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Physical Self
-refers to the body -Person’s physical characteristics such as facial features and expressions and body
structures could be related to a person’s character or personality.

The body’s ability to perform its functions gradually changes through an individual’s
aging. Five Element Theory
-makes use of the elements of water, wood, fire, earth and metal as archetypes for
everything occurring in the natural world.
Factors Affecting Physical Growth and Development

Theory on the prominence of Body Fluids

Heredity
An excess of or deficiency in any of the four bodily fluids (or humors) in a
■Biological process of the inheritance of traits from parents to offspring.
person influences their personality, temperament, and well-being.

Environment
Four Body Fluids
■Factors an individual is exposed to throughout life which includes learning and
experiences.
1) SANGUINE TYPE

Each individual carries 23 pairs of chromosomes – threadlike bodies in the nucleus of - (red bile) tend to be impulsive, cheerful, happy and optimistic.
the cell and the storage unit of genes.
The 23rd pair, also known as sex chromosomes – determines the sex of an individual. 2) MELANCHOLIC
The XX combination indicates a male and the XY combination indicates female.
(black bile) tend to be depressed and pessimistic.

THEORIES OF PHYSICAL SELF

3) CHOLERIC
Theory of Physiognomy
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(yellow bile) easily angry, jumpy, and temperamental. Jean Haner in her work “The Wisdom of Your Face” suggests that people with...

4) PHLEGMATIC Oval-shaped face

(Phlegm) tend to be sluggish, dull and slow – hospitable and tactful
Round-shaped face
Body-type Theory by William Sheldon. – friendly, kindhearted and selfless
-The theory was developed based on physical characteristics. Square-face
– witty, analytical, and great leaders
Body-type Theory Heart-shaped face
– patient and intuitive by nature
Endomorphic Long-shaped face
■Soft and plump -perfectionists and aggressive
■Perceived to be easy going and sociable Triangle-shaped
Mesomorphic – creative, artistic, sensitive and determined
■Strong muscular body Diamond-face
■Perceived to be energetic, adventurous, assertive and courageous – detail-oriented and like to be in control
Ectomorphic Full and thick eyebrows
■Tall and thin –confident, assertive and goal-oriented
■Tend to be restrained, quiet, introverted and artistic Large or high defined jaws
–strong values and firm beliefs
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■Television, advertising, music, and movies are full of women who are thin, thus
constructing the notion that the ideal body shape is slim.
Squir and Mew suggests that people with
■For girls, in particular, too much concern with thinness and them ideal body shape
may result in body dissatisfaction.
Long and angular shaped face
■Girls who have higher body dissatisfaction are likely to experience depression, low
-More responsive, assertive, and genuine self- esteem, and eating disorders.

Short and square

–shaped face More restrained, conforming and shrewd The Importance of Beauty

Body Image In Egyptian Art, beauty is perceived in women with....

- How individual perceive, think and feel about their body and physical appearance.
■Slim, high waist, narrow hips, and long black hair

Appearance
-Everything about a person that others can observe such as height, weight, skin color, During Renaissance period, women considered beautiful with
clothes and hairstyle.

■Full figure and rounded hips

Self-esteem
A person’s overall evaluation of his or her own worth
People in Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia...
■The emphasis that peers, parents or the media put on ideal body types which is slim
or thin leads girls to experience body dissatisfaction.
■Flat noses are considered attractive
■Bullying and peer pressure are associated with greater body dissatisfaction.
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Body Modifications • Avoid temptations.

• Respect individuality.
• tattooing • Make friends.
• piercing • Face your fears.
• E.g. breast • Be independent.
enhancement, nose lift,liposuction and botox
• Cosmetic surgery The Sexual Self

People who are perceived to be attractive are favored over those who are not in many Early pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections among youth are major problems
social situations. in the Philippines.

■Studies have shown that men and women who are physically attractive have more Sex Characteristics and the Human Reproductive System
opportunities in finding jobs, getting promotions, and having higher income.
Primary Sex characteristics
■Some people tend to view attractive people as happier, smarter and better people.
Generally, unattractive people are less liked and
assisted. • Physical characteristics present at birth.
• These are characteristics that distinguish male from female.

Physical appearance alone is not enough to know a person’s true character. It is • Females – includes vagina, uterus, and ovaries
important to see into a person’s inner thoughts and feelings – one’s inner self. Above • Males – penis, testes or testicles, scrotum and prostate gland
all things physical, it is more important to be beautiful on the inside.

Secondary Sex characteristics

Some ways to improve your body image and inner self
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• Develop during the onset of puberty. OUTSIDE:

• Women – enlargement of breasts, onset menstruation, widening of the hips, Labia Majora – enclose and protects other external reproductive organs. Known as
enlargement of buttocks and growth of pubic hair. "large lips," , relatively large and fleshy, and are comparable to the scrotum in males,
contains sweat and oil-secreting glands. After puberty, the labia majora are covered
• Men – testicular growth, sperm production, appearance of facial, pubic and other
with hair.
body hair & deepening of voice
Labia Minora – lie just inside the labia majora and surround the openings to the vagina
and urethra.
Male Reproductive Organ
Clitoris – a small, sensitive protrusion that is comparable to the penis in males.
Outside:
Bartholin’s glands – located beside the vaginal opening and produce a fluid (mucus)
Penis – male organ of copulation. secretion

Scrotum – is a bag that hangs beneath the penis and contains the two testicles.
Inside: Female Reproductive Organ

Sperm – semen or a germ cell in it ; tiny cells

Testicles – are glands, which are special parts of the body that make chemicals. INSIDE :

Testosterone – a chemical that makes a person grow into a man and feel like a man Vagina – is a canal that joins the cervix to the outside of the body.-also known as the
Prostate, Seminal vesicles, Cowper’s glands.- together, these glands make a white, birth canal.
sticky fluid called semen that sperm float in.
Uterus / womb – is a hollow, pear –shaped organ that is the home to a developing fetus
Vasa Deferentia-which may carry sperm out of the testicles.
Cervix – lower part that opens into the vagina.
Urethra-carries semen through the penis and out of the body; also carries urine from
Corpus – the main body of the uterus.
the bladder.
Ovaries – are small, oval – shaped glands that are located on either side of the uterus.
The ovaries produce eggs and hormones.
Female Reproductive Organ
Fallopian tubes – narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus, serve
as tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus
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Culture
Sexual Arousal and Erogenous Zones: -also influences the expression of sexual desire.
Erogenous zones
-Areas of the body which are highly sensitive produce sexual responses when • Norms continue to shape sexual activity along socially acceptable behavior.
stimulated.
•Expression of sexual desire is also influenced by sexual scripts of the stereotyped
•Genitals patterns of expectations on how people should behave sexually.
•Mouth •In some cultures, expression of sexual desire and engaging in premarital sex are taboo
for women.
•Breasts
•Ears
Phases of Sexual Response
•Anus
Sexual Response Cycle
•Entire surface of the body

Excitement phase
Masturbation
• Beginning of sexual arousal and can last from 1 min to several hours.
-Basic form of sexual stimulation.
• Pulse rate increases, blood pressure rises, breathing quickens, and the skin shows a
•Self-stimulation that causes sexual pleasure or orgasm.
rosy flush particularly on the chest & breast area.
•Involves the rubbing and fondling of the genital areas and provides a good index of
• Nipples harden in both men and women.
sexual desire because it is not constrained by the availability of a partner.
• Men – penis becomes erect, the scrotum thickens & the testes increase in size.
Other sexual activities
• Women – clitoris swells, the lips of the vagina open & its insides become wet in
•Intimate kissing, cuddling, necking, petting, or touching the erogenous zones may be
preparation for sexual intercourse.
uniquely important to sexual arousal.
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Plateau phase Attraction, Love and Attachment

• Changes in the body continue Puberty
• Men – penis becomes more erect, the circumference of its head increases, & few drops • Important stage in sexual development.
of fluid are released.
• Time when many boys and girls first experience their sexual attraction.
• Women – outer part of the vagina swells with the surge of increased amounts of blood
• Initial attraction is influenced by social norms, physical attractiveness and processes
to that area, while clitoris retracts under the clitoral blood but remains highly sensitive.
of interpersonal exchange.
• Outer lips of the vagina become redder in color.
• Breathing becomes more rapid, heart rate increases, body temperature rises, and blood
Social Norms
pressure increases.
=Influence attraction in ways:
Orgasmic phase
determining who are appropriate as lovers and Physical spouses. Attractiveness
• Contractions of the muscles in and around the penis stimulate the release of the semen
which contains sperm cells. The degree to which a person’s physical traits are regarded as aesthetically pleasing
or beautiful.
• Men achieve one intense orgasm during sexual intercourse.
• Women – orgasm involves the contraction of the pelvic muscles that surround the
vaginal walls and can happen multiple times. Social Exchange Theory
-Attraction is the result of an exchange process.
Resolution phase •People tend to view relationships as the result of the rewards and costs they entail.
• Body returns to its normal state after orgasm. •As the relationship develops, the sharing of activities and information contributes to
increased attraction, liking, trust and love.
• Men – the erection is lost, the testes decrease in size, and the skin of the scrotum thins
again.
• Women – the clitoris and the vagina return to their normal state. Romantic love
-includes complex combination of different emotions such as fear, sexual desire, joy
and jealousy.
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(--some of these emotions may also be sources of suffering.....)

Sexual Orientation
Robert Sternberg’s Component of Love -person’s sexual identity anchored on what gender they are attracted to.
1)Intimacy
feelings of closeness, connectedness and bondedness. Heterosexuality
2) Passion -Sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex
the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation. Homosexuality
3) Commitment -Sexually attracted to the same sex.
the decision to love and the commitment to maintain love. Homosexual Males
-Referred to as gays.
Helen Fisher LUST ATTRACTION ATTACHMENT: Homosexual Females
-important ingredients of ROMANTIC LOVE -Referred to as lesbians.
Lust
Driven by the desire for sexual gratification Attraction Bisexuality
“affectionate or Compassionate love” -one is attracted to both opposite and same sex.
Occurs when individuals desire to connect with another person intimately.
Associated with sexual attraction. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Early Pregnancy
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
Attachment by John Bowlby • Contracted primarily through sexual contact (vaginal, oral or anal sex).
Attachment is a strong affectional tie that binds an person to an intimate companion. • Many STIs affect the sex organs themselves while others have broader and more life-
threatening effects.
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• Bacterial infections are treatable with antibiotics but those caused by viruses are more
difficult to treat and are often incurable such as HIV/AIDS.
Chlamydia
•However, even curable bacterial infections can cause serious health problems if
• Caused by the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis.
ignored and left untreated and some bacterial infections are difficult to detect because
some symptoms are • Men: can cause swollen testicles and a burning sensation during urination.
not immediately noticeable. • It can result in sterility among women if left untreated because it damages the uterus,
ovaries and fallopian tubes.
•STIs commonly include human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (HIV/AIDS), gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, genital herpes and genital
warts.
Genital Herpes
• Can cause itching and tingling sensations, abscesses and blisters in the genital area.
HIV/AIDS
• There is no cure for herpes.
• Caused by direct contact with body fluids through blood transfusion, breast
feeding and sexual intercourse.
Genital Warts
•It attacks the immune system and infected person eventually dies.
• Caused by human papillomavirus and women with human papillomavirus are prone
to cervical cancer.
Gonorrhea •Though the warts can be removed. They may recur.
• Caused by gonococcal bacteria which attack the lining of the mucous membrane such
as the mouth, throat, vagina and urethra.
•Anyone who is sexually active is at risk of STIs and STDs and should practice safe
• Can be treated by penicillin or other antibiotics. sex. However, it is important to remember that not having sex can be the safest sex
method to avoid all forms of STIs and STDs as well as other problems such as early
pregnancy.
Syphilis
•Infects the genital areas and other parts of the body including the brain and can cause
Methods of Contraception and the Reproductive Health Law
paralysis or even death when left untreated.
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of 2012, also known as Reproductive Health Law or RH Law, guaranteesuniversal

access to methods of contraception, fertility control, sexual education and maternal
Contraception – methods that are used to prevent pregnancy.
care.
•Condoms
•The RH law provides for the“prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS and other
•Intrauterine device or STIs/STDs,” especially since the number of HIV cases among the youth is rising.

IUD – tiny device made of flexible plastic that is inserted in the uterus to prevent
pregnancy.
THE MATERIAL/ECONOMIC SELF
Birth control injectables
– given every three months to women
Material possessions
•Oral contraceptive pills
-signify some aspects of one’s sense of self and identity.
– take everyday
•Withdrawal method
WILLIAM JAMES
•Calendar method
– number of days in each menstrual cycle is recorded and the couple avoids sex during
• The self is everything that an individual considers to be his or hers, not only his or her
the fertile period.
body and material possessions but also his or her reputation and beliefs.
•Cervical Mucus method
• The self is composed of the material self which is the manifestation of one’s identity
(Billings Ovulation Method) through his material possessions.

- type of natural family planning method based on careful observation of mucus

patterns during the course of the menstrual cycle.
BODY
•Studies show that contraceptive use is low particularly among sexually active
-Basic component of the material self.
adolescents. Thus, the Responsible Parenthood and reproductive Health Act

CLOTHES
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-Another component of the material self. • The components of the material self become a significant reference of one’s sense of
self and identity.
Clothes represent the self.
Pets
MATERIALISM
-Symbolically define a person’s identity.
- Giving more importance to material possessions than tangible values.

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DESIRING MATERIALPOSSESSIONS ON THE

The Role of Material Possessions on the Sense of Self and Identity
SENSE OF SELF/IDENTITY
Material
-possessions act as an objective manifestation of the self.
CBD – obsession with shopping and buying behaviors that can cause adverse
consequences (e.g. debts)

-(“Are We What We Own?”) • People are exposed to images in television, the internet and magazines that brag about
the importance of material possessions such as branded clothes, mobile phones, cars,
- Russell Belk and the like.
Material possessions can be a reflection of hard work and success.
• People tend to measure success through the amount of their material possessions. • Lack or loss or these material possessions could lead to anxiety, insecurity and
depression in people who are overly materialistic.

• Owning material possessions becomes a driving force in urging an individual to seek

high level of achievement in order to be able to acquire more possessions. DO I REALLY NEED THIS?
• Thus when a person is about to make a purchase, he or she should ask himself or
• The lack or loss of material possessions can be disruptive to one’s mental health, like herself a very important question:
people losing their houses and other possessions because of disasters and calamities.

CONSUMER CULTURE
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Consumerism People sometimes purchase items to build how they want to be perceived by others.
– consumption of material goods and services in excess of one’s basic needs. This is
closely tied to materialism.
Significance – meaning assigned to object.
- A social system in which consumption is dominated by the consumption of
commercial products.
Utility
– how things serve a practical purpose
People tend to be happier and more motivated when their wants and needs are met.

THE DIGITAL SELF

CONSUMERISM AND MATERIALISM BOTH INFLUENCE THE WAY
INDIVIDUALS VIEW THE SELF, POSITIVELY AND NEGATIVELY. -The aspect of the self that is expressed or shared with others through online
interactions on the internet, specifically in social networking sites.
-It encourages people to buy products and services that they do not really need or afford.
The self is heavily influenced by feedback from others.
-John DeLamater and Daniel Myers.
FACTORS
• financial constraints,
The views of others through online interactions (social networking) are so important
• availability of items and services and the influence of family
that they become part of the self.
and friends.
People try to present themselves in such a way to impress – that is to create positive
Wants impressions in the eyes of other people.
- synonymous with luxuries. People buy them for reasons that do not warrant necessity.
Needs Self-presentation
-those important for survival such as food, clothing, and shelter. -an individual’s attempts, both conscious and unconscious, to control how he or she
projects himself or herself in social interactions.
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-allows a person to be part of a virtual community that goes beyond physical and
geographical boundaries.
Psychological Association of the Philippines
Online disinhibition – people who adopt fake identities that they are likely to engage
-Provides scientific knowledge on the application of psychological theories, concepts,
in behaviors that they would not do in real life interactions.
and principles on gender identity and sexual orientation to benefit society and improve
the lives of the members of the LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer,
+) community.
Two Categories
Benign disinhibition
Social Media
– people tend to disclose more on the internet than they would in real life or go out
- the websites and applications thatmake it easier to create and share information, of their way to help someone or show kindness.
ideas, and interests.
It allows people to create other forms of self- expression via virtual communities and Toxic inhibition
networks.
– people who use rude language, bully or threaten others on online platforms and go to
allows people to communicate to specific groups sharing common interests. websites with contents of violence, crime, and pornography.

Online disembodiment
-tendency of the people to act differently since interaction in social media do not happen
face to face and there is no physical presence required.

Role identities
- characters and roles an individual as a member of a particular social group.

Digital Identity