LITERATURE REVIEW OF GGBS – Design mix, alkaline activator and molarity
No Name & Tittle Design mix Type of Molarity Text Link
years alkaline
1 Himath and Effect of GGBS and Sodium 8M of CONCLUSION https://www.
Sarath Molarity on Metakaoline Silicate and Sodium According to test outcomes the accompanying three combinations of researchgate
(2017) Compressive Sodium Hydroxide source material are .net/publicat
Strength Of Hydroxide suggested for making Geopolymer concrete utilized on basic ion/3171572
Geopolymer applications 84_Effect_o
Mortar with 1. 100% GGBS f_molarity_o
GGBS and 2. 50% Metakaoline and 50% GGBS n_compressi
Metakaoline 3. 70% GGBS and 30% Metakaoline ve_strength_
of_geopoly
GGBS mer_mortar_
GGBS is exceptionally valuable in the plan and advancement of high with_GGBS
quality cement paste/mortar and cement _and_metak
aoline
2 B. Sarath Experimental GGBS and Sodium 8M of CONCLUSION https://www.
Chandra Study on Metakaoline Silicate and Sodium Mix with 30% Metakaoline and 70% GGBS seems to have good researchgate
Kumar et al. Metakaolin and Sodium Hydroxide impressive, split and flexural strength, as it may due to increase in .net/profile/
GGBS Based Hydroxide alkaline reaction between GGBS particle and calcium in Metakaoline Sarath_Bend
Geopolymer apudi/public
Concrete But increase in GGBS does not affect the workability. ation/31659
8554_An_ex
perimental_s
tudy_on_me
takaolin_and
_GGBS_bas
ed_geopoly
mer_concret
e/links/5ba9
1aba92851c
a9ed22520c/
An-
experimental
-study-on-
metakaolin-
LITERATURE REVIEW OF GGBS – Design mix, alkaline activator and molarity
and-GGBS-
based-
geopolymer-
concrete.pdf
3 A. Islam et The GGBS, Sodium 12M of CONCLUSION https://www.
al development of POFA and Silicate and Sodium The compressive strength of geopolymer mortar increases as sciencedirect
compressive Fly Ash Sodium Hydroxide the GGBS content is increased up to 70%. Further increase in .com/science
strength of Hydroxide GGBS content did not produce desired effect. /article/pii/S
ground 0261306913
granulated blast The finer particles of GGBS produce dense mix and hence the 011291
furnace slag- density of mortar produced using GGBS resulted in about 8%
palm oil fuel of density increase.
ash-fly ash
based ABSTRACT
geopolymer The highest compressive strength
mortar of about 66 MPa was achieved for the mortar containing 30% of POFA
and 70% of GGBS with a total binder content of 460 kg/m3
EFFECT OF GGBS TO COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
As explained earlier that GGBS has finer particles compared to POFA
and its contribution in the strength development cannot be ignored;
however further tests are required to validate the compactness of the
structure within the mortar
4 A.R. Rafiza Effect of GGBS and Sodium 12M ABSTRACT https://jamt.
et al Ground Fly Ash Silicate and GGBS:FA= 30:70 in geopolymer mortar are the best for presenting the utem.edu.my
(2020) Granulated Sodium bond strength /jamt/article/
Blast Slag Hydroxide view/5944
(GGbs) to the BONDING STRENGTH
Bonding With different percentage of GGBS contained in geopolymer mortar
Strength of could result the different bonding strength and also the bond growth
Geopolymer rate
Mortar as
Repairing 7 days - The best performance for bonding strength after 7 days cured is
Material the geopolymer mortar with ratio GGBS:FA=20:80
LITERATURE REVIEW OF GGBS – Design mix, alkaline activator and molarity
28 days and 60 days - However, the bonding strength shows higher in
geopolymer with ratio GGBS: FA= 30:70 was after 28 days and 60
days. This is due to the reaction rate for GGBS and fly ash is slow
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
The compressive strength of the mortar is increasing until GGBS: FA =
30:70
5 P.J. The influence of GGBS and - - CONCLUSION https://www.
Wainwright, ground Ordinary The addition of slag at both levels of 55% and 85% resulted in an sciencedirect
N. Rey granulated blast Portland increase in workability from 15 mm slump (for the OPC mix) to .com/science
furnace slag Cement between 20 and 40 mm for the slag mixes. /article/pii/S
(GGBS) (OPC) 0958946500
additions and The partial replacement of cement with up to 55% GGBS increased the 00024X#:~:t
time delay on bleed capacity by 30% (compared to the OPC control) but had little ext=Increasi
the bleeding of effect on the bleed rate. Increasing the slag level to 85% had no further ng%20the%
concrete significant effect on bleeding. 20slag%20c
LITERATURE REVIEW OF GGBS – Design mix, alkaline activator and molarity
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6 P. Shafigh Oil palm shell GGBS and - - THE EFFECT OF GGBS ON WORKABILITY https://reade
et al lightweight Ordinary As can be seen from the table, increasing the percentage replacement r.elsevier.co
concrete Portland from 0 to 30% GGBS improved the slump of the m/reader/sd/
containing high Cement concrete. Beyond this replacement level, the slump value reduced pii/S095006
volume ground (OPC) significantly 1812007908
granulated ?token=678
blast furnace CONCLUSION F5362EBB5
slag Substitution of cement by GGBS by up to 30% increases the D5A0EA68
workability of Oil palm shell lightweight concrete while a further 6C8B94AA
increase in GGBS content results in a decrease in workability. 69996BF4B
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0FB8BE3A
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7 S. M. Influence of GGBS, Sodium 12M and ABSTRACT https://www.
Alamgir Molarity and Metakaoline Silicate and 14M of GGBS replacement beyond 35% also reduced the compressive strength hindawi.com
Kabir et. al Chemical and POFA Sodium Sodium - (Refer on discussion) /journals/am
Composition on Hydroxide Hydroxide Therefore, if the percentage of GGBS exceeds 35%, then the se/2015/647
(2015) the compressive strength also reduces.This might be because the 071/
LITERATURE REVIEW OF GGBS – Design mix, alkaline activator and molarity
Development of GGBS undergoes a slower hydration process; therefore at
Compressive higher GGBS replacement levels, the hydration process
Strength in becomes increasingly slower, which leads to a reduction in the
POFA Based compressive strength. Another reason is that the quantity of
Geopolymer soluble Ca depends on the volume of GGBS present in the
Mortar mixture, which has a direct effect on the compressive strength.
EFFECT OF GGBS ON COMPRSEEIVE STRENGTH
GGBS contains higher CaO, and as a result, it is a good potential source
of soluble Ca in the mixture. Mix number M12, 20% Metakaoline 35%
GGBS 45 POFA, produced the highest strength, while a further
decrease in the GGBS content reduced the compressive strength.
EFFECT OF MOLARITY OF ALKALINE ACTIVATED
SOLUTION ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
The compressive strength of mix M4 with 14 molarities produced 17%
higher than the mix M4A with 12 molarities. Other parameters except
the molarity, such as binder, sand, and water, were kept constant for
both the mixes.
The use of high molarity based alkaline solution increases the
compressive strength because of the release of silica and alumina. From
Figure 17 it was also found that the mixes M9, M12, and M16 with 14
molarities show higher compressive strength than the mixes M9A,
M12A, and M16A with 12 molarities. All the parameters are same,
respectively, except the molarity
(NaOH solution). NaOH solution with high concentration increases the
geopolymerization reaction.
LITERATURE REVIEW OF GGBS – Design mix, alkaline activator and molarity
CONCLUSION
The finer particles of GGBS produce a dense mix; hence, the partial
substitution of GGBS in the mortar should be maintained at 35%.
The compressive strength increases with the increases of molarity of
sodium hydroxide solution.
It can also be concluded that the combined maximum volumes of MK,
GGBS, and POFA can be used for the development of a sustainable
construction material to replace OPC for the production of
ecoenvironmentally friendly geopolymer mortars.
8 G. Saini, U. Assessing GGBS, Fly Sodium 10M, 12M CONCLUSION https://reade
Vattipalli properties of Ash 2% Silicate and and 16M of r.elsevier.co
(2020) alkali activated nano silica Sodium Sodium The molarity of sodium hydroxide solution and GGBS content plays an m/reader/sd/
GGBS based Hydroxide Hydroxide important role by affecting the workability,mechanical and durability pii/S221450
self-compacting properties of Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete (SCGC). The 9520300243
geopolymer increase in concentration boosts the geopolymerisation ?token=AD8
concrete using reactionsresulting in reduction of filling and passing ability, however, 8B6230E66
nano-silica increasing the strength and durability 7FC8AF48B
CE0B626D
Sodium hydroxide concentration and GGBS content played a crucial BEF29EEC0
role in compressive strength of a SCGC mix with nanosilica. The 90- 37FE3A7A0
days compressive strength of SCGC increased from 53.47 MPa to 67.20 21552C1219
LITERATURE REVIEW OF GGBS – Design mix, alkaline activator and molarity
MPa for mixes with GGBS content of450 Kg/m3and molarity of 3753309933
solution varying from 10 M to 16 M. Similarly, for SCGC mixes with 4DABF03B
GGBS content of 500Kg/m3 and molarity of solution ranging from 10 E6AD846D
M to 16 M, the 90-days compressive strength varied from 55.11 MPa to 99B64B763
81.33 MPa.Comparison of compressive strength of control mix M0 924F
having 0% nano silica with that of M6 having same molarity and GGBS
content but with 2% nano silica showed that addition of nano silica
resulted in strength gain ranging between17.65%–18.94% at different
ages of testing.
The higher molarity of mixes improved the split tensile strength
performance of SCGC. The split tensile strength increased with
increase in GGBS content and addition of 2% nano silica. The highest
split tensile strength was observed for 16 M sample at the age of 90days
i.e. 6.398 MPa.
Following the same trend as compressive and split tensile strength, an
increment in the flexural strength was observed with rise in molarity,
GGBS content and addition of 2% nano silica. Both M5 and M6 have
achieved the maximum flexural strength of 7.875 MPa at 90days.
The durability performance of SCGC, tested through sorptivity index
value, improved with higher molarity and GGBS content of mixes.
Also, the control mix M0 with 0% nano silica showed inferior
durability performance as compared to mixM6 with 2% nano silica
keeping other values constant. For a SCGC design containing GGBS as
the sole parent binder material, a mix design of molarity 16 M with
GGBS content of 500 Kg/m3along with 2% Nano Silica provides
higheststrength and durability performance without compromising the
workability of mix.
LITERATURE REVIEW OF GGBS – Design mix, alkaline activator and molarity
9 Anandh Effect of molar GGBS fully Sodium 8M, 10M COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST https://www.
Babu content on replaced Silicate and and 12M of Due to the molar concentration bond strength increases up to certain researchgate
Malayali et GGBS based OPC Sodium Sodium limit, increase in molar concentration liquid to solid ratio decreases by .net/publicat
al 2020 geopolymer Hydroxide Hydroxide more concentration of sodium hydroxide reduce the liquid quantity by ion/3425028
pervious heat emission .Workability decreases if increase of molar concentration. 16_Effect_o
concrete For this constrain the molar value limited up to 12 f_molar_con
tent_on_GG
CONCLUSION BS_based_g
Compression strength increases with respect to molar content increases eopolymer_
however when molar content increases, workability decreases due to pervious_co
that molar ratio limited up to M12 ncrete
Compression strength directly proportion to Split tension value and
density value increases by increase in molar content M12
Water absorption decreases with increase in molar content up to M12
LITERATURE REVIEW OF GGBS – Design mix, alkaline activator and molarity
Compressive strength increase as the molarity increase
10 V.Hariharan Utilisation of GGBS and Sodium 8M and CONCLUSION
et al Flyash and Fly Ash Silicate and 12M of The mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete such as compressive
(2017) Ggbs as A Fully Sodium Sodium strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength
Replacement of Hydroxide Hydroxide increases with the increase in GGBS content
Cement in
Geopolymer As the concentration of NaOH solutionincreases, the strength increases.
Concrete The compressive strength of geopolymer concrete increases with an
increase of age of concrete.
It is possible to produce a concrete of grade M80 using 40% GGBS and
60% fly ash.
LITERATURE REVIEW OF GGBS – Design mix, alkaline activator and molarity
As can be seen from the figures, the design mix of 60% Fly Ash 40%
GGBS with molarity 12M has the highest value in term of compressive
strength, Split Tensile Strength and Flexural Strength
