Advanced Cardiac Life Support

EMERGENCY CARDIAC CARE

Assess Responsiveness

Unresponsive
Call for code team and Defibrillator
Assess breathing (open the airway, look,
listen and feel for breathing)

If Not Breathing,
give two slow breaths.
Assess Circulation

PULSE NO PULSE
Initiate CPR
Give oxygen by bag mask
Secure IV access If witnessed arrest, give
Determine probable etiology of arrest precordial thump and
based on history, physical exam, cardiac check pulse. If absent,
monitor, vital signs, and 12 lead ECG. continue CPR

Ventricular
fibrillation/tachycardia
(VT/VF) present on
Hypotension/shock, monitor?
acute pulmonary
edema.
Go to fig 8 NO YES

Intubate VT/VF
Confirm tube placement Go to Fig 2
Determine rhythm and
Arrhythmia cause.

Bradycardia Tachycardia Electrical Activity?

Go to Fig 5 Go to Fig 6

YES NO

Pulseless electrical activity Asystole

Go to Fig 3 Go to Fig 4

Fig 1 - Algorithm for Adult Emergency Cardiac Care

 VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION AND PULSELESS
VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA

Assess Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Differential Diagnosis

Administer CPR until defibrillator is ready (precordial thump if witnessed arrest)
Ventricular Fibrillation or Tachycardia present on defibrillator

Defibrillate immediately, up to 3 times at 200 J, 200-300 J, 360 J.

Do not delay defibrillation

Check pulse and Rhythm

Persistent or Continue CPR

recurrent VF/VT Secure IV access
Intubate if no response

Continue CPR Return of Pulseless Electrical Asystole

spontaneous Activity Go to Fig 4
circulation Go to Fig 3
Epinephrine 1 mg
IV push, repeat
q3-5min or 2 mg in Monitor vital signs
10 ml NS via ET tube Support airway
q3-5min or Support breathing
Vasopressin 40 U IVP x Provide medications appropriate for blood
1 dose only pressure, heart rate, and rhythm
Defibrillate 360 J

Amiodarone (Cordarone) 300 mg IVP or

Lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg IVP, and repeat q3-5 min, up to total max of 3 mg/kg or
Magnesium sulfate (if Torsade de pointes or hypomagnesemic) 2 gms IVP or
Procainamide (if above are ineffective) 30 mg/min IV infusion to max 17 mg/kg

Continue CPR
Defibrillate 360 J, 30-60 seconds after each dose of medication

Repeat amiodarone (Cordarone) 150 mg IVP prn (if reurrent VF/VT) ,up to max
cumulative dose of 2200 mg in 24 hours

Continue CPR. Administer sodium bicarbonate 1 mEq/kg IVP if long arrest period
Repeat pattern of drug-shock, drug-shock

Note: Epinephrine, lidocaine, atropine may be given via endotracheal tube at

2-2.5 times the IV dose. Dilute in 10 cc of saline.
After each intravenous dose, give 20-30 mL bolus of IV fluid and elevate
extremity.

Fig 2 - Ventricular Fibrillation and Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia

 PULSELESS ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY

Pulseless Electrical Activity Includes:

Electromechanical dissociation (EMD)
Pseudo-EMD
Idioventricular rhythms
Ventricular escape rhythms
Bradyasystolic rhythms
Postdefibrillation idioventricular rhythms

Initiate CPR, secure IV access, intubate, assess pulse.

Determine differential diagnosis and treat underlying cause:

Hypoxia (ventilate)
Hypovolemia (infuse volume)
Pericardial tamponade (perform pericardiocentesis)
Tension pneumothorax (perform needle decompression)
Pulmonary embolism (thrombectomy, thrombolytics)
Drug overdose with tricyclics, digoxin, beta, or calcium blockers
Hyperkalemia or hypokalemia
Acidosis (give bicarbonate)
Myocardial infarction (thrombolytics)
Hypothemia (active rewarming)

Epinephrine 1.0 mg IV bolus q3-5 min, or high dose

epinephrine 0.1 mg/kg IV push q3-5 min; may give via
ET tube.
Continue CPR

If bradycardia (<60 beats/min), give atroprine 1 mg IV, q3-5

min, up to total of 0.04 mg/kg
Consider bicarbonate, 1 mEq/kg IV (1-2 amp, 44 mEq/amp),
if hyperkalemia or other indications.

Fig 3 - Pulseless Electrical Activity

 ASYSTOLE

Continue CPR. Confirm asystole by

repositioning paddles or by checking 2 leads.
Intubate and secure IV access.

Consider underlying cause, such as hypoxia,

hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, acidosis, drug
overdose, hypothermia. myocardial infarction.

Consider transcutaneous pacing (TCP)

Epinephrine 1.0 mg IV push, repeat every 3-5 min;

may give by ET tube; high dose epinephrine 0.1
mg/kg IV push q5min (1:1000 sln).

Atropine 1 mg IV, repeat q3-5min up to a total of

0.04 mg/kg; may give via ET tube.

Consider bicarbonate 1 mEq/kg (1-2 amp) if

hyperkalemia, acidosis, tricyclic overdose.
Consider termination of efforts.

Fig 4 - Asystole
 BRADYCARDIA

Assess Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Assess vital signs

Differential Diagnosis Review history
Secure airway and give oxygen Perform brief physical exam
Secure IV access Order 12-lead ECG
Attach monitor, pulse oximeter and
automatic sphygmomanometer

Too slow (<60 beats/min)

Bradycardia (<60 beats/min)

Serious Signs or Symptoms?

No Yes

Type II second degree AV heart If type II second or 3rd degree heart block,
block or third degree AV heart wide complex escape beats, MI/ischemia,
block? denervated heart (transplant),new bundle
branch block: Initiate Pacing(transcutanous
or venous)

If type I second degree heart block, give

atropine 0.5-1.0 mg IV, repeat q5min, then
initiate pacing if bradycardia.
Dopamine 5-20 mcg/kg per min IV infusion
Epinephrine 2-10 mcg/min IV infusion
Isoproterenol 2-10 mcg/min IV infusion
No Yes

Observe Consider transcutaneous pacing or transvenous

pacing.

Fig 5 - Bradycardia (with patient not in cardiac arrest).

Assess Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Differential Diagnosis TACHYCARDIA
Assess Vitals, Secure Airway
Review history and examine patient.
Give 100% oxygen, secure IV access.
Attach ECG monitor, pulse oximeter, blood pressure monitor.
Order 12-lead ECG, portable chest x-ray. IMMEDIATE CARDIOVERSION
Atrial flutter 50 J, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
50 J, atrial fibrillation 100 J, monomorphic ventricular
UNSTABLE, with serious signs or symptoms?
Yes tachycardia100 J, polymorphic V tach 200 J.
Unstable includes, hypotension, heart failure, chest pain, myocardial
Premedicate with midazolam (Versed) 2-5 mg IVP when
infarction, decreased mental status, dyspnea
possible.

No or borderline

Atrial fibrillation Paroxysmal Wide-complex Torsade de pointes

supraventricular tachycardia of Ventricular (polymorphic VT)
Atrial flutter narrow complex tachycardia (VT) with pulse present
uncertain type with pulse
tachycardia
(PSVT) present
Determine Etiology: Hypoxia, ischemia,
MI, pulmonary embolus, If uncertain if V tach, Correct underlying
hyperthyroidism, electrolyte abnomality, give Adenosine 6
theophylline, inotropes. Vagal maneuvers: mg rapid IV push cause: Hypokal-
Carotid sinus over 1-3 sec emia, drug over-
massage if no dose (tricyclic,
bruits
1-2 min phenothiazine,
Control Rate: Diltiazem,verapamil, digoxin antiarrhythmic
esmolol, metoprolol Adenosine Amiodarone 150- class Ia, Ic, III)
12 mg, rapid IV 300 mg IV over 10-
push over 1-3 sec 20 min
Adenosine (may repeat once
Cardioversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm: 6 mg, rapid IV in 1-2 min)
If less than 2 days and rate controlled: push over 1-3 sec
Procainamide or amiodarone, followed by
cardioversion
If more than 2 days: Coumadin for 3 weeks; 1-2 min
control rate, start antiarrythmic agent, then
electrical cardioversion.

Fig 6 Tachycardia
 Adenosine 12 mg, rapid IV Lidocaine
push over 1-3 seconds (may 1-1.5 mg/kg IV push. Magnesium 2-4 gm IV
repeat once in 1-2 min); max Repeat over 5-10 min
total 30 mg mg/kg IVP q5-10min
to max total 3 mg/kg

Complex Overdrive
(cutaneous or venous)
Isoproterenol 2-20 mcg/min
Narrow Wide OR
Phenytoin 15 mg/kg IV at 50
Blood Pressure ? If mg/min OR
syndrome, Lidocaine 1.0-1.5 mg/kg IVP
(Cordarone) 150-300 mg IV Cardioversion 200 J
Normal or elevated pressure Low-unstable over 10-20 min

Procainamide
Verapamil mg/min IV to max
2.5-5 mg IV Procainamide total 17 mg/kg
20-30 mg/min, max total 17 mg/kg;
15-30 min followed by 2-4 mg/min
If WPW, avoid adenosine, beta-
Verapamil blockers,
5-10 mg IV digoxin

Consider Synchronized cardioversion 100 J Lidocaine 1.0-1.5 mg/kg IVP

Digoxin
Beta
Diltiazem
Overdrive
pacing Fig 6 - Tachycardia
 STABLE TACHYCARDIA

Stable tachycardia with serious signs and

symptoms related to the tachycardia. Patient
not in cardiac arrest.

If ventricular rate is >150 beats/min, prepare for immediate cardioversion.

Treatment of Stable Patients is based on Arrhythmia Type :
Ventricular Tachycardia:
Procainamide (Pronestyl) 30 mg/min IV, up to a total max of 17 mg/kg,
or
Amiodarone (Cordarone) 150-300 mg IV over 10-20 min, or
Lidocaine 0.75 mg/kg. Procainamide should be avoided if ejection
fraction is <40%.
Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia: Carotid sinus pressure (if
bruits absent), then adenosine 6 mg rapid IVP, followed by 12 mg rapid
IVP x 2 doses to max total 30 mg. If no response, verapamil 2.5-5.0 mg
IVP; may repeat dose with 5-10 mg IVP if adequate blood pressure; or
Esmolol 500 mcg/kg IV over 1 min, then 50 mcg/kg/min IV infusion, and
titrate up to 200 mcg/kg/min IV infusion.
Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter:
Ejection fraction $40%: Diltiazem (Cardiazem) 0.25 mg/kg IV over 2
min; may repeat 0.35 mg/kg IV over 2 min prn x 1 to control rate. Then
give procainamide (Pronestyl) 30 mg/min IV infusion, up to a total max
of 17 mg/kg
Ejection fraction <40%: Digoxin 0.5 mg IVP, then 0.25 mg IVP q4h x 2
to control rate. Then give amiodarone (Cordarone) 150-300 mg IV over
10-20 min.

Check oxygen saturation, suction device,

intubation equipment. Secure IV access

Premedicate whenever possible with Midazolam (Versed)

2-5 mg IVP or sodium pentothal 2 mg/kg rapid IVP

Synchronized cardioversion
Atrial flutter 50 J
PSVT 50 J
Atrial fibrillation 100 J
Monomorphic V-tach 100 J
Polymorphic V tach 200 J

Fig 7 - Stable Tachycardia (not in cardiac arrest)

 HYPOTENSION, SHOCK, AND ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMA

Signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure, acute pulmonary edema.

Assess ABCD's, secure airway, administer oxygen; secure IV access. Monitor ECG, pulse oximeter,
blood pressure, order 12-lead ECG, portable chest X-ray
Check vital signs, review history, and examine patient. Determine differential diagnosis.

Determine underlying cause

Pump Failure Bradycardia or Tachycardia

Hypovolemia
Bradycardia Tachycardia
Determine blood pressure Go to Fig 5 Go to Fig 6
Administer Fluids, Blood
Consider vasopressors
Apply hemostasis; treat Systolic BP >100 mm Hg
underlying problem Systolic BP Systolic BP Diastolic BP >110 mm Hg
<70 mm Hg 70-100 mm Hg and diastolic BP normal

Norepinephrine 0.5- Dobutamine2.0-20

Dopamine 2.5-20 mcg/kg per min IV If ischemia and hypertension:
30 mcg/min IV or mcg/kg per min IV Nitroglycerin10-20
Dopamine 5-20 (add norepinephrine IV, and titrate to effect and/or
mcg/kg per min if dopamine is >20 Furosemide IV 0.5-1.0 mg/kg Nitroprusside 0.1-5.0
mcg/kg per min) Morphine IV 1-3 mg mcg/kg/min IV
Nitroglycerin SL 0.4 mg tab
q3-5min x3
Oxygen
Fig 8 - Hypotension, Shock, and Acute Pulmonary Edema