GEN 115

Readings in
Philippine History
Mr. Fernando V. Alarcon Jr., LPT
Professor, City of Malabon University
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Chapter I
INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY
1.1 Nature of History
1.2 Relevance of History
1.3 History as Reconstruction and Discipline
1.4 Historical Methods and Resources
1.5 Historical Criticism
1.6 Historical Thinking
1.1 Nature of History
History as discipline
History as narrative
History is known as the study of the past
History is derived from the Greek word historia which
means “knowledge acquired through inquiry or
investigation”
History as discipline existed for around 2,400 years and is as
old as mathematics and philosophy
1.1 Nature of History
“KASAYSAYAN”
- “SALAYSAY” na may “SAYSAY”
sa “SINASALAYSAYANG”
“SALINGLAHI.” (Zeus Salazar)

“Chronological study of the past”

1.1 Nature of History
Historia became known as the second account of the past of
a person or of a group of people through written
documents and historical evidences.
THE FOCUS OF HISTORY:
1. Heroes
2. Saints
3. Writings about wars and revolutions
1.1 Nature of History

WHAT COUNTS AS HISTORY?

a. Traditional historians
b. Valid historical sources
1.1 Nature of History

1.Traditional Historians
“no document, no history”
2. Valid Historical Sources
oral traditions in form
1.1.1 Issues in History
HISTORY HISTORIOGRAPHY
Object of the study and History of the history
events that happened in the
past is history. It is important for someone
who studies history because
Why study the past? it teaches the student to be
History for whom? critical in the lessons of
history presented to him.
1.1.1 Issues in History
Accusation that history is always written by victors.

This connotes that the narrative of the past is always written in

bias of the powerful and the more dominant player.

For instance, history of the Second World War II in the

Philippines always depicts the United States as the hero and the
Imperial Japanese Army as the oppresors.
TRY TO ANALYZE:
“Ang kasaysayan ay para sa lahat
ngunit hindi lahat ay historyador.”
(Xiao Chua)
1.2 Relevance of History
History played various role in the past
a. States use history to unit a nation
b. Lessons form the past can be used to make sense of
the present
c. Learning of the past mistakes can help people to not
repeat them
d. Being reminded of a great past can inspire people to
keep their good practices to
move forward.
1.3 History as Reconstruction
POSITIVISM POSTCOLONIALISM
Emerged between the 18th Emerged in the early 20th
and 19th century. century.

This requires empirical and Formerly colonized nations

observable evidence before grappled with the idea of creating
one claim that a particular their identities and understanding
knowledge is true. their societies against the shadows
of their colonial past.
TRY TO EXPLAIN:
“Facts cannot speak for themselves”
“Historian is not a blank paper who
mechanically interprets and analyzes
present historical fact.”
1.3 History as Discipline
Is History considered ”Social Science?”
SCIENCE
NATURAL SOCIAL
PHYSICAL BIOLOGICAL History, Economics,
Political, Sociology,
Anthropology,
Physics Zoology Philosophy,
Chemistry Botany Geography,
Psychology
1.4 Historical Methods and Resources
Historical researches require rigor
Historian follow the Historical methodology – the one
comprised of techniques and rules.
The Annales School of History – born in France that
challenged the canons of history.

In doing this, Annales thinkers married history with other

discipline such as geography, anthropology, archeology, and
linguistics
1.4 Historical Methods and Resources
PRIMARY SECONDARY
Those sources produced at Those sources which were
the same time as the event, produced by an author who
period, or subject being used primary sources to
studied. produce the materials.
Examples
Archival documents,
artifacts, memorabilia,
letters, census, and
government records.
Classified the source discovered as
PRIMARY or SECONDARY
Classified the source discovered as
PRIMARY or SECONDARY
Classified the source discovered as
PRIMARY or SECONDARY
Classified the source discovered as
PRIMARY or SECONDARY
Classified the source discovered as
PRIMARY or SECONDARY
How to determine the effectivity
of a given source?
1.5 Historical Criticism
EXTERNAL INTERNAL
Practice of verifying the Examination of the
authenticity of evidence by truthfulness of the evidence.
examining its physical It looks at the truthfulness anf
characteristics; consistency factuality of the evidence by
with the historical looking at the author of the
characteristics of the time it source, its context, the agenda
was produced; and the behind its creation, and the
materials used for the knowledge which informed it.
evidence.
TRY TO ANSWER:
Why is validation of historical sources
important?
Without thorough criticisms of historical
evidences, historical deceptions and lies
will be highly probable
1.6 Historical Thinking
What are the tasks of Historians?
a. To look at the available historical sources
b. Select the most relevant and meaningful for history and for
the subject matter that he is studying.
c. Organize the past that is being created so that it can offer
lessons for nations, societies, and civilization.
d. To seek for the meaning of recovering the past to let the
people see the continuing relevance of provenance, memory,
remembering, and historical understanding
of both present and the future.
The Divisions of
History
a. Pre-History
b. History
Pre-History
period where no written records exist or when the
writings of people were not preserved

analyzed through fossils and artifacts by Archaeologists

and Anthropologists
History
period when man started to write and record events
using a system of writing

analyzed through wood carves, engraved metals, written

papyrus, written papers
Pantayong Pananaw (Salazar, 1974)
History in Writings
 BAYBAYIN

Not the same with

ALIBATA
BAYBAYIN
Known as “National Writing
System of the Country”
Proposed by Pangasinan
Representative Bataoil
BAYBAYIN

3 VOWELS
14 CONSONANTS
BAYBAYIN
1. Pronunciation = spelling
2. Separate words in syllables
3. Foreign letters have
equivalent local letters
More details about baybayin
and how to write it will be
discussed next meeting.
END OF CHAPTER 1
PERFORMANCE TASK 1.1
Although history is an overwhelming concept, it is
experienced by people in number of ways in real
terms. For example, OPM Writers who obviously
received recognition and appreciation from the
audience could provide us a concrete understanding
of how history in music affects themselves, their
families and other countries.
Each group will be tasked to present history of any
OPM Songs.
Acknowledgement
Alporha, Veronica & Candelaria, John Lee. Readings in Philippine History. First
Edition. Sampaloc Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2018

Carr, R. (1991) What is History. London, United Kingdom: Penguin

Lemon, M. (1995). The Discipline of History and the History of Thought. New
York, United States of America: Routledge

Tosh, J. (2002). The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in
the Study of Modern History (Revised 3rd Ed.) London, United Kingdom:
Pearson Education Ltd.