Topic: Clean water and sanitation

Submitted to: Mam Shumaila Gull

Group Members:
 Fatima Tahir ( F17BB101)
 Wardah Jawad (F17BB123)
 Amna Pervez (F17BB136)

INTRODUCTION:
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global
Goals, were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a
universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all
people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030.
Sustainable Development Goal 6 is one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals
established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. It calls for clean
water and sanitation for all people. The official wording is: "Ensure availability
and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. The goal has eight
targets to be achieved by at least 2030.
It is the core os sustainable development and is critical for socio-economic
development, energy and food production , healthy ecosystems and for human
survival itself.
Clean water and Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean
drinking water and adequate treatment and disposal of human excreta and
sewage. A sanitation system includes the capture, storage, transport, treatment
and disposal or reuse of human excreta and wastewater.
Clean Water and sanitation (WATSAN) is the neglected sector in Pakistan.
Most of the households in Pakistan do not have access to safe drinking water
and lack toilets and adequate sanitation systems. Provision of safe drinking
water, adequate sanitation and personal hygiene are vital for the sustainable
environmental conditions and reducing the incidence of diarrhoea, malaria,
trachoma, hepatitis A&B and morbidity levels. Not having access to water and
sanitation is a courteous expression for a form of deprivation that threatens life,
destroys opportunity and undermines human dignity.
As of 2005, approximately 38.5 million people lacked access to safe drinking
water source and approximately 50.7 million people lacked access to improved
sanitation in Pakistan. By year 2015, if this trend continues, 52.8 million people
will be deprived of safe drinking water and 43.2 million people will have no
access to adequate sanitation facilities in Pakistan. Almost 2000 child die
everyday because they don’t have clean water to drink.
Sustainable management of water resources and access to safe water and
sanitation are essential for unlocking economic growth and productivity, and
provide significant leverage for existing investments in health and education.
The natural environment e.g. forests, soils and wetlands contributes to
management and regulation of water availability and water quality,
strengthening the resilience of watersheds and complementing investments in
physical infrastructure and institutional and regulatory arrangements for water
access, use and disaster preparedness. Water shortages undercut food security
and the incomes of rural farmers while improving water management makes
national economies, the agriculture and food sectors more resilient to rainfall
variability and able to fulfil the needs of growing population. Protecting and
restoring water-related ecosystems and their biodiversity can ensure water
purification and water quality standards.
There are various types of sanitations which may deal only with human
excreta management or with the entire sanitation system
ENVIORMENTAL SANITATION:
Environmental sanitation encompasses the control of environmental factors that
are connected to disease transmission. Subsets of this category are solid waste
management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial waste treatment and
noise pollution control.
IMPROVED AND UNIMPROVED SANITATION:
Improved sanitation and unimproved sanitation refers to the management of
human feces at the household level.
LACK OF SANITATION:
Lack of sanitation refers to the absence of sanitation. In practical terms it
usually means lack of toilets or lack of hygienic toilets that anybody would
want to use voluntarily. The result of lack of sanitation is usually open
defecation (and open urination but this is of less concern) with associated
serious public health issues. It is estimated that 2.4 billion people still lacked
improved sanitation facilities as of 2015.

Challenges of clean water and wanitation faced

Internationally:
Water scarcity, poor water quality and inadequate sanitation negatively impact
food security, livelihood choices and educational opportunities for poor families
across the world. At the current time, more than 2 billion people are living with
the risk of reduced access to freshwater resources and by 2050, at least one in
four people is likely to live in a country affected by chronic or recurring
shortages of fresh water. Drought in specific afflicts some of the world’s
poorest countries, worsening hunger and malnutrition. Fortunately, there has
been great progress made in the past decade regarding drinking sources and
sanitation, whereby over 90% of the world’s population now has access to
improved sources of drinking water. Some of the facts and figures are as under:
 1 in 4 health care facilities lacks basic water services.
 3 in 10 people lack access to safely managed drinking water services and 6
in 10 people lack access to safely managed sanitation facilities.
 At least 892 million people continue to practice open defecation.
 Women and girls are responsible for water collection in 80 per cent of
households without access to water on premises.
 Between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of the global population using an
improved drinking water source has increased from 76 per cent to 90 per
cent
 Water scarcity affects more than 40 per cent of the global population and is
projected to rise. Over 1.7 billion people are currently living in river basins
where water use exceeds recharge.
 2.4 billion people lack access to basic sanitation services, such as toilets or
latrines
 More than 80 per cent of wastewater resulting from human activities is
discharged into rivers or sea without any pollution removal
 Each day, nearly 1,000 children die due to preventable water and
sanitation-related diarrheal diseases
 Approximately 70 per cent of all water abstracted from rivers, lakes and
aquifers is used for irrigation
 Floods and other water-related disasters account for 70 per cent of all
deaths related to natural disasters
 Children die from preventable illnesses like diarrhea;
 Children – and particularly girls – are denied their right to education because
their schools lack private and decent sanitation facilities;
 Women are forced to spend large parts of their day fetching water;
 Poor farmers and wage earners are less productive due to illness;
 Health systems are overwhelmed and national economies suffer.

Water and Health:

Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to transmission of diseases
such as cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio. Absent,
inadequate, or inappropriately managed water and sanitation services expose
individuals to preventable health risks. This is particularly the case in health
care facilities where both patients and staff are placed at additional risk of
infection and disease when water, sanitation, and hygiene services are lacking.
Globally, 15% of patients develop an infection during a hospital stay, with the
proportion much greater in low-income countries. At childbirth, lack of
sanitation, clean water, and proper hygiene contribute to high rates of disease
and death among mothers and newborns in the developing world. World Vision
is accelerating its push to bring clean water, latrines, and hand-washing
facilities to more health clinics to assure safer deliveries.
Inadequate management of urban, industrial, and agricultural wastewater means
the drinking-water of hundreds of millions of people is dangerously
contaminated or chemically polluted.
Some 829 000 people are estimated to die each year from diarrhoea as a result
of unsafe drinking-water, sanitation, and hand hygiene. Yet diarrhoea is largely
preventable, and the deaths of 297 000 children aged under 5 years could be
avoided each year if these risk factors were addressed. Where water is not
readily available, people may decide handwashing is not a priority, thereby
adding to the likelihood of diarrhoea and other diseases.
Diarrhoea is the most widely known disease linked to contaminated food and
water but there are other hazards. In 2017, over 220 million people required
preventative treatment for schistosomiasis , an acute and chronic disease caused
by parasitic worms contracted through exposure to infested water.

In many parts of the world, insects that live or breed in water carry and transmit
diseases such as dengue fever. Some of these insects, known as vectors, breed in
clean, rather than dirty water, and household drinking water containers can
serve as breeding grounds. The simple intervention of covering water storage
containers can reduce vector breeding and may also reduce faecal contamination
of water at the household level.

Economic and social effects

When water comes from improved and more accessible sources, people spend
less time and effort physically collecting it, meaning they can be productive in
other ways. Children are often responsible for collecting water for their
families. This takes time away from school and play. This can also result in
greater personal safety by reducing the need to make long or risky journeys to
collect water. Better water sources also mean less expenditure on health, as
people are less likely to fall ill and incur medical costs, and are better able to
remain economically productive.
With children particularly at risk from water-related diseases, access to
improved sources of water can result in better health, and therefore better school
attendance, with positive longer-term consequences for their lives.

Challenges
 Children die from preventable illnesses like diarrhea;
 Children – and particularly girls – are denied their right to education because
their schools lack private and decent sanitation facilities;
 Women are forced to spend large parts of their day fetching water;
 Poor farmers and wage earners are less productive due to illness;
 Health systems are overwhelmed and national economies suffer.
 Lack of water and sanitation infrastructure has complex effects on income
and consumption of household, which deeply influence people’s overall well
being.
Climate change, increasing water scarcity, population growth, demographic
changes and urbanization already pose challenges for water supply systems. By
2025, half of the world’s population will be living in water-stressed areas. Re-
use of wastewater, to recover water, nutrients, or energy, is becoming an
important strategy. Increasingly countries are using wastewater for irrigation –
in developing countries this represents 7% of irrigated land. While this practice
if done inappropriately poses health risks, safe management of wastewater can
yield multiple benefits, including increased food production.
Options for water sources used for drinking water and irrigation will continue to
evolve, with an increasing reliance on groundwater and alternative sources,
including wastewater. Climate change will lead to greater fluctuations in
harvested rainwater. Management of all water resources will need to be
improved to ensure provision and quality.

Challenges faced by Pakistan:

Pakistan ranks number 9 in the list of top 10 countries with lowest access to
clean water where 21 million out of the total population of 207 million, do not
have access to clean water. 
Pakistan has made significant progress in improving access to sanitation yet
millions of people still practice open defecation. Lack of access to proper
sanitation facilities impacts negatively the health and wellbeing of children.
Children suffering from repeated episodes of diarrhoea are likely to fall behind
in school or drop out altogether. Furthermore, it can also cause stunting that
currently affects almost 44 percent of children in Pakistan.
53,000 Pakistani children under five die annually from diarrhoea due to poor
water and sanitation.
n Pakistan, approximately 60 million people are at risk of being affected by high
concentrations of arsenic in drinking water; the largest mass poisoning in
history. Arsenic poisoning can cause cancer, restrictive pulmonary disease, skin
lesions, cardiovascular problems, diabetes mellitus, gangrene, neurological
impairments, and problems in endocrine glands, immunity, liver, kidney, and
bladder as well as socio-economic hazards
Pakistan’s vulnerability to disasters including earthquakes, floods, droughts, and
internal displacement due to conflict, often leaves hundreds of thousands of
affected people in need of emergency water and sanitation support. Sustainable
access to water, sanitation and hygiene in health centres and schools also
remains a challenge especially for girls who lack adequate facilities to manage
their menstruation. The effects of climate change and rapid urbanisation also
contribute to challenges of improving access to safe water and sanitation.
An estimated 70 percent of households still drink bacterially contaminated
water.

Targets:

 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable

drinking water for all

 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping

and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the
proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling
and safe reuse globally

 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and

ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water
 scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water
scarcity

 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels,

including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate

 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains,

forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes

 By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to

developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and
programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency,
wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies

 Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving

water and sanitation management

SOLUTIONS AND POLICY BREIF FOR CLEAN

WATER AND SANITATION:
For many in developed nations, getting clean and fresh drinking water is as easy
buying a water filter, easy to forget that having clean and accessible water is a
luxury that many in the world do not have. Every year, millions of people across
the globe die from lack of access to water, or diseases from contaminated water
supplies. The biggest tragedy is that there is actually enough fresh water on the
earth to provide every person with clean and accessible drinking water. But due
to poor infrastructure in developing nations, lack of sanitation, and drought, the
earth still sees far too many water-related deaths.

Water conservation at country and individual level:

We suggest that every country put into place an integrated water resources
management plan, that brings together all the different sectors in your country
that use water. And that's primarily agriculture (which uses the most water in
the world)—but it's also industry: the energy sector uses water, households use
water, and water utilities companies also use water. So you'd be bringing
together those different actors in your own country, probably per river basin, to
create a water management plan. We also do a lot of work with trans boundary
water management, because a lot of times the rivers don't originate in your own
country.
What a lot of countries are doing is reusing water. You can treat it to a safe level
and then you have a new source of water again. So it addresses both the water
quality issue and, to a large extent, water scarcity, because you're keeping your
water resources. So waste water treatment is absolutely one of the most
important things to do.
There are so many local environmental organizations that people can and should
support. Anyone who loves to be outdoors has a real stake in keeping track of
your local community, and raising a flag to local authorities about issues that
you see.

Solutions of water and sanitations at global

level:
Calculate the water available:
We need a better accounting of our “water balance sheet”. In many places, we
don’t have any idea how current and near-term future demand matches up with
the available surface and groundwater supplies. The WRI’s Aqueduct tool has a
water supply/demand indicator – called “baseline water stress” – that gives a
good preliminary read on whether local water use is sustainable or not.

Link global water use:

Although the Swiss are quite efficient at using water within our country, we
have a huge water footprint because of all the food and goods we import, often
from very water stressed parts of the world. Globalisation means there is a
global water economy at play. Government regulation or taxation could nudge
behaviours onto a more sustainable path.

Think across sectors:

Currently, those who work on “water services” think almost exclusively in
terms of access, and those who work on “water resources” think in terms of
sectors and water usage. I think the water service people (myself included) need
to think harder about where the water for increasing coverage is going to come
from, and how we can best implement sanitation services that protect water
resources.

Treat water resources better:

For a long time we treated water as limitless, and the incentive structures in
cities and rural areas pushed people towards unsustainable practices. Water
distribution being highly subsidised by governments doesn’t help create
awareness about its actual value. We must make measurable efforts to change
water-use habits in a global scale.

Water monitoring and Treat water resources

better:
For a long time we treated water as limitless, and the incentive structures in
cities and rural areas pushed people towards unsustainable practices. Water
distribution being highly subsidised by governments doesn’t help create
awareness about its actual value. We must make measurable efforts to change
water-use habits in a global scale.

Regulation Develop:
Governments can provide both regulatory sideboards – such as requirements for
full cost recovery on water tariffs – and incentives – such as cost-share on water
reuse and rainwater harvesting systems. For developing countries (and many
developed countries) this may feel like a daunting task, but governments do this
sort of thing for education, energy, and other sectors. It’s high time to do the
same

Establish accountability mechanisms:

To secure a safe water supply for the poorest people, service providers should
get into trouble when they fail to provide the services the poorest need. There
should be cross-subsidies between the rich and the poor but most importantly
cross-subsidies that work in reverse should be eliminated. With the money
saved, direct subsidies can be given to the poor. We should also encourage the
poorest people to be more self-reliant (e.g. encourage rainwater harvesting
practices) and to demand good quality services as customers.

Efficient irrigation technology:

Some means of beating water scarcity in agriculture – for example, farming
close to rivers – are cheap but unsustainable. This could of course be prevented
if there is an effort to invest in simple but efficient technologies for irrigation.
This would break the vicious cycle where water scarcity leads to the invasion of
marginal lands near rivers, which in turn undermines the ability of the river
system to replenish its water resources, leading to further scarcity. Greenwell
Matchaya, researcher and economist, International Water Management Institute,
Pretoria, South Africa,

Promote rainwater harvesting:

We need to challenge the way that rainwater harvesting is thought of. Everyone
knows about it, but its use and implementation is piecemeal and I don’t see any
big agencies or donors pushing it forward.

Secure sufficient financing:

To guarantee future populations have reliable access to water and sanitation, the
top priority is securing the money to ensure that systems are built and
adequately maintained over the years.

Work with communities:

The sustainability of water interventions is essential if we want communities to
actually have better opportunities for development in the future. Helping
community leaders take ownership of their water solutions and transferring that
to their neighbours is one of the best ways to ensure projects remain a part of
people’s lives.

Invest in staff skills and capacity:

To get good water data requires skilled hydrometric staff. It isn’t sexy and it is
often the first budget line to be cut when departments are squeezed but it’s
essential. I worked in Liberia (before the Ebola outbreak) last year and one of
the major challenges for managing water resources we found is that there are
hardly any measurements of anything and it’s difficult to guarantee the quality
of the information that does exist.

Apply smart strategies:

WRI’s global analysis is finding that future water stress is driven far more by
demand than supply. Even in areas that will experience big hydrologic impacts
from climate change, unmanaged demand will be a bigger impact. Ironically,
that is cause for some optimism. If we apply the smart strategies that we
already know work in the urban, rural and agricultural contexts, we can reduce
future conflict and secure more water for equitable development and growth.

SOLUTION OF WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE

IN PAKISTAN

Open end defecation:

To end open defecation, communities must accept using toilets as regular habit
in their lives. To eliminate open defecation by 2025, UNICEF and partners
support the government to implement Pakistan’s Approach to Total Sanitation
(PATS) in the country.

Improving Quality of Water:

UNICEF supports the government with frameworks to plan, prioritize, and
budget for safe water services. The aim is to improve the quality of water
supply and ensure access to safe drinking water to nine percent of the
population deprived of it.

WASH in Schools and Health Facilities:

UNICEF believes in providing students with a healthy learning environment. It
employs the globally successful Three Star Approach in schools to ensure
healthy habits such as hand washing among students. UNICEF also supports
WASH facilities in health structures to ensure the health of patients as well as
reduce the spread of preventable diseases.

WASH in Emergencies:
UNICEF works alongside the government’s disaster management authorities to
assist communities in preparing and coping with the effects of disasters on
WASH
facilities. In the advent of a natural disaster, diseases such as diarrhea and
typhoid spread rapidly and access to WASH services becomes a critical
lifesaving humanitarian intervention

Policy Recommendations
 Leakage and wastage of water must be minimized causing 30 to 50
percent loss of the total drinking water supply. Awareness must be
propagated to minimize the thoughtess and wasteful activities like using
 running tap water to wash cars or irrigating the lawn and home garden
unnecessarily . each of us has to realize that less water used means less
waste water produced.
 The water supply agencies should install meters to charge the consumers
on the basis for pay as you use.
 The water supply and management agencies should own the
responsibility to maintain water quality in the water distribution system
up to the consumers level for which booster chlorination be ensured at
different pumping stations.
 The national water and sanitation policies documents provide a broader
framework of action. However the policies must be revised after every
five years including an independent midterm and post evaluations.
 For effective awareness educational institutions. Including mass media
should be used for building awareness about the importance of water
quality and quantity among the users.