IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL –II 2019-2020 FALL
Appl. 2 – 1st Step: Calculation of the heating load
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APPLICATION 2 – 1 Step
Calculation of the Heating Load
Heat loss by conduction (QC)
The first step of the application is to calculate the total heat loss (QT) for a chosen building.
An example for calculation of heating load of a single zone building is given below.
Figure 1. Axonometric view of building model.
Qsouth = ( Awall x Uwall + Awindow x Uwindow ). X Δt, W
Qeast = ( Awall x Uwall + Awindow x Uwindow ). X Δt, W x
Qwest = ( Awall Uwall + Awindow x Uwindow ). X Δt, W x
Qnorth = ( Awall Uwall + Awindow x Uwindow ). X Δt, W
Qroof = Aroofx Uroof x Δt, W
Qfloor = Afloor x Ufloor x Δt, W
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IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE PHYSICAL ENVIROMENTAL CONTROL-II 2019-2020 FALL
Awall
Afloor
Appl. 2 – 1st Step: Calculation of the heating load
= Area of wall
Aroof = Area of roof
= Area of floor
Awindow = Area of window
Uwall = Overall heat transfer coefficient of wall (Application 02-1st step)
Uroof = Overall heat transfer coefficient of roof (Application 02-1st step)
Ufloor = Overall heat transfer coefficient of floor (Application 02-1st step)
Uwindow = Overall heat transfer coefficient of window (Application 02-2nd step/Table 3)
Δt = ti – te = Difference of inner and outer design temperatures
ti =20 oC (Table 1) , te will be found from Table 2.
Q0 = Qsouth+Qeast+Qwest+Qnorth+Qroof+Qfloor ,W (1)
By taking into consideration additions due to orientation, operation period of heating system and
building height; heat amount lost or gained from building components is identified as:
QC = Q0 x 1,27 ,W (2)
Heat Loss by Infiltration (Qi)
Qi =Σ ( a x l ) x Rx H x t x Ze ,W (3)
Symbol Definition Will be taken;
Qi Heat loss of space by air leakage through
outer window and doors
a Air infiltration coefficients of doors and Table 4
windows
l Length of window or door crack to be Application 01-3rd step
considered, m
H Building location factor normal region = 0,67
windy regions = 0,97
R Room location factor 0,9
Δt Difference of inner and outer temperatures, oC ti – te
Ze Window coefficient normal window =1
corner window = 1,2
Total heat loss of building (QT)
QT = QC+Qİ ,W (4)
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IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE PHYSICAL ENVIROMENTAL CONTROL-II 2019-2020 FALL
Appl. 2 – 1st Step: Calculation of the heating load
NECESSARY TABLES FOR HETING LOAD CALCULATIONS
Table 1. Indoor Air Design Temperatures
RESIDENCES °C
Living room 22
Bedroom, Kitchen, WC 20
Bathroom 24
Hall, Doorway, Corridor 15
Stairs, lift spaces 10
Table 2. External Design Temperatures W: Windy Region
CITY °C CITY °C CITY °C
Adapazarı -3 R Denizli -6 Maraş -9
Adana 0R Diyarbakır -9 R Mardin -6
Adıyaman -9 Edirne -9 Mersin +3
Afyon -12 R Elazığ -12 Muğla -3 R
Ağrı -24 Erzurum -27 Muş -18
Aksaray -15 Gaziantep -9 Nevşehir -15
Amasya -12 Gemlik -3 R Niğde -15 R
Ankara -12 R Giresun -3 Ordu -3
Antakya 0R Gümüşhane -12 Rize -3
Antalya +3 R Hakkari -24 Samsun -3 R
Artvin -9 Isparta -9 Siirt -9
Aydın -3 R İstanbul -3 R Sinop -3 R
Balıkesir -3 R İzmir 0 Sivas -18
Bartın -3 R İzmit -3 R Tekirdağ -6 R
Batman -9 Karabük -12 Tokat -15
Bilecik -9 R Kars -27 Trabzon -3
Bingöl -18 R Kastamonu -12 Tunceli -18
Bitlis -15 Kayseri -15 Urfa -6
Bolu -15 Kırklareli -9 R Uşak -9 R
Burdur -9 Kırşehir -12 Van -15
Bursa -6 R Konya -12 Yozgat -15
Çanakkale -3 R Kütahya -12 Zonguldak -3 R
Çankırı -15 Malatya -12
Çorum -15 Manisa -3 R
Soil temperature: 10°C
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IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE PHYSICAL ENVIROMENTAL CONTROL-II 2019-2020 FALL
Appl. 2 – 1st Step: Calculation of the heating load
Table 3. Overall Heat Transfer Coef. Of Different Types of Windows and Doors
DOUBLE GLAZED DOUBLE GLAZED
WINDOWS WINDOWS WITH LOW-E
Overall Heat Transfer (without coatings) COATING
Coef.(U)
SINGLE
(W/m2 0C) GLAZED AIR GAP (mm) AIR GAP (mm)
WINDOWS 6 9 12 16 6 9 12 16
WITHOUT SASH 5.7 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.6
WOODEN SASH
5.1 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.2 2.0
(oak, ashen / hard trees)
WOODEN SASH
4.9 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.0 1.8
(pine / soft trees)
PLASTIC SASH
5.2 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.1
(2 rooms)
PLASTIC SASH
5.0 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.2 2.1 1.9
(3 rooms)
ALUMINIUM SASH 5.9 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.1 3.0 2.8
ALUMINIUM SASH
5.2 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.1
(with isolation)
Table 4. Air infiltration Coefficients of Doors and Windows (a) – m-m3/h
Per m length (a)
Air Infiltration Coefficients
(m3/h)
Single glazed 3.0
Wooden or Plastic Sash Double glazed or single
2.0
tight glazed
Single glazed 1.5
Steel or Metal Sash Double glazed or single
1.2
tight glazed
Interior Doors (External Not watertight door
4.0
doors are calculated as (without sill)
windows) Watertight door (with sill) 1.2
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IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE PHYSICAL ENVIROMENTAL CONTROL 2019-2020 FALL
Appl. 2 – 1st Step: Calculation of the heating load
SUBMISSION SHEET REQUIREMENTS
For a complete and proper presentation of the “Calculate of the heating load”
following issues should take into the consideration:
1. An axonometric view of building model as given in the Figure 1 should be given to show
the building façades and link the each heating load calculation with various
building part. (Qsouth, Qeastl, Qwest, Qnorth, Qroof, Qfloor)
2. Each equation made to obtain total heat load should be given separately.
Heat loss by conduction (QC) – equation 1 & 2
Heat Loss by Infiltration (Qi) – equation 3
Total heat loss of building (QT) – equation 4
3. You should be careful about the units and the values taken from previous
applications or tables.
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IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE PHYSICAL ENVIROMENTAL CONTROL-II 2019-2020 FALL Appl. 2 –
2nd Step: Designing the heating center, installation of heaters and other system components
nd
APPLICATION 2 – 2 Step
Designing the heating center, installation of heaters and
other system components
Determination of boiler capacity
The heat amount produced by the boiler in one hour (Qk) can be calculated by the following
formula.
Qboiler = Qbuilding x 1,3
Boiler selection
Table 1 can be used for boiler selection.
Table 1: Wall Type Condenser Boilers
Width Length Height
KW (mm) (mm) (mm)
29 560 431 685
43 900 431 685
60 900 431 685
80 520 465 1.280 plan
100 520 465 1.280
200 1.040 465 1.280
300 1.560 465 1.280
400 2.080 465 1.280
500 2.600 465 1.280
600 3.120 465 1.280
700 3.640 465 1.280
800 4.160 465 1.280 elevation
Calculation of flue section
Section area of smoke flue (Fsmoke) shall not be smaller than 600 cm2.
Locating boiler room
The floor plan in which the boiler room and its elements are located, should be drawn
in 1/100 scale. An example of boiler room placement is shown in Figure 2 and 4.
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IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE PHYSICAL ENVIROMENTAL CONTROL-II 2019-2020 FALL Appl. 2 –
2nd Step: Designing the heating center, installation of heaters and other system components
Boiler room design for fire safety
The door of boiler room shall not be opened directly to an escape stair or to a common stair
and shall be connected to a common hallway or corridor before an exit.
The boiler room should be reachable directly from outside; therefore, a proper staircase
design in order to reach exterior ground floor directly.
Figure 1: Means of egress in boiler rooms
Installation of heaters
Example for the installation of heaters for each room and distribution of pipes are shown in
Figure 3 and 5.
SUBMISSION SHEET REQUIREMENTS
For a complete and proper presentation of the “Designing the heating center,
installation of heaters and other system components” following issues should take
into the consideration:
1. An appropriate boiler should be selected in accordance with the total heat load of
the building.
2. The plans of basement floor and an intermediate floor should be given in a scale of
1:100.
3. The basement floor plan should be designed regarding fire safety issues and should
involve a boiler room (with boiler and chimney placement) and a shelter area.
4. The intermediate floor plan should present a schematic placement of radiators within
the rooms and a proper pipe distribution.
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IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE PHYSICAL ENVIROMENTAL CONTROL-II 2019-2020 FALL
nd
Appl. 2 – 2 : Designing the heating center, installation of heaters and other system components
FIGURE 2: ALTERNATIVE 1 Distrubution scheme (basement floor plan)
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IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE PHYSICAL ENVIROMENTAL CONTROL-II 2019-2020 FALL
nd
Appl. 2 – 2 : Designing the heating center, installation of heaters and other system components
FIGURE 3: ALTERNATIVE 1 Distrubution scheme (intermediate floor plan )
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IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE PHYSICAL ENVIROMENTAL CONTROL-II 2019-2020 FALL
nd
Appl. 2 – 2 : Designing the heating center, installation of heaters and other system components
FIGURE 4: ALTERNATIVE 2 Distrubution scheme (basement floor plan)
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IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE PHYSICAL ENVIROMENTAL CONTROL-II 2019-2020 FALL
nd
Appl. 2 – 2 : Designing the heating center, installation of heaters and other system components
Figure 5: ALTERNATIVE 2 Distrubution scheme (intermediate floor plan)
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