D
(25[OH]D) in the DBSS was measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass
spectroscopy. The association between different levels of 25(OH)D and risk of MS was
evaluated by odds ratios (OR) calculated in conditional logistic regression models. We observed

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that lower levels of 25(OH)D in neonates were associated with an increased risk of MS….. In
light of the high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency among pregnant women, our observation
may have importance for public health.

18. What type of study do you expect this was?

a. Observational (cross-sectional)
b. Observational (prospective)
c. Observational (retrospective)
d. Experimental (in humans)
e. Experimental (in animals)

19. Which of the following components added strength to this study design?
a. Measurement of quantifiable data
b. Use of controls
c. Use of a placebo
d. Both A and B
e. All of the above

20. Which of the following statements about trace minerals is/are TRUE?
a. They are essential.
b. We need them in large quantities (ie, in grams).
c. They are metabolized for energy.
d. All of them are fat-soluble.
e. Both A and C

21. Which of the following methods CANNOT be used to measure metabolism?

a. Indirect calorimetry
b. Biopsies
c. Tissue blood flow
d. Isotope tracers
e. Bomb calorimetry

22. True or False: In and of itself, glycolysis is an aerobic process.

a. True
b. False

23. Which of the following symptoms may be observed if you take too much phosphorus (P),
zinc (Zn), or iron (Fe)?
a. Nausea
b. Diarrhea
c. Constipation
d. All of the above
e. None of the above since trace minerals cannot cause toxicity.

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24. Which of the following statements about lactate is/are TRUE:

a. It is mainly produced by muscles.
b. It can shuttle to the brain and the heart.
c. It can circulate in blood.
d. It can only be made from cholesterol.
e. A, B, and C

25. Which of the following correctly describes BMI?

a. A BMI between 18.5 and 25 is associated with the lowest risk of death.
b. A BMI between 18.5 and 25 is associated with the highest risk of death.
c. BMI accounts for body composition.
d. BMI is an index of fitness.
e. BMI is not associated with risk of death.

26. ____________ hormone levels decrease(s) in response to starvation?

a. Growth
b. Reproductive
c. Thyroid
d. Both A and B
e. A, B, and C

27. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of kwashiorkor?

a. Impaired immune function
b. Edema
c. Fatty liver
d. Decreased blood protein
e. All of the above are symptoms of kwashiorkor.

28. Which of the following is NOT a function of phosphorus in the body?

a. Supports bone mineralization
b. Component of ATP
c. Component of phospholipids
d. Promotes conversion of vitamin D3 to calcitriol
e. All of the above are functions of phosphorus.

29. In the human body, the protein called ___________ transports iron (Fe) in the blood, while
the protein ___________ functions as iron storage in the cell.
a. Ferritin, transferrin
b. Ferritin, myoglobin
c. Transferrin, ferritin
d. Chylomicron, transferrin
e. Ferritin, chylomicron

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30. Which of the following statements about genetically modified organisms is true?
a. Companies that develop GM technology are not allowed to fund research into the products’
safety and nutritional quality.
b. Studies consistently show that GMOs have toxic effects in consumers.
c. While many short-term studies have evaluated the health impacts of GMOs, scientists
have not yet completed major epidemiological studies to investigate health effects over
time.
d. There is a general consensus on the safety of consuming GMOs.
e. GM-foods are never as safe or nutritious as non-GM foods.

31. Which of the following is a function of zinc (Zn)?

a. Cofactor in RNA synthesis
b. Helps regulate gene expression through zinc finger proteins
c. Functions in enzymes for growth
d. Stabilizes cellular membranes
e. All of the above

32. Which of the following is NOT a psychological effect of unhealthy dieting seen in college
students?
a. Increased feelings of hunger
b. Social withdrawal
c. Decreased sex drive
d. Increased self-esteem
e. Decreased motivation

33. Which of the following is NOT a result of undernutrition during pregnancy?

a. Early birth
b. Low birth weight
c. Impaired brain function in infants
d. Edema in infants
e. All of the above can result from undernutrition during pregnancy.

34. Which of the following is the best example of a food technology that has led to negative
health consequences?
a. Hydrogenation of unsaturated fats
b. Pasteurization
c. Selective breeding
d. Irrigation
e. Refrigeration

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35. Which of the following statements regarding fad diets is FALSE?

a. They usually lead to sustainable weight loss.
b. They may result in some amount of weight loss.
c. They may be expensive when promoting unique foods and supplements.
d. They may put the body into a famine response.
e. They may increase anxiety around food.

36. The hormone ___________ promotes absorption of calcium from the intestine.
a. Calcidiol
b. Calcitriol
c. Calcitonin
d. Calcineurin
e. Calcium

37. True or False? A state of semi-starvation will lead to the reprogramming of one's set-point
body weight.
a. True
b. False

38. Which of the following statements regarding low fat and very low fat diets is FALSE?
a. They contain up to 50% of kcal from fat.
b. They were not originally developed for weight loss, but rather to treat heart disease.
c. They could result in essential fatty acid deficiencies.
d. One example is the Ornish Diet.
e. They are likely suitable for only certain groups of people.

39. Which of the following is NOT a physical effect of semi-starvation?

a. Decreased fat mass
b. Decreased muscle mass
c. Decreased metabolic rate
d. Decreased water retention
e. Weakened immune system

40. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) promotes ___________.

a. Absorption of calcium from the intestine
b. Reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys
c. Release of calcium from bone
d. Both A and B
e. All of the above

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41. Which of the following is/are a good source(s) of calcium?

a. Dairy
b. Brown rice
c. Meat
d. Both A and B
e. All of the above

42. Thin and brittle bones caused by a decrease in BOTH bone matrix and calcium is called:
a. Osteomalacia
b. Osteoporosis
c. Megaloblastic anemia
d. Microcytic anemia
e. hypoparathyroidism

43. Iodine is required for the thyroid gland to produce which hormone?
a. Insulin
b. Glucagon
c. Leptin
d. Thyroxine
e. Cortisol

44. Which of the following trends has likely contributed to overeating among Americans?
a. The increase in meals eaten away from home promote larger portion sizes, which can
lead to overconsumption.
b. Longer working hours promote more time for physical activity.
c. More meals eaten with family members promotes greater overall consumption.
d. Both A and B
e. All of the above

45. For speed-based activities (as opposed to power or endurance-based activities), what is/are
the preferred energy substrate(s)?
a. Glycogen
b. Glucose
c. Cholesterol
d. Vitamin A
e. Both A and B

46. Which of the following might be a harmful repercussion of a “cleanse” or “detox diet?”
a. Nausea
b. Loss of lean body mass
c. Overhydration
d. Both A and B
e. All of the above

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47. Which of the following is/are a carotenoid?

a. Flavonoids
b. Lycopene
c. Soy isoflavones
d. Vitamin C
e. None of the above

48. Which of the following is NOT a typical response to infection?

a. Fever
b. Increased appetite
c. Increased sleep/lethargy
d. Loss of nitrogen
e. All of the above are typical responses to infection.

49. Which of the following is/are a type of phytoestrogen?

a. Flavonoids
b. Lycopene
c. Soy isoflavones
d. Vitamin C
e. None of the above

50. Which of the following statements regarding copper (Cu) is FALSE?

a. High intake of zinc (Zn) will inhibit copper absorption.
b. Copper (Cu) is not an essential nutrient.
c. Copper (Cu) binds albumin when travelling through blood.
d. Copper (Cu) binds ceruloplasmin in the liver for delivery to other tissues.
e. Copper (Cu)-containing proteins are involved in iron (Fe) and lipid metabolism.

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